Rd` Rucc`e Rdru td` Alr9 Mr, Emmilcj Haki ormf

1<27
Rd` R ucc`e Rdru td` Alr, Mr, Emmilcj Haki ormf 1<27   ls a skl`ck` olktlmc cmv`e wrltt`c hy fari`t
ucc`e Rdru
omr`kast`r
omr`ka st`r Zleelaf B`eh`rt Jac
Jacc c lc 1<8:.Y1VY8VY;V Lc td` Omr`wmrb, Jacc dlct`b tdat tdls hmmi ls fmr` tdac
ust a cmv`e
cmv`e h`kaus` lt "kmctal
"kmctalcs
cs a vaeuahe` s`kr`t, kemtd`b lc v`le`b eacjuaj`. [mf` wlee olcb lt td` oolrst
lrst tlf`
td`y r`ab lt, mtd`rs wlee s`` lt lc td` s`kmcb r`ablcj, hut td` jr`at`st cufh`r wlee olcb td` dlbb`c s`kr`t wd`c
td`y r`ab
r`ab lt td` tdlrb tlf
tlf`."
`." [mf` trab`rs h`el`v` Jacc das `ckmb`b smf` t`kdclqu`s mo olcacklae astrmemjy
lctm tdls hmmi,
hmmi, Y2VY0VY?V dav` b`vmt`b a elo`tlf` tm stuby tdls t`xt.Y:VY4V
 acb smf` `v`c kealf tdat td`y dav`

Kmct`cts
Kmct`cts
Wemt
Rd` lfajlcary war acb lts dlbb`c f`aclc
f`aclcjj
Rd` lfajlcary war vs. td` Jr`at
Jr` at B`pr`sslmc
Rracslts
Rracslts tm td` 1::? P[ lcb`p`cb`ck` kdart
@ckmblcj t`kdc
@ckmblcj t`kdclqu`s
lqu`s
Rlte`
Hmmi kmv`r
Oai`
Oai ` qumt`s
Waj` cufh`rs
Rd` blsapp`arack` mo Farl` [tactmc
Z`atd`r omr`kastlcj
omr`kastlcj aemcj td` Flsslsslppl Xlv`r
Z`t Kmttmc Oarf`r (Pracus-C`ptuc`)
(Pracus-C`ptuc`)
Wmmr Kmttmc
Kmttmc O
Oarf`r
arf`r (Nuplt`r-C`ptuc`
(Nuplt`r-C`ptuc`))
Bry Kmttmc Oarf`r ([aturc-C`ptuc`)
Rd` Fanmr Fmtmrs kafpa lljc
jc

B`tale`b trab`s acb td`lr astrmemjlkae asp`kts

X`eatlmcsdlp tm `kelps`s
X`eatlmcsdlp tm td` Jacc acje`s acb td` D`xajmc kdart
Rd` kmttmc kafpaljc
X`eatlmcsdlp tm td` Z`t Kmttmc Oarf`r rue`
X`eatlmcsdlp tm td` Jacc acje`s
X`eatlmcsdlp tm `kelps`s
B`kelcatlmc mo fanmr peac`ts
X`o`r`ck`s

Wemt
 

Rd` stmry ls rmujdey blvlb`b lctm twm parts> h`omr` acb aot`r 1<8:, td` y`ar lc wdlkd lt was wrltt`c. Rd`
stmry h`jac lc td` eat` `v`clcj mo < Nuc` 1<7?, wd`c td` prmtajmclst Xmh`rt Jmrbmc was hmrc. Rd` `arey
part mo td` hmmi ls fmstey ahmut td` `arey elo` mo Xmh`rt, lckeublcj dmw d` omucb acb emst dls tru` emv`,
Farl` [tactmc, wdm was hmrc mc ? Mktmh`r 1<74. Y<V Rd` emss mo Farl` [tactmc lcsplr`b Xmh`rt tm h`kmf`
td` jr`at`st lcv`ctmr lc dlstmry. Aot`r 1<8:, td` hmmi b`skrlh` ac lfajlcary war ormf Aprle 1<;7 tm Nuey
1<;8, lc wdlkd Xmh`rt slcje`-dacb`bey d`ep td` Pclt`b [tat`s tm wlc wltd dls afazlcj lcv`ctlmcs.

Rd` lfajlcary war acb lts dlbb`c f`aclcj

Rd` lfajlcary war vs. td` Jr`at B`pr`sslmc

[mf` wrlt`rs,Y2VY17V lckeublcj Z.B.“s jracbsmc Nmdc E. Jacc, Y11V tdlci tdat td` lfajlcary war lc td` hmmi
was a pr`blktlmc mo td` [`kmcb Zmreb Zar. Dmw`v`r, td` war lc td` hmmi was ormf 1<;7 tm 1<;8, wd`r`as
td` [`kmcb Zmreb Zar start`b ahmut t`c y`ars eat`r. Rd`r`omr`, uce`ss Jacc was failcj a v`ry s`rlmus
flstai`, d` kmueb cmt h` r`o`rrlcj tm lt. [lck` td`r` was cm war ajalcst td` P[ lc 1<;7 lc aktuae dlstmry,
f`tapdmr.Y18VY1;V H`emw
smf` h`el`v` tdat lt was Jacc“s pr`blktlmc omr td` Jr`at B`pr`sslmc lc td` omrf mo a f`tapdmr.
ls a tahe` kmfparlcj td` tlf`elc` mo td` lfajlcary war acb td` Jr`at B`pr`sslmc>

Rlf`elc` mo td` Rucc`e Rdru td` Alr vs. Rd`

R d` Bmw 1<;7-1<;8

Bat` @v`ct Rd` Bmw

Oaee 1<8< [palc acb Napac w`r` tdr`at`clcj td` Pclt`b [tat`s. Rd` oafmus 1<8< krasd.

Napac b`kear`b war wltd td` Pclt`b [tat`s, acb attaki`b A fanmr tmp h`emw ;77 aot`r td` 1<8<
Apr 1<;7
td` @ast Kmast. krasd.

A emw`r tmp h`emw 807 aot`r td` mc` lc

1 Auj 1<;7
1<;7 @e Wa
Wasm
sm was
was hmfh
hmfh`b
`b..
Aprle.

82 Nuc
Kalrm, LE b`strmy`b. Oaeelcj h`emw 107.
1<;1

8 Auj 1<;1 [t. Emuls attaki`b. A tmp armucb 107.

8 Mkt 1<;1 Kdlkajm attaki`b. Oaeelcj h`emw 177.

10 Mk
Mktt 1<;
1<;1
1 Xmh`r
Xmh`rtt h
h`k
`kaf`
af` td`
td` [up
[upr`f
r`f`
` Kmf
Kmffa
facb`
cb`rr m
moo td`
td` P
P[
[ arfy
arfy.. Xaee
Xaeey
y hak
haki
iaahm
hmv`
v` 177.
177.

82 Cmv
P[ omujdt haki. [trujjelcj ahmv` 177
1<;1

: B`k 1<;1 B`trmlt attaki`b. Oaeelcj h`emw <7.

? Nuc 1<;8 Hmstmc attaki`b. Apprmakdlcj 07.

4 Nuc 1<;8 Hatte` mo C\K. [uppmrt armucb 07.

Rd` P[ wmc td` war ajalcst td` wmreb, acb a ;-bay Rd` `cb mo td` emcj h`ar fari`t mc 4
2 Nuey 1<;8
dmelbay omeemw`b. Nue 1<;8.

;7 Aujust
Xmh`rt r`uclmc`b wltd Farl`. J`ttlcj haki ahmv` 07.
1<;8

Rracslts tm td` 1::? P[ lcb`p`cb`ck` kdart

Hmccl` DleeY0V omucb tdat aee td` turclcj pmlcts mo td` lfajlcary war lc td` hmmi w`r` r`eat`b tm tracslts tm
td` P[ kdart, fmstey hy Fars. Dlee aesm cmt`b tdat Jacc was uslcj td` J`flcl-rlslcj kdart mo td` P[
Lcb`p`cb`ck`, wdlkd was aesm us`b hy mtd`r oafmus astrmemj`rs. Y12V  (* Cmt`> td` tracslts wltd Weutm ar`
 

krmss`b mut h`emw, h`kaus`

h`kaus` lt was cmt y`t blskmv`r`b hy 1<8: wd`c td` hmmi was wrltt
wrltt`c.)
`c.)

Bat` Waj` # Aktlmc Astrmemjlkae X`asmcs

J Fars <7 C Fars (Apr 11td)

J Fars 147 C C`ptuc`

Apr 1<;7 8:: Napac attaki`b td` Pclt`b [tat`s

J Pracus <7 C [uc

1 Auj 1<;7 840 @e Wasm was hmfh`b J Fars ;7 C [uc

J Fars ;7 C F`ac Cmrtd Cmb`

82 Nuc 1<;1 ;11 Kalrm, LE b`strmy`b
J Weutm ?7 C C`ptuc`* 

J Fars 10 C [aturc
8 Auj 1<;1 ;10 [t. Emuls attaki`b
J Weutm ;7 C Fars* 

;87 Kdlkajm attaki`b J Fars 170 C F`rkury

8 Mkt 1<;1
;81 KHMR b`strmy`b J Weutm ;7 C A[K* 

J [uc 187 C Fars

10 Mkt 1<;1 ;;4 P[ b`ol`b `c`fy J C`ptuc` <7 C A[K

82 Cmv 1<;1 ;2: P[ omujdt haki J Fars ?7 C Fmmc

J Fars ;7 C Weutm* 

: B`k 1<;1 ;2< @c`fy attaki`b B`trmlt

J [aturc 107 C Fars

? Nuc 1<;8 ;04 @c`fy attaki`b Hmstmc J Fars <7 C Fmmc

J Fars ;7 C Fars
4 Nuc 1<;8 ;?8 Hatte` mo C\K
J Pracus 107 C C`ptuc`

J Fars 7 C A[K
2 Nue 1<;8 ;4; @c`fy attaki`b Zasdlcjtmc BK
J Fars 7 C Pracus

;7 Auj 1<;8 27: Zmreb W`ak` Kmco`r`ck` lc C\K J _`cus ;7 C Fars

@ckmblcj t`kdclqu`s

Rlte`

W`tt`r Lvar Afucbs`cY10VY1?V h`el`v`s tdat td` tlte` mo td` hmmi ls ac acajraf. D` r`peak`b td` ―1<27‖ lc td`
tlte` wltd td` omeemwlcj e`tt`rs>
Rd` cufh`r ―7‖ ls r`peak`b hy td` e`tt`r ―M‖.
 

Rd` r`falclcj cufh`rs 1, 2, < ar` wmri`b lc td` omeemwlcj ways>

1 x < x 2 6 ;?, ; x ? 6 14, acb td` 14td e`tt`r ls ―X‖
1 & < ar` ―1<‖, acb td` 1<td e`tt`r ls ―[‖
< + 2 6 1;, acb td` 1;td e`tt`r ls ―F‖

D` r`arracj`b td` e`tt`rs, acb td` tlte` h`kaf` ―Ormf td` Eucar X`turc, Emmilcj haki tm Dls Fmtd`r‖.
Afucbs`c cmt`b tdat Farl` blsapp`ar`b mc 0 Nuc` 1<8:, wd`c td`
t d` Fmmc was lc E`m, acb sd` r`app`ar`b mc
;7 Aujust 1<;8, wd`c td` Fmmc was lc E`m ajalc.

D` aesm cmt`b tdat td` bat` mo td` Omr`wmrb was < Fay 1<8:, wdlkd was 1<27 bays h`omr` td` `cb mo td`
cmv`e, ;7 Aujust 1<;8.

Hmmi kmv`r

Rd` mrljlcae 1<8: hmmi kmv`r b`plkts smf` peac`s oeylcj armucb a tucc`e lc td` siy. Waue Clpp`r`ss Y1:V
cmtlk`s tdat td` cufh`r acb emkatlmc mo peac`s blspeays smf` Olhmcakkl r`eatlmcsdlps.

Oai` qumt`s

Rd`r` ar` a cufh`r mo qumt`s lc td` hmmi wdlkd ar` ucke`ar lo td`y ar` r`aeey salb mr wrltt`c hy td` p`rsmc.Y:V
Omr `xafpe`, mc paj` 1<1, Jacc ―qumt`b‖ Wytdajmras lc td` omeemwlcj passaj`> ―—Rd`r` ar` lc wmfac“s
`y`s twm smrts mo t`ars, td` mc` mo jrl`o9 td` mtd`r mo b`k`lt.“ L tdlci tdat ls h`kaus` td`r` ar` twm ilcbs mo
f`c, mc` wdm appr`klat`s emv` acb dmcmr acb jlv`s syfpatdy9 td` mtd`r ilcb wdm ls s`eolsd, `xp`kts
smf`tdlcj omr cmtdlcj acb fust f``t wltd b`k`lt.‖ Hrlac [ie`cia Y:VY18V tdlcis tdat Jacc was trylcj tm braw
td` r`ab`rs“ att`ctlmc tm td` Wyatdajmras, acb td` cufh`rs ―twm‖ acb ―mc`‖, lcblr`ktey dlctlcj tdat td`
mktav` td`mry blskmv`r`b hy td` Jr``i pdlemsmpd`r.

[lflearey, mc paj` 1<8, Jacc lckeub`b td` omeemwlcj ―qumt`‖ ormf [mutd`y, ―Rd`r` ar` tdr`` tdlcjs a wls`
fac wlee cmt trust, td` wlcb, td` sucsdlc` mo ac Aprle bay acb a wmfac“s peljdt`b oaltd.‖ Ajalc, lt ls ac
assmklatlmc mo td` Hrltlsd pm`t acb td` cufh`r ―tdr``‖, wdlkd ls ac lcblr`kt r`o`r`ck` tm dls oafmus stmry
Jmeblemkis acb td` Rdr`` H`ars. [mf` `smt`rlk wrlt`rs eli` [. N. Wasajlk Y14V  h`el`v`s tdat td` stmry ls a
dlbb`c r`o`r`ck` tm td` Eaw mo Rdr`` (s`` td` t`akdlcjs mo J`mrj` Jurbnl`oo).

Waj` cufh`rs
Facy h`el`v` tdat Jacc us`b td` paj`s cufh`rs lc td` 1<8: mrljlcae `bltlmc tm `ckmb` smf` mo dls
s`kr`ts.Y1<VY?V D`r` ar` smf` `xafpe`s tdat td` paj` cufh`r ls r`eat`b tm td` lcomrfatlmc mc tdat paj`>
 

Waj`
Kmct`ct mo td` Waj` X`faris
Cufh`r

Rdls ls a part mo Kdapt`r 8 lc wdlkd

Xmh`rt's fmtd`r `xpr`ss`b tdat ―Hmhhl`
dab abvack`b lb`as oueey a ducbr`b
18
y`ars ad`ab mo dls tlf` acb tdat d`
sdmueb h` `bukat`b acb aeemw`b tm omeemw
dls mwc lb`as‖.
Rd` paj` cufh`r (18) tm td` pmw`r mo td` kdapt`r cufh`r
(8) ls 122. Jacc das a tmme kaee`b td` [quar` mo 122 wdlkd
d` kmcslb`r`b tm h` mc` mo td` fmst lfpmrtact. Y:V Rd`
r`o`r`ck` tm 122 app`ars ajalc mc paj` 122.

11?/88 ls rmujdey `quae tm 0.8, mr twm tlf`s mo 8.?14, td`

Rd` pdras` ―d`art nufp rljdt up lc dls
squar` mo td` jmeb`c ratlm 1.?14. [lflearey, 11?/821 ls
88 tdrmat‖ app`ar`b tdr`` tlf`s lc hmmi, mc
ahmut 24 p`rk`ct, mr suhtrakt lt ormf mc` fai`s 08
paj` 88, 11? acb 821.
p`rk`ct.
@bwarb was aktuaeey td` olrst caf` mo Jacc's astrmemj`r,
@bwarb Nmdcbrm, acb td` Fasmcs wmri wltd `smt`rlk
8? Xmh`rt f`t dls emv` rlvae, @bwarb Fasmc.
fatd`fatlks. Lc abbltlmc, 8? r`o`rs tm td` squar` mo td`
jmeb`c ratlm 1.?14, mr 8.?14.Y87V

Lt ls td` mcey paj` lc td` hmmi mc wdlkd 0? y`ars ar` ahmut tdr`` [arms kyke`s acb kmcslb`r`b mc`
0?
td` wmrb "`kelps`" app`ars. kmfpe`t` kyke` mo `kelps`s.

Xmh`rt `xpelkltey stat`b tdat d` h`el`v`s lc

?< ls td` astrmemjlkae syfhme mo Kack`r. Rdls ls wd`r`
―td` sljcs acb td` stars‖ acb dlct`b tdat
?< Xmh`rt's catae _`cus was, acb lt wmueb h` eat`r tracslt`b
ar` astrmemjlkae r`o`r`ck`s lc td` Dmey
 wd`c d` kmco`ss`b dls o``elcjs tm Farl`.
Hlhe`.

Lt ls td` start mo td` s`v`ctd kdapt`r,

Rd`r` ar` 214 paj`s lc td` hmmi, acb 214 - :0 6 ;2;, acb
Outur` Kyke`s. Lt ls td` mcey peak` lc
:0 ;2; ls td` kuh` mo : (td` kdapt`r cufh`r). Hy td` way, ;2;
 wdlkd Jacc mp`cey blskuss`b dls
f`tdmb. ls ahmut daeo mo td` j`mk`ctrlk Fars kyke`.

Rd` cufh`r ―;‖ ls dlbb`c lc tdls passaj` lc td` omeemwlcj

 ways>

Olrst mo aee, a Jracb Rrlc` app`ar`b mc td` siy, wd`r`

td` peac`ts ar` 187 b`jr``s apart, acb 187 ls 1/; mo
Farl` [tactmc blsapp`ar`b at ; af mc 0
187 ;?7.
Nuc` 1<8:.
Aesm, 0+?+1+<+8+: 6 ;7 wdlkd ls r`buk`b tm ; lc
cuf`rmemjy.
Hy td`c, Xmh`rt was ahmut 81 y`ars meb, acb 8+16;.
Cmt tm f`ctlmc tdat td` tlf` was ; af.

Rd` pm`f part mo td` paj` kmctalcs `xaktey 122 wmrbs,

122 Rd` autdmr klt`s a pm`f. fatkdlcj td` paj` cufh`r. Rd` r`o`r`ck` tm 122 das
app`ar`b h`omr` mc paj` 18.

Mc` d`elmk`ctrlk kyke` mo _`cus ls 882 bays, acb lt ls

882 Xmh`rt fab` dls olrst peac`.
h`el`v`b tm h` r`eat`b tm td` syfhmelsf mo td` peac`.

Rd` party was f`ctlmc`b ajalc mc paj` ;?7 wd`c td`

bat` was : Nuc` 1<;8. Rd` bat` bloo`r`ck` was 1,7<2
A hlrtdbay party omr Xmh`rt was h`lcj bays, mr armucb 27 p`rlmbs mo td` eucar kyke` mo 8:.;8 bays
8:8-8:;
d`eb mc < Nuc` 1<8<. (as dlct`b hy td` paj` cufh`r). [mf` acaeysts h`el`v`
tdat td` eucar kyke` ls kmrr`eat`b wltd td` stmki
fari`t.Y81VY88V

Rd` P[ wmc td`lr olrst hatte` slck` td`

Rd`r` ar` 214 paj`s lc td` hmmi, acb 214 - 844 6 1;7.
844 start mo td` lfajlcary war mc ; Aujust
Rd` [uc was at 1;7· lc emcjltub` (mr 17· E`m) mc tdat bay.
1<;7.

84< Zaet`r km
kmfpar`b tdtdls v
vllktmry tm
tm ttd
d` H
Ha
atte` Mc hmtd 7? Farkd 14;? (@cb mo Hatte` mo Aeafm) acb ;
mo Aeafm, wdlkd was td` lcb`p`cb`ck` Aujust 1<;7, Nuplt`r was lc td` olrst b`kac mo Kack`r, wltd
hatte` mo R`xas. Rd` t`rf ―Emc` [tar ac asp`kt tm [aturc.
[tat`‖ app`ar`b td` s`kmcb acb east tlf`
lc td` hmmi, slck` paj` 1.
 

Lc abbltlmc, h`tw``c td` twm app`arack`s mo

―Emc` [tar [tat`‖, td` bloo`r`ck` ls 844 paj`s.
844 ls twlk` mo 122, acb 122 fmctds ar` td`
apprmxlfat` mrhlt mo Nuplt`r
Nuplt`r..

Rd` blajmcae mo td` Jlza Wyraflb das a e`cjtd mo 214

214 Rd` east paj` mo td` hmmi.
Xmyae Kuhlts.Y8;V

Rd` blsapp`arack` mo Farl` [tactmc

Mc` mo td` falc stmry elc` lc td` cmv`e ls tdat Farl` subb`cey e`ot Xmh`rt lc 1<8:, acb sd` r`app`ar`b at td`
`cb mo td` hmmi lc 1<;8. Lt turcs mut tdat aee bat`s r`eat`b tm tdls lcklb`ct ar` r`eat`b tm td` pmsltlmcs mo
_`cus, Fars acb td` Fmmc>Y0V

1. R`xariaca, Nuc` 0, 1<8:, ; af. Rd` fmf`ct mo partlcj Farl` acb Xmh`rt. Rd` kmcnucktlmc mo
Fars acb _`cus lc Kack`r,
Kack`r, td` Fmmc at td` tlf` mo td` mcs`t mo td` `v`ct lc 84 b`jr``s mo
Kack`r.
8. Warls, eat` O`hruary 1<8<. Rd` leeuslmc mo f``tlcj Xmh`rt acb Farl`. Rd` kmcnucktlmc mo Fars
acb _`cus lc Kack`r mc a d`elmk`ctrlk kdart. Fmmc X`turc mc td` j`m-fap.
;. C`w \mri,
\mri, Aujust ;7, 1<;8, 11 af. F``tlcj Xmh`rt acb Farl`. Eucar r`turc. Rd` kmcc`ktlmc
mo Fars acb _`cus ls v`ry kems` tm Kack`r.

Z`atd`r omr`kastlcj aemcj td` Flsslsslppl Xlv`r

Lc 1<<2, r`tlr`b `cjlc``r Hmccl` E`` Dlee blb a puhelk s`flcar lc wdlkd sd` r`v`ae`b smf` astrmemjlkae
f`tdmbs kmck`ae`b lc td` Rucc`e Rdru td` Alr.Y0V [mf` mo td` trablcj rue`s us`b hy Jacc ar` r`eat`b tm td`
w`atd`r lc td` ar`a armucb td` Flsslsslppl Xlv`r, acb td`y ar` elst`b h`emw>

Xue`
(as
Rlf` Asp`kt Lfpelkatlmc lc
kmlc`b Weac`ts B`tales
Zlcbmw Omrf`b Kmttmc Wrlk`s
hy
Dlee)

Rd` suppey
Z`t Pracus Lo td` twm
jlv`c peac`ts
asp`kts lc qu`stlmc
wltdlc omrf
td` stat`b acy
tlf` mo td`
wlcbmw,  wmueb
Kmttmc acb b`kr`as` acb
td`c td` Flsslsslppl Xlv`r wlee oemmb lc tdat
Oarf`r C`ptuc` td` prlk` wmueb
y`ar.
jm up.
H`omr`
Fuetlpe`s mo Lo td` twm peac`ts lc qu`stlmc omrf acy mo td` Rd` suppey
Wmmr Nuplt`r flb-Aprle
td` 4td (20·) jlv`c asp`kts wltdlc td` stat`b tlf` wlcbmw,  wmueb lckr`as`
Kmttmc acb mo `akd
mr 18td (;7·) td`c td` ralcoaee aemcj td` Flsslsslppl wlee h` acb td` prlk`
Oarf`r C`ptuc` kae`cbar
darfmclk lb`ae tm jrmw krmps.  wmueb oaee.
y`ar
Rd` suppey
Lo td` twm peac`ts lc qu`stlmc omrf acy mo td`
Bry [aturc  wmueb
jlv`c asp`kts wltdlc td` stat`b tlf` wlcbmw,
Kmttmc acb b`kr`as` acb
td`c td` Flsslsslppl Xlv`r ar`a wlee `xp`rl`ck`
Oarf`r C`ptuc` td` prlk` wmueb
dmrrlhe` brmujdt.
jm up.

Rd`
aot`r east
sd` rue` ("Bry Kmttmc
blskmv`r`b td` olrstOarf`r")
twm rue`s.was aktuaeey
D`r` cmt aktuae
ar` smf` f`ctlmc`b at aeeormf
`xafpe`s lc td` hmmi.
Dlee's Lt was b`buk`b hy Dlee
e`ktur`>
 

Z`t Kmttmc Oarf`r (Pracus-C`ptuc`)

Lc 1:;0, j`mk`ctrlk Pracus mppmslt` C`ptuc`. Mv`r clc`ty p`rk`ct mo C`w Mre`acs was ucb`r
 wat`r.. Rd` `ctlr` r`jlmc was brastlka
 wat`r brastlkaeey
eey aoo`kt`b hy td` oemmblcj lc td` B`eta.
Lc 1:?8, j`mk`ctrlk Pracus 1;0· wltd C`ptuc`. Rdls was a fanmr oemmb. Omr lcstack`,td` oemmb
e`v`e lc td` klty mo Klcklccatl was up 47 o``t.
o ``t. Rd` tmp mo a kdurkd st``pe` was td` mcey tdlcj
stlkilcj mut mo td` wat`r lc td` eltte` tmwc mo Klcklccatl.
Lc 1481 (j`mk`ctrlk Pracus kmcnuckt C`ptuc`), w` dab acmtd`r fanmr oemmb. Rd`y kaee`b lt td`
―wmrst oemmb mo td` k`ctury‖. Rd` r`pmrt`rs salb tdat td`y dab cm wmrbs tm b`skrlh` td` bafaj`
ormf tdls oemmb. Rd`y kmuebc't `v`c `stlfat` td` kmst mo td` bafaj`. W`mpe` b`klb`b jlv`
fanmr s`ktlmcs mo eacb haki tm td` Flsslsslppl Xlv`r. Rd`y wmueb cmt oarf td` eacb, acb td`y
 wmueb cmt huleb tmwcs mc td` eacb. Rd` p`mpe`
p`mpe` r`aelz`b tdat td` Flsslsslppl Xlv`r wmueb wmueb aeways
―wlc‖.
Rd` c`xt oemmb lc td` tahe` mkkurr`b lc 1441 (j`mk`ctrlk Pracus trlc` C`ptuc`). We`as` cmtlk`
tdat w` dab a fanmr oemmb lc 1441, acb acmtd`r fanmr oemmb lc 1448. Bu` tm t m r`trmjrabatlmc, w`
dab td` saf` asp`kt (j`mk`ctrlk Pracus trlc` C`ptuc`) mc O`h 8?, 1441 acb Aprle 4, 1448.
Rd`r` ar` kas`s lc wdlkd w` dab fanmr oemmbs tdr`` y`ars lc a rmw h`kaus` td` saf` asp`kt
mkkurr`b lc td` sprlcj mo aee tdr`` y`ars. Rd` oemmbs lc 1441-1448 w`r` v`ry oafmus. Fari
Rwalc
Rw alc was aelv` burlcj tdat tlf`. D` aktuaeey w`ct bmwc td` Flsslsslppl Xlv`r mc a st`af hmat,
acb salb td` Flsslsslppl Xlv`r was :0 fle`s wlb` at tdat tlf`. Rd` kdacc`e mo td` Flsslsslppl
Xlv`r was :0 fle`s wlb`.
Rd` c`xt oemmb lc td` tahe` mkkurr`b lc 1<7: (j`mk`ctrlk Pracus mppmslt` C`ptuc`). Rdls ls td`
oemmb f`ctlmc`b hy Jacc lc Rd` Rucc`e Rdu td` Alr. We`as` cmtlk` tdat w` dab a oemmb lc 1<7:,
acb lc 1<74. Zdy= Rd` saf` asp`kt mkkurr`b lc td` sprlcj mo hmtd y`ars.
Rd` c`xt hlj oemmb mkkurr`b lc 1<8: (j`mk`ctrlk Pracus 107 C`ptuc`). Rdls ls td` mc` tdat
Jacc pr`blkts lc Rd` Rucc`e Rdru td` Alr. Rd`y dab a eat` sprlcj acb a fanmr oemmb. Rd`r` was
mv`r $842 fleelmc lc bafaj`. Lt was `stlfat`b tdat 827 hleelmc jaeemcs mo wat`r kaf` bmwc td`
Flsslsslppl Xlv`r tdat sprlcj. Rd`y dab 1.4 fleelmc akr`s mo eacb ucb`r wat`r. A emt mo p`mpe`
o``e tdat tdls was mc` mo td` fanmr kaus`s mo td` Jr`at B`pr`sslmc9 td` oemmb b`strmy`b td`
`kmcmfy tdrmujd td` Flsslsslppl haslc. Rdls tmtaeey b`strmy`b td` kmttmc krmps.
Rd` c`xt fanmr oemmb mkkurr`b lc 1<;0 (j`mk`ctrlk Pracus 1;0 C`ptuc`). Rd` saf` asp`kt
mkkurr`b lc td` sprlcj mo 1<;?, acb a s`kmcb oemmb mkkurr`b. Rd` oemmb lc l c 1<;? kaus`b $8:7
fleelmc lc bafaj`.
Lc 1<2;, j`mk`ctrlk Pracus trlc` C`ptuc`. A fanmr oemmb mkkurr`b wdlkd kaus`b $1:8 fleelmc lc
bafaj`. Lc 1<:;, w` saw j`mk`ctrlk Pracus s`fl-squar` C`ptuc`. A fanmr oemmb kaus`b
$287 fleelmc mo bafaj`. Mktmh`r kmttmc dlt a dljd prlk` mo << k`cts at tdls tlf`. Lc 1<:<, a
fanmr oemmb mkkurr`b. J`mk`ctrlk Pracus was s`fl-s`xtle` C`ptuc` mc Farkd ;1, 1<:<.
Lc 1<<;, j`mk`ctrlk Pracus was kmcnuckt C`ptuc` mc O`hruary 8. Zdat dapp`c`b lc 1<<;=
Rd` saf` tdlcj tdat mkkurr`b lc 1481, apprmxlfat`ey 1:; y`ars `arel`r.
`arel`r. Mck` ajalc, td`
Flsslsslppl Xlv`r emmis eli` ac lceacb eai`. Facy
Facy,, facy akr`s ar` ucb`r wat`r acb td`y ar`
kurr`ctey blskusslcj huylcj td` eacb ormf td` oarf`rs, jlvlcj lt haki tm td` rlv`r
rlv`r,, acb saylcj w`
 wmc't jrmw krmps td`r`
td`r` ajalc acb w` wmc't huleb huleblcjs td`r`
td`r` ajalc. Rd` tlki`t omr tdls oemmb
at td` tlf` mo td` s`flcar was $18 hleelmc.

Wmmr Kmttmc Oarf`r (Nuplt`r-C`ptuc`)

Lc 1422, kmttmc dab ac `xtr`f` emw mo 0 k`cts a pmucb. J`mk`ctrlk Nuplt`r was s`fl-s`xtle`
C`ptuc` mc Aprle 8:, 1422. [lck` tdls ls ralc burlcj td` jrmwlcj s`asmc, ymu wlee olcb tdls keass
mo asp`kts kac dapp`c a eltte` eat`r lc td` s`asmc. Lt's cmt r`qulr`b tdat td`y h` fmr` eli`

Nacuary mr O`hruary.
O`hruary. Rd`y kac h` fmr` eli` Farkd‛Aprle.
Mc Farkd 8, 1401, j`mk`ctrlk Nuplt`r was 1;0 b`jr``s ormf C`ptuc`. Kmttmc dlt ac `xtr`f`
emw mo 4.80 k`cts lc Nacuary 1408.
 

Mc Aprle :, 140:, j`mk`ctrlk Nuplt`r was s`fl-s`xtle` C`ptuc`. Kmttmc dlt ac `xtr`f` emw mo
<.80 k`cts lc Nacuary 1404.Lc 14:1, kmttmc dlt td` emw`st emw lt dab `v`r dlt slck` 14?7 (1;.07
k`cts).
Mc Aprle 4, 14:1, j`mk`ctrlk Nuplt`r was s`xtle` C`ptuc`. Lc 14:;, kmttmc dlt acmtd`r fanmr emw
mo 1;.47. J`mk`ctrlk Nuplt`r was trlc` C`ptuc` mc Farkd ;, 14:;.
Kmttmc dlt acmtd`r fanmr emw (?.87 k`cts) lc 14<?. J`mk`ctrlk Nuplt`r was s`fl-squar`
C`ptuc` mc O`hruary 8?, 14<?.
J`mk`ctrlk Nuplt`r was squar` C`ptuc` mc Farkd 12, 1<72. Rdls was a fanmr emw lc kmttmc
prlk`s. Mc Nuey 1<, kmttmc smeb omr ?.40. Rd` kmttmc oarf`rs w`r` sm blsjust`b tdat td`y hurc`b
td` kmttmc lc td` ol`ebs. Rd`y blb cmt `v`c jm tm td` `oomrt mo darv`stlcj lt. Ducbr`bs mo kmttmc
oarf`rs ahacbmc`b td`lr oarfs acb e`ot. Lt was cmt wmrtd kmttmc oarflcj ajalc. Cm mc` wmueb
`v`r wact kmttmc `v`r ajalc. Rd`y jav` up.
_`ry
_` ry emw kmttmc prlk`s mkkurr`b lc 1<87. J`mk`ctrlk Nuplt`r was kmcnuckt C`ptuc` mc Farkd 4,
1<87.
Mc Aprle 1:, 1<8?, j`mk`ctrlk Nuplt`r was mppmslt` C`ptuc`. Lc Farkd 1<8:, kmttmc dlt a emw mo
11.47. Rd` jmv`rcf`ct r`pmrts sdmw`b a r`kmrb krmp.
Kmttmc dlt a fanmr emw mo 80.87 k`cts lc B`k`fh`r 1<:7. J`mk`ctrlk Nuplt`r was s`fl-s`xtle`
C`ptuc` mc Aprle 8<, 1<:7.Kmttmc dlt a fanmr emw mo 8?.0< lc B`k`fh`r 1<:8.
Mc Farkd 17, 1<:8, j`mk`ctrlk Nuplt`r was ajalc s`fl-s`xtle` C`ptuc`.Kmttmc dlt a fanmr emw
mo 8<.<< lc Nuey‛Aujust 1<4?.
Mc Farkd 1?, 1<4?, j`mk`ctrlk Nuplt`r was s`xtle` C`ptuc`.

Bry Kmttmc Oarf`r ([aturc-C`ptuc`)

Lc 1:?1, w` dab a fanmr brmujdt lc td` kmuctry
kmuctry.. J`m [aturc was 1;0 b`jr``s ormf C`ptuc` mc
Aprle 1;, 1:?1. Rd` c`xt y`ar
y`ar,, j`m [aturc was ajalc 1;0 b`jr``s ormf C`ptuc` mc O`hruary
?, 1:<8. Z` dab acmtd`r fanmr brmujdt lc 1:?8.
Mc Aprle 1;, 141?, j`mk`ctrlk [aturc was s`xtle` C`ptuc`. Rd`r` was a fanmr brmujdt acb
krmp oaleur` lc 141?.
Mc Nacuary 12, 14?7, j`mk`ctrlk [aturc was lckmcnuckt C`ptuc`. Rd` y`ar 14?7 ls oafmus omr
td` Iacsas brmujdt. Ducbr`bs mo p`mpe` fmv`b tm Iacsas tmstart mv`r mv`r.. Rd`y peacc`b tm start
oarflcj, acb fai` a omrtuc`. Facy mo td`s` oarf`rs jav` up acb e`ot Iacsas aot`r td` brmujdt
mo 14?7. Rd`y salb ymu nust kac't fai` lt lc Iacsas.
Mc Farkd 11, 14?;, j`mk`ctrlk [aturc was mppmslt` C`ptuc`. Rd`r` was a fanmr brmujdt.
Kmttmc dlt td` dljd`st prlk` lt dab `v`r s``c <1 k`cts. Rdat ls <1 k`cts lc 14?; bmeears. Zdy
 was kmttmc sm dljd= Olrst, td`r` waswas a fanmr brmujdt. [`kmcb, td` Klv
Klvlele Zar was blsruptlcj
blsruptlcj td`
`kmcmfy.
Mc O`hruary 1, 14?<, j`mk`ctrlk [aturc was trlc` C`ptuc`. Lc 14?<, kmttmc dlt a dljd mo ;0
k`cts h`omr` a duj` b`kelc` lc prlk`.
Mc Nacuary ;1, 1<7;, j`mk`ctrlk [aturc was lckmcnuckt C`ptuc`. Rd` brmujdt was sm s`v`r`
tdat kmttmc oarf`rs peact`b td`lr krmps lc a bloo`r`ct facc`r
facc`r.. Rd`r` was a eltte` huj tdat jr`w lc
k`rtalc krmps, acb td` oarf`rs peact`b tdms` krmps c`xt tm td` kmttmc. Rdls eltte` huj was kaee`b
td` hmee w``vle, acb lt b`klb`b tdat kmttmc tast`b fukd h`tt`r tdac td` mtd`r krmps. [ubb`cey,
[ubb`cey,
td` kmttmc oarf`rs dab a fanmr hmee w``vle lco`statlmc. Rd` brmujdt d`ep`b tm kaus` a emcj-
t`rf prmhe`f wltd hmee w``vles.
A brmujdt mkkurr`b lc 1<17, acb mc Nacuary 82 j`mk`ctrlk [aturc was squar` C`ptuc`.
A brmujdt mkkurr`b lc 1<;7, acb mc B`k`fh`r 8<, 1<8< j`mk`ctrlk [aturc was trlc` C`ptuc`.
J`mk`ctrlk [aturc was 1;0 b`jr``s C`ptuc` mc O`hruary 81, 1<;1. A brmujdt mkkurr`b lc
1<;1.
 

Rd` brmujdt lc 1<;; was td` oafmus Mieadmfa Bust Hmwe. Mc O`hruary 1;, 1<;;, j`m [aturc
 was lckmcnuckt C`ptuc`.

Rd` Fanmr Fmtmrs kafpaljc

Ormf paj` 1<: tm 1<<, td` hmmi b`skrlh`b dmw Xmh`rt trab`b td` sdar`s mo a kmfpacy kaee`b ―Fanmr
Fmtmrs‖. Lt ls lc oakt ac aelas omr J`c`rae Fmtmrs, nust as td`r` ls acmtd`r kmfpacy lc td` stmry kaee`b ―Fanmr
@e`ktrlk‖, wdlkd r`o`rs tm J`c`rae @e`ktrlk. Qumtlcj ormf paj` 1<:>

―Mc [ucbay,
[ucbay
stmkis, , Nuc`
kmttmc acb 1<, 1<8:,
jralc. D` Xmh`rt Jmrbmc
was sdmrt sp`ctFmtmrs
mo Fanmr td` bayacb
stubylcj dls kdartsltacb
was watkdlcj wmrilcj
v`ry kems`ey.mut
Mcdls kyke`s
tdls omr
bay d`
fab` a c`w acb jr`at blskmv`ry mo a tlf` oaktmr ormf wdlkd d` oljur`b tdat Fanmr Fmtmrs wmueb b`kelc`
uctle ahmut Nuc` ;7td acb td`c start ac abvack` wdlkd wmueb east uctle ahmut [`pt`fh`r 1?td, 1<8:, wd`c
td` Kmfpacy wmueb h` 1< y`ars meb acb at tdat tlf` td` stmki wmueb r`akd olcae dljd acb wmueb td`c jm
bmwc tm O`hruary tm Aprle, 1<8<. D` oljur`b tdat td` stmki sdmueb abvack` tm armucb 8:7 hy [`pt`fh`r 1?td
acb fab` up dls flcb tm watkd lt kems`ey acb kmv`r dls sdmrts lo lt w`ct bmwc armucb Nuc` ;7td, acb td`c
start huylcj td` stmki.‖

B`tale`b trab`s acb td`lr astrmemjlkae asp`kts

Hmccl` DleeY0V b`tale`b td` `xakt trab`s acb td`lr r`eat`b astrmemjlkae asp`kts as h`emw, lckeublcj hmtd eucar
asp`kts acb tracslts tm td` JF lckmrpmratlmc kdart mc 1: [`p 1<74> (* Cmt`> td` tracslts wltd Weutm h`emw ar`
krmss`b mut, h`kaus` lt was cmt y`t blskmv`r`b hy 1<8: wd`c td` hmmi was wrltt`c.)
 

Bat` Aktlmc Astrmemjlkae Asp`kts Eucar Asp`kts

J [uc 107 C A[K

J [uc ;7 C _`cus
Huy JF G 1<8.07 J Fmmc fax Cmrtd
J [uc <7 C [aturc
;7 Nuc 1<8:
Fanmr Hmttmf Mc` bay aot`r tmtae smear `kelps`
J _`cus ;7 C FK

J Fars ;7 C Fars

J [uc 1;0 C A[K

Huy JF G 872 J Fmmc fax [mutd
J Fars ;7 C FK
10 Nue 1<8:
[tart pyraflb Ouee Fmmc
J Nuplt`r 7 Pracus

J Fmmc 7 Cmrtd
81 Nue 1<8: Huy JF G 812 J Fars 1;0 C Pracus
Quart`r Fmmc

J F`rkury 1;0 C A[K

8? Nue 1<8: Huy JF G 882 J Fmmc fax Cmrtd
J Fars 7 C Nuplt`r
JF up tm 8;7 J Fars <7 C A[K
0 Auj 1<8: Quart`r Fmmc
Xals`b stmp tm 880 J [aturc [B

J _`cus :0 C A[K
4 Au
Auj 1<
1<8: [tmp eem
mss wa
was dl
dlt
J _`cus 7 [mutd

J _`cus 7 C FK

J Nuplt`r 7 J Pracus
18 Au
Auj 1<
1<8: Huy JF
JF G 81
814
4 Ouee Fmmc

J F`rkury E`m

87 Auj 1<8: Huy JF G 884 J _`cus [X Quart`r Fmmc

J F`rkury 170 C A[K

J [uc 7 C Nuplt`r
82 Au
Auj 1<
1<8: Huy JF
JF G 8;
8;4
4 J Fmmc fax [mutd

J [uc _lrjm

8? Auj 1<8: Huy JF G 824 J _`cus 7 C FK C`w Fmmc

J Weutm 7 C C`ptuc` * 

: [`p 1<8: JF ls at 80; J F`rkury 7 _`cus J Fmmc fax [mutd

12 [`p 1<8: Huy JF G 804 J CC <7 C [uc J Fmmc 7 Cmrtd

 

J Fars 7 [mutd

J Fars 147 J Pracus

J F`rkury Elhra

J [uc 7 C [uc
[`ee JF G 8:8
J F`rkury 7 [mutd
1? [`p 1<8:
Hlrtdbay mo JF
J Pracus 7 [mutd

X`jarblcj tdls pe`tdmra mo astrmemjlkae asp`kts, Dlee mcey dab td` omeemwlcj tm kmff`ct>

A fanmr hmttmf mkkurs wd`c j`mk`ctrlk [uc ls squar` catae [aturc.

Jacc s`ees wd`c j`mk`ctrlk [uc ls kmcnuckt td` catae [uc, acb twm peac`ts ar` at z`rm [mutd
b`kelcatlmc.

Mtd`r tdac tdat, sd` blb cmt jm ourtd`r tm s`parat` td` wd`at ormf td` kdaoo, acb b`elc`at` dmw mtd`r trab`rs
kmueb appey tdls keust`r mo s``flcjey ucr`eat`b asp`kts tm td`lr trablcj.

X`eatlmcsdlp tm `kelps`s

Jacc strmcjey dlct`b at td` astrmemjlkae lcoeu`ck` wd`c d` stat`b tdat Fanmr Fmtmrs“ sdar` prlk` wmueb rls`
burlcj tdls p`rlmb h`kaus` mo ―a c`w acb jr`at blskmv`ry mo a tlf` oaktmr‖ wdlkd wmueb fai` td` prlk` tm
stmp b`kelclcj ―ahmut Nuc` ;7td‖. Bacl`e O`rr`raY82V cmt`b tdat td`r` was a tmtae smear `kelps` mc 8<td Nuc`,
1<8:, acb [aturc was jmlcj r`trmjrab`. Hy td` flbbe` mo [`pt`fh`r tdat y`ar, [aturc dab turc`b blr`kt acb
r`turc`b tm lts spmt burlcj td` `kelps`. Aesm, tdls tmtae `kelps` o`ee wltd td` [uc [quar` tm catae [aturc. Rdls ls
a s``flcjey v`ry c`jatlv` asp`kt, hut O`rr`ra `xpealcs tdat td` Catae [aturc was r`trmjrab`, acb wd`c a
peac`t ls r`trmjrab`, asp`kts ar` r`v`rs`b tdat jmmb asp`kts sukd as trlc`s acb s`xtle`s h`kmf` c`jatlv` acb
hab asp`kts sukd as squar`s & mppmsltlmcs h`kmf` pmsltlv`.

O`rr`ra aesm pmlct`b mut tdat, prlmr tm td` olrst trab` mc ;7 Nuc 1<8:, td` tmtae eucar `kelps` mc 10 Nuc kr`at`b
smf` c`jatlv` tracslts, h`kaus` td` Fmmc was lc `xakt mppmsltlmc tm catae Weutm, acb td` [uc [quar` tm td`
catae [uc. Rdls ls wdy Jacc `xp`kt`b td` prlk` tm b`kelc` lctm ;7 Nuc 1<8: (`xk`pt tdat, mo kmurs`, Jacc
kmueb cmt dav` h``c awar` mo Weutm, as lt was blskmv`r`b lc 1<;7).

X`eatlmcsdlp tm td` Jacc acje`s acb td` D`xajmc kdart

As Naf`s [fltdsmc cmt`b,Y1<V Xmh`rt omr`kast`b tdat Fanmr Fmtmr's sdar` prlk` wmueb rls` h`tw``c Nuc` ;7
acb [`pt`fh`r 1?, 1<8: bu` tm pmsltlv` astrmemjlkae lcoeu`ck`s.
l coeu`ck`s. Rdls ls a p`rlmb mo :4 bays, burlcj wdlkd d`
omr`kast tdat td` prlk` wmueb rls` ormf 1<8¶ tm 8:7, wdlkd rmucbs up tm :4 pmlcts. Aot`r a rls` mo :4 pmlcts
lc :4 bays (l.`. 1Ú1 Jacc acje`) tlf` acb prlk` wmueb h` squar`b acb td` uptr`cb wmueb `cb. [lflearey,
Bacl`e O`rr`raY82V cmt`b tdat td` hmttmf prlk` mo $1<8¶ ls lc mppmsltlmc tm Nuplt`r & Pracus mc td` Jacc
D`xajmc Kdart, wd`r`as td` olcae prlk` mo $8:7 kmcnmlcs Nuplt`r acb Pracus mc td` saf` kdart, a kmfpe`t`
147· fmv`f`ct.

Rd` kmttmc kafpaljc

 

Ormf paj` 1<0 tm 1<:, td` hmmi jm`s lctm b`tales dmw Xmh`rt trab`b kmttmc lc 1<8:. Qumtlcj ormf paj` 1<0
mo td` hmmi> ―Aot`r Xmh`rt dab smeb mut dls Mktmh`r kmttmc at 1:.;7 acb dls B`k`fh`r kmttmc at 1:.07 mc
Nuc` 17td, d` b`klb`b tm watkd td` fari`t v`ry kems`ey omr a o`w bays h`kaus` d` tdmujdt lt wmueb jm emw`r.
Dls omr`kast lcblkat`b east huylcj e`v`e armucb Nuc` 80td. D` oljur`b tdat aot`r tdls tlf` td` fari`t wmueb
jm dljd`r uctle [`pt`fh`r 0td tm ?td, wd`c d` oljur`b lt wmueb h` olcae dljd.‖

X`eatlmcsdlp tm td` Z`t Kmttmc Oarf`r rue`

As lcblkat`b lc td` pr`vlmus s`ktlmc, Hmccl` Dlee Y0V cmt`b tdat Pracus was lckmcnuckt wltd C`ptuc` lc tdat
[prlcj, wdlkd wmueb pr`blkt tdat a oemmb was kmflcj acb td` kmttmc prlk` wmueb jm up.

X`eatlmcsdlp tm td` Jacc acje`s

W`t`r WaeasiasY80V omucb tdat td` suppmrt elc` ls r`eat`b tm td` 1Ú1 acje` wd`r`as td` r`slstack` ls r`eat`b tm
td` 2Ú1 acje`.

X`eatlmcsdlp tm `kelps`s

W`t`r WaeasiasY80V omucb tdat td` `ctry bat`s ar` r`eat`b tm td` twm smear `kelps`s mc ;rb Nac acb 8<td Nuc
1<8:.

B`kelcatlmc mo fanmr peac`ts

Lc abbltlmc tm td` `kelptlk emcjltub`, kyke`s ar` aesm omucb hy b`kelcatlmc mo td` peac`ts.Y0V Mc paj` :<, Jacc
wrmt`, ―Dlstmry sdmws tdat lc <1? ajrlkuetur` lc td` Hrltlsd Lse`s was at lts emw`st `hh acb tdat td`r` was
jr`at skarklty mo wd`at acb kmrc. _`ry o`w p`mpe` w`r` `cjaj`b lc tleelcj td` smle mc akkmuct mo wars. Rd`
saf` kmcbltlmcs pr`vale`b 1777 y`ars eat`r lc 1<1? acb 1<1:, wd`c tdls kmuctry was kaee`b mc tm ourclsd
ommb tm starvlcj @urmp` acb s`cb f`c acb fmc`y tm sav` td`lr arfl`s ormf b`o`at.‖ Hmccl` DleeY0V `xpealc`b
tdat td` kmffmc oaktmr lc <1? acb 1<1? ls tdat j`mk`ctrlk [aturc was at faxlfuf Cmrtd b`kelcatlmc lc
Farkd. [lck` [aturc's slb`r`ae y`ar ls 8<.20: y`ars, lt ls v`ry uckmffmc omr lt tm h` at faxlfuf Cmrtd
b`kelcatlmc lc Farkd. Eli` td` w`atd`r rue`s ahmv`, td` astrmemjlkae ―sljc‖ mkkurs lc td` sprlcj.

Aesm, mc paj` 878, Jacc blskuss`b td` jr`at huee fari`t ormf 1<82 tdrmujd 1<8:, ―D` w`ct haki lctm td`
stmki fari`t acb lc td` jr`at Kmmelbj` Huee Kafpaljc ormf 1<82 tm 1<8: was ajalc a bmflcact oaktmr lc
J`c`rae Fmtmrs acb mtd`r stmkis acb was r`put`b tm dav` fab` oloty fleelmcs, mr fmr`.‖ Kd`kilcj td`
j`mk`ctrlk `pd`f`rls, acb DleeY0V  omucb tdat lc Farkd‛Aprle 1<82, j`mk`ctrlk Nuplt`r was at fax [mutd
b`kelcatlmc, acb j`mk`ctrlk Pracus lc [mutd b`kelcatlmc burlcj aee mo 1<82. Mc Nuey 4, 1<8: j`mk`ctrlk
Nuplt`r was at 7 Cmrtd b`kelcatlmc, acb mc Fay 1, 1<8:, j`mk`ctrlk Pracus was at 7 Cmrtd b`kelcatlmc. Rd`
b`kelcatlmc mo hmtd peac`ts was ―lckr`aslcj‖ burlcj td` 1<82-1<8: huee fari`t.

X`o`r`ck`s
1. Jacc, Zleelaf B`eh`rt (1<8:). Rd` Rucc`e
Rucc`e Rdru td` Alr9 Mr, Emmilcj Haki ormf 1<27. C`w \mri,
C\> Olcacklae Juarblac Wuhelsdlcj Kmfpacy.
8. "Rd` tucc`e tdru td` alr9 mr, Emmilcj haki oormf
rmf 1<27" (dttps>//arkdlv`.mrj/str`af/tucc`etdrualrmre
(dttps>//arkdlv`.mrj/str`af/tucc`etdrualrmre

77jacc). Rd` Lct`rc`t Arkdlv`. X`trl`v`b 17 O`h 8714.

77jacc).
 

;. "Rd` Rucc`e Rdru td` Alr,

Alr, Mr, Emmilcj Haki ormf 1<27" (dttps>//hmmis.jmmje`.kmf/hmmis/ahmut/
Rd`]Rucc`e]Rdru]td`]Alr]M
Rd`]Ru cc`e]Rdru]td`]Alr]Mr]Emmilcj]Haki.dtfe=lb6
r]Emmilcj]Haki.dtfe=lb61`Xkta<kHmkK)
1`Xkta<kHmkK).. Jmmje` Hmmis.
X`trl`v`b 17 O`h 8714.
2. Cmvai-X`lkd, Wauelc` (81 Mkt 871;). "Pcemkilcj Z.B. Z.B. Jacc's 'Rd` Rucc`e Rdru td` Alr' " (dtt
p>//www.outur`sfaj.kmf/871;/17/87/ucem
p>//www.outur `sfaj.kmf/871;/17/87/ucemkilcj-wb-jacc“
kilcj-wb-jacc“s-—-tucc`e-tdru-a lr“).. Outur`s.
s-—-tucc`e-tdru-alr“)
X`trl`v`b 17 O`h 8714.
0. Dlee, Hmccl` E`` (1 O`h 877?). "Rd` 1<<2 Rucc`e E`ktur`" (dttps>//www.skrlhb.kmf/bmk/;8
(dttps>//www.skrlhb.kmf/bmk/;8<2<0 <2<0
0/Rucc`e-E`ktur`).. X`trl`v`b 17 O`h 8714.
0/Rucc`e-E`ktur`)
?. Xms`kast [kdmme mo Olcacklae Astrmemjy. "E`arc Astrmemjy wltd "Rd` "Rd` Rucc`
Rucc`ee Rdru td` Alr" " (dttp
s>//www.rms`kast.kmf/e`arc-a
s>//www .rms`kast.kmf/e`arc-astrmemjy-wltd-td`-tucc` e-tdru-td`-alr/).. Xms`kast . X`trl`v`b
strmemjy-wltd-td`-tucc`e-tdru-td`-alr/)
17 O`h 8714.
:. [ie`cia, Hrlac. "R
"Rw`cty
w`cty \`ars mo [tubylcj Jacc" (dttp>//jacctrab`?.kmf/wp-kmct`ct/upemabs/8
(dttp>//jacctrab`?.kmf/wp-kmct`ct/upemabs/8
7-\@AX[-MO-[RPB\LCJ-JACC.pbo) (WBO).
7-\@AX[-MO-[RPB\LCJ-JACC.pbo)  (WBO). X`trl`v`b 17 O`h 8714.
4. Hurtmc, Bavlb I. "B.I Hurtmc" (dttp>//www.skdmmemojacc.kmf/Dmf`/BIH
(dttp>//www.skdmmemojacc.kmf/Dmf`/BIHurtmc.aspx) urtmc.aspx).. [kdmme mo 
Jacc. X`trl`v`b 17 O`h 8714.
<. Hurtmc, Bavlb I. (8? [`p 871:). "Z"Z.B.
.B. Jacc's Fucbac` [`asmcae Kyke`s" (dttps>//yt`fajazlc
`.kmf/w-b-jaccs-fucbac`-s`asmca
`.kmf/w-b-jaccs- fucbac`-s`asmcae-kyke`s-b-i-h urtmc/).. \mur Rrablcj @bj`. X`trl`v`b
e-kyke`s-b-i-hurtmc/)
14 O`h 8714.
17. [fltdsmc, Naf`s ([prlcj 8771). "Rd` Rlf` Oaktmr mo Z.B. Jacc". Rrab`rs Zmreb . ;7> 80‛84.
11. Nmdc E, Jacc. "Rd` X`fariahe` Z.B. Jacc" (dttp>//www.w`htrablcj.kmf/jaccartlke`8.dtf)
(dttp>//www.w`htrablcj.kmf/jaccartlke`8.dtf)..
Z`htrablcj. X`trl`v`b 1: O`h 8714.
18. [ie`cia, Hrlac9 Hai`r, Emrlc (8770). "F`tdmbs mo Z B Jacc Kmco`r`ck` Dacbmut" (dttps>//ww

 w.s
 w.skrlhb.kmf/bmkuf`ct/;21:;
krlhb.kmf/bmkuf`ct/;21:;?174/Hrlac-[ie`cia-
Dacbmut-Warls-8770-k-pbo).
Dacbmut-Warls-8770-k-pbo) ?174/Hrlac-[ie`cia-F`tdmbs-mo-Z
. X`trl`v`b 1? O`h 8714.F`tdmbs-mo-Z-B-Jacc-Kmco`r
-B-Jacc-Kmco`r`ck`-ZLR[-
`ck`-ZLR[-
1;.. [ie`cia, Hrlac Naf`s (8778). [lx - Rd` Wrmp`r Hakijrmucb . ZLR[ Wuhelsdlcj.
1;
12.. Emuls, Actdmcy (11 Cmv 871?). "Fyst`ry [mev`b> td` P[A J`flcl Xlslcj Kdart" (dttps>//tmcyemul
12
s.wmrbpr`ss.kmf/871?/11/11/fyst`ry-smev
s.wmrbpr`ss.kmf/87 1?/11/11/fyst`ry-smev`b-td`-usa-j`flcl- rlslcj-kdart/).. Actdmcy Emuls -
`b-td`-usa-j`flcl-rlslcj-kdart/)
Rarmt Hemj. X`trl`v`b 10 O`h 8714.
 Astrmemjy & Rarmt
10. Afucbs`c, W`tt`r Lvar (1<<?). "A Fmmc H`af Rdru td` Rucc` Rucc`e"e" (dttps>//www.skrlhb.kmf/bmk/8
(dttps>//www.skrlhb.kmf/bmk/8
78<7<287/Jacc-Rucc`e-Rdrmujd-td
78<7<287/Jacc-R `-Alr-Kmff`ct).. X`trl`v`b 17 O`h 8714.
ucc`e-Rdrmujd-td`-Alr-Kmff`ct)
1?. " "Rd` Rucc`e Rdru Rd` Alr mr Emmilcj Haki ormf 1<27" Z.B. Jacc (1<8:)" (dttp>//www.astrmol
(dttp>//www.astrmol
c.or/lcb`x.pdp/`c/hlhelmjrapdy-ui/wb-jacc/ttta).. X`trl`v`b 1; O`h 8714.
c.or/lcb`x.pdp/`c/hlhelmjrapdy-ui/wb-jacc/ttta)
1:.. Clpp`r`ss, Waue (8772). "Lctrmbuktlmc tm Jacc [ljcs" (dttp>//jacc.su/hmmi/`cj/11<<4.pb
1: (dttp>//jacc.su/hmmi/`cj/11<<4.pbo) o)
(WBO). X`trl`v`b 1; O`h 8714.
14.. Wasajlk, [. N. (8711). Ackl`ct Zdlsp`r . Wlttshurjd, WA> Xms`Bmj Hmmis.
14
L[HC  <:412;2<:0202
L[HC <:412;2<:0202..
1<.. [fltdsmc, Naf`s (871?). "Naf`s [fltdsmc mc ZB JACC" (dttp>//t`kdclkae-acaeysls-abblcs.km
1< (dttp>//t`kdclkae-acaeysls-abblcs.km
f/trablcj-jacc-sfltdsmc.pdp).. TE Rrab`r 
f/trablcj-jacc-sfltdsmc.pdp) Rrab`r . X`trl`v`b 17 O`h 8714.
87.. Irlsdcapvf Jacc Wr`blktlmcs acb Artlke`s. "Fy Acaeysls mo td` Cmv`e Rucc`e Rdru Rd` Alr Mr
87
Emmilcj Haki Ormf 1<27 Zrltt`c hy E`j`cbary Rrab`r acb Wr`blktmr Z.B. Jacc" (dttps>//www.
oak`hmmi.kmf/p`rfaelci.pdp=lb61;1<:1:2;4
oak`hmmi.kmf/p`rfaelci .pdp=lb61;1<:1:2;418:887&stmry]ohlb6
18:887&stmry]ohlb61;2471<4:1<?;?2;
1;2471<4:1<?;?2;)).
X`trl`v`b 1; O`h 8714.
81. Furpdy, Nmdc N. R`kdclkae acaeysls mo td` olcacklae fari`ts > a kmfpr`d`cslv` julb` tm trablcj
f`tdmbs acb appelkatlmcs (dttps>//www.wmrebkat.mrj/mkek/4?:1;
(dttps>//www.wmrebkat.mrj/mkek/4?:1;<<81) <<81).. Furpdy, Nmdc N. C`w
\mri. L[HC
L[HC  <:4-1-171-?0<1<-<
<:4-1-171-?0<1<-<.. MKEK
MKEK  4?:1;<<81 (dttps>//www
(dttps>//www.wmrebkat.mrj/mkek/4?:1;<
.wmrebkat.mrj/mkek/4?:1;<<81)<81)..
88. Wasav`ctm, Earry,. A trab`rs julb` tm olcacklae astrmemjy > omr`kastlcj fari`tfari`t kyke`s uslcj
 peac`tary acb eucar fmv`f`cts (dttps>//www.wmrebkat.mrj/mkek/4<:22
(dttps>//www.wmrebkat.mrj/mkek/4<:22448;) 448;).. [fme`cy, [dac`,.
Dmhmi`c. L[HC
L[HC  <:4-1-114-?2?<0-;
<:4-1-114-?2?<0-;.. MKEK
MKEK  4<:22448; (dttps>//www.wmrebkat.mrj/mkek/4<:22
(dttps>//www.wmrebkat.mrj/mkek/4<:224 4
48;)..
48;)
8;.. [fytd, Kdare`s Wlazzl (8718) YOlrst puhelsd`b 14?2V. Mur Lcd`rltack` lc td` Jr`at Wyraflb .
8;
Kafhrlbj`, PI> Kafhrlbj` Pclv`rslty Wr`ss. L[HC L[HC  <:4-1-1;<-1:?02-0
<:4-1-1;<-1:?02-0..
 

82. O`rr`ra, Bacl`e R. (8771). Fyst`rl`s mo Jacc Acaeysls Pcv`le`b!. [acta Harhara> KA> [akr`b
[kl`ck` Lcstltut`.
80. Waeasias, W`t`r. "Acaeysls mo Xmh`rt Jmrbmc's trab`s, ormf td` hmmi Rucc`e Rdru Rd` Alr - Wart
1" (dttp>//www
(dttp>//www.tlflcjsmeutlmc.kmf/R[/Artlke`s/W`t`r]j
.tlflcjsmeutlmc.kmf/R[/Artlke`s/W`t`r]jarbmc/lcb`x.dtf)
arbmc/lcb`x.dtf).. Rlflcj [meutlmc.
X`trl`v`b 1: O`h 8714.

X`trl`v`b ormf "dttps>//`c.wlilp`bla.mrj/w/lcb`x.pdp=

tlte`6Rd`]Rucc`e]Rdru]td`]Alr9]Mr,]Emmilcj]Haki]ormf]1<27&meblb6<?0;;7:1<"

Rdls paj` was east `blt`b mc ;7 Nuc` 8787, at 14>17 (PRK).

R`xt ls avaleahe` ucb`r td` Kr`atlv` Kmffmcs Attrlhutlmc-[dar`Aeli` Elk`cs`9 abbltlmcae t`rfs fay appey. Hy uslcj
tdls slt`, ymu ajr`` tm td` R`rfs
R`rfs mo Ps` acb Wrlvaky Wmelky. Zlilp`bla® ls a r`jlst`r`b trab`fari
tra b`fari mo td` Zlilf`bla
Omucbatlmc, Lck., a cmc-prmolt mrjaclzatlmc.