ARTA WEEK 7

History of Art : A.The Visual Arts: Painting, Sculpture and Architecture

Earliest Architecture ever built

1. Architecture of Mesopotamia
2. Architecture in Egypt
3. Greek (Aegean) Architecture
4. Etruscan and Ancient Roman

MESOPOTAMIA

• Ziggurat of Ur (Iraq)
• The Four Classifications of the Mesopotamian Arts
o SUMMERIAN ART VERSUS
o ASSYRIAN ART
o Neo-Babylonian art versus
o Persian Artwork
• Pyramids of Giza, Egypt
• Ancient Egypt was one of the greatest world powers in history. The oldest ancient pyramid, the
Pyramid of Djoser, dates back to around 2670 BCE. The rest of the pyramids were constructed
anywhere between 2612 BCE to 664 BCE.
• Stonehenge is one of the most famous prehistoric works of art in the world. It’s a circle of
massive stones that seem to have been designed as a place of worship, religious ceremony, and
absolute significance in the times of prehistory. Stonehenge was actually built over the course of
centuries, starting at around 3000 BC.
o Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument on Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, England, two
miles west of Amesbury. It consists of an outer ring of vertical sarsen standing stones,
each around 13 feet high, seven feet wide, and weighing around 25 tons, topped by
connecting horizontal lintel stones.
• Prehistoric: Egyptian, Greek, Hellenistic, Roman
• Medieval: Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, Romanticism, Realism
• Naturalism, Impressionism and Post-Impressionism

CONCEPTS

• Prehistoric art is primarily focused on hunting, and show great variety of stylistic treatment and
sophistication of form, color, and line.
• The Oldest traces of early man are tools made of stone
• The Greeks rejected magic, combined sport and religion, and imbued scientific of nature in their
art.
• The Roman art shows preference for sharp form and elongated figures. It served the cult of
ancestors and defied emperors.
• Medieval art art focused on spiritual expression rather than physical beauty. It displayed an
emphasis on symbols. Gothic art art emphasized rediscovery of nature resulting in a calmer,
more plastic style.
 • Egyptian sculpture bore the elements of nature. The sun, moon, stars, sacred animals, life-sized
figures of men and women shown in their art.
• Greek sculpture was calm, thoughtful and more focused on the form of men and women’s
bodies.
• Roman sculpture emphasized bust forms representing men and women. Byzantine sculpture
was focused more on churches and Biblical figures.
• Architecture started in Neolithic Age, the Stone Age,, which lasted roughly from 8000 to 3000
BC.
• The architecture in Egypt consisted of stereometric shape or mass and rhythmically articulated
elements expressed mainly in pyramids and other tombs and temples.

The Development of Painting Prehistoric

Painting from 40,000 BC-9,000 BC

Animal and spear and other rudimentary materials were utilized to produce prehistoric
paintings. These works of art were drawn on caves, stones, and earth-filled ground. The drawings or
illustrations dealt with heavily with hunting and stylistic treatment.

Prehistoric Painting

Prehistoric Greek Painting

Four Periods in Prehistoric Greek arts

1. Formative or Pre-Greek period-motif was sea and nature

2. First Greek Period-largely of Egyptian influence
3. Golden Age -(480-400 BC) - period in which aesthetical ideal is based on the representation of
human character as an expression of divine system.
4. Hellenistic Period (4th century-1st century BC) - discussed heightened individualism and
featured tragic mood and contorted faces painting.
• Formative or Pre-Greek period-motif was sea and nature
o Motif: sea and nature
• First Greek Period-largely of Egyptian influence
o Greek art emerged in the 7th century B.C., according to the Metropolitan Museum of
Art's Heilbrunn Timeline.
• Golden Age -(480-400 BC)
o The Golden Age The height of the classical period, or Golden Age (c.450–400 BC), was
the time of Pericles and Thucydides, of the great dramatists Sophocles and Euripides,
and of the young Socrates.
o The Parthenon is a former temple on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the
goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their patroness. Construction
started in 447 BC when the Athenian Empire was at the peak of its power. It was
completed in 438 BC, although decoration of the building continued until 432 BC.
o Architecture- The Three Significant Columns
▪ Doric – sturdy, plain, mainland,
▪ Ionnic – thinner, elegant, scroll, eastern Greece
 ▪ Corinthian – seldom used, roman temples, elaborate, decorated with acanthus
leaves
▪ THE WHITE HOUSE- ADORNED WITH GREEK COLUMNS
▪ Golden Age in Greek arts
• Hellenistic Period (4th century-1st century BC)
o Hellenistic art is the art of the Hellenistic period generally taken to begin with the death
of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and end with the conquest of the Greek world by the
Romans, a process well underway by 146 BCE, when the Greek mainland was taken, and
essentially ending in 30 BCE with the conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt following the Battle of
Actium.

Prehistoric Roman Painting

Prehistoric Roman Arts encompassed two periods:

1. Etruscan period 2000-1000 BC- the subject matters of painting were ancestor worship,
catacombs, and sarcophages.
a. Etruscan Roman art can be traced from a migration from Armenia
i. Etruscan art was produced by the Etruscan civilization in central Italy between
the 10th and 1st centuries BC. From around 750 BC it was heavily influenced by
Greek art, which was imported by the Etruscans, but always retained distinct
characteristics.
2. Roman Period- (2000 BC - 400 AD) Characterized by commemorative statues, sarcophages,
frescoes, and designs with vine motifs.
a. The art of Ancient Rome, its Republic and later Empire includes architecture, painting,
sculpture and mosaic work. Luxury objects in metal-work, gem engraving, ivory carvings,
and glass are sometimes considered to be minor forms of Roman art, although they
were not considered as such at the time. Sculpture was perhaps considered as the
highest form of art by Romans, but figure painting was also highly regarded.
b. Coliseum -Rome, Italy (Check the Movies, Gladiator, and Ben Hur)
i. Sarcophages- or sarcophagus in Latin are coffins made of stones decorated with
sculpture. Inscriptions are typical of Egyptian, Greek, Roman arts.
ii. Catacomb -is an underground cemetery consisting of subterranean gallery with
recesses of for tombs, constructed by the early Romans.
iii. Frescoes- painting done rapidly in watercolor on wet plaster on a wall or ceiling,
so that the colors penetrate the plaster and become fixed as it dries.
iv. Michelangelo has used this method in his painting.
1. Michelangelo finished the work from 1508-1512 AD And he was 33
years old when he started it.
2. Ceiling of Sistine Chapel, Vatican, Italy
v. Typical Roman Mosaic
1. Art in this periods served the cult of ancestors and deified emperors
2. Caesar Augustus, the First Emperor of the Roman Empire
PAINTING IN THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD

3 Classifications in this Period

• Early Christian Art

o The Subject matters of art in this period were symbols: cross, fish, lamb, alpha and
omega, triumphal wreaths, grapes, doves, and peacocks
o When Cristianity was not yet allowed in Rome they used these symbols to avoid
detection of members.
o Ichthus – Fish. Jesus Christ God Son Saviour
• Byzantine Art
o The Subject matters of paintings were Christ as the Creator and Mary the Mother of God
o Byzantine art comprises the body of Christian Greek artistic products of the Eastern
Roman Empire, as well as the nations and states that inherited culturally from the
empire.
o The byzantine art featuring Christ and Mary the Mother of God
• Gothic Art
o Gothic paintings were religious grotesque, and calmer and plastic style. The picture of
the Madonna and Child, of Franco and Flemish school, gazing into each other’s eyes in
playful mood as in an example of this style.
o Gothic art- Madonna and the Child
o Sojourn to Egypt -the Holy Family
o Gothic Church in the Philippines-San Sebastian Basilica, Quiapo, Manila
o Gothic art was a style of medieval art that developed in Northern France out of
Romanesque art in the 12th century AD, led by the concurrent development of Gothic
architecture. It spread to all of Western Europe, and much of Northern, Southern and
Central Europe, never quite effacing more classical styles in Italy.
o Franco-Flemish Style
▪ The style came in the form of portable easel paintings and oil painting.
Illustrations feature altar pieces with general wings that open and close.
Children’s faces were painted like small adults; the spectator was even drawn
into picture. Landscape was incorporated in the picture using the open window
technique in which distant views of the town, people, and river can be seen.
o Bertholet Flémalle, (born May 23, 1614, Liège [now in Belgium]—died July 10, 1675,
Liège), Franco-Flemish painter, a pioneer of the classicist movement in his country.

Art in early civilization

art in early civilization

STONE AGE – Is a term used to describe a period of history when stones were used to make tools for
survival.

• The term conjures an image of men and women dressed in skin, huddling before a fire in a cave.
• Stone Age roughly span the 14,000-2,000 BCE.
In unearthing of archeological artifacts and remains provides modern society a glimpse of the beliefs,
practices, and activities of early civilization. The motives and reasons behind the creation of ancient
materials such as sculptures, painting, and architectural structures may not be clearly defined.
Nevertheless, the early people produced such material that reflect their attitudes and belief system on
spiritual, social, political, and economic matters.

The Stone Age has witnessed how humans were able to lead more stable lives and eventually come up
with permanent shelters and tools for survival.To complement this stability and sense of Permanence,
early humans also turned to the Creation of paintings and sculptures that depict humans, animals, and
their natural habitats.

THREE PERIODS OF STONE AGE

1. PALEOLITHIC – the late years of the old Stone Age.

2. MESOLITHIC – Middle Stone Age.
3. NEOLITHIC - New Stone Age.

Paleolithic Period - (Old Stone-Age) - people were hunter gatherers - used caves as shelters - people
were unsettled

• Paleolithic Art is a product of climate change. As the climate got colder, part of the early
humans’ instinct is to look for shelters that would provide them will warmth. Caves became
protective havens for the early humans and these caves paved the way for the birth of their first
attempt to create art.
• Famous Paleolithic Art - Halls Of Bulls (Found in the cave in Lascauz, France)

Mesolithic Period (middle stone-age) – the rich art of the paleolithic is replaced by a mesolithic art with
many changes in style as well as meaning. Upper Paleolithic cave art depicts colored drawings and
expressive features of animals. A full range of colors is used. Mesolithic art in contrast is schematic; no
realistic figures are present and only the color red is used.

• Famous Mesolithic Art - The “Venus of Willendorf.” This figure is a highly abstracted woman
From highlighted body parts associated with fertility.
• The representation may show the importance of taking care of these body parts for procreation
and consequently the survival of species.

NEOLITHIC PERIOD (New Stone Age)

Began when men first developed agriculture and settled in permanent villages. It ended with the
discovery of bronze. The prime medium of Neolithic art was pottery. Other important artistic
impressions were statuary of the universally worshipped mother goddess and megalithic stone
monuments such as Stonehenge.

• Famous NEOLITHIC ART - STONEHENGE IN ENGLAND

o The purpose of this fascinating edifice remains a mystery up to this day. Some regard it
as a temple while others see it as complex calendar the tracked the movements of both
the Sun and Moon. Others ascribe some magical element to it by associating it with
Merlin the Magician from King Arthurs’s story.
EGYPTIAN ART

The Egyptian civilization can be divided into three periods: Old, Middle, and New Kingdom. Looking at
the three periods, it can be noticed that for the Egyptians, art should be something religious and
spiritual. There may have been differences in the techniques used and style emphasized, but there are
common denominators among the artworks created during their respective time periods.

• First civilization to develop literature, medical science, and mathematics

• World’s first large-scale, unified government ruling many people in organized manner
• Led by pharaoh – Egyptian version of a king
• Art created for making the pharaoh comfortable and preparing him for the afterlife
• Egyptian afterlife – not an end
• Size of figure indicates importance
• Pyramid – burial monument for pharaoh
• Side view of the head
• Cartouches – oblong enclosure with hieroglyphs
• Sarcophagus
• NARMER PALETTE – It was a palette that utilized and applied dark colors around King Narmer’s
eyes. The palette was also a symbol that commemorates the unification of Upper and Lower
Egypt.
• The Great Pyramid Of Giza - During the old Kingdom, one of the Architectural wonders was also
constructed.The pyramids in Giza served as tombs since their main purpose was to provide a
resting place for the pharaohs.
• Queen Nefertiti - There is emphasis to life-like features of the face like an elongate jaw and
thick-lidded eyes. Most artists created artworks that are natural and seemingly real, highlighting
the features of their subjects. Naturalism was not only used to depict the pharaoh but also was
used for members of the royal family. The bust of Queen Nefertiti has a long and sensuous neck.
• King Tutankhamen - He became king at a very young age and died at the age of eighteen.
Howard Carter discovered his tomb in 1922. They were astonished to find gold artworks and
that the coffin was made out of solid gold. The body of the young king was eredred in linen and
a gold mask covered his face.

Summary - During the prehistoric period, the early humans had transitioned from a nomadic lifestyle to
that of more permanent one, which led to early civilizations. Some of the works discovered from this
period would give modern society a glimpse of what was life like during that period. One of the early
civilizations where art flourished was the egyptian civilization. Throughout the three kingdoms all the
way to the Amarna Revolution, art has been directly used particularly in religious and spiritual activities.
Through these unearthed and discovered artworks, the modern world could have a better
understanding of the past and how it can affect the present.

Development of Greek Art

1. Geometric Period
a. Time when Greece starting to get back from the onslaught of what seemed to be their
Dark Ages
 b. A period when geometric shapes and patterns have taken spotlight in most of the
artworks.
c. Vase paintings told stories about gods and heroes of Greek myths.
2. Archaic Period
a. The period placed importance on human figure.
b. This was primarily a result of Greece’s trading activities with other civilizations
c. The period of artistic development in Greece
d. Kore, by Aristion (550-540 BC) - free-standing sculptures female figures, always of a
young age
e. less rigidly stylized ; more naturalistic
f. KOURUS – male nude sculptures youth boy, especially of noble rank
3. Classical Period
a. The peak of Greek sculpture and architecture
b. The time when the Greeks found themselves rebuilding their temples and focusing
creating artworks
c. Bodies were not stiff, they looked fully alive and movable.
d. Sculptures represented the perfection of the human form
4. Hellenistic Period
a. Art was primarily focused on showcasing emotions and depicting reality
b. The Nike of Samothrace
c. It was created to not only honor the goddess Nike, but to honor a sea battle.
d. Laocoon and his sons

The origins of theater and drama can be traced back during the Greek civilization

Devotion to Dionysus―God of fertility.

THE ROMAN ART

• Realistic depictions of Roman leaders

• Less religious and less idealized
• Popular way to show the emperor’s might and his image: coins
• 3 dimensional carvings
• Massive public buildings
• Arch, dome and vault
• Colosseum, Rome
• CHURCH - was the central figure and authority of the period.
• Great cathedrals were also built.
• Characterized by ignorance and darkness
• Period between Roman empire and the Renaissance
• ROMANESQUE 1050-1200 - Inspired by the old Roman empire
• GOTHIC 1200-1500 Northern flavor from the Goths—vulgar and barbarian
Renaissance Art

• Movement originated in Florence, Italy in 15th Century

• RE-BIRTH: Revival of interest in the classical learning and values of ancient Greece and Rome.
• Artistic experimentation
• Patron commissioned artworks (Kings, Pope, Medici Family)
• Perspective of Depth - this techniques provided a threedimensional perspective
• NATURALISM - a great emphasis on the proportionality of the human body
o Humanism shifted to empower the “individual
o Artists valued the “individual” as a subject of arts
• Most artworks remained religious in its focus and themes
• Revival of Roman theatricals plays
o performed during special occasions at the courts of Italian princess
o done in such a way that showcased grand and lavish entertainment for the audience
• Aside from the song and dance numbers, they interested in elaborate have greatly influenced
their tradition of popular theater.
• Leonardo, Raphael, Michelangelo, Donatello

Characteristic of Renaissance Art

1. CLASSICISM
a. Incorporating Greek and Roman elements
b. Mythological Themes
c. Architectural Designs
2. EMPHASIS ON HUMAN FIGURE
a. Beauty is achieved through proportion and symmetry
b. Vitruvian man by Leonardo da vinci
c. The Sistine Chapel by Michaelangelo
3. REALISM & MORE EXPRESSION
a. more emotional qualities
b. DAVID by Michaelangelo
c. MONA LISA by Leonardo da Vinci
4. PERSPECTIVE
a. Looks like 3-dimensions Some objects looks further away
b. THE SCHOOL OF ATHENS By Raphael
5. LIGHT & SHADE
a. Contrasts of light and shade to create perspective and make it more realistic
b. CHIAROSCURO Technique
c. ST. JOHN THE BAPTIST by Leonardo da Vinci
d. MONA LISA by Leonardo da Vinci

During the Renaissance

• artist would observe nature and try their best to emulate it based on their observations
• a product of the Renaissance Period - Italian word maniera – means style (stylish style)
o - Extreme drama - Exaggerated compositions
 • As the Renaissance ended
o artist started directly distorted figures two dimensional spaces, discordant hues and
colors, and lack of defined focal point
• Madonna with the Long Neck By Parmigianino
• Spring By Giuseppe Arcimboldo
• The Vision of Saint John, or The Opening of the Fifth Seal By El Greco

BAROQUE PERIOD

• ARTISTS - a lot of artists have developed styles and techniques different from their Renaissance
predecessors •used colorful palettes and ornamentation in their works
• ITALY - strengthened not only their religion but also other aspects like politics and art
•EXPANSION was the central theme of this period
• Motion and space - use of dramatic lighting and the concept of time
• MUSIC - serve as powerful tool to communicate messages • able to clearly distinguish loud from
soft and solo from ensemble
• COMPOSERS - Vivaldi, Corelli, and Monteverdi, Bach and Handel
o limited only to power institutions like the church and individuals like the Patrons
o middle class and the masses
• a response to Protestantism • 1600 to 1750
• BAROCCO - Portuguese term •”irregularly shaped pearl”
• Reflects the tensions of Catholic Church to re-assert itself
• Artistic styles in exaggerated drama and grandeur
• Larger size, dynamic movement
• ENTOMBMENT OF CHRIST by Caravaggio
• DAVID by Bernini

ROCOCO ART

• Came from Baroque Art

• Baroque Art – power and grandeur of Church
• Rococo Art - French word “rocaille”- means rubber or rock, curvy patterns in decorative arts
• Aristocratic, refined, frivolous style
• Louie XV of France, focus on life of aristocracy

NEOCLASSICISM

• Greek “neos”- new Latin “classicus”- classical

• ENLIGHTENMENT PERIOD
o a movement in Europe that transpired during the late 18th and early 19th centuries
o It was the dominant art movement that time which basically aimed to revive and
rekindle the influences of Greek and Roman into art and architecture
• Beginning of Modern Art Debate - 1863,when there was an emergence of modern painting
exhibitions. clear drawing and modeling
• Ancient Greeks and Europeans
o placed emphasis on human reason and keeping society in order
 o This movement was a reaction to the artworks produced during the Baroque Period
o There was a call to veer from such extravagance in terms of style and form of the
Baroque Period

ROMANTICISM

• highlighted heroic elements into their work

• Age of Revolutions - there has been a tremendous focus on patriotic and nationalistic
movements
• French Revolution
o One of the major revolutions in history
o revolutionary movements became the focal point of most Romantic works
• Major THEME - goodness of mankind
o justice, equality, and social order
o EMPHASIZES, emotions and feelings of man
• As an Art Movement - from AGE of REASON to AGE OF EMOTION

REALISM

• as modern movement in art veered away from traditional forms of art

• it revolutionized themes and techniques in paintings
• Since artists worked within the context of revolutions and social changes, artistic works began to
depict real-life events
• focuses on the accuracy of details that depicts and somehow mirrors reality
• Idealistic concepts and images - replaced by real manifestations of society
o modern world were suitable for subjects of art
• 1. Photographic Accuracy 2. Absolute Objectivity 3. Emphasis on Everyday

IMPRESSIONISM

• name from Claude Monet painting Impression, Sunrise

• Impressionist Artists- incorporated scientific principles to achieve a more distinct representation
of color
• contemporary landscapes and scenes of modern life, especially of the leisure and recreation of
the wealthy class, instead of drawing on past art or historical and mythological narrative for
their inspiration.
• RECREATING THE SENSATION IN THE EYE THAT VIEWS THE SUBJECT

NEO-IMPRESSIONISM

• PAINTERS - rely on a systematic and scientific techniques that have a predetermined visual
effects not only on the artwork itself but also how the audience perceive the art
• Georges Seurat
o recorded optical sensation on a more scientific manner
o technique called pointillism
• POINTILLISM
o utilizes discrete dots and ashes of pure color
 o believed to blend with viewer’s perspective
• As an Art Movement - considered as a response to empirical realism of impressionism

POST- IMPRESSIONISM

• Led to development of individual style that gave emphasis to defining from with the use of
broken colors and short, thick stroke
• Post-Impressionism Artists - Paul Cezanne, Georges Seurat, Paul Gauguin, and Vincent van Gogh
• explored different directions and approaches to painting without concern about the appearance
of their subjects.
• Most of the works of the said painters became the framework of the contemporary techniques
and trends during the twentieth century
• FRANCE - a result of both the influence and rejection of impressionist but later on saw the
inherent limitations and flaws of impressionism
• PAUL GAUGUIN –
• PAUL CEZANNE
• VINCENT VAN GOGH
• Characteristic of Post-Impressionism
o VIVID COLORS THICK PAINT
o UNNATURAL COLORS
o DISTINCT BRUSHSTROKE

ART NOUVEAU

• This ornamental style of art was a break from the Conservative historicism, which was the
prevailing and dominant theme of most Western artworks
• uses long and organic lines that are concretely manifested in architecture, jewelry, and glass
design, among others
• Europe and the United States
o Between 1890 and 1910
o witnessed the emergence and flourishing of a “new art style
• Characteristics
o asymmetrical line that usually is in the form of insect wings or flower stalks
o line is done in such a graceful and elegant manner that somehow evokes a certain
power to it
• CHARACTERISTICS OF ART NOUVEAU
o Flower/plant motifs
o Asymmetrical shapes
o Glass mosaics
o Extensive use curvilinear forms
o Avoidance of using straight lines
FAUVISM

• What makes fauvists revolutionary?

o they used pure, bright and vibrant colors by applying straight from the paint tubes
directly to the canvas.
• This is done to produce a sense of explosion of colors in the canvas
• difference lies with how the fauves have this strong and expressive reaction to how they portray
their subjects
• FAUVIST
o most of their works reject the conservative and traditional renderings of three-
dimensional space
o they introduces and promoted a picture space that is defined by the movement of color
• FRANCE
o around the turn of the twentieth century French word (WILD BEASTS)
• Use of pure vivid colors
• EXPLOSION OF COLORS
• INTENSE BRUSH STROKES

CUBISM

• CUBIST
o highlighted the two-dimensional surface of the picture plane
o Focusing on flat surface was a rejection of the dominant techniques like the use of
perspective, foreshortening, and prevailing notion that art should imitate nature
o emphasized that they are not in any way obliged to copy texture, form, color, and space
o They presented a new depiction of reality that may appear fragmented objects for
viewers GEOMETRICITY
• have a huge influence on artists during the twentieth century
• ART SHOULD NOT COPY NATURE!!!
• Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque
o Between 1907 and 1914
o introduced CUBISM

Pablo Picasso

• Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la
Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso.
• He was named after various saints and relatives.
• The "Picasso" is actually from his mother, Maria Picasso y Lopez. His father is named Jose Ruiz
Blasco.

ANALYTICAL CUBISM

• Objects are analyzed from many perspectives

• Lack of color
• Usually earth tones
SYNTHETIC CUBISM

• Blunt, straightforward, easy to read

• Vibrant colors
• Like a collage

FUTURISM

• influence of Industrial Revolution

• Greatest Impact of Futurism
• Filippon Tommaso Marinette
o coined the term “futurism” to reflect his purpose of disregarding the traditional
methods of art in the past. • believes that art should embrace and embody change •
Innovation, creativity, and originality.
• THEME - restlessness and the past-space of modern life
• ITALY - early twentieth century • highlighted the speed, energy, dynamism, and power of
machines
• Power of Machines
• Creativity
• Innovation
• Imagination

MEDIEVAL AGES & BEYOND

MIDDLE AGES 5TH-15TH

As the term denotes, it is the period between the decline of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance. It
was a period that is characterized by ignorance and darkness. The printing press came later after the
Middle Ages, so copies of the scriptures were done by hand. During this time, great cathedrals were also
built. These cathedrals can be categorized into two periods:

Johannes Gutenberg, he invented the printing.

Maria Laach, Abbey in Germany

The Vault of Abbey of St. Foy, Conques France

Romanesque 1050-1200 AD is inspired by the old Roman empire

Rose window and facade of Chartres Cathedral (1194-1220)

Gothic 12th century -15th century

Bourges Cathedral with flying buttresses (1195-1230)

Typical of a Rose window of Chartres Cathedral

Arts in the Renaissance

1. During this period, artist valued the “individual” as a subject of arts.

2. The influence of humanism shifted the focus of some artworks during the Renaissance Period to
empower the “individual.”
3. Most artwork emphasized naturalism, which was also an influence of humanism since there was
a great emphasis on the proportionality of the human body.
4. Naturalism is a philosophical viewpoint according to which everything arises from natural
properties and causes, and supernatural or spiritual explanations are excluded or discounted.

During the Renaissance Period, there was also a revival of Roman theatrical plays

Roman mosaic depicting actors

Mosaic of theatrical mask and an aulos player (House of the Tragic Poet, Pompeii)

3 Periods of the Renaissance

Renaissance means “rebirth.” The term Renaissance means rebirth. It was invented by a group of
intellectuals of the 16th century, to mark a period of broad cultural achievement spanning three
centuries, born in Italy of the 15th century, in particular in the city of Florence.

Important figures of Renaissance

• Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519) - Polymath, draftsman, engineer, scientist, architect, sculptor

and painter.
• William Shakespeare (1564-1616) -English playwright and poet
• Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536) - priest, philosopher, theologian, scholar
1. Early Renaissance-(14th-15th century)
a. The first period of establishment of the new Renaissance culture extends throughout
the 15th century, and coexists with the late Gothic style, making it evolve in many
aspects.
b. Florence, Italy is the birthplace of the Renaissance
2. High Renaissance- (16th century)
a. Madonna and the Child by Leonardo Da Vinci -1490
b. Madonna and Child by Raphael
c. High Renaissance artists were influenced by the linear perspective, shading, and
naturalistic figurative treatment launched by Early Renaissance artists like Masaccio and
Mantegna. But they mastered those techniques in order to convey a new aesthetic ideal
that primarily valued beauty. The human figure was seen as embodying the divine, and
new techniques like oil painting were employed to convey human movement and
psychological depth in gradations of tone and color.
d. 1. Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519) - Polymath, draftsman, engineer, scientist, architect,
sculptor and painter. 2. Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (1475-1564)-
Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet 3. Raphael / Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino
(1483-1520)- Italian painter and architect
e. What is unique in the High Renaissance? - The Discovery of Perspective
 f.
Style and Precision Drawing - upon the classical Greek and Roman proportional
preciseness in architecture and anatomical correctness in the body, masters like
Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Raphael created powerful compositions where the parts of
their subjects were illustrated as harmonious and cohesive with the whole.
3. Mannerism period -around 1590 LATE RENAI
a. Mannerism was a period in art history, which was a product of the Renaissance Period.
Most artworks during this period displayed distorted figures, two-dimensional spaces,
discordant hues and colors, and lack of defined focal point.
b. Mannerism, Italian Manierismo, (from maniera, “manner,” or “style”), artistic style that
predominated in Italy from the end of the High Renaissance in the 1520s to the
beginnings of the Baroque style around 1590.
c. Mannerism Painting by Agnolo Bronzino
d. Madonna with the Long Neck
e. Mannerism is between Renaissance and Baroque Period

Baroque and ROCOCO Period

The earliest manifestations, which occurred in Italy, date from the latter decades of the 16th century,
while in some regions, notably Germany and colonial South America, certain culminating achievements
of Baroque did not occur until the 18th century.

Baroque

The term “baroque” is derived from the Portuguese term barroco which is translated as “irregularly
shaped pearl.” Which according to some historians was a response to Protestantism. This period roughly
spanned from 1600 to 1750. Most artists used colorful palettes and ornamentation in their works.
Expansion was the central theme of this period, which became very much evident in the artworks
produced during this time.

In art criticism the word Baroque came to be used to describe anything irregular, bizarre, or otherwise
departing from established rules and proportions.

Baroque Painting by Peter Paul Rubens

Caravaggio- Beheading of John the Baptist

Michelangelo Merisi Da Caravaggio

The Rape of Prosherpina by Pluto- Sculpture made by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, 1621-1622 he was 23 years
old.

The Ecstasy of St. Teresa of Avila by Bernini- 1652

Baroque Music

MUSIC also flourished during the Baroque Period. Since the birthplace of this period was in Rome, it did
not come as a surprise that most composers come from Italy. Eventually, the influence of Baroque
spread outside Italy and reached other parts of Europe. Other well-known Baroque composers include
Germany’s Bach and Handel.
Baroque Musicians

• Antonio VIVALDI
• Claudio Monteverdi
• Johannes Sebastian Bach
• George Frideric HANDEL
• Arcangelo CORELLI

Rococo Art

Rococo style in interior design, the decorative arts, painting, architecture, and sculpture that originated
in Paris in the early 18th century but was soon adopted throughout France and later in other countries,
principally Germany and Austria.

The Swing, also known as The Happy Accidents of the Swing, is an 18th-century oil painting by Jean-
Honoré Fragonard in the Wallace Collection in London. It is considered to be one of the masterpieces of
the Rococo era, and is Fragonard's best known work.

Neoclassicism Arts

1. There seems to be a debate among historians as to the beginnings of modern art.

2. There are accounts that would attribute for the emergence of this kind of art during the French
Revolution in 1789.
3. Neoclassicism was a movement in Europe that transpired during the late eighteenth and early
nineteenth centuries.
a. Anton Raphael Mengs, Judgement of Paris, c. 1757, bought by Catherine the Great from
the studio

ROMANTICISM

Romanticism, as an art movement, used the central themes of Neoclassicism artworks as a springboard.
During the Age of Revolutions, there has been a tremendous focus on patriotic and nationalistic
movements. The major and central themes of Romanticism movement include the emphasis on the
goodness of mankind. Artists also emphasized emotions and feelings of man, which was a deviation
from the humanist principle of rationalism.

Eugène Delacroix, Death of Sardanapalus, 1827, taking its Orientalist subject from a play by Lord Byron

Romanticism Arts- “Liberty and Leading the People” 1830

Eugène Delacroix,

Realism

1. Realism as style of work focuses on the accuracy of details that depicts and somehow mirrors
reality.
2. Realism as modern movement in art veered away from traditional forms of art. In a way, it
revolutionized themes and techniques in paintings.
3. Idealistic concepts and images were replaced by real manifestations of society.
Ilya Repin, Barge Haulers on the Volga,1870–73.

Impressionism

The Impressionist movement started in France, which led to a break from the tradition in European
painting. Impressionism is a style of painting that emerged in the mid-to late 1800s. The Father of
impressionism is Claude Monet

POST – IMPRESSIONISM

It is an art movement that emerged in France, which is a result of both the influence and rejection of
impressionist but later on saw the inherent limitations and flaws of impressionism. Father of post
impressionism is Paul Cezanne

SOME OF THE FAMOUS POST-IMPRESSIONISTS

• Paul Cezanne
• Paul Gauguin
• Georges Seurat
• Vincent Van Gogh

NEO IMPRESSIONISM

As an art movement, neo-impressionism is considered as a response to a empirical realism of

impressionism. The leading figure in neo-impressionism was Georges Seurat who recorded optical
sensation on a more scientific manner. His color theories paved the way for the technique called
pointillism. Pointillism is a technique of painting in which small, distinct dots of color are applied in
patterns to form an image.

Starry Night- Vincent Van Gogh - Painted June of 1889

Some Notable Neo Impressionists

• Henri Edmond-Cross
• Maximilien Luce
• Camille Pizarro

Henri Edmond Cross - Mediterranean Shores 1895

Georges Seurat - Sunday Afternoon on La Grande Jatte 1859-1891

ART NOUVEAU

• This ornamental style of art was a break from the conservative historicism, which was the
prevailing and dominant theme of most Western artworks. In most works, the defining
characteristic of Art Nouveau is the asymmetrical line that usually is in the form of insect wings
or flower stalks..
• Redhead among Flowers by Alphonse Mucha
Fauvism

• This is a style of painting that emerged in France around Fauvism the turn of the twentieth
century.
• Fauve artists used pure, brilliant colour aggressively applied straight from the paint tubes to
create a sense of an explosion on the canvas.

Cubism

1. Spanish artists Pablo Picasso and French artist Georges Braque introduced a new visual arts
called Cubism.
2. This style would later on have a huge influence on artists during the twentieth century.
3. Cubists highlighted the two-dimensional surface of the picture plane.
4. Cubists emphasize that they are not in any way obliged to copy texture, form, color, and space.
5. They presented a new depiction of reality that may appear fragmented objects for viewers.

FUTURISM

Dynamic Hieroglyphic of the Bal Tabarin

It is an early twentieth century art movement that started in Italy, which highlighted the speed, energy,
dynamism, and power of machines.

In addition, common themes for works in this movement are restlessness and the past-space of modern
life. The greatest impact of futurism is evident in poetry and visual arts.Italian poet and editor Filippo
Tommaso Marinetti coined the term “futurism.”

Severini, Gino (1883-1966) – 1912