Thiết Kế Bài Giảng Ngữ Văn 10 Nâng Cao

NGUYEN VAN DirONG (Chu bien)
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NGU VAN
NANG CAO
\SP( NHA XUAT BAN BAI HOC SU PHAM

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TS. NGUYEN VAN Ol/ONG (Chu bien) - ThS. HOANG DAN
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THIET KE BAI GIANG
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NANG CAO - TAP MOT
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NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC SLf PHAM


Jlai not ddu
De giup anh chi em giao vien THFL dang trirc tiep dung ldp giang day
ed hieu qua han chuang trinh - SGK Ngii van ldp 10 theo hudng tich hop va
tich cite, chiing tdi bien soan bd sach tham khao: Thiii kebdi gidng NgU vdn 10
ndng cao, gdrn 2 tap.
Sach bam sat chuang trinh, he thd'ng hoa, cu the hoa SGK va SQV Ngif
vdn 10 Ndng cao thanh hi thd'ng hogt ddng dgy hge trong tii'ng tiet, tung bai,
ehu trong de'n cac dhih hudng tich hop (ngang, doc) va tich cite hod hogt
ddng ligc cua hoc sinh bang nhiSu hinh thiic hoc phong phu, hap dSn va nhe
nhang: cac chum cau hdi ggi md, dSn dat de td chiic ggi md, dam thoai, hoat
ddng nhdm nhd va viia, thao luan chung ca ldp, neu van d6... Nhin chung,
thay giao can kien quye't va kien tri ddng vai trd ngudi to chiic, hudng d^n cae
hoat ddng hoc eua hge sinh; khdng nen lam thay, lam giiip hoac ldn sdn ciia
eac em. Nhung mudn the, ngudi thay phai thuc su hieu nhieu bie't rdng, phai
kheo leo, ti mi, t^m If, phai tin d ban than va hge trd, phai ndi ft ma lam nhidu
hon, nghe nhieu hon, td ehiic nhieu han,... sao cho mdi gid day hge Ngii van d
trudng T H I ^ Viet Nam the ki XXI khdng cdn la gid thay truydn giang thao
thao, trd ngap ngdn ngap dai hay la gid giang chfnh tri, dao diic, gid tra van,
len ldp khd khan... ma la gid hge dam thoai, trd chuyen tam tinh vl eon ngudi
va cugc sd'ng, qua nhiing ang danh van, la gid thuc hanh ndi va vie't tie'ng Viet
nhe nhang, day hiing thii... Hge sinh dugc nang cao, dii la chi chiit ft, tren
nhieu mat: kien thiic, kT nang, thai do, tinh cam...
Chiing tdi cd gSng bien soan, ggi y tren tinh than nhan thiic If luan ay.
Vl trinh dd ed han, chac chan sach khdng tranh khdi thie'u sdt. Rat mong
nhan dugc nhiing y kie'n phe binh, gdp y eiia cac ddng nghiep va ban dgc gan
xa. Xin tran trgng cam an!
CAC TAG GIA


TUAW 1
Tiet 1 - 2
VAN HOC
TONG QUAN N^N VAN HOC VIET NAM

QUA CAC THCII KI LICH SlT
A. Ket qud cdn dqt

Giiip hge sinh (HS):
- Nhan thiic dugc nhirng net ldn cua toan bd nen van hge Viet Nam ve 3
phuang dien: cac bd phan, thanh phSn; cac thdi ki phat trien; mdt so net dac
sac truyen thd'ng ciia van hge dan tdc.
- Bie't van dung nhiing tri thiic tren de tim hieu va h6 thdng hoa nhirng
tac gia, tac ph^m se hge ve van hge Vidt Nam.
• Trong tam bai hoc
Tiet I: cac muc I - II (Cdc bg phdn, thdnh phdn cda nen vdn hge ; Cdc
thdi ki phdt trien eua nen vdn hge)
Ti6't 2: muc III (Mgt sd net ddc sac truyen thd'ng cud vdn hge Viet Nam)
• Nhurng dieu can liru y
- Khdng sa vao giang cac tri thiic van hge sir dan thuan ma k6't hgp vdi
nhu'ng hiû h\6t da hge d THCS, he thd'ng hoa, md rdng va nang cao, chij'ng
minh va lam rd cac luan di^m trong tiing muc.
- Ve phan ki cac thdi ki va giai doan van hge: cin luu y khdng hoan toan
triing vdi phan ki ijch su dan tdc vi ca sd ea ban 6i phan ki la sii khac nhau
cua h6 thd'ng thi phap mdi thdi ki.
B. Chudn bj cua thdy va tro

- Dgc lai bai tdng ke't van hge Viet Nam trong Ngif vdn 9, tap hai.
- Dgc Ngit vdn 70, tap mdt (chuang trinh ca ban).

C. Thiet ke bai dqy hpc
Hoat dong 1
TO CHQC KIEM TRA BAI CG
Giao vien (GV) kiem tra su chuan bi sach vd va cac eau hdi chuan bi ;
SGK Ngif vdn 9, tap hai.
Hoat dong 2
DAN VAO BAI
GV ndi cham, HS lang nghe: Khac vdi cap THCS, chuong trinh va SGK
Ngu van THPT, phan Van hge md dau bang bai van hge sir neu mdt cai nhin
khai quat nhat ve nen van hge Viet Nam qua cac thdi ki lich sir tir xua de'n
nay. That ra, nhiing kie'n thire nay, chiing ta da dugc hge, dugc dn tii ldp 6 - 9 .
Bdi vay, d day cac em se duge hudng dan de he thd'ng hoa, di sau va md rdng
nham nam duge nhiing net ldn eua nen van hge nude ta ve 3 phuang dien cae
bd phan thanh phan, cac thdi ki phat trien va dac sac truydn thd'ng ciia van
hge Viet Nam; tii 66 van dung de dgc - hieu, he thd'ng hoa nhirng tac gia, tac
pham van hge Viet Nam se hge d chuong trinh va SGK Ngir van THPT.
Hoat dong 3
HUCING D A N HS DOC - HIEU NOI DUNG BAI HOC
- HS dgc tham lai doan md dau, tr. 5.
-GVhdi:
+ Ddng gdp chu ye'u cua van hge cac dan tdc ft ngudi la gi? Vi sao?
+ Ddng gdp chu ye'u eua van hge dan tdc Kinh (Viet) la gi?
+ Cd the ndi khai quat nhu the nao ve nen van hge Viet Nam?
- HS lan lugt tra ldi turng cau.
Dinh hudng:
+ van hge Viet Nam la nen van hge cua cae dan tgc sinh sdng tren da't
nude Viet Nam, hinh thanh, phat trien tii rat sdm, phong phii va cd ban sac
rieng. Ddng gdp chii yeu ciia van hge eac dan tdc thieu sd la van hge dan gian.
+ Ddng gdp cua dan tdc Kinh ddi dao, phong phii va toan dien han ca.
+ Trir van hge dan gian, lich sir van hge Viet Nam lay sang tac cua ngudi
Kinh lam bd phan chfnh.
- GV hdi: Bd cue bai hge gdm may phan? Neu ten va muc dfch cua ttmg phan.

- HS quan sat SGK, tra ldi.

- GV he thd'ng hoa, nha'n manh vai trd, vi trf tirng phan:
+ Md dau.
+ Cac bg phan, thanh phan eua nen van hge (VH dan gian va VH vie't).
+ Cac thdi ki phat trien eua nen van hge (theo thdi gian iich s'ir).
+ Mdt sd net dac sac truyen thd'ng eua VH Viet Nam (xuyen sudt cac thdi
ki va b camhi bg phan van hge).
+ Ke't luan.
* Tim hie'u muc I- Cac bo phan, thanh phan ciia nen van hoc
- GV hdi: Cd ma'y bd phan ca'u tao nen VH Vi6t Nam? D6 la cac bd phan
nao? VH dan gian la gi? Cd phai ehi ed Viet Nam mdi ed VH dan gian? Vi
trf, dac diem ndi bat va gia tri cua VH dan gian. Cac the loai chu yeii eua VH
dan gian VN. Ke ten mgt sd tac pham VH dan gian da hge.
- HS lan iugt tra idi.
- GV nha'n manh nhirng di^m chfnh.
-GVhdi:
+ Van hoc vie't VN do ai sang tac? Ra ddi ttr bao gid?
+ Ve chir vie't, VH vid't Viet Nam ISn lugt duge sang tac bang nhirng loai
chir nao?
+ Van hge chii Han ra ddi ttr bao gid va cd gia trj gi noi bat? Vf du.
+ Van hge chir Ndm ra ddi ttr bao gid va cd gia trj gi ndi bat? Vf du.
+ Van hge chii qud'c ngir ra ddi t^ bao gid va ed gia tri gi ndi bat? Vf du.
+ Hai bd phan VH dan gian va VH viet cd mdi qiian hd qua lai nhu thd'
nao? Vf du.
- HS ian lugt trao doi, phat bieu.
- GV t6ng ke't bang sg dd va bang he thd'ng sau:
Nen van hoc Viet Nam
Van hpc dSn gian Van hpc vi^t

(truydn mi6ng) (th^nh van)

So sanh cac mat VH dan gian VH Viet
Tac gia Tap the nhan dan Tang IPp tri thirc (ca nhan)
Phuong thurc ton tai va li/u Ngon ban, truyen mieng Van ban, chep tay, in an trong
truyen sach bao,...
Cac the loai chij yeu Truyen, tho ca, tuc ngi;, cau Truyen, kf, tho ca, kich, nghi
do, san khau,... luan phe binh,...
Gia trj Dong gop to ldn trong thoi ki Dong vai tro chu dao va the
chira CO chd' viet; tfnh nhan hien net chfnh cija van hpc dan
dan va dan tpc sau sac. tpc.
Quan he Tac dong to ldn ca ve noi dung Tinh hoa ket dpng o nhQng
va hinh thiic den sir hinh thanh thien tai van hpc: Nguyen Trai,
va phat trien cua van hpc vie't. Nguy§n Du, Ho Xuan Huong,...
VAN HOC VIET
VH chur Han VH chur Nom VH chiifquoc ngQ"
- Ra ddi tii thdi Bac thupc, - ChO ghi am tie'ng Viet tU chi; - ChO qud'c ngO ghi am tieng
phat tridn tC/ the ki X. Han do ngudi Viet tao ra tii the Viet bang he thdng chO cai La-
kiXIII. tinh
- Chju anh hudng Trung Hoa
nhung vin dam ban sac hien - Phat trien, xuat hien nhieu -- Phat then tU dau the ki XX,
thuc, tai hoa, tam hon va tfnh tac gia, tac pham co gia tri: the tao thanh hien dai Viet Nam.
each Viet Nam. kl XVIII - XIX: Nguyen Du, Ho
Xuan Huang, Nguyin Khuye'n,
- Dpc theo am Han Viet,
- GV neu bai tap: Sap xep cac tac pham dudi day theo 2 bd phan (rieng
bd phan VH vid't xdp theo 3 cdt: VH chu Han, VH chir Ndm, VH chir qud'c
ngii): Truyin Kiiu, Dgi cdo binh Ngd, Qua Deo Ngang, Nhdt ki trong tii,
Cdnh khuya, Tdm Cdm, Thdnh Gidng, Tdt nifdc ddu dinh,...
Van hoc viet

Van hoc dan gian
VH chur Han VH chur Nom VH chi? quoc ngur
8
* Tim hiiu muc II- Cac thdi lii phat trien cua nen van hoc
- HS dgc kT doan md dau, tr. 7.
- GV nhan manh: Co sd phan chia lich sir van hge thanh nhiing thdi ki,
giai doan khdng dua vao nhiing mdc lich sir ma dua vao chfnh sii phat trien
CLia ban than van hge: tac gia, tac pham, trao luu, su kien van hge,... ma chu
yd'u dua vao su khac nhau eua cac he thdng thi phap mdi thdi ki (xem chii
thfch d cudi tr. 7).
- GV hdi: Theo SGK, lich sir VH vid't Viet Nam cd the phan chia lam
ma'y thdi ki ldn? Tfnh mdc thdi gian cua mdi thdi ki. Dac diem ndi dung va
hinh thiie van hge mdi thdi ki. Ggi ten mdt so tac gia va tac pham tidu bieu
eua mdi thdi ki.
- HS dua vao SGK trinh bay van tat.
- GV he thdng hoa theo bang sau:
Cac thdi ki va giai doan phat trien ciia van hge viet Viet Nam.
Thdi ki / giai doan Dac diem
TO the kl X den - VH dan gian va VH viet phat trien song song. ,

het the ki XIX - VH vie't chuyen bien, phat then gan lien vdi qua trinh dung nudc, giO node
(Van hpc phong cua dan tpc Viet Nam.
kien trung dai) - Co he thdng thi phap VH trung dai rieng.
- VH vi^t chO Han giO dia vj chinh thd'ng.
- VH viet chO Ndm ngay cang phat then phong phu.
- Nam trong vung anh hudng cua tu tudng Nho, Phat, Oao va van hoc Trung
Hoa.
TO dau the ki XX - VH viet Viet Nam budc vao thdi ki hien dai vdi nhieu cuoc dd'i mdi sau sac
den Cach mang ve hinh thOc the loai va tdc dp phat then mau le khac thudng.
thang Tam 1945. - Tinh hinh VH rat phOc tap nhung de lai nhieu thanh tuu xuat sac.
TO Cach mang - Nen VH thdng nhat ve tu tudng (XHCN - CS), hudng han ve dai chung
thang Tam 1945 nhan dan.
den het theki XX - Chia lam 2 giai doan:
(1) 1945 -1975
VH phat then manh me trong hoan canh chidn tranh giO nudc, tuyen truyen
chien dau, giao due chinh tri, ca ngoi anh hung chien dau, lao ddng xay dung
dat node.
Thanh tuu cua VH yeu nudc, tien bp d cac vung dd thj tam bi chie'm.
(2) m 1975-liet tlie IdXX
Van hpc dd'i mdi manh me, toan dien to ndi dung den hinh thOc, tid'p tuc phat
trien trong hoan canh mdi.

* Bdi tap nhanh

Chgn, sap xep cho mdi thdi ki, mdi giai doan mgt tac gia - tac pham VH
tidu bieu ma em da hge hoac da dgc.
(Met tie't 1, chuyen tie't 2)
* Tim hii'u muc III- Mot sd net dac sac truyen thdng cua van hoc
Viet Nam
- GV luu y:
+ SGK chua de cap den nhugc diem, han che ciia VH Vidt Nam.
+ SGK chi ndu vai nhan xet budc dau vd mdt sd dac sic cd tfnh truyen
thd'ng ciia VH dan tdc (4 dac die'm).
- HS theo ddi SGK, tr. 11 - 12, ggi tdn 4 dac diem dac sdc truydn thd'ng
eiia VHVN. Tim trong cae tac pham VH da hge mdi dac diem 1 - 2 tac pham
de chirng minh ttmg dac diem.
- GV he thdng hoa va chdt:
1. Dac sac ve tu tudng 1. Long yeu nudc va nidm to hao dan tpc.
- the hien lich sO tam
2. Tinh nhan ai.
hdn, tinh cam con
ngudi Vidt Nam 3. Gan bd tha thiet vdi thien nhien.
4. Tinh than lac quan yeu ddi, vui sdng, tin tudng vao chinh nghTa tat
thang (khdng dd dai: ti^ng cudi va ndi dau).
5. Tinh cam tha'm mT: nghidng vd cai dep xinh xan hem la cai dep
hoanh trang, dd so.
2. Dac sac ve the loai - Tho (sO thi, truyen thd dan gian, ca dao, tho...) cd truydn thdng
van hpc l§u ddi.
- Van xudi ra ddi mudn nhung phat triln va trudng thanh rat mau le.
3. Quan hp vdi cac ndn Sin sang tiep thu mpi ludng van hoa Ddng TSy kim cd nhung thudng
van hpc khac chpn lua, bien ddi phu hgp vdi dat nudc, dan tdc, tinh than, tu tudng,
kha'u vi cija Vidt Nam.
4. SOc sd'ng va trie'n - Tidm tang, deo dai, manh Iidt.

vpng
- VH Vidt Nam hidn nay dang chuydn manh trong cdng cude hien dai
hoa, tien gap ldn cho kip vdi budc di cua thdi dai.
10
- GV nha'n manh ndi dung phan Kdt luan.

+ VH Viet Nam trong qua trinh lich sir ludn gin bd chat che vdi van
mdnh dat nude, nhan dan va than phan eon ngudi.
+ Dd la qua trinh ngay cang dugc dan chu hoa, hien dai hoa va ludn giii
gin, phat huy ban sac ridng cua dan tdc.
Hoat dong 4
HLTC^JNG DAN HS LUYEN TAP
1. Bdi tap ndng cao
a) Khai nidm tue ngii: Nhiing cau ndi cd van, hoac ddi, due ket mdt kinh
nghidm, chan If dan gian. Vf du: NgUdi sd'ng ddng vdng.
b) Khai nidm thanh ngir: Nhiing cum tir ed dinh, diic kd't mgt nhan xet,
mdt kinh nghidm dan gian ve tu nhidn, cugc sdng, con ngudi, lao dgng, tinh
cam... Vf du: ;/ hi mat lifon, dd nhu son, den nhu mifc, ddi rd hgng, ngheo rdt
mdng toi,...
c) 5 trudng hgp Nguydn Du da van dung sang tao cac thanh ngii, tue ngir
trong Truyin Kieu:
Sang tao cua

Tuc ngur, thanh ngOr Van dung trong Truyen Kieu
Nguyen Du
1. Meo ma ga dong. (TN) Nhifng tuong meo ma ga dong. sir dung nguyen ven
trong cau.
2. Cao cliay xa bay. (THN) Lieu ma cao chay xa bay
3. Nghieng nudc nghieng thanh Mot hai nghieng nwdc nghieng thanh.
(THN)
4. Kien bo mieng chen. (THN) Kien trong mieng chen co bo di dau? tach tOng phan, sO
dung hoa vdi Idi
5. Nham mat dua chan. (THN) Cung iieu nham mat dira chan. tho.
6. Dau trau mat ngua. (THN) Dau trau mat ngua ao ao nhu soi.
7. Mat cua mi/dp dang. (TN-) Mat cua miidp dang doi ben mot
phudng.
2. Bdi tap 2 (lam d nha)

Tim ttr 3 - 5 tuc ngir hay thanh ngir trong cac bai tho cua Hd Xuan
Huang. Phan tfch each van dung sang tao ciia Ba ehiia tha Ndm.
3. Soan bai Khdi qudt vdn hge ddn gian.
11
Tiet 3
TIENG VIET
VAN BAN
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

1. Kien thiie: Nam dugc khai nidm va dac diem ciia van ban.
2. Tfch hgp vdi Van hge qua bai Td'ng c/uan niii vdn hge Viet Nam qua
cdc thdi ki lich sif.
3. KT nang: Ren luydn kT nang nhan didn van ban.
B. Thiet ke bdi dqy tipc
Hoat dong 1
KHAI QUAT VE VAN BAN
- GV ydu eau IIS dgc kT muc I trong SGK va tra ldi cae cau hdi:
1. Van ban la gi?
2. De nhan dien mdt van ban, can phai tra ldi nhirng cau hdi nao?
- HS trao doi, thao luan va tra ldi:
1. Van ban vtra la phuang tien, vtra la san phaim ciia hoat ddng giao tie'p
bang ngdn ngir.
2. Phai tra ldi nhirng eau hdi:
a) Ndi, vie't dd lam gi? (xac dinh muc dfch cua van ban)
b) Ndi vdi ai, vid't cho ai? (xac dinh ddi tugng tid'p nhan van ban)
e) Ndi, vie't ve cai gi? (xac dinh ndi dung eua van ban)
d) Ndi, viet nhu the' nao? (xac dinh each xay dung van ban)
- GV chdt:
+ Van ban cd the tdn tai d dang ndi (bang midng va phat ra am thanh,
nhan bie't chu ydu bang thfnh giac) va dang vie't (bang but, may ehii, may in,...
va duge ed dinh hoa thanh ehii, nhan bidt ehu ydu bang thi giac).
+ Van ban cd the ngdn nhu mdt eau tue ngii va cung cd th^ dai nhu mdt
bd tieu thuyet nhieu tap.
+ Ngi dung eua van ban ed the la nhu'ng thdng tin khoa hge hoac nhiing
thdng tin ve thai do, tinh cam ma ngudi ndi, ngudi vid't cdn bieu dat.
12
+ Hinh thiic eiia van ban cd th^ thudc nhiing phong each giao tidp khac
nhau vdi each sir dung ngdn ngir theo nhung quy tac khac nhau.
Hoat dong 2
DAC DIEM CUA V A N BAN
* Thao tac 1
- GV ydu cdu HS dgc kT muc II. 1 trong SGK va tra ldi cae cau hdi:
1. De tai eiia van ban la gi?
2. Tu tudng, tinh cam ciia van ban la gi?
3. Muc dfch eiia van ban la gi?
- HS trao ddi, thao luan va tra ldi:
1. De tai ciia van ban la pham vi hidn thuc ma van ban hudng tdi de phan
anh. Vf du: eac sir vide, hidn tugng, con ngudi, phong canh,... trong cude sd'ng
dugc ngudi ndi, ngudi vid't de cap tdi.
2. Tu tudng, tinh cam la thai do, cam xiie eiia ngudi ndi, ngudi vid't dd'i
vdi eac sir vide, hidn tugng, eon ngudi, phong canh,... duge tai hidn trong
van ban.
3. Muc dfch ciia van ban la hidu qua tac ddng vao ngudi nghe, ngudi dgc
sau khi tidp nhan van ban de hg cd su hudng utig va ddng thuan nhu mong dgi.
- GV chdt: Van ban la mdt dan vi ngdn ngii ma khi sir dung nd ludn ed
tfnh thd'ng nha't ve de tai, ve tu tudng, ve tinh cam va muc dfch. Ndi each
khac, cung vdi vide tai hidn cude sdng, van ban thudng giri kem theo mdt thai
dd, tinh cam nha't dinh eiia ngudi ndi, ngudi vid't va bao gid cung nhdm tdi
mdt muc dich tac ddng nha't dinh.
* Thao tac 2
- GV ydu cdu HS dgc kT muc II.2 trong SGK va tra ldi eau hdi: Cho bidt
cac da'u hidu ehiing td van ban ed tfnh hoan chinh vd hinh thue.
1. Cd the tam chia thanh hai loai hoan ehinh vd hinh thiic tuang iing vdi
hai loai van ban thdng dung nha't:
a) Van ban sang tao: Bao gdm nhiing van ban ma ngudi ndi, ngudi vid't tu
lua chgn de tai, ndi dung, phuang thiie didn dat nhu van ban chfnh luan, khoa
hge, nghe thudt. Tfnh hoan chinh ve hinh thiie eiia loai van ban nay the hidn d
cac da'u hieu nhu sau:
- Dau de eiia van ban.
13
- Ca'u true ba phdn: md bai, than bai, kel bai.

- Trat tu tuyen tfnh (thii tu trudc sau ciia cac cau).
- Mdi quan he giira cac cau (mang ludi lien ke't duge hidn thuc hoa bang
eac phuang tien lien ket nhu phep lap, phep the, phep nd'i,...).
- Cach sir dung cae mang ttr ngir, mdu eau chuyen dung. Vf du:
+ Van ban khoa hge: he thd'ng thuat ngir va cac cau ngdn.
+ Van ban chfnh luan: ke't hgp thuat ngit vdi ngdn ngii bieu cam, kdt hgp
cau ngdn vdi cau dai.
+ Van ban nghe thuat: ehii yd'u la ttr ngir bieu cam, da nghTa, cac cau
phiic hgp va eau dae bidt.
b) Van ban theo mdu: Bao gdm nhiing van ban ma ngudi vid't phai tuan
theo nhiing quy udc hanh chfnh nhat dinh nhu: hgp ddng, bien ban, dan ttr...
Tfnh hoan ehinh ve hinh thue cua loai van ban nay the hidn d cac da'u hidu sau:
+ Qudc hidu, tidu ngir.
+ Tdn td chiic hoac ea nhan cd lidn quan tdi vide lap van ban.
+ Dja diem lap van ban.
+ Thdi gian lap van ban.
+ Chir kf eiia td chire hoac ca nhan cd lien quan tdi ndi dung eiia van ban.
- GV chdt: Tfnh hoan chinh vd hinh thirc eiia van ban vua la mdt thudc
tfnh, vtra la mdt dau hidu de' xac nhan sir tdn tai eiia mgt van ban trong giao
tie'p xa hdi.
* Thao tac 3
- GV ydu cau HS tim hieu muc II.3 trong SGK va tra ldi eau hdi: Tac gia
cd vai trd gi trong vide tid'p nhan van ban?
+ Bat ki mdt van ban nao cung phai cd tac gia, cho dti dd la tac gia hiru
danh hay khuyet danh, tap the hay ea nhan.
+ Mdi tac gia lai thudc ve mdt tdng ldp ngudi nhat djnh trong xa hdi
(cdng nhan, ndng dan, trf thiic...), mdt nghe nghiep nhat djnh (thg, nha giao,
nha bao, thdy thudc,...), mdt trinh do hge van nhat djnh, mgt qud huang ban
quan nha't djnh...
+ Tat ca nhung thdng tin cd lien quan den "nhan than" eiia tac gia se giup
cho ngudi tid'p nhan cd the hieu sau sdc hon vd ndi dung ciia van ban, nhat la
dd'i vdi cae van ban nghd thuat (van chuong).
14
- GV chdt: Tim hieu ve tac gia eua van ban, chung ta cd the bie't them
nhirng "thdng tin phu" (hoan canh xudt than, trinh do, nghe nghiep, sd
thfch,...) eua tac gia, nhung thdng tin nay tyy khdng 6\xgc trinh bay mdt each
tudng minh trong van ban, nhung lai ed vai trd quan trgng trong viec luan giai
van ban.
Hoat dong 3
Hac!JNG DAN LUYEN TAP
1. Bai tap 1 (Trinh bay nhiing dac diem ciia van ban):
a) Van ban cd tfnh thd'ng nhat ve de tai. Vf du, dd tai la "Nhirng thanh
phd ed bj chdn viii dudi ddt sau":
Khi hge ljch sir, chdc cac ban tha'y mdt so dja danh ngay xua va hidn nay
khac xa nhau, tham chf ban cdn thdy mdt so thanh phd ed de'n nay khdng eon
dd'u ve't gi niia vi da bj chdn viii dudi ddt sau. Kinh dd nha Thuang ciia Trung
Qudc c6 dai (1711 - 1066 tr. CN) la mdt trong nhirng thanh phd cd da bj
chdn vui nhu vay.
Nha Thuang da di chuyen kinh dd tdi cae mien khac nhau, trong 66 Khau
Thanh la kinh dd noi tid'ng nhdt vao thdi ki cudi ciia nha Thuang (nay d gdn
thanh phd An Duang, tinh Ha Nam) cung da bj chdn viii trong ddt sau. Kdt
qua khao cd cua cac nha khoa hge Trung Qud'c cho thay, trudc dd do bj nude
lii tran ngap cac ed dd ndn nha Thuang mdi di chuyen kinh dd tdi Khau
Thanh.
Cac nha khao eo Trung Qud'c cho bie't, nam 1502 tr. CN, Khau Thanh bj
nudc lu triet ha, sau dd duge xay dung lai, tudng thanh cao 8,16 m. Nhung
de'n cudi thap nidn 70 cua thd' ki XX, tudng thanh ehi eon 5,86 m va mud'n
de'n "tham quan" thanh phd cd nay, ngudi ta phai di sau xud'ng dudi mat dat
5m. Lf do la nudc lii da boi ddp mdt ldp phu sa day 5m trdn mat thanh. Thii
pham gay ra sir kidn nay chfnh la ddng sdng Hoang hung dii vdi nhiing tran
hdng thuy khung khiep trong ljch sir Trung Qud'c.
Vdi lugng phu sa dam dac va siie chay dir ddi, sdng Hoang da ttmg cudn
theo ddng chay cua nd gdn 40 nggn ddi niii, vtii kfn dudi ldp phti sa khoang
10 thanh phd va han 140 chide hd ldn nhd d ha luu. Ngoai kinh dd ciia nha
Thuang, kinh dd eua nudc Nguy thdi Chidn qud'c (nay la huydn Khai Phong,
tinh Ha Nam) eiing bj phu sa sdng Hoang chdn vui. Theo sir sach thi sau khi
didt nudc Tridu, nudc Tdn da thao nude sdng Hoang vao de nhdn chim kinh
dd nude Tridu la thanh Dai Luang. Gan 100 nam sau, nha sir hge Tu Ma
Thien da dd'n thanh Dai Luang xua va ehi cdn thdy d ddy mdt canh hoang tan,
15
lanh leo. Den ddi Han, ngudi ta lai xay dung Huyen Thanh a day, trong dd co
chua Tudng Qudc va thap Dai Thie't noi tie'ng; nhung de'n thdi Minh, Thanh
da xay ra may lan vd de sdng Hoang khien cho thanh Khai Phong bj phu sa
vui lap day tur 4 den 9m.
Hien tugng cac thanh phd co bj dat cat vtii lap chiing minh rdng mdi
trudng xua va nay da cd su bid'n thidn rdt ldn. Cd nhidu nguydn nhan ddn dd'n
su bien thidn nay. Cd nguydn nhan do thien nhien gay ra va cung ed nguydn
nhan do con ngudi gay ra. Nguydn nhan thien nhien thudng la do su thay ddi
ddng chay ciia nhirng con sdng ldn hoac nan va dd. Dang tide la nguydn nhan
do eon ngudi gay ra lai thudng nghidm trgng han. Do la hanh vi triet pha rimg
ddu ngudn ddn dd'n hidn tugng xdi mdn ddi nui khidn cho nude mua triit thang
xud'ng eac ddng sdng ldn vdi cudng do manh gay ra hidn tugng vd dd, lut ldi
va xoa sd eac thanh phd..."
(Theo Bd sach 10 vgn cdu hdi vi sao?,
NXB Khoa hoc va KT thuat, 1994)
* Cac dac diem ciia van ban tren the hidn nhu sau:
- Vd dd tai: ttr ddu den cudi van ban tap trung ndi ve hidn tugng "eac
thanh phd cd bi vtii lap" vdi cac nguyen nhan khach quan va ehu quan cu the.
- Vd tu tudng, tinh cam: tac gia the hidn su tide nudi cac thanh phd da
mat va cung kfn dao phd phan hanh vi pha rirng cua con ngudi.
- Ve miic dfch: van ban tac dgng den ngudi dgc nhdm nhdc nhd ngudi
dgc cd y thiic bao vd rung ndi ridng, mdi trudng sdng ndi chung.
2. Bai tap 2 (Ke tdn nhirng loai van ban thudng gap trong ddi sd'ng):
- Van ban chfnh luan
- Van ban khoa hge
- Van ban hanh chfnh
- Van ban nghe thuat
- Van ban thuydt minh
3. Bai tap 3 (vai trd ciia cac van ban vid't, khdc, in):
- Luu giir tri thuc va kinh nghidm sdng cua nhieu the he ke tid'p nhau
trong ljch sir dan tdc.
- Chuyen giao tri thiie va kinh nghiem sd'ng cho cae the he sau.
16
- Tao thanh mdt "ddng chay" lidn tuc trong truyen thd'ng van hoa ciia
mdi dan tdc.
Tdm lai, nhd ed cac van ban vid't, khdc, in ma nen van hoa ciia mdi dan
tdc mdi cd the phat trien theo tinh thdn ke thtra va ddi mdi. Ndi each khac, bdt
ki dan tdc nao cung phai xay dung mdt ndn van hoa tidn tie'n, dam da ban sac
dan tdc, trong dd cai "tien tidn" la thudc ve thdi dai dang sdng, cdn cai "dan
tdc" la cai dugc bao tdn chii yd'u trong eac van ban vid't, khdc, in. Ndi "chu
yd'u" vi ngoai van hoa "vid't, khde, in" eon cd truyen thd'ng van hoa thdm
nhudn trong cac phong tuc, tap quan va eac sang tac dan gian truyen midng.
4. Bai tap 4 (ndi dung van ban Td'ng quan nen vdn hge Viet Nam qua cdc
thdi ki lich sif):
I - Cae bd phan, thanh phan eua nen van hge
1. Van hge dan gian
2. Van hge vid't
3: Mdi quan he giiia hai bd phan "van hge dan gian" va "van hge vid't"
II - Cac thdi ki phat trien eiia nen van hge
1. Thdi ki ttr the ki X dd'n the ki XIX
2. Thdi ki td ddu thd'ki XX dd'n Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945
3. Thdi ki ttr Cach mang thang Tam nam 1945 dd'n hdt thd' ki XX
a) Giai doan 1945 - 1975
b) Giai doan ttt sau 1975 dd'n he't thd' ki XX
III - Mdt sd net dae sdc truyen thd'ng ciia van hge Viet Nam
1. Ban chdt ljch sir van hge cua mdt dan tdc
2. Su phong phii ve the loai
3. Su giao luu, hdi nhap va phat trien
4. Siic sd'ng manh liet
Kdt luan chung
5. Bai tap 5
- Xet vd mat thuat ngii, nhan de ciia mdt bai bao eon duge ggi la ddu de,
tieu di, tit,...
- Nhung loai nhan de thudng gap:
(1) Dting eon so de nhdn manh, gay an tugng:
2- TKBGNGO VAN 10/1 (NC)-A 1 J

- Ba trieu ddn Singapore se khdng eon mdt xu

- Nude ed sd ddn mUdi con sd 1
-Id chife Al-Qaeda eua Bin La-den ed 5 tl dd la Mi
- Giei 9 ngudi lay 65 ddng bgc
- 9 trieu ngifdi diin
- 7 000 tdn thudc doe
-Vdi... 6 + 1,7 qud'c gia 1 bien gidi
v.v...
(2) Dting cau triic bd limg, da'u lirng d giiia nhan de:
- Cdp eifu cdn duoc... cap edu!
-Tre, dep vd... CO don!
-Slf "mim deo"... ehii ngudi!
- Nhifng sdn phu tudi... hge trd!
-Liin doanh di... ngdm bd hdn!
- Ra tod vi... vdy!
(3) Dat ra nhung cau hdi:
- Cdng chifng: Khd chung! Tgi sao?
- Chdt xdm chdy vi ddu ?
-An xin: Cho? Khdng cho?
- Valentin 'sday: Tdng gi? Di ddu?
- Ddu tu di ddu ? Ve ddu ?
(4) Dung thanh ngii, tuc ngii, ca dao, dan ca... lam nhan de:
- Dimg nguyen van: Hdu sinh khd uy; Budn ed bgn bdn ed phudng; Thd
eon sdn sdt bdt con cd sop; Due nude beo ed; Nude chdy chd trung; Thudc
ddng gid tdt v.v...
+ Dtmg mdt vd': Sai mot li...; Chdy nhd ra...; Mud'n eon hay chu...; Trdng
ngifdi lgi ngdm v.v...
+ Dting mdt each sang tao: Gay dng dap lifng... bd; Via he chung... khdng
ai khde; Ddng tiin di liin... ddng rudng; Trdm ddu do' ddu... doanh nghiep;
Sai mot mdm... dm mot trieu; Mgnh vi ggo... nhd nude, bgo vi vi tien... nhdn
ddn; v.v...
18 2- TKBGNGCT V A N KJM (NC)-B

(5) Dua theo tdn eac tac pham van hge, dien anh, tdn ca khiic noi tid'ng,...
hoac nuang theo y tha, danh ngdn:
- Ki nghi ldy... chdng Tdu (Ki nghe ldy Tdy - Vu Trgng Phung)
- Hd Ngi trong mdt tdi: tien (Hd Ndi trong mat ai - Trdn Van Thuy)
- Thdi trang phiiu lifu ki (Di'Men phiiu luu ki - Td Hoai)
- Ngdn le mgt chuyin... dm (Ngdn le mot dim)
- Em oi! Hd Ndi - vdy (Em oi! Hd Ngi phd- Phii Quang)
- Khi ta di ddt bdng hod... vdng (Khi ta di ddt bdng hod tdm hdn - Che'
Lan Vien)
v.v...
(6) Nhai lai cac nhan de (tft) da ndi tie'ng:
- Vifot cgn thdi... dich vu!
-Ddt Phdt thdi... md eifa!
- Ndi trg thdi... siiu thi!
- Cdng viec thdi... di dgng!
- Con dudng bia bgt!
- Nhifng ngd dudng tinh yiu!
v.v...
(Theo Vu Quang Hao, Ngon ngu bdo chi,
NXB Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi, 2004)
Tiet 4
LAM VAN
PHAN LOAI VAN BAN

THEO PHirONG THlTC BIEU DAT
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

L On tap va ciing ed cac kid'n thiic ve Tap lam van da hge d THCS, ed md
rdng nang cao d ldp 10.
19
2. Tfch hgp vdi Van hge qua bai Tdng quan nen vdn hge Viet Nam qua
cdc thdi ki lich sU, vdi Tid'ng Viet d bai Vdn bdn.
3. Ren luydn kT nang phan loai van ban theo tidu chf "phuang thiie
bieu dat".
B. Ttiiet ke b a i d q y tiqc
Hoat dong 1
ON TAP KIEN T H Q C TAP L A M V A N 6 THCS
- GV ydu edu HS tra ldi cac cau hdi:
1. Ke tdn nhirng kieu van ban da hge d THCS. Chi ra su khac nhau giira
eac kieu van ban dd. Chiing ed the thay the' cho nhau dugc khdng? Tai sao?
Cd the phdi hgp vdi nhau trong mdt van ban cu the dugc khdng? Tai sao?
2. Can eii vao phuong thiic bieu dat chfnh eiia mdi kieu van ban, hay dien
ten van ban vao d trdng trong bang d SGK.
1. Cac kieu van ban da hge d THCS: midu ta, tu su, bieu cam, dieu hanh,
thuyd't minh, lap luan
a) Khac nhau:
- Thii nhdt, khac nhau ve phuang thiic bieu dat.
- Thii hai, khac nhau ve hinh thiic the hidn.
b) Khdng the thay the' cho nhau dugc, vi:
- Phuang thiie bieu dat khac nhau.
- Hinh thiic the hien khac nhau.
- Muc dfch khac nhau.
e) Cd the phdi hgp vdi nhau trong mdt van ban cu the, vi:
- Trong van ban tu sir ed the sir dung phuang thirc midu ta, thuyd't minh,
lap luan,... va nguge lai.
- Ngoai chirc nang thdng tin, cac van ban cdn cd chiic nang tao lap va
duy tri quan he xa hdi; do dd khdng the cd mdt van ban nao 66 lai "thudn
chimg" mdt each cue doan dugc.
20
Tham khao
Bang 1
TO sir Mieu ta Bieu cam Lap luan Thuyet minh
- Cd sO dung Cd sii dung cac Cd sO dung cac Cd sO dung cac Cd sO dung cac
bd'n phoong thOc phoong thOc tu phoong thOc tir phuong thOc phoong thOc
cdn lai so, bieu cam, sir, mieu ta, lap mieu ta, bieu mieu ta, lap luan
thuye't minh luan cam, thuyet minh
- Ngoai ra, tu sir
cdn cd the' ket
hgp vdi mieu ta
ndi tam, ddi
thoai, ddc thoai
va ddc thoai ndi
tam (cd vai trd
quan trpng cua
ngirdi ke va ngdi
ke)
Bang 2
Thuyet minh Lap luan Mieu ta
- Phoong thOc chO yû: cung - Phoong thOc chO yd'u: xay - Phoong thOc chu yeu: tai tao
cap day du tri thOc ve dd'i dong mdt he thd'ng luan die'm, hidn thoc bang cam xuc chii
topng. luancOva lap luan. quan.
- Dfch chii yeu: giup ngodi - Dich chO yeu: thuye't phuc - Dich chu yeu: giup ngudi
dpc, ngodi nghe nhan thOc ngodi dpc, ngodi nghe tin theo dpc, ngodi nghe hinh dung ra
dung ve ddi tirong. mdt van de nao dd. so vat, hien tirpng mdt each cu
the, sinh ddng va cd cam xuc.
- Cach vid't chu yeu: trung - Cach viet chii yeu: dung vd'n
thanh vdi dac die'm ciia dd'i sd'ng troc tie'p (do tuoi ddi va - Cach vie't chii ye'u: xay dong
topng mdt each khach quan, hoan canh sd'ng quyet dinh) va hinh topng ve mdt ddi tupng
khoa hpc. vdn sd'ng gian tiep (do hpc tap nao dd thdng qua quan sat,
hoac thu loom qua sach vd, lien todng, so sanh va cam xuc
cac phoong tien thdng tin dai chii quan cua ngodi viet.
chung ma cd) de lap luan ve
mdt van de nao dd theo mdt
lap trudng, quan diem nhat
djnh.
21
2. Dien vao d trdng:
Kieu van ban Dac diem ciia phirang thufc bleu dat
Midu ta Dung cac chi tie't, hinh anh giiip ngodi dpc hinh dung ra dac diem ndi bat
cua mdt so viec, so vat, con ngodi, phong canh,.,. lam cho nhOng dd'i
topng dope ndi den nho hien len trodc mat ngodi dpc.
Vl du: van ta canh, ta ngodi, ta sir vat...; cac doan van midu ta trong tac
pham to sg
To so Trinh bay mdt chudi sg viec lien quan de'n nhau, sg vide nay din den sg
vide kia, cudi cung cd mdt kd't thuc nham giai thich sg viec, tim hieu con
ngodi, ndu van de va bay td thai dp khen che.
Vl du: ban tin bao chf, ban todng thuat, todng trinh; tac pham lich sO; tac
pha'm van hpc nghe thuat: truyen, ki, tieu thuye't,...
Bieu cam Trge tiep hoac gian tid'p bay td tir tudng, tinh cam, cam xuc, thai dp va sg
danh gia ciia ngudi vie't ddi vdi dd'i tupng dirpc ndi tdi.
Vl du: dien mOng, Idi tham hdi, Idi chia budn, van te, dieu van; tho tO giOa
cac ca nhdn; tac pham van hpc: tho trO tinh, tuy but, but kf...
Dieu hdnh Trinh bay van ban theo mdt sd muc nhat djnh nham truyen dat nhOng ndi
dung va yeu cau cua cap tren hoac bay td nhOng y kie'n, nguyen vpng ciia
ca nhan hay tap the tdi cac co quan va ngirdi cd quyen han de giai quye't.
Vf du: don tO, bao cao, de nghi, bien ban, tirdng trinh, thdng bao, hpp
ddng,...
Thuyet minh Trinh bay, gidi thieu, giai thfch,... nham lam rd dac diem co ban ciia mdt
ddi topng, cung cap tri thOc ve cac hidn tirpng va sg vat trong tg nhien va
xa hdi.
Vf du: ban thuyet minh san pham hang hoa; Idi gidi thidu ve di tfch, thing
canh, danh nhan; van ban trinh bay tri thOc va phirang phap trong khoa
hpc tg nhien va xa hdi...
Lap luan Dung If le va din chOng de lam sang to luan die'm nham thuye't phuc ngodi
dpe, ngodi nghe ve mdt to tudng, quan diem.
Vf du: cao, hich, chieu, bie'u...; xa luan, binh luan, Idi keu gpi; sach If luan;
Idi phat bid'u trong hdi thao khoa hpc; tranh luan ve mdt van de chfnh trj, xa
hdi, khoa hpc...
22
Hoat dong 2
HadNG DAN LUYEN TAP
1. Bai tap 1
a) Doan van 1
- Phuang thiic chfnh la tu su.
- Cd ke't hgp vdi phuang thire midu ta:
+ trdng ldo cifdi nhif miu vd ddi mdt ldo dng dng nifdc...
+ Mat ldo dot nhiin co rum lgi. Nhifng vii nhdn xd lgi vdi nhau, ip cho
nude mdt chdy ra. Cdi ddu ldo ngoeo vi' mot bin vd cdi miing mdm mim eua
ldo miu nhu con nit.
- Tac dung: ndu khdng cd eac yd'u to mieu ta xen ke thi doan van tu su se
vd eiing khd khan, don didu va ft cd kha nang gay xiic ddng cho ngudi dgc
bdi ngudi dgc khdng the' cam nhan duge ndi dau "danh lira mgt con chd" ciia
lao Hac.
b) Doan van 2
- Phuang thiie chfnh la thuyet minh.
- Cd kd't hgp vdi eac phuang thire:
+ Midu ta: Cdnh hoa nhu vdy ed, hao hao gidng cdnh sen eon, ldc dde
vdi nhuy li ti giUa nlufng cdnh hoa... Nhin trdi sdu riing ldng ldng dudi cdnh
trdng gidng nliung td kii'n...
+ Bieu cam: Difng ngdm cdy sdu riing tdi cif nghi mdi vi edi ddng cua
gidng cdy ki lg ndy [...] vi nggt din dam mi.
2. Bai tap 2 (so sanh hai van ban eiing ed nhan de Bdnh trdi nifdc):
a) Gidng nhau: Hai van ban eiing vid't ve mdt ddi tugng la chide banh trdi
nude. Ne'u hidu theo nghTa den thi sau khi dgc xong hai van ban nay, ngudi
dgc cd the' kd't luan banh trdi nude ed hinh trdn, mau trdng min, khi dun trong
nude sdi cd the ndi - chim, cd the rdn - nat...
b) Khac nhau:
- Van ban 1 la van ban thuyd't minh, nd giiip cho ngudi dgc hieu ve cai
banh trdi nude theo mgt nghTa den thudn tuy.
* - Van ban 2 la van ban bieu cam, do dd ngoai nhirng thdng tin hien ngdn
(nghTa den) ve cai bdnh trdi nifdc nhu d van ban 1, nd con cd thdng tin ham
an ndi ve.than phan ldnh ddnh day nhirng may riii eiia ngudi phu nir Viet Nam
trong xa hgi phong kie'n.
23
TUAN 2
Tiet 5 - 6
VAN HOC
KHAI QUAT VAN HOC DAN GIAN VIET NAM
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

Giup HS:
- Nam duge vi trf, vai trd va nhirng dae trung ca ban ciia VH dan gian
Viet Nam trong lich sir VH dan tdc Vidt Nam, nhd dugc nhiing dinh nghTa
ngdn ggn ve cac the' loai ehinh eua VH dan gian Vidt Nam.
- Van dung nhung tri thue tren de tim hieu va he thd'ng hoa cac tac phdm
se hge vd VH dan gian Viet Nam.
• Trong tam bai hoc
Muc II (Mgt sd dde trUng eo bdn cda VH ddn gian Viet Nam)
• Nhiing diem can luru y
- Nhirng nguydn nhan hinh thanh va phat trien ciia VH dan gian Viet
Nam, trude va song song vdi van hge vid't.
- Bang so sanh de nhan didn va phan bidt nhirng dae trung ca ban eiia
VH dan gian Viet Nam so vdi VH vid't Viet Nam.
- PP phan tfch di ban, cac truyen thd'ng, theo nhdm tac pham.
B. Chudn bj cua thdy vd tro

Dgc lai eac bai: On tap vdn hge ddn gian. On tap truyin ddn gian, On tap
ca dao trong chuang trinh Ngu van THCS.
C. Chudn bj cua thdy va tro
Hoat dong 1
TO C H Q C KIEM TRA B A I CU
(Hinh thCrc: van dap)
1. Sap xd'p cae tac pham van hge dan gian Viet Nam dudi day theo diing
cae the loai: tu su dan gian (truyen thuyd't, ed tfch, truyen cudi, truydn ngu
24
ngdn), trii tinh dan gian (ea dao - dan ea), nghj luan dan gian (tuc ngii); tii
sir - trir tinh dan gian (truydn tho), san khdu dan gian (cheo): Su tich Hd
Guom; Thgch Sanh; Ech ngdi ddy gii'ng; Lgn cifdi, do mdi; Nhifng edu hdt vi
tinh yiu qui huong ddt nifde; Nhifng edu hdt chdng mi tin; Nhifng cdu hdt
than thdn, Ndi oan hgi chdng; Lua chiim ldp Id dau bd - Hi nghe tii'ng sdm
phdt cd md len.
2. Su khac nhau giii'a truydn ed tfch than ki va truydn cd tfch thd' su - sinh
hoat. Cho vf du. Tai sao eiing la truydn ed tfch ve cae nhan vat thdng minh, tai
gidi nhung lai xd'p Cdy but thdn vao the truydn ed tfch than ki, cdn Em bi
thdng minh vao the truydn cd tfch thd' sir - sinh hoat?
Hoat dong 2
DAN vAo BAI M6\
-GV noi ldi chuyin: O THCS, chiing ta mdi dugc hge cac tac pham VH
dan gian dem le va cu the; mdi dugc dn tap, he thdng hoa budc dau d cae tiet
dn tap tirng the loai. Cac tid't trude d ldp 10, chiing ta ldn ddu tidn dugc hge
mdt each tdng hgp khai quat bd phan VH dan gian trong toan bd nen VH
Viet Nam. Hai tidt nay, se tid'p tue cdng vide cua tudn trudc, tiep tuc di
sau tim hieu mgt so van de khai quat, co ban nhdt ciia bd phan VH dan gian
Viet Nam.
Trude hd't, ta tim dinh nghTa ngdn ggn, dd hieu: VH dan gian la gi?
- HS dgc eau ddu - muc I, SGK.
- GV nhdn manh cae cum tit: sdng tdc tap thi' (tac gia); truyin miing
trong ddn gian qua cdc ddi (phuang thiic tdn tai va phat trien); ddn gian
(trong nhan dan, trong ddi sd'ng, sinh hoat, lao ddng. Id hdi...).
Cae khai nidm thudng sir dung khac: van hge binh dan, van hge truydn
midng,...
- GV hdi: Khai nidm nao trong dd ndi ldn duge dae trung eo ban nhat
eiia VH dan gian?
- Dinh hudng:
+ Khai nidm VH truyen midng.
+ Khai nidm hien duge dung phd bidn: VH dan gian.
+ Khai nidm dugc diing trude each mang: van hge binh dan.
25
Hoat dong 3
TIM HIEU MUC I
Vdn hoc ddn gian trong tien trinh vdn hge ddn tgc
1. Vdn hge ddn gian Id vdn hge cda qudn ehiing lao dgng
- HS dgc SGK de giai thfch luan diem nay.
Dinh hudng:
+ Hidu luan diem tren theo cac nghTa sau:
+ Qudn chiing lao dgng la nhan dan lao ddng, la tang ldp binh dan trong
xa hdi (ndng dan, thg thu cdng, trf thiie ngheo,...).
+ Qudn chiing lao dgng la tac gia tap the ciia VH dan gian.
+ VH dan gian gdn bd vdi ddi sd'ng va tu tudng, tinh cam cua quan chiing
lao ddng; la hinh thiic nghe thuat thd hidn y thiie cdng ddng ciia qudn chiing
lao ddng.
2. \'H ddn gian Viit Nam Id VH cda nhiiu ddn tgc
- GV ndi thdm: Mdi dan tgc trdn dat nude Viet Nam ddu ed VH dan gian
cua rieng minh, mang ban sdc ddc dao rieng.
- HS tim thdm mgt so vf du: truydn cd cae dan tdc Meo, Thai, Tay,
Niing, sii' thi eac dan toe Tay Nguydn, truydn tho cae dan tgc Mudng, Thai,...
3. Mgt sd gid tri eiia vdn hge ddn gian Viet Nam
- HS thao luan eac van de: Vi sao ndi:
+ VII dan gian tdn tai trong lich sir van hge dan toe nhu mgt quy luat
khach quan?
+ VH dan gian la cudn SGK ve cugc sd'ng?
+ VH dan gian cd anh hudng nhu thd' nao dd'ri VH vid't?
Dinh hudng:
+ Quy luat ay la: VH dan gian ra ddi va phat trien khi dan tdc chua ed
ehii vid't, ehua cd VH vid't. Khi ehii vid't va VH vid't da ra ddi va phat trien, VH
dan gian vdn tie'p tuc tdn tai va phat trien song song va ed quan hd gdn bd vdi
VH vie't.
+ Dd la vi nhu edu sang tac tap the, nhu cdu sang tac va thudng thiic, luu
truyen bang truyen midng eiia nhan dan lao ddng (ngay ea khi da ed chii vid't
va VH vid't).
+ VH dan gian la cudn SGK vd cugc sdng va con ngudi, thien nhidn dat
nudc: kho tang truyen thd'ng tinh cam, tu tudng, nghd thuat cae dan tgc.
26
+ Quan he vdi Vll vid't: cung cap de tai, cdt truydn, eac bidn phap nghe
thuat thuc ddy, phat trien VH vid't, ngudn vd tan cho sang tao nghd thuat.
+ Cd siic sdng vTnh ciru.
Hoat dgng 4
TIM HIEU MUC II
Mot sd ddc trung co bdn cua VII ddn gian Viet Nam
- GV giai thfch ngdn ggn: Dac tnmg la nhirng dac diem, nhung bieu hidn
tidu bieu ridng bidt cua ban chat su vat, dd'i tugng, phan biet vdi dd'i tugng, su
vat khac.
1. Sdng tdc truyen miing vd tap the
a) Truyen mieng
- HS dgc muc 1 .a - SGK tr. 23 va tra ldi cac cau hdi:
+ Hieu the' nao la truydn mieng?
+ Vi sao VH dan gian la sang tac truyen midng?
+ He qua eua truydn midng?
Dinh hudng:
+ Truydn midng (TM) la phuong thiic sang tac va luu truyen ea ban eiia
VH dan gian (khi chua ed chtr vid't, dd la phuang thiic luu truydn duy nhat;
khi cd chii vid't va in an, phuang thiic nay vdn ton tai). Vi dai da so nhan dan
khdng ed didu kidn hudng thu thanh tuu eiia van hge viet (khdng bidt ehu).
Van hge vid't khdng thd hidn ddy du va phii hgp tu tirdng, tinh cam, nguydn
vgng ciia nhan dan.
+ Nhu cdu sang tac, hudng thu van hge true tid'p, giao tie'p true tidp eiia
cdng ddng.
+ He qua: lien quan va gdn bd vdi tfnh tap the, tao nen tfnh di ban, tfnh
didn xudng (ke, hat, ndi) ciia VH dan gian.
b) Tap the:
- HS dgc muc l.b - SGK tr. 24 va tra ldi cac eau hdi:
+ Qua trinh sang tac va luu truydn tap the ciia mdt tac phdm VII dan gian
didn ra nhu thd' nao? Vi sao khdng the tim thay dau an ea nhan trong tac pham
VH dan gian?
+ Em hieu the nao la di ban? Cho vf du. Tfnh di ban ciia VH dan gian ndi
ldn didu gi?
27
+ Tim nhung yeu td lap di lap lai ve cau md ddu, ve ed't truydn, ve nhan
vat... trong ea dao, trong truyen co tfch.
Dinh hudng:
* Qua trinh sang tac va luu truyen mdt tac pham VH dan gian thudng
didn ra nhu sau:
+ Trong ddi sdng lao ddng, sinh hoat, tinh cam,... mdt ca nhan (hoac tap
the) nao dd nay sinh cam hiing, sang tac rdi dgc (hat, ke) cho mgi ngudi nghe.
+ Nhieu ngudi nghe, thdy hay, phii hgp, cd khi lai sira chua, thay doi,
thdm bdt theo y minh, ghi nhd, rdi cd dip lai ndi (hat, ke) cho nhiing ngudi
khac, d nai khac nghe.
+ Nhirng ngudi khac nghe cung thdy hgp, thdy hay, lai tu y thay doi thdm
bdt mdt chiit, ghi nhd, rdi lai ke (hat, ndi) vdi nhirng ngudi khac nira v.v...
+ Cii the, cir the, tac phdm VH dan gian da dugc sang tac tir mdt ca nhan
(hoac tap the), trong qua trinh ghi nhd va truyen midng tir ngudi nay sang
ngudi khde, tir nai nay sang noi khac, tir ddi nay qua ddi khac, the' he nay qua
thd' he khac, nd khdng cdn giu nguyen nhu ban ddu ma da duge sira doi mdt
each ed tinh hay vd tinh (nhd sai, do truyen midng) trd thanh nhirng di ban:
tac pham 1 - tac phdm 2 - tac phdm 3... tac phdm n. Nd da trd thanh tai san
tinh thdn chung ciia tap the cdng ddng.
* Hinh thiic tdn tai eua tac pham VH dan gian la di ban. Di ban in ddu dn
dae diem dia phuang, thdi gian va van hoa eiia cdng ddng luu truyen tac phdm.
Vf du: + ba di ban eiia mdt bai ea dao:
(1) Gid dua gid ddy, ve rdy an cdng,
Vd kinh an ed, ve ddng an eua. (ddu an mien Nam)
(2) Gid dua gid day, ve rdy an cdng,
Ve hung an dc, ve ddng an cua. (dau an mien Narri, Trung)
(3) Gid dua gid day, ve rdy an cdng,
Ve sdng an ed, ve ddng an eua. (da'u an midn Bde)
+ Hai di ban ciia mdt cau tuc ngir:
(1) Thdc bd thuang ke an dong, cd chdng thuang ke nam khdng mdt
minh. (thuang ke khac canh)
(2) Ddc bd thuang ke an dong, god chdng thuang ke ndm khdng mdt
minh. (thuang ke ciing canh).
28

* Ve ndi dung, tac phdm VH dan gian la tid'ng ndi cdng ddng, tid'ng ndi
chung, tid'ng ndi tap the. Mgi ddu an ea nhan, ridng tu ciia tac gia bi md nhat
hoac triet tidu.
+ Su lap di lap lai: cdt truyen, nhan vat, each md ddu, kd't thiic, mdt sd tir
ngu, hinh anh... tao thanh cae cdng thiic ngdn tir (md-tfp).
Vf du: thdn em, eon ed, eon bdng, dep thay, sdu nhd't la, cao nhdt Id;
ngay xira ngay xua, ba ldn thir thach, thi tai ken re, dia danh - phong canh,
dia danh - san vat, ra ddi ki la; nhan vat md cdi, nhan vat ngdc gap may, nhan
vat thdng minh, tai gidi,...
+ Truyen thd'ng nghd thuat dugc tao thanh tir nhiing md-tfp nghd thuat, tir
su lap di lap lai ay.
(IIet tiet 5, chuyen tiet 6)
2. Vi' ngdn ngu vd nghi thudt eua VH ddn gian

a) Ngdn ngii
- GV hdi: So vdi van hge vid't, ngdn ngii van hge dan gian ed gi khac?
- HS tra ldi.
Dinh hu&ng:
Ngdn ngii ndi ldi ndi - tuc ngir, ldi ke chuydn, ldi ngam, hat - ca dao
dan ca).
b) Cach nhan thuc va phan dnh hien thuc:
+ Phan anh hidn thuc bdng md ta thuc te.
+ Phan anh hidn thuc bdng trf tudng tugng ki do (do tu duy nguydn hgp
trinh do thap, niem tin thdn linh, vat linh... tao thanh thd' gidi thdn thoai, eo
tfch hoang dudng, lung linh, huyen do dac bidt hdp dan (phan bidt vdi bien
phap nhan hoa cd y thiic cua van hge vid't hidn dai).
- GV he thdng hoa bang bang so sanh dae trung eiia VH dan gian va VH vid't:
Cac pht/crng dien

Van hoc dan gian Van hoc viet
so sanh
Ljch sO phat sinh, - Ra ddi to khi choa cd chO vie't. Ra ddi khi chO vie't toong ddi hoan
phat tridn chmh.
- Phat then khi da cd chO viet
Cling vdi van hpc vie't.
Tac gia Tap the', tang Idp binh dan. Ca nhan, tang Idp trf thOc.
29
Cac phu'dng dien

Van hoc dan gian Van hoc viet
so sanh
Cach thOc sang tac - Sang tac bang ngon ngur noi. - Sang tac bang ngon ngCt viet.
va Itru truyen
- Luu giO bang tn nho. - Luu gio bang c/7(7wef.
- Luu truyen bang truyen mieng. - Liru truyen bang van ban (chep tay,
in an).
Ndi dung tu tirdng Phan anh to todng, tinh cam ciia Phan anh to tudng, tinh cam cua
cong dong. cdng ddng qua lang kinh ca nhan.
Cach phan anh hien - Chu trpng todng tupng ki ao. •'- Chu trpng md ta thgc te.
thgc
- Md ta thgc te - Todng topng ki ao la mdt bien phap
nghe thuat.
Tg sg van xudi, ke lai sg tfch cac vj than thanh, phan anh

1. Than thoai nhan thgc, hinh dung cua ngudi thdi cd' ve the gidi va con
ngudi.
Tg sg van xudi, ke lai cac sg-kien, nhan vat lich sO da

dupe tudng tirpng, If tudng hoa, the' hien y thOc Ijch sO
2. Truyen thuyet cua nhan dan.
(hai the nay, d choong trinh va SGK THCS ket hpp lam
mdt)
Tgsgdan gian Tg sg dai van van - van xudi, ke lai nhOng sg kidn va
3. SO thi
(truyen dan gian) nhan vat cd y nghTa quan trpng ddi vdi cdng ddng.
Tg sg van xudi, ke' ve sd phan cac nhan vat lao ddng

4, Cd tich ngheo khd', bat hanh,... the' hien quan niem dao dOc, If
tudng va mo udc ciia nhan dan ve cdng If va hanh phuc.
Tg sg van xudi, ke' lai cac hien topng gay cirdi de giai trf
5. Truyen codi
va phe phan hien thgc xa hdi.
Tg sg van xudi, ke lai chuyen trong dd nhan vat la chii

6. Truyen ngu
yeu la ddng vat, dd vat, neu len nhOng bai hpc, kinh
ngdn
nghiem cuoc sdng, thet If nhan sinh.
Ldi ndi ngan gpn, cd due kinh nghiem cua dan gian ve tg
7. TucngO
nhien, xa hpi, con ngudi.
Nghi luan dan
gian Ldi ndi cd tfnh nghe thuat, mieu ta sg vat hien tirpng theo
8, Cau dd Idi am chi, giau ten sg vat, hien topng, de ngodi nghe
doan, nham giai tn, ren luyen kha nang suy doan.
30
9. Ca dao, dan TrO tinh van van, didn ta ddi sdng ndi tam cua con ngodi.
TrO tinh dan gian
ca Dan ca; Idi ca dao ket hop vdi am nhae dSn gian.
Van van, ke lai va binh luan ve nhOng sg kien, con ngodi

10. Ve
Tg sg - trO tinh lich sO va thdi sg.
dan gian
11. Truyen tha Van van, ke lai nhOng sd phan con ngodi ngheo khd', khat
dan gian vpng tinh yeu, hanh phuc, cdng lixa hdi.
12. Cheo, tudng Ke't hpp kjch ban van hpc va nghe thuat iibc. xudng tren
San khau dan
dd, rdi, trd san khau, didn ta sinh hoat va con ngirdi trong xa hdi
gian
dien... ndng nghiep cd truyen Viet Nam.
Hoat dong 6
HUCfNG DAN LUYEN TAP
1. Tir bang he thdng the loai VH dan gian trdn, tim mdi the loai tir 2 - 3
vf du da hge hoac da dgc.
2. Tra ldi cau hdi bai tap nang cao trong SGK. Cho vf du ve nhung truyen
dan gian hidn dai, ea dao hien dai, tue ngii, thanh ngii hien dai.
Vf du:
- Rudng rdy Id chii'n trifdng,
Cude cdy Id vu khi,
Nhd ndng Id chii'n si,
Hdu phuong thi dua vdi tiin phuong.
-Tay edy tay sung, tay but tay siing.
— Thde khdng thiiu mgt cdn, qudn khdng thii'u mot ngifdi.
— Ra di gill vifng ldi the - Ddnh thdng gide Mi mdi ve qui huong.
-Thdp Mudi dep nhdt hoa sen - Viet Nam dep nhd't ed tin Bde Hd.
* Ca dao trao phiing:
- Mdi ngifdi ldm viec bdng hai -Di'dng chd nhiim mua ddi, tdu xe...
— Mot yiu anh ed may d -Hai yiu anh cd ed khd dn ddn...
- Thdng Bdm cd edi but bi
~Phu dng xin ddi mgt ti vi mdu
Bdm rang Bdm chdng ldy mdu
Phu dng xin dd'i mot ddu vi-di-d...
31
- Nhdt Y nhi Duge, tgm duge Bdeh khoa...

Chudt chay eiing sdo mdi vdo Su phgm.
3. Soan bai Chii'n thdng Mtao Mxdy.
Tiet 7
TIENG VIET
PHAN LOAI VAN BAN

THEO PHONG CACH CHlTC NANG NGON NGlT
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

1. Kidn thue: Ndm dugc each phan loai van ban theo phong each ehiic
nang ngdn ngir.
2. Tfch hgp vdi Van hge qua van ban Khdi qudt vdn hge ddn gian Viet Nam.
3. KT nang: Phan biet duge cae kieu van ban theo cac phong each chiic
nang ngdn ngii khac nhau.
B. Thiet ke bai dqy tiqc
Hoat dong 1
HINH THANH K H A I NIEM
- GV yeu edu HS dgc kl muc 1 trong SGK va tra ldi cac eau hdi:
1. O THCS, ehiing ta da dua tren co sd nao dd phan loai van ban?
2. Ngoai each phan loai van ban da hge, ehiing ta cdn nhirng each phan
loai nao khac? Co sd ciia cae each phan loai ay?
1. Dua vao co sd la phuang thire bieu dat, ehiing ta ed: van ban midu ta, tii
su, bieu cam, thuye't minh, lap luan, dieu hanh
2. Ngoai ra cdn ed:
a) Theo thd' thiie eau tao: van ban quy udc - van ban tu do.
b) Theo do phiic tap ve hinh thde va ndi dung: van ban lidn tue - van ban
gian doan, van ban thudn nhat - van ban hdn hop,...
e) Theo phong each chiic nang ngdn ngir: sinh hoat, hanh chfnh, khoa
hge, chfnh luan, nghd thuat, bao chf.
32

Hoat dong 2
PHAN LOAI VAN BAN THEO PHONG CACH CHC/C NANG NGON NGLT
- GV yeu cdu HS dgc k! muc 2 trong SGK va tra ldi cac eau hdi:
1. Phong each chiic nang ngdn ngit la gi?
2. Theo phong each chiic nang ngdn ngir, van ban dugc chia thanh nhiing
loai nao?
1. Phong each chirc nang ngdn ngir la nhirng kieu didn dat eiia van ban
trong nhiing ITnh vuc ddi sd'ng khac nhau, vdi nhiing dac diem khac nhau va
nhdm nhiing muc dfch khac nhau.
2. Gdm nhirng loai van ban sau:
Loai van ban Vidu
Van ban sinh hoat: kieu didn dat trong giao tiep Ldi chao hdi khi gap nhau, trd chuydn khi dpi
khau ngO hang ngay hdac cac hinh thOc tho tO, tau xe hoac gid giai lao, thu cua ca nhan gOi
ghi chep mang tfnh chat ca nhan cho ca nhan, nhat kf ca nhan,...
Van ban hanh chfnh: kie'u dien dat trong cac Cdng van, chi thj, quyet djnh, nghj djnh, sac
quan he mang tfnh nha node, cd tfnh quy ode va lenh, phap lenh, van ban phap luat, don tO, bien
tfnh phap If nhat djnh ban, thdng bao, hop ddng,...
Van ban khoa hpc: kie'u dien dat cac thdng tin Cdng trinh nghien cOu khoa hpc, luan an, luan
khoa hpc mang tfnh chfnh xac, khach quan van, giao trinh, bai hpc trong sach giao khoa,...
Van ban bao chf: kie'u dien dat mang tfnh chat Tin tOc thdi sg, ban tin tdng hpp, phdng sg didu
thdng tin dai chung, nhanh nhay, kjp thdi, cd tac tra, ghi chep sg vide, phdng van,...
dung tao thanh du luan xa hdi d nhOng mOc dp
nhat djnh
Van ban chfnh luan: kie'u dien dat cd tfnh chat Ldi keu gpi, xa luan, binh luan, tranh luan...
lap thuyet nham tac ddng tdi ngodi nghe, ngudi
dpc de' thuye't phuc hp cd nhan thOc va hanh
ddng toong Ong
Van ban nghd thuat: kieu didn dat cd tinh chat Tho, truyen ngan, tieu thuyet, tuy but,...
hinh topng nham lay ddng, danh thOc, khoi day
nhOng tinh cam trong sang, hudng thien ciia
con ngodi
a-TKBGNOavAN 10/1 (NC)-A 33

Hoat dong 3
HLTCING D A N LUYEN TAP
1. Bai tap 1
Loai van ban Vidu
Van ban sinh hoat tho ciia ban be gOi cho nhau, nhat kf ca nhan, Idi ndi hang ngay...
Van ban hanh chfnh bien ban, thdng bao, hpp ddng, don tO...
Van ban khoa hpc luan an, luan van, giao trinh, bai hpc trong SGK...
Van ban bao chf phdng sg dieu tra, kf sg, ban tin,...
Van ban chfnh luan cac bai nghj luan, binh luan, Idi keu gpi,...
Van ban nghe thuat tho, truydn ngan, tie'u thuye't,...
2. Bai tap 2
a) Mdu Quyd't dinh:
BdX CONG HOA XA HOI CHO NGHIA VIET NAM
Tdng cdng ti A Doc lap -Tddo - Hanh phiic
QD/sd...
QUYfT OjNH
Ve vide dieu ddng can bd
Ha Noi, ngay... thang... nam...
Quyet djnh
Dieu 1: Nay didu ddng dng (ba)... den nhan nhiem vu mdi tai... ke to ngay... thang... nam...
Dieu 2: Ong (ba).,. dupe hudng luong va cac khoan phu cap cho chOc vu mdi tO ngay... thang...
nam...
Dieu 3: Cac dng Trudng phdng Td chOc can bd, Trirdng phdng Hanh chfnh va dng... cd trach
nhiem thi hanh quye't djnh nay.
Tdng Giam ddc cdng ti
Nguydn Van Y
Nai nhan:
- Bo chu quan (de bao cao)
-Nhu dieu 3
- Luu VP TCT
34 3-TKBGNGCT V A N 10/1 (NC)-B

b) Mdu Bao cao

Bd Thuong mai CONG HOA XA HOI C H O N G H I A V I E T NAM
Van phdng dai dien B Doc lap -Judo- Hanh phuc
BCHD/sd... Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, ngay... thang... nam...
Kinh guf Bd Thoong mai,
Ddng kfnh gOi UBND thdnh phd Hd Chf Minh
BAOCAO
Ve hoat dong sau thang dau nam cua van phong B, thuoc long Cong ti X
Van phong dai dien thodng tru tai Thanh pho Ho Chf Minh
Xin kfnh bao de quy Bd va quy UBND dupe biet ve hoat ddng sau thang dau nam... cua van
phdng B nho sau:
I. Tdm tat quan hd hpp tac kinh doanh cOa Tdng cdng ti vdi cac ddi tac
1. Hoat ddng kinh doanh
- NhOng hpp ddng da kf:
- Sd hop ddng da thanh If:
- Sd hpp ddng dang thgc hien:
2. Hoat ddng tai chfnh:
- Tdng thu:
- Nop ngdn sach:
- Dau tir tai san xua't:
- Tra loong CBCNV:
- Thanh toan BHYT:
- Lou quy;
3. Then vpng hpp tac kinh doanh:
II. NhOng thuan Ipi, khd khan va kidn nghj, giai phap
1. Thuan Ipi
- Ve mat phap If:
- Vd quan he:
- Vd sOc mua ciia thj trodng:
2. Khd khan
- Khach quan:
- C h O quan:
3. Kie'n nghj
- Ddi vdi Bd Thoong mai:
- Dd'i vdi UBND Thanh phd Hd Chf Minh:
4. Giai phap
- Trodc mat:
- Lau dai:
Tran trpng kfnh chao.
Trodng dai didn Van phdng B
Noi gOi: - Bp Thirong mai
- UBND TP Ho Chi Minh Vd Hdng Ki
- Luu VP TCT
35
c) Mdu Bien ban:
Sd GD&DT Ben Tre C O N G HOA XA HOI CHO NGHIA V I $ T NAM

Trudng THPT Cay DOa Doc lap -Judo- Hanh phuc
BBTS/sd;
BIEN BAN BAN GIAO TAI SAN
Ben giao;
Bdn nhan:
Hdm nay, ngay... thang... thang... nam...
Tai tnjdng THPT Cay DOa da thgc hien viec ban giao tai san giOa ben giao la dng (ba)... va bdn
nhan la dng (ba)..., theo lenh cua...
I. Thanh phan tham dg:
1. Chf dao va giam sat viec bdn giao; Ong (ba)..., chOc vu...
2. Tho kf ghi bien ban; Ong (ba).,., chOc vu...
3. Bdn giao;
-Ong...,chOcvu...
-Ong...,chOcvu...
-Ba...,chOcvu...
4. Bdn nhan;
-Ong..,,chOcvu...
-Ong...,chOcvu...
- Ba..., chOcvu...
II. Ndi dung ban giao;
Ben... da tien hanh ban giao tai san cho ben.,, theo bang thdng kd sau day;
Bang thdng ke ban giao tai san
STT Ten tai san Don vi tinh / Sd luong Don gia Thanh lien
Tdng gia trj tai san quy ra tien;

- Bang so;
- Bang chO;
Ke to ngay... thang,., nam,.., sd tai san trdn do ben,,, chju trach nhiem quan If.
Bien ban nay lap thanh 4 ban cd.gia trj nho nhau. Nop So Giao due va Dao tao 1 ban. Lou Van
phdng nha trodng 1 ban. Ben giao giO 1 ban, ben nhan gi01 ban.
Trodng THPT Cdy DOa, hdi... gid, ngay... thang... nam...
ChO kf cua Tho kf ChO kf cua ngudi chi dao
ChO ki cua ben giao ChO kf cua ben nhan
Nhan xet chung: Cac van ban nay deu mang tinh quy udc va bi rang budc phap If d nhOng mOc dd
nhat dinh
36
Tiet 8
LAM VAN
LUYEN TAP VE CAC KIEU VAN BAN

VA PHUONG THLTC BIEU DAT
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

- On tap va cimg ed cae kid'n thde ve phuong thiie biû dat eiia van ban
da hoe a THCS.
- On tap va cimg cd eac kid'n thde ve cae kieu van ban vira hoe d bai trude.
- Ren luydn cac ki nang nhan didn va phan tfch van ban.
B. Thiet ke bai dqy hqc
Hoat dong 1
ON TAP VE CAC KIEU V A N BAN VA PHLTONG T H Q C BIEU DAT
- GV ydu cdu HS trao ddi, thao luan de tra ldi hai eau hdi trong SGK:
1. Tim 6 van ban (doan van) minh hoa cho 6 kieu van ban da hoe d
THCS. Phan tfch phuong thde bieu dat ehinh eiia mdi van ban.
2. Xac dinh kiû van ban cho mdi doan trfch trong SGK va cho bidt If do
goi ten kieu van ban dd.
- GV ggi ddn HS:
1. Lap bang:
Kiiu van ban Doan van minh hoa Phan tich
Tgsg Bay gid cd giac An d^n xSm pham bd cdi Day la mdt.doan van tg sg vi;
node ta. Thd giac manh, nha vua lo sp,
- Ke ve ngodi (nhdn vat chii
ben sai sO gia di khap noi rao tim ngodi
be), tOc la Thanh Gidng. Ngoai
tai gioi cOu node.DOa be nghe tieng rao
chu be la nhdn vat chfnh cdn
bong dong cat tidng ndi; "Me ra mdi sO
cd cac nhdn vat phu nho sO
gia vdo day". SO gia vao, dOa be bao;
gia, ba me vd cac nhdn vat
"Ong vd tau vdi vua sam cho ta mdt con
dope nhae tdi nho nhd vua,
ngga sat, mdt cai roi sat va mdt tam ao
giac An.
giap sat, ta se pha tan IQ giac nay". SO
-37
Kieu van ban Doan van minh hoa Phan tich
gia vOa kinh ngae, vOa mOng rd, vdi vang - Doan van cd nhOng sg vide
vd tau vua. Nha vua truyen cho thp ngay nd'i tiep nhau; giac An xam
ddm lam gap nhOng vat chu be dan. lope, nha vua sai sO gia di tim
ngodi tai gidi, chu be gap sO
{Ngd van 6, tap mdt)
gia va ydu cau, sO gia mOng
rd, nha vua sai thp lam ngay
nhOng thO ma chu be ydu
cau...
Midu ta Moi chide la rung cd mdt linh hdn rieng, Day la doan van mieu ta
mdt tam tinh ridng, mdt cam giac ridng. nhOng chie'c la ua vang rung
Cd chiee tga mui ten nhpn, tg canh cay vao cudi mua ddng va la mdt
roi cam phap xud'ng dat nho cho xong doan van mieu ta tuyet hay vi
chuydn, cho xong mdt ddi lanh limg, than mdi chide la cd mdt "to the" lia
nhidn, khdng thoong tiec, khdng do dg ddi that sinh ddng va thu vj;
van vo. Cd chide la nho con chim bj lao
-Cd chide tga mui tdn nhpn...
dao may vdng trdn khdng, rdi cd gopng
ngoi dau Idn, hay giO thang bang cho - Cd chie'c la nhu con chim bj
cham tdi cai gidy nam phoi tren mat da't. lao dao...
Cd chide la nhe nhang khoan khoai dua
- Cd chiee la nhe nhang
bdn, mua may vdi lan gid thoang, nho
khoan khoai...
tham bao rang sg dep cua van vat chi d
hidn tai; ca mdt thdi qua khO dai dang - C d chide la nho sp hai...
dac cCia chiee la tren canh cdy khdng
- Cd chide la day auyem...
bang mdt vai gidy bay loon, neu sg bay
loon ay cd ve dep nen tho. Cd chiee la Ddy la doan van the hidn sg
nho sp hai, ngan ngai rut re, rdi nho gan quan sat ti mf va cam nhan tinh
tdi mat dat, cdn cat minh mudn bay trd lai te cua tac gia trodc hidn topng
canh. Cd chide la day du ydm roi bam "la rung" todng nho da qua
vao mdt bdng hoa thom, hay dd'n mon quen thudc, nham chan vdi
trdn mdt ngpn cd xanh mem mai, mpi ngodi.
(Khai Hong, NgCfvan 6, tap hai)
Biû cam Trdn dai, mdt ngodi con gai ndo dd vOa Day la doan van bieu cam vi;
hat mdt bai dan ca cua dat node ta trong
- Thdng qua vide midu ta tidng
dem khuya. Bdy gid tat ca im lang rdi,
hat trong dem khuya cCia mdt
38
Kieu van ban Doan van minh hoa Phan tich
gipt sao ngoai khung cOa dpng lai, dOng cd gai trdn dai, tac gia da bay
im, khdng nhay nffa, ddm da di vao chieu to nhOng suy nghT va tinh cam
sau, ma vin cdn nghe dm vang mai cua minh ve qud huong dat
gipng hat cua ngodi con gai luc nay. Mdt node.
gipng hat dan ca, ngan nga bat ngat nho
- Day cung la mdt doan van
canh cd trdn ddng lua mien Nam chay tdi
trO tinh the hidn nhOng tinh
chan trdi, cd luc rut re, e then nhu khoe
cam trong sang, dep de cua
mat ngodi yeu mdi gap, cd luc tinh
tac gia ^ ' i vdi qud huong dat
nghjch, duyen dang nhu nhOng ddi chan
node va nhOng tinh cam chan
nhd thoan thoat ganh lua chay trdn
thanh ay cd kha nang gpi ldn d
nhOng con dudng lang trdn ldn bdng tre
ngudi dpc sg ddng cam va
va bdng nang... Cd Id khdng phai la mdt
khat vpng sdng cd fch hon cho
ngudi con gai da hat trdn dai. Dd chfnh la
que huong dat node.
que huong ta dang ldn tie'ng hat. Tie'ng
ngdn nga dpi ldn tO Idng dat, d trong dd
mdt gdc vodn cd ddi cay sau ddng va
mdt gian bau dong dua qua nang, mdt
ngay da xa, me ta da chdn nhum rau cua
ta thud ta mdi Ipt Idng. Dd la tid'ng ngan
cCia mat dat, cua ddng sdng, cua nhOng
xdm lang va nhOng canh ddng sau mdt
ngay lao ddng va chien dau,
(Nguyen Ngpc, Ngif van 7, tap mdt)
Thuyet minh La cdy cd mau xanh luc vi cac te bao cua Doan van nay la van ban
la chOa nhieu luc lap. Mdt mi-li-met la thuyet minh vi;
chOa bdn muoi van luc lap. Trong cac luc - Cung cap th thOc khach
lap nay cd chOa mdt chat gpi la diep luc, quan vd dac diem, tfnh chat,
tOc la chat xanh cua la. Anh sang trang nguyen nhan cija hidn topng la
cua mat trdi gdm bay mau; ti'm, cham, mau xanh
vang, lam, luc, cam, dd. Sd dT chat diep
- NhOng tri thOc do doan van
luc cd mau xanh luc vi nd hut cac tia
nay cung cap la hOu fch cho
sang cd mau khac, nhat la mau dd va
con ngudi vi nd gdp phan md
mau lam, nhung khdng thu nhan mau
rdng hidu biet ve mdt hien
xanh luc, va lai phan chieu mau nay, do
tupng phd bien den mOc ai
dd mat ta mdi nhin tha'y mdu xanh luc.
cung biet, nhung khdng phai
39
Kieu van ban Doan van minh hoa Pttan tich
Ne'u ta chieu chat diep luc cua la cay cung cd the giai thfch mdt each
bang mot ngudn sang mau do, chat nay that rd rang, gay gpn, chfnh
se thu nhan tat ca cac tia mau dd, nhung xac dope
vi khdng cd tia mau xanh luc de phan
chie'u lai nen ket qua ta nhin vao la cay
chi thay mdt mau den si... Nho vay la cay
cd mau xanh la do chat diep luc trong la
cay.
(Vu Van Chuyen, NgCfvan 8, tap mdt)
Lap luan "Ngpc khdng mai khdng thanh dd vat; Day la doan van cd lap luan
ngudi khdng hpc khdng biet rd dao". Dao chat che;
la Id dd'i xO hang ngay giOa mpi ngudi. Ke
- Luan diem la; "Ngpc khdng
di hpc la hpc dieu ay. Node Viet ta, to khi
mai khdng thanh khdng thanh
lap qudc dd'n gid, nen chfnh hpc da bj
dd vat; ngudi khdng hpc khdng
that truyen. Ngudi ta dua nhau Idi hpc
biet rd dao"
hinh thOc hdng cau danh Ipi, khdng cdn
biet den tam coong, ngu thodng. Chua - Cac luan cO; "Dao la Id ddi
tam thodng, than njnh hdt. Node mat nha xO hang ngay giOa mpi ngodi",
tan deu do nhOng dieu td hai ay. "Ngodi ta dua nhau ldi hpc
hinh thOc hdng cau danh Ipi...",
(La Son Phu TO Nguyen Thidp, Ngif van
"Chua tam thodng, than ninh
8, tap hai)
hdt"
- Kdt luan: "Node mat nha tan

ddu do nhOng dieu td hai ay"
Didu hdnh Doan van 4 d bai tap 2 trong SGK
2. Xac dinh kieu van ban cho mdi doan trfch:

- Doan 1: van ban thuyd't minh
- Doan 2: van ban lap luan
- Doan 3: van ban midu ta
- Doan 4: van ban dieu hanh
- Doan 5: van ban bieu cam
- Doan 6: van ban tu su.
40
Hoat dong 2
THLTC H A N H VIET DOAN V A N
Tham khao
1. VE "KIEU 6 LAU NGUNG BICH"

Mgt minh ddi diin vdi minh
Minh mdng trdng gid vd tinh thodng qua
Mong manh nlnf mgt nhdnh hoa
Am dm tii'ng sdng biii Id ve ddu?
Chua di di'n thud bgc ddu
Md sao nhu dd nhud'm mdu hu vd?
Tdi khdng hoan toan tan thanh vdi mot so y kid'n cho rdng "Kieu d ldu
Ngung Bfch" la dang sd'ng trong "khoang lang trude phong ba". Bdi le sdng
gid, bao tap da thuc sir quang quat Kieu eiing bd me, ehi em bao nhidu con,
tran tir khi "thdng ban to" khdn nan, vd danh nao dd vu oan gia hoa, ma gdn
day nha't la cude dd'i ddu quyd't liet vdi mu Tu Bd. Quye't liet de'n miie, Kidu
udt qua, lieu mang:
Thdi thi thdi, ed dec gi!
Sdn dao tay do, tifc thi gid ra.
Thd' la tat ea nhao nhao, tung tanh ed ldn, ed khac gi mdt tran bao:
Ndi oan vd Id xa gdn,
Trong nhd ngUdi chat mgt ldn nhif nim.
Ndng thi bdn bat gide tiin,
Mu till edm cap mat nhin, hdn bay.
Vifc ndng vdo chdn hiin tdy.
Cat ngifdi coi sdc, rifde thdy thudc men...
Dua Kieu ra nghi, thue chdt la "giam long" d mdt noi vdng ve (lau Ngung
Bfch) cho dd thi hanh "dde kd" budc nang phai tid'p khach, Tu Ba da va dang
tfch gdp ddng to de chudn bi "viji lidu, dap hoa toi bdi". Bdi vay, theo ehiing
tdi, d trudc cai ldu "dong lai sdc bide" nay, Kidu khdng phai dang dung trudc
tran bao ma dang d "trong tam bao, mdt bao", cdn khdng gian thi bat ngat:
Ve non xa tdm trdng gdn d chung.
Du vdn mdnh mdng rgn nggp, ydn lang dm ddm, nhung am didu:
Am dm tii'ng sdng kiu quanh ghe ngdi...
ddy de doa, bat trde... mdi la su that phu phang va ehu dao.
41
The nhung, xet ve mdt mat nao dd, hoan toan ngoai y mudn, Tii Ba da "vd
tinh" tao didu kien vd citing thuan lgi de nu sT kiem hoa sT Vuomg Thuy Kidu
ve dugc mgt "biic tranh phong canh tuyet tac", vie't dugc mgt "bai tho budn
vao loai hay nhdt" tho ca ed dien trung dai Vidt Nam, ddng thdi de cho nang
thoa sue bay lugn "ndi cd don tham tham ciia ngu'di nghe sT" mgt minh ddi
dien vd'i thien nhien, trai hdn lang thang, phidu bdng citing bien trdi va dam
minh trong "mac cam sdng nudc" nghin ddi, tham ddm "tam thiie van hoa
phucmg Ddng".
Nen chang? De cho "sdng phang", ben canh su ghd tdm, khung khie'p,
ban va tdi phai cam on "con mu da nhdn nhgt, cao ldn, ddy da lam sao" ve
dieu do!?
Hai muoi hai (22) cau tho luc bat (1033 - 1054) ta canh va tam tu Thuy
Kidu a ldu Ngung Bfch da dat tdi nghe thuat bac thay eua ngdn ngu tho "phan
tfch tam If nhan vat den muc tan nhdn", tan day, tan ciing, nhu each ndi eiia
Phan Nggc'". Bf quye't thanh cdng nghe thuat chii yd'u d day chfnh la vide
Nguyen Du da nhap minh rat sau vao tam trang nhan vat. Ong nhin, nghe,
cam nhan eo hd nhu cdng va bang con mdt, Id tai, trai tim va khdi dc eua
Thuy Kieu. Nhung tuy vay, ban dgc.tri am vdn nhan ra rat rd tinh cam va
gigng dieu ciia nha tho'~'.
Nhieu ngu'di da phan tfch mdt each "tach bach" bd cue eiia doan tho:
- 6 cau ddu ta canh, tu xa den gdn, tu cao xudng thdp.
- 8 cau tid'p, ta linh: nhd chang Kim va nhd cha me.
- 8 cau cudi, ta canh - tinh hoa hgp.
Ve CO ban la diing. Nhu'ng theo ddi kT mach tho, rdi liii xa mdt chiit de
ldng nghe va cam nhan, chiing tdi lai nghT hoi khac. D6 la hdu nhu khdng
ddng nao, eau nao, tham chf tii' nao, hinh anh, am thanh nao trong doan tho
khdng ft nhidu the hien tam trang ciia nhan vat trii tinh. Tam trang ngon
ngang, tram mdi, ngo ngae, bang hoang, ngdn ngo, budn nhd, lo ldng, tid'c
nudi... dan det chdng chit, giang mdc trong Kieu, khi nang ngdi im lang, mot
minh trude ldu Ngung Bfch nhin ra.
Ld-gfc khdng gian, thdi gian deu bi quy dinh va tuan theo Id-gfe tam
trang ay.
'" Phan Ngoc, Ttni liieii phong each nghe thudt Truyen Kien cua Nguyen Du. NXB Khoa ho xa
hoi.HN, I9X.'S.
''' Hoai Thanh, Nguyen Du ••-Mpl trdi tint ldn. mgt nghe sT lan - Trang Phe hinh ra tieu luan
tap 2, 1969.
.42
Ve "thdi gian nghd thuat", day la canh ddm trang miia thu chang? (Ve
non xa, tdm trang gdn). The nhung, ehi sau hon mudi eau, ta lai tha'y: Cua be
"chieu hdm"?! Vay canh trong doan la canh vao thdi diem nao? Khdng le thdi
gian quay nguge chieu kim ddng hd de tu ddm khuya trd lai buoi chieu?! 'Fdi
nghT, chieu hay ddm, gdn nhu chdng cd y nghTa vat If thuc dung gi! Vi cai y
thiic vd thdi gian noi Kieu liie nay dang rat md nhat. "Thdi gian da trd thanh
thdi gian tam trang". Nd ehi xudt hidn theo ddng suy tu, hdi lie diit, nd'i, ldn
xdn CLia nang Kidu. Cho ndn hidn tai, qua khii, tuong lai ed khi nd'i tid'p, ed
khi gdn nhu ddng hidn. "Sdm, khuya, mai, bao gid, hdm mai, gid..." tfnh hidn
dai trong nghd thuat midu ta va phan tfch tam If nhan vat bdng hinh tugng thdi
gian ciia Nguydn Du la nhu thd'.
"Khdng gian nghd thuat" trong doan tho cang dae sdc hon. Nd la su "kd't
hgp rat tu nhidn" ma "day dung y" giira "khdng gian thidn nhidn vu tru mdnh
mdng" rdng ldn, mang tfnh vTnh hdng, tugng trung va sidu thoat vdi "khdng
gian sinh hoat, ddi thudng" gdn gui (non xa, trang gdn, may sdm, den khuya,
cat vang, bui hdng, san Lai, cua be, ndi cd, chan may, mat ddt, quanh ghd'
ngdi,...). Ca hai khdng gian ay lai "triing khft" vdi "khdng gian tam tu'dng"
vdi vgi nhd thuong, budn sau, lo ldng va cd don trong lang le, thodt dm do lai
cang xa la, ed don hon. Cd cam tudng nhu cai hat bui hong nhd nhoi hod kie'p
thanh nang Kieu dang quay long ldc giii'a bien trdi didn dao, dang run rdy vi
dau xdt, vat va, bo vo,... dang bi "con Tao" de ep, ddn xd cho ha ndi ghen hdn!
Cd ngudi phat hien su vd If trong each ta: Tai sao lai "non xa, trang gdn"?
Dang le phai vid't nguge lai va gidi thfch dd la do con mat bi anh sang danh
lua. Trang sang hon, nhin rd hem ndn cam thay gan hon. Niii gdn hon trang,
nhung md hom ndn nhu la xa hon... Rdi "d chung"? Khdng ehi "tdm trang"
chung vdi nggn niii, vdi "eat vang, lan may" trong mdt bdu trdi ma "tdt ea
canh va ngudi dang d chung". Trong dd, ngudi nhu "mud'n tan" vao trong canh...
Tdi nghT rdng nhfrng dieu dd kha If thii nhung khdng that quan trgng. Cai
ma Nguydn Du mud'n khdc hoa khdng phai la ban than cdnh vat ma chfnh la
cai "linh hon, cai tam trang ciia nhan vat phii ldn canh vat" kia; ay la cai ve
"be bang", thdn thd eua chdm may sdm, cai mau xanh eiia ngi ed "dau dau",
cai "am dm" dii ddi, ddy ham doa eiia tid'ng sdng bien, cai "man mac" vat vo
vat vudng trdi dat vd dinh ciia bdng hoa bap benh tren sdng, cai "bat ngat"
mdnh mang cua khdng gian trdn mat bien...
Do chfnh la ndi long cua Vuong Thuy Kieu "trong mdt bao", chap chdn,
hot hoang, lo sg ma hd khdng bie't bdu vfu vao dau, vao ai khi nghT den
tuong lai...
43
"Cd don" khi ehi cd mdt minh, khi dd'i dien trude thidn nhidn hiing vi,
bien rgng, trdi cao, eon ngudi ed cam gide nhd be, don edi, yd'u dt nhu sdp bi
de bep... Dd la trang thai tam If thdng thudng va pho bid'n. Nhung hinh nhu
Nguydn Du lai mud'n day nhan vat tru tinh yeu quy eiia minh ddn thdm mgt
budc vao dia hat ciia nhung suy tudng nhud'm mau trid't hge duy tam, song lai
rat phii hgp vdi tam trang eiia Kidu trong hoan canh eu thi nay. Cd dom le loi
khdng ed ai de chia se. "Tdm trang gdn" that day, nhung vdn xa la bie't bao!
Niii may lai cang nhu vay! Bdi vi, day dau phdi la trang, may, mii, bien qud
nha? Day la Lam Tri (Lam Truy):
Bdn phuong mdy trdng mot mdu
Trdng vdi cdqude bidt ddu Id nhd.
Dam nghin nUde thdm non xa
Bie't ddu thdn phdn eon ra the ndy!
Cai ed don le loi, bo vo eiia mdt ca thd\ mgt ngudi con gai rat tre, mdi
mudi lam mudi sau, ldn ddu tien xa nha, xa que, xa cha me, mdt mat lam cd
sg hai thdn thd, mat khac lai "thang hoa trong vd thiic, trong cam thu'c sang
tao nghd thuat" cua ngudi nghd sT bam sinh, dd bdt ddc di, ngoai y mud'n.
Chfnh cdi ed dom ay khidn ta thuomg xdt Kieu hom, ddng cam vdi ngirdi con
gai ddu nha hg Vuong hem, nhung mat khac, lai cho ta thudng thiic duge "vai
bd'n eau" xudt thdn trong liic dau long luu lac" ciia nghd sT Thuy Kieu. Ngudi
nir sT hdn nhidn eii mudn di dd'n tan eiing trong ban the cd dom sang tao.
Tudng vgng chang Kim cung lai gdn vdi cai canh "ben trdi gdc be bo vo",
Kidu da va dang bi lu de nhan trdng trgn cudp quyen sd'ng tu do, quyen chung
thuy vdi "ngudi dudi nguyet chen ddng"! Thuomg xdt "hudng ve song than",
bui ngdi vi khdng duge lam phan su eua dira eon gai ed hie'u d^ "quat ndng dp
lanh", hay hge "Lao Lai chay quanh gd'c tu"... thi ngoai cai Id-gfch tdm trang
tu nhidn trong tinh cam ciia con cai ddi vdi cha me, cdn "mem hoa" nhung
dien tfch cd xua, khdc dam "tam thd'hoan toan dom ddc" ciia nang Kieu...
Nang Kieu nhu dang thi thdm, dang ndi trong kf lie, keo qua khii ve hidn
tai, keo qud xa tdi bd be nay de tam tinh.
Ld-gfeh eua cam hiing sang tao tat yd'u ddn tdi doan kd't "Buon trdng"
tuyet vdi! Diep ngii "Budn trdng" da md di nghTa eu the: trdng ma budn hoac
budn ma trdng bien sdng dang cdn cdn "mdi sa con nude"... dat nhip nhang,
deu dan d ddu eac eau luc nhu md ddu mdi dgt sdng long vira triit xud'ng, lai
dang dang ldn vd han vd hdi, lien midn khdng dirt...
Mdi eau mdi ve. Cdnh vat, tam tinh, ndi budn ngay mdt ldn, ngay mdt
sau, mdi llie lai thdm am didu mdi, nhung roi deu "quy tu" thanh cao trao hoa
44
vdi tid'ng sdng thuy trieu dang dang cao do at dd'n "sat quanh ghe ngdi"
ciia Kieu.
Mae cam cd don da ldn dd'n dinh diem dao dat... bid'n thanh tha...
Tha bay bay theo "canh budm tha'p thoang" ngoai cira be hay trdi trdi
Cling "bdng hoa mong manh" trdn lan sdng bac, hay nhap vao "tridu bien"
diing dung tung bgt vd bd?!
Va "ngay lap tiie", khi gigng ngam trdn ldu chua diit da dugc "mdt chang
chdi chudt ra tinh deo dai" (hg Sd rinh dgi dudi Idu tu bao gid?) bdt lay, hoa
lai! (Kd'dde chfnh thiic dugc thi hanh!).
Thd' la, khi dd'n tan eiing ciia lang man thi lai trd ve vdi hien thue trui trdn.
Va tir day tham eiia hidn thue do day, kinh rgn ma Kidu da, dang va sdp phdi
cudn vao, rai xud'ng, lai han mdt ldn - ki didu thay, da viit ldn tii tho lang man
CLia mdt tam hdn trung trinh, cao khie't!
Trd vd vdi nude, vdi sdng, vdi sdng, vdi bien nhu d canh "trudc lau
Ngung Bfch" nay, cd le la mdt trudng hgp, mdt ea kha dien hinh cho "tam
thiic sdng nude" trong tu duy nghd thuat eua eu dan sinh sdng lau ddi d mien
ddng nam Hoang Ha, Duomg Tir hay luu vuc sdng Hdng, sdng Lam, dgc
duydn hai bien Ddng. Dd la "su trd ve eiia Nhan ve vdi Dia - vdi ba me thien
nhidn", vu tru vT dai, "trd ve vdi edi ngudn, vdi tuoi tha" de nuomg tua va cay
nhd, de tim su che chd, an iii, hi vgng ma hd va giai toa ndi niem mdt each
ngay tho, hdn nhien va nhieu khi bat luc...
Biin Ddng trudc ldu Ngung Bfch, noi thuc su bdt ddu cude sdng ddng cay,
nhuc nha eiia Kieu. Sdng Tien Dudng "tridu sdng dung diing", nai kd't thiic
cude sd'ng ay eiia nang, dau phdi la nhirng hinh anh ngdu nhidn, vd tinh, ma
phai chang la nhifng "hinh anh bieu trung" cho cai khat vgng tu do, trong sach
sd'ng mai trong "tam thiic sdng nude" nai cdng ddng ngudi phuong Ddng ndi
chung, nha't la d Trung Hoa va Viet Nam!
(Hoang Dan -Dirdng Van, Nguyen Du -Truyen Kieu, mgt hicdng cdm,
lugn va dgy hoc mdi, NXB Thanh nien, Ha Noi, 2002)
2. GI61 THIEU M O T S O DE BAI

VA BAI VIET THAM KHAO
De L Hdy niu edm nghi cda em vi' gigng diiu cda nhd tho trong bdi "Bgn
din choi nhd".
45
Bdi ldm
Bgn di'n eheri nhd la mdt trong nhu'ng bai tho hay eiia Nguydn Khuye'n
vie't ve tinh ban. Bai tho dugc vid't bdng mdt biit phap vui diia trao long nhe
nhang. Dang sau mdi cau tho nhu tha'y thdp thoang an hidn nu cudi vui viia
hdm hinh, thoai mai, vua tham tram, sau xa cua Nguydn Khuyd'n.
Cach vao de ciia tac gia cung rat tu nhidn. Cau tha ddu la mdt thdng bao:
Dd bdy ldu nay bde tdi nhd.
Trong su thdng bao dy ehiia dung mdt niem vui eua ngudi lau ngay mdi
dugc gap ban. Cau tha thii hai da bdt ddu chuyen gigng ndi ngay dd'n hoan
canh khd khan va su liing tiing eiia minh trong vide tid'p dai ban:
Tre thdi di vdng, chg thdi xa.
Cach vao dd nhu vay viia thdng bao rd dugc sir vide, viia td' nhi va df ddm
de Id ra each tid'p dai ban tat yd'u phai dam bac theo kieu "cay nha la vudn"
eua minh.
Vdi hai cau dd nhu vay, Nguydn Khuyd'n da tao ndn mgt tinh hudng kha
oai oam: ban than lau ngay mdi den choi, rat ydu ban, mud'n tid'p dai ban tir te'
ma khdng dugc. De lam ndi bat tinh hudng dd, nha tha da diing thu phap
phdng dai, cudng didu ldn hoan canh khd khan, thidu thdn ciia minh nhdm tao
ndn tid'ng eudi hdm hinh:
Ao sdu nude ed khdn chdi ed
Vudn rgng rdo thua khd dudi gd
Cdi eliua ra edy, ed mdi nu
Bdu vifa rung rdn, mifdp difOng hoa...
Ldi tho that tu nhidn, eii nhu la budt midng ndi ra. Vay ma nghd thuat dd'i
trong nhiing eau thifc va lugn vdn rat ehinh. Cach ndi su khd khan thid'u thdn
cung khdng he dan didu. Nhu'ng thii ngon va sang thi ed day, nhieu la ddng
khde, nhung ea thi khdng bdt dugc vi ao sdu nifde ed, ga thi khdng dudi dugc
vi vitdn rgng rdo thifa. Nhiing thii thuc phdm thdng thudng nhu rau qua thi
trong vudn ed sdn, nhung khdn ndi ca va mirdp mdi ed nu va hoa, edi ehua
•thanh cay, bdu cdn non vua rung rdn... Su ke le, phan bua ve edi khd, cai
ngheo ay keo sang ea eau thii bay, thudc phdn ke't, pha vd kd't eau vd'n rat
nghiem ngat ciia tho Dudng luat:
Ddu trd tii'p khdch trdu khdng ed
Cau tha nay khep lai ndi dung da duge phan bua d trdn: ban dd'n choi,
khdng cd gi 6e tie'p ban, kd ea ddu vi la trdu.
46
Vay la, lau ngay ban mdi dd'n choi, mud'n thdt ban mdt bua that dang
hoang, nhung eiia ngon vat la thi khdng cd (vi khdng cd ngudi di chg), cdn
nhirng thu binh dan ed sdn trong nha thi cung khdng the lay de diing duge (vi
rat nhieu If do), tham chf ngay ca midng trdu cung khdng cd not!
Ndi nhieu dd'n nhung cai khdng ed nhu vay la 6i lam noi bat ldn mdt cai
cd thieng lieng, cao quy: tinh bgn chdn thdnh, sdu sac vd trong Ming. Bac dd'n
chai, nha chd cd gi de tid'p, nhung tinh ban eiia chiing ta mdi la tat ca:
Bde din choi ddy, ta vdi ta.
Ta vdi ta la nhu'ng ehii dang ehii y nha't ciia eau tho. Hai ehii' "ta" chdng
ldn nhau, nang dd nhau, bd sung va lam tang trgng lugng cho nhau, the hien
sir gdn bd keo son hai ma nhu mdt, viia bgc Id su tin cay, vua the hidn mdt
each kfn dao niem tu hao chan thdnh ve tinh ban eiia minh.
Cau tha eua Nguydn Khuye'n ggi nhd dd'n eau Mgt mdnh tinh riing ta vdi
ta cxia Ba Huydn Thanh Quan trong bai Qua Deo Ngang. Ve hinh thiic, ed hai
eau tho (va ciing la ca hai bai tho) deu dugc khep lai bdng ba ehu ta vdi ta.
Nhung ta vdi ta trong tha Ba Huydn Thanh Quan la mot minh vdi chinh minh,
the hidn sau sdc va tha'm thfa ndi ed don, mdt minh trudc canh trdi da't thidn
nhien hoang vdng, giiia ddt khach qud ngudi; cdn ta vdi ta trong tha Nguydn
Khuyd'n lai la tdi vdi bde, Id chiing ta vdi nhau, la sir gap gd sum vdy ciia ddi
ban tri am tri ki giii'a qud huong minh.
Trong bai tha Bgn de'n elufi nhd chi loang thoang mdt vai net cha'm pha,
Nguydn Khuyd'n da ggi ldn duge trong tam trf ngudi dgc hinh dnh rat quen
thudc ciia lang qud Viet Nam ta. Nhu'ng hinh anh ao ea, vudn tugc, gian
mudp, gian bdu, cay cai, cay ea... hidn ldn that gian di va gdn gCii vdi ddi sd'ng
ndng thdn. Nhu'ng tii' ngii duge sii dung trong bai tha cung rat ndm na, mdc
mac, rat gdn vdi khau ngir cua ngu'di dan qud: bdu tung rdn, ca mdi nu, cai ra
cdy... Cd the ndi, dd la ldi an tieng ndi hdng ngay ciîa chfnh nhirng ngu'di
ndng dan lao ddng da di vao tho ca mdt each tu nhidn, gian di, nhu'ng vdn
trong sang va ddy chdt tha.
(Theo Niiung bai van liay va kho trong cluayng trinh Ngi? vdn THCS)
De 2. Cdm nghi ve mdt ngdy he rue rd hoa phugng vd rgn rd tii'ng ve.
Bdi ldm:
Cd le tat ea nhu'ng ai tirng cdp sach tdi trudng thi se khdng the nao qudn
dugc nhu'ng ngay he rue ra hoa phugng va rdn ra tid'ng ve.
47
Hoa phugng va tid'ng ve da trd thanh mgt phdn mau thit trong ki ue cua
mdi chiing em. Phugng dd rue trdi la bao hidu mdt miia he da de'n, cdn tie'ng
ve kdu ra rd nhu giuc gia chung em chudn bi cho mdt miia thi sdp tdi. Thi hd't
nam hge, thi chuyen ldp, chuyen cap, thi td't nghidp...
Budi trua he, dudi anh ndng chdi chang, nhLi:ng tan hoa phugng dd tuoi
xoe ra nhu nhQng mam xdi khdng Id, ludn dung dua xao ddng. Thinh thoang
cd mdt can gid thdi qua, nhiing canh phugng hdng lai chao nghidng, la ta roi
xudng san trudng.
Ciing vdi sdc mau rue ra ciia hoa phugng la nhiing dgt am thanh nhu sdng
vd bd ciia hang trieu ehii ve sdu. Dudng nhu ed mgt ngudi ehi huy vd hinh nao
dd da didu khien hang tridu chii ve sdu 6e tao nen mdt dan dai hgp xudng that
thii vi. Nhirng lan sdng am thanh eua chung cd nhip didu liie khoan liie nhat,
ed am lugng khi to khi nhd, cd cao do liic bong liic trdm hdn hoi. Thinh
thoang, ehiing lai nhat loat im lang, tjnh khdng nghe thay mgt tid'ng ddng nao
ngoai tid'ng gid vdn xao xac khua la phugng vT trdn san trudng. Nhirng khoang
lang bat chgt ay dudng nhu da trd lai cho cai khdng gian mua he ddy ndng
mdt su ydn tTnh man mac budn. Tuy khdng ai bao ai, nhung chiing em deu
nghT dd'n gid phiit chia tay sau mdi ki thi...
Hoa phugng va tid'ng ve vira la ddu hidu cua miia he, vira la nhirng ngudi
ban than thid't eua tuoi hge trd. Nhfrng ngudi ban ay tirng chia se budn vui vdi
ehiing em trong nhirng thang nam dai ngdi trdn ghe nha trudng, vi vay mdi
khi tha'y phugng dd trdi va nghe tid'ng ve ram ran, chiing em lai chgt cam tha'y
long minh nao nao khd ta...
(D6 Thu Ha, Sdd)
48
THAN 3
Tiet 9 - 1.0
VAN HOC
•
CHIEN THANG MTAO MXAY

(Trfch sir thi Ddm Sdn)
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

Giup HS:
a) Hilu dugc y nghTa eiia 6i tai chid'n tranh va chid'n cdng cua nhan vdt
anh hiing trong doan trfch.
b) Bie't phan tfch eac dae diem ngdn ngir dd'i thoai eua nhan vat, ngdn ngiJ
trdn thuat ciia ngudi ke sir thi, eac bien phap so sanh, phdng dai nhdm muc
dfch lam sang td tinh If tudng va am didu hung trang eua thi phap the loai sir
thi anh hiing.
* Trong tam bai hoc
Phan tfch hinh tugng anh hung sir thi Dam San.
* Nhurng diem can liru y
a) Giai thfch vi sao chid'ntranh va chid'n cdng eua ngudi anh himg lai la
de tai, la ehii de trung tam eua eac sir thi Tay Nguyen ndi chung, sir thi ddn
tdc E-dd Ddm Sdn ndi ridng.
b) Danh thdi gian 6i tdm tdt ndi dung sir thi Ddm Sdn (13 doan), tdm tdt
doan trfch hge 22 doan nhd.
c) Cdn lam rd tfnh If tudng va dm didu hung trang cua sir thi anh hung:
nhdn vat anh himg bid'n dang thanh nhirng nhan vdt trac vidt, lap dugc nhu'ng
chid'n cdng vT dai ma con ngudi binh thudng khdng the lap dugc; khdng the
thudt - ke ma chi cd thd' ea hat ve hg (Prop). Thd' gidi sir thi la thd' gidi If
tudng, dm didu sir thi hung trang vdi ngdn ngir so sanh - phdng dai la dac
diem nghd thuat tidu biiu.
4. T K B G N G O VAN 10/1 (NC)-A 49

B. Thiet ke bai d q y tioc
Hoat dong 1
(Hinh thiie: vdn dap)
1. Phat bieu dinh nghTa ngdn ggn ve sit thi.
2. Sir thi dugc chia lam maythe loai chfnh? Ndu mdi loai mgt vf du
tidu biiu.
3. Vi sao khdng the xd'p Son Tinh, Thuy Tinh ciia dan tdc Kinh (Viet) vao
the loai sir thi?
Hoat dong 2
DAN VAO B A I M0\
GV ndi ldi chuyen: The loai ddu tidn cua van hge dan gian Vidt Nam ma
chiing ta dugc hge d chuang trinh Ngii van ldp 10 THFF la sir thi ciia cac dan
tdc thieu so. Tidu bidu nhdt la sir thi Ddm Sdn ciia dan tdc E-dd (Tay Nguydn).
Ngudi E-de cd phong tuc ddm ddm dot lira trdn san nha rdng, dan lang ban tap
trung nghe gia lang ke - hat sir thi (HS xem anh trong SGK, tr. 33). Hg nghe
ddm nay qua dem khac khdng bao gid chan.
Hoat dong 3
TIM HIEU CHUNG VE S(J THI VA sQ THI DAM SAN
1. Sir thi va phan loai sir thi
a) Dinh nghTa (xem lai dinh nghia sir thi, SGK, tr. 26).
b) Phan loai sir thi:
- HS ndi lai theo SGK, tr. 32.
Dinh huang (GV nhde lai dinh nghTa ve sif thi):
+ Tdc pham tu su dan gian cd quy md ldn: dai hang nghin, van cau.
+ Ngdn ngii cd vdn, nhip.
+ Hinh tugng nghd thuat hoanh trang, hao hiing.
+ Ke ve nhiing bid'n ed ldn didn ra trong ddi sd'ng cdng ddng thdi ed dai.
* Cd 2 loai sir thi:
+ Sii' thi than thoai: ke ve sir hinh thanh thd' gidi va mudn loai, con ngudi
va bd toe thdi ed dai (De ddt de nifdc - Mudng).
50 4-TKBGNGi]rvAN10/1 (NC)-B

+ Sir thi anh himg: ke ve cuoc ddi va'chid'n cdng cua nhirng tii trudng anh
hung (Ddm Sdn).
* Hinh thiie didn xudng: mdt ngudi ke - hat (thudng la cae gia ban) mdt
minh vira ke vira didn tat ed eac vai bdng eac gigng didu khac nhau bdn bd'p
lira nha rdng.
Mdt so dan tgc thieu sd cdn luu truyen lai duge sir thi eiia dan tdc minh.
Ridng dan toe Kinh (Viet) lai that truyen (hoac khdng ed?).
2. Tdm tdt ndi dung sir thi Dam San
- HS tdm tdt ngdn ggn ndi dung tdm tdt ed't truydn trong SGK, tr.32-33;
neu vi trf doan trfch hge.
Dinh hudng:
Tu su dan gian Ddm Sdn gdm 13 doan ke:
1. Lai lich Dam San.
2. Dam San lay Ho Nhi, Ha Bhi.
3. Dam San danh Mtao Gru gianh lai vg.
4. Dam San di lam rdy.
5. Dam San danh Mtao Mxay gianh lai vg.
6. Dam San chat cay thdn.
7. Dam San danh Mtao Ak.
8. Dam San ddnh Mtao Tudr gianh lai vg.
9. Dam San danh Mtao Kuat gianh lai vg.
10. Dam San danh Mtao Ea gianh lai vg.
11. Dam San di bdt Nir thdn Mat Trdi.
12. Dam San chau thay thd'Dam San.
13. Kd't thuc.
Doan trfch tir 2 doan 4 - 5 ; lai cd the phan chia ddy dii thanh 22 doan:
1. Dam San ddn dan lang ra sdng.
2. Tat ed xudng nudc bat ca.
3. Mtao Mxay cho ngudi dd la.
4. Mtao Mxay ddn doan voi dd'n lang Dam San.
5. Ha Nhi tid'p dai trgng the.
6. Khi ve, Mtao Mxay gia vd qudn cay gUOm.
7. Mtao Mxay ddi Ho Nhi dfch than dua cay guam ra.
51
8. Mtao Mxay dm Ha Nhi ldn voi bd chay.

9. Y Sun, Y Sah cudi voi di bdo cho Dam San.
10. Dam San keu ggi dan lang ve ngay.
1 ]. Dam San lam" Id ciing thdn linh.
12. Dam San keu ggi cac til trudng eiing di danh Mtao Mxay.
13. Dam San bl mat dot nhap vao nha Mtao Mxay.
14. Cdc til trudng va dan lang pha hang rao.
15. Dam San ggi Mtao Mxay xud'ng danh.
16. Mtao Mxay miia khien trude, vung ve, dam khdng triing Dam San.
17. Dam San miia dep, manh hom, Mtao Mxay bd chay. Dam San duoc
an midng trdu eiia Ho Nhi, them sue manh, duoi Mtao Mxdy nhung
dam khdng thiing do giap sdt ciia Mtao Mxay.
18. Ong Trdi mach Dam San lay chay gia gao (chdy mdn) nem vac
vanh tai Mtao Mxay.
19. Dam San lam theo; Mtao Mxay nga.
20. Dam San cdt ddu Mtao Mxay edm ldn cgc.
21. Dan lang va tdi td ciia Mtao Mxay theo Dam San, mang theo cm
cai, voi, ngua eua Mtao Mxay.
22. Ld Cling ngudi chdt va thdn linh, an mirng chid'n thdng.
Doan trfch hge tir doan nhd 15 dd'n 22, thudc phdn giiia tac phdm, k^
chuydn Dam San danh thdng tii trudng Mtao Mxay (Sdt), ciiu dugc vg.
- GV cho HS xem tren man hinh hoac true tid'p van ban sir thi Ddm Sdn.
Hoat dong 4
HLTdNG D A N OQC
I. Dgc phdn vai:
+ Ngudi ke chuyen (vdi gigng diiu phu hgp)
+ Dam San
+ Mtao Mxay
+ Ong Trdi
+ Dan trong nha
+ Dan lang
+ Tdi td
52
- GV nhan xet each dgc va kd't qua dgc ciia HS. Chii y nhirng tir khd
trong chii thfch chan trang (khdng giai thfch ridng ma kd't hgp trong qua trinh
dgc - hieu chi tie't).
2. Bd cue va doan trfch
- GW luu y HS vi edu triie vd bd cue 6oan trich:
+ Gdm ldi ngudi ke chuydn va ldi thoai eiia ede nhan vat true tid'p.
+ Vai trd eiia cac nhan vat:
Mtao Mxdy: nhan vat dd'i thii, ke gay ra nguydn nhan cugc chid'n tranh.
Ddm Sdn: nhan vat trung tam, quyd't dinh didn bie'n cdt truyen sir thi.
Ong Trdi, Ho Nhi: nhan vat trg thii.
Nhan vat qudn chung: ed mdi quan he qua lai vdi nhan vat trung tam, tao
ndn y nghia bieu trung eua hinh tugng nhan vat anh hiing.
+ Cac doan nhd:
• Ta canh nha Mtao Mxay. Dam San thach ddu, ndi khfch dd' Mtao Mxay
ra khdi nha.
• Td tran danh giiia hai ngudi (miia khidn, duoi nhau. Dam San dugc dng
Trdi mach kd' chid'n thdng va gidt Mxdy).
• Dam San ddn tdi td eua minh va eiia Mtao ve ban md tide ldn, danh
chidng, an mirng chid'n thdng.
• Hinh anh oai hung dung manh cua ngudi anh hung Dam San.
Hoat dong 5
HUCING DAN DOC - HIEU CHI TIET
1. Hinh tugng nhan vat Dam San trong tran chid'n da'u vdi Mtao Mxay
- GV hdi: Trong tran danh nhau vdi tii trudng Sdt (Mtao Mxay), nhan vat
til trudng Dam San dugc kd' - ta qua nhiing chang - budc nao?
- HS tra ldi.
Dinh hudng: Qua 4 chang - budc:
+ Dam San de'n chan cdu thang nha ke thii, khidu chid'n, khfch cho Mxay
ra khdi nha, xud'ng danh nhau.
+ Canh 2 ngudi miia khidn.
+ Cdnh hai ngudi duoi nhau. Dam San dam khdng thiing diii Mtao vi hdn
ed giap sdt che chd.
+ Nhd dng trdi mach ke'. Dam San gie't dugc Mtao.
53
- GV chuyen ddn: Trong tran chid'n ddu va chid'n thdng ludn thay suf dd'i
lap giiia Dam San va Mtao Mxay. Vay sir dd'i lap ay da dugc the hien cu the
nhu the nao va nhdm muc dfch gi? Theo ddi va bd sung vao bang he thd'ng sau:
Dam San Mtao Mxay
a) - De'n tan chan cau thang khieu chien (chu - Ta nha Mxay giau cd, rdng rai, sang trpng
dpng); hinh anh cu the: dau san deo hinh trang, dau
cau thang deo hinh chim ngdi, cau thang rat
- Dung nhOng ldi noi khfch, du Mxay ra khoi
rdng bang la chieu).
nha, xuong da't danh nhau tay doi vdi minh
(thach dp dao; doa pha san, dot nha, coi khinh - Bi ddng, sp hai trudc Dam San, do du, rut re
ke thu khong bang con Ion, con trau, khong khdng dam xud'ng thang nhung van treu ttrc
them danh trpm luc Mxay dang di, dang xu6ng chang (tay ta 6m vg chung ta).
thang: rat tu tin, duong hoang).
- Sp Dam San danh bat ngd; budc phai di ra.
- Du dupe ke thu quye't dau vdi minh.
- Ta hinh dang Mtao Mxay dO ton va hung han
(so sanh ddc dao: dau nhu dau cu, guom ong
anh nhif cau vong), nhung lai tan ngan, do du.
b) - Canh mua khien trudc tran dau the hien - Lai bi khfch, cung qua tu tin vao ban than.
sure khoe, tai nang va ve dep dQng sT.
- Mua khien nhu trd choi, khien keu lach xach
- Khfch, thach Mxay mua trudc. nhu qua mudp khd (so sanh ddc dao), tu xem
minh la tudng quen danh tram tran, quen xeo
- Nhin rd tai nghe ke thu, tir tin the hien tai
nat dat dai thien ha (chu quan ngao man).
nang va sure khoe cua minh.
- Budc cao budc thap, chem trupt khoeo chan
- Mua khign vtra khoe vUa dep (vupt doi tranh,
ke thu, chi trung cai chao cdt trau.
doi 16 0, chay vun vut qua phia ddng, phfa tay).
- Chay, vUa chay vira chdng dd.
- Nhai dupe mieng trau cua vp - nang Ho Nhj,
siic khoe cang tang gap boi, miia khien cang
nhanh, cang manh, cang dep (nhir bao ldc, mua
tren cao, mua dudi thap, cay cdi chet rui, chdi
lam do' lan ldc; ba qua nui ran niirt, ba doi tranh
bat bay tung (sd 3).
- Dam vao ngudi Mtao Mxay nhung khdng

thung. Tha'm met, vCra chay vira ngu.
c) - Trong giac mo, dupe dng Trdi mach ke - Giap sat trd thanh vd dung vi chay mdn dam
dung chay mdn nem vao vanh tai ke thu la vao vanh tai (cho hiem).
dupe.
- Vung chay cung dudng, nga lan ra dat.
- BCrng tinh, lam theo, dudi Mtao Mxay quanh
- Gia ddi cau xin tha mang.
chudng Ipn, pha tan chuong Ipn, chudng trau,
ddn Mtao Mxay den nga lan quay ra dat. - Bi giet.
- Hoi tdi cudp vp, giet chet Mtao Mxay.
54
- HS cd the tra ldi eau hdi va thao ludn mdt sd vdn de dat ra:
+ Nhifng ldi ndi cua Dam San khi dd'n chan cdu thang nha Mtao Mxdy
nhdm muc dfch gl, chiing td dieu gi? Tai sao ngudi sang tac khdng ta chan
dung Dam San ma lai ta hinh dang ciia Mtao Mxay trUdc?
+ Qua nhifng ldi ndi va hanh ddng eiia Mtao Mxdy, ta thay hdn la mdt tu
trudng nhu thd' nao?
+ Canh hai ngudi mua khidn dugc dd'i ldp nhu the' nao? Vi sao Dam San
khdng miia trudc ma cii khfch de Mtao Mxay miia trude? Theo em, tai nghd
cua Mtao Mxay cd diing nhu ldi han tu khoe khoang hay khdng?
+ Chi tid't midng trdu cua Ho Nhi nem cho Mtao Mxay nhung lai lgt vao
midng Dam San ndi ldn dieu gi? Chi tid't Mtao chem trugt vao chao budc trau
ndi ldn 6i6u gi? '
+ Sau khi an trdu, siie khoe Dam San cang tang gap bdi. Chang miia khien
cang dep, cang manh, dudi ke thu cang nhanh, nhung vdn khdng thd' dam
thung ke thu. Vi sao? Y nghTa ciia chi tid't nay?
+ Chi tiet dng Trdi mach kd' cho Dam San ndi ldn dieu gi? (su gdn gui
giira eon ngudi va than linh)
+ Tdm lai, nhan xet eua em ve cugc chie'n dau va chid'n thdng cua Dam
San. (Cude chie'n da'u cd gay cam giac ghd rgn khdng? Sau khi giet chdt Mtao
Mxay, Dam San ed tan sat tdi td cua y, ed ddt pha nha cira, giay xeo dat dai
ciia ke bai tran khdng? Vay chang chie'n ddu nhdm rrjue dfch gi?)
(Het tiet 9, chuyen tiet 10)
2. Hinh tugng Dam San trong tide mirng chid'n thdng

- HS dgc lai doan cudi, sau khi ddn tdi td trd ve ban. Dam San sai md tide
an mirng thdng lgi.
- GV hdi: Trong ldi ndi cua Dam San vdi cac tdi td, ta thay chang la mdt
til trudng nhu thd' nao? Tai sao chang ra lenh danh ldn nhieu loai chidng cdng?
Vai trd ciia tie'ng chidng, tid'ng cong dd'i vdi ngudi E-dd?
- HS suy nghT, tra ldi.
Dinh hudng: Trong nhiing ldi ndi eiia Dam San vdi cac tdi td mdi cii, ta
tha'y chang rdt tu hao, tu tin, vi siic manh va su giau cd cua thi tdc minh.
55
Chang the hidn nidm vui ldn sau chid'n thdng bang each ra ldnh ndi nhidu loai
cdng chidng ldn, md tide to mdi tdt ed mgi ngudi an udng vui choi. Chidng,
cdng va am thanh eiia nd ed vai trd hd't sire lau ddi va quan trgng dd'i vdi ddng
bao E-dd ndi ridng, eac dan tdc thieu sd Tay Nguydn ndi chung. Nd the' hidn
su giau cd, sung tiic, sang trgng va siic manh ve dep cua tinh than va vat chat
cua thi tdc va tu trudng.
- GV hdi: Siic manh va ve dep dung manh eua tii trudng tre Dam San
dugc midu td qua nhung chi tid't, hinh anh cu the nao? Qua hinh anh Dam San,
con the hidn su khai quat nao cao rdng hom?
- HS kid'm tim, dung lai chan dung Dam San, phan tfch cac bidn phap
nghd thuat midu ta.
Dinh hudng: Hinh anh Dam San duge midu ta bdng cai nhin day ngudng
md cua nhan dan, tir bdn dudi nhin ldn sung kfnh, tu hao. Do la ve dep va siie
manh ciia ngudi anh himg, th^ hidn siic manh ciia ca thi tdc, su thd'ng nhat va
ni6m tin cua ea cdng ddng. Hinh anh nha Dam San an udng ddng vui, khach
tii trudng xa gdn deu than phuc, tdi td chat nfch. Giira mgi ngudi. Dam San
n6i bat ldn tdc dai chay ddy nong hoa, udng khdng bie't say, an khdng bidt no,
chuydn trd khdng bidt chdn. Chang diing sT anh hung Dam San hidn ldn trong
sir kham phuc, nggi ea eiia ca budn ban: nguc qudn cheo tdm men chid'n, ddi
mat long lanh, tran ddy siic trai, tid'ng tam lurng ldy. Nhiing hinh anh tir ca the
dugc phdng dai: bap chdn to bdng edy xd ngang, bdp dui to bdng dng bi, sdc
ngang sdc voi due, hoi thd dm dm nhu sdm day... ngang tang tii trong bung
me. Qua that dd la siic manh, ve dep cd phdn ed sa, hoang da, mdc mac, gian
di, gdn giii vdi niii rirng vdi tid'ng chidng cdng E-dd thdi cd dai.
Bang nhirng so sanh ddc dao, cu the, nhiing hd ngii, bdng gigng van trang
trgng, hao hung, sir thi ea nggi ngudi anh hung Dam San giiia cdng ddng thj
toe. Ngudi anh hung sir thi dugc cdng ddng tdn vinh tuyet ddi. Qua chid'n
thdng ciia mdt ca nhan anh hung cho thay su van dgng ljch sir ciia ca thi tdc.
Hoat dong 6
HUCING DAN TONG KET VA LUYEN TAP
1. - HS trinh bay nhirng dac sdc ve tu tudng - nghd thuat ciia doan trfch.
- GV nha'n manh:
+ Nhirng tinh cam cao ca nhdt thdi thiie Dam San chien da'u va chie'n
thdng ke thii: trgng danh du, gdn bd vdi hanh phiic gia dinh, thid't tha vdi cugc
sdng binh ydn, hanh phiic cua thj tdc.
56
+ Nghd thuat sir thi: gigng didu trang trgng, cham rai, eu the; sir dung
phep so sanh, phdng dai, liet kd, triing diep, la nhiing dac diem noi bat.
+ Tuy kd' ve didn bid'n tran danh ma vdn hudng v^ cugc sd'ng thinh vugng,
no du, giau cd, doan kd't, thd'ng nhat va ldn manh eiia cgng ddng thi tdc. Khat
vgng cua nhan dan giri gdm vao nhirng cude chid'n tranh ddng vai trd ba da
eiia ljch sir va ndi ldn tdm vdc ldn lao eua ngudi anh hung.
-I- Ngudi anh hung triim ldn tdt ea trong biic tranh hoanh trang trong Id an
mixng chid'n thdng. Su ldn lao ve hinh thd', tam vdc chid'n cdng nhu trum ldn tdt
ea thidn nhidn nhidn, vu tru, xa hdi, eon ngudi E-dd.
+ Do cung la khat vgng ciia ddng bao cae dan tdc Tay Nguydn ngay nay -
mdt Tay Nguyen giCfa long ddt nude va dan tdc giau manh, doan kd't, thd'ng
nha't, hod hgp dang la muc tidu ma ca nudc ta cimg ddng bao Tay Nguydn
vuon tdi.
2. Bdi tap ndng cao
- Bang so sanh:
Nhan vat / cac yeu to

Dam San Mtao Mxay
so sanh
Ldi ndi 1 - 1 3 : nhOng Idi thach thiic, khfch 1 - 7: nhOng Idi gia dd'i, hen
du, hoi, cau ciru dng Trdi... nhat, khoe me, van xin...
Cd chf Khdng nhuc nhfch Tan ngan, mdi budc mdi dan do.
Mua khidn trudc.
Hdnh ddng Rung khidn mua, xdc tdi, chay vun Mua mdt minh, khidn kdu lach
vut, lai mua, dSm vao ngudi Mxay, xach nhu qua mudp khd. Chay
ddp dupe mi^ng trau ciia Hd Nhi; budc cao budc tha'p, chem torpt
dudi, chdp chdy mdn, nem trung vao cai chao cdt trau, chay, tranh
vdnh tai Mxay; pha tan chudng Ipn, quanh chudng trau, nga lan quay
chudng trau, dam chd't Mxdy, cat dau ra da't.
y dem beu ngoai dudng
- Thai do va each danh gid eiia tac gia dan gian:

+ Vdi Dam San: kham phuc, sung kfnh, nggi ea.
+ Vdi Mtao Mxay: che' gidu, khinh bi.
57
3. Dgc kT ndi dung Tri thifc dgc - hii'u, tr. 40, bai dgc them De ddt de
nude, tr. 41 - 4 4 .
4. Cd the cho HS xem doan bang ve Id hdi cdng chidng.
5. Soan bai Uy-lit-xo trd ve.
Hifdng dan doc them b nha

DE OAT DE Na6C
(Trfch sir thi De ddt de nude)
GV bd trf thdi gian hudng ddn HS tu dgc them d nha theo 2 eau hdi trong
SGK, tr. 44.
Tiet 11
LAM VAN
VAN BAN VAN HOC
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

1. Kid'n thiie:
- Ndm duge mdt kieu van ban eu the la "van ban van hge".
- Nhan didn duge van ban van hge theo ca nghTa rgng va nghTa hep.
2. Tfch hgp vdi eac van ban van hge (hieu theo cd nghTa rdng va nghTa
hep) da hge.
3. KT nang: Nhan didn va phan tfch duge cac dac diem ridng cua "van ban
van hge" dd' budc ddu bie't dgc - hieu van ban van hge mdt each cd hidu qua.
B. Thiet ke bdi dqy hqc
Hoat dong 1
HINH T H A N H KHAI NIEM "VAN BAN VAN HOC"
- GV ydu edu HS tim hieu muc I trong SGK va tra ldi cac eau hdi:
1. Dua vao su hidu bidt eua em, hay ndu nhiing tdn ggi khac ciia van ban
van hoc.
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2. Ve mat y nghTa, van ban van hge dugc hieu theo may each, la nhirng
each nao?
1. Van ban van hge eon duge ggi la "van ban nghd thuat", "van ban van
chuang".
2. Cd hai each hieu la:
a) Theo nghTa rdng, van ban van hge bao gdm tat ed cac van ban sir dung
ngdn tir mdt each nghd thuat, cd hinh anh, nhjp didu, bieu hidn tinh cam ciia
ngudi vid't. Theo each hieu nay thi khdng ehi van ban tho, truydn, kjch..., ma
ea cac van ban chidu, cao, hjch, sir kf,... ddu cd the coi la van ban van hge ndu
ngdn tir ciia eac van ban ay ed tfnh nghe thuat.
b) Theo nghTa hep, van ban van hge ehi bao gdm cae sang tac cd hinh
tugng nghe thuat dugc xay dung bdng hu cdu nhu sir thi, truyen thuye't, eo
tfch, truydn ngdn, tieu thuyd't, kjch, tho, phii,...
- GV chdt: Trong pham vi eiia bai hge nay, ehiing ta ehi ehii yd'u tim hieu
van ban van hge theo nghTa hep, tiie la nhiing van ban viia ed ngdn tir nghd
thuat, vira ed hinh tugng nghd thuat.
Tham khao muc tir vdn bdn vd vdn bdn nghi thudt
Vdi nghTa rgng: 1. Ban ghi bdng chir vid't hoac chir in, mdt phat ngdn hoac
mdt thdng bdo ngdn tir (phan bidt vdi thue hidn phat ngdn hoac thdng bao dy
bdng ndi midng); 2. Phuong didn tri gide cam xiie eiia tac phdm dugc bidu dat
va ghi nhan bdng eac kf hieu ngdn ngir; 3. Dan vj nhd nha't tuang dd'i (ed tfnh
thd'ng nhdt tuang dd'i vd tfnh dde lap tuong dd'i) eua giao tid'p bdng ngdn tir.
Vdi nghTa hep: van ban tac pham van hge, mdt dang eiia "van ban nghd
thuat" ndi chung. Van ban la mdt chinh the nghTa, mdt khdi thd'ng nhdt cd to
chiic eua eac thanh to hgp thanh, mdt thdng bao ma tac gia (ngudi phat) giri
tdi ngudi dgc, ngudi xem (ngudi nhan). NghTa eua van ban duge xac djnh bdi
quan he ciia nd vdi thuc tai ngoai van ban vdi eac van ban khde, vdi tirng ea
nhan, vdi kf lie vd eac pham chat khac niia cua ngudi phat va ngudi nhan
thdng bao. Van ban thuc hidn ba ehiie nang chfnh: truyen thdng tin, chd' bid'n
thdng tin mdi va bao quan thdng tin (ghi nhd).
O miie cao nhdt, van ban nghd thuat thue hidn chuc nang sang tao, la
ngudn phat ngdn thdng tin mdi. Chiic nang "ngudn phat" cua van ban nghd
thudt bj quy djnh bdi tfnh phiie tap eiia quan he eiia nd vdi cac yd'u to khac
cua qua trinh giao tie'p va bdi eac dae diem eiia tii'ng loai hinh nghd thuat.
Quan he ngdn ngu - van ban trong he thd'ng nghd thuat vd'n mang tfnh bidn
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ehiing. Bdi vay, sir tid'p nhan thdng tin trong he thd'ng van ban nghd thuat
khdng bao gid don nghTa. Ngudi nhan bao gid cung d trong quan he ddng
sang tao vdi thdng bao duge nhan: anh ta phdi giai ma nd, tiic la chgn mgt ma
y nghTa thi'ch hgp hoac tham chf tao ra mdt ma mdi. Nhu vay hanh vi sang tao
didn ra va hoan tdt ea hai khau thdng tin (tfnh tfch cue eiia ngudi phat va tfnh
tfch cue cua ngirdi nhan). Tuy vay, d cac nen van hod khac nhau, tai cac thdi
diem ljch sir khac nhau, trgng lugng cua chiing ciing khac nhau. Vf du: cae
van ban nghd thuat truyen thd'ng vimg Can Ddng thudng dp chd' tfnh tfch cue
ciia ngudi nhan, trong khi 66, d eac van ban nghd thudt chau Au, ca ngudi
phat ldn ngudi nhdn ddu d trong quan he dd'i thoai.
Cdu triie ben trong eiia van ban nghd thuat la khdng thudn nha't: quy luat
ciia nd la mgt thii "trd choi" y nghTa, nd tao ra nhirng he thd'ng lap ma khde
nhau, cdu true cua nd mang tfnh dd'i thoai, tfnh da thanh (M. Ba-kha-tin),
nhung vdn giif duge tfnh thd'ng nhat, cau triic cua nd viia la cau triie ddng kfn
vira la edu triic md ngd.
Vdi tat ca tfnh ddc dao eua nd, van ban nghd thuat vdn budc phai thue
hidn chiic nang "phi nghd thuat" la truyen thdng tin. Do vay ma cd thd' "kd'
lai" ed't truydn mdt tac phdm nao dd, ed thd' djch van ban nghd thuat tir mdt
ngdn ngir eiia loai hinh nghd thuat nay sang ngdn ngii mdt loai hinh nghd
thuat khde (chuyen the tieu thuyd't sang didn dnh, san khdu, minh hoa sach,
chuyen the trudng ca sang miia bald,...). Chiic nang nay hoat ddng manh trong
van ban nghd thuat trdn thuat, yd'u trong van ban nghd thuat trii tinh va cd vai
trd dac bidt trong van hge chfnh luan, khoa hge vidn tudng...
Chiic nang ghi nhd dugc thue hidn nhu la quan he eiia van ban nghd thuat
vdi cdc truyen thd'ng van hod trude dd ("kf lie thd' loai" theo xac djnh ciia
Ba-kha-tin). Ve mat nay, van ban nghd thuat la chat lieu cho vide tai lap (gdn
van hod vdi cae giai doan trude, khdi phuc su diit doan truyen thd'ng). Do di
vao kf lie ciia van hoa, van ban nghd thuat khdng chi trd thanh djnh hudng
ljch sir ma cdn trd thanh djnh hudng dao diic cho su phat trien tinh thdn ciia
nhan loai, chirng ndo nd cdn giii dugc gia trj cao eiia thdng bao.
Cae tidu chuan gia trj cua van ban nghd thuat mang tfnh ljch sir va tfnh
dac thu vdi tirng ndn van hod, nhung cae tidu chudn ay khdng the cd lap vdi
nhau. Su tfch luy va tuomg tac eiia cac van ban nghd thuat, vide dieh va
chuyen ehiing trong he thd'ng eac nganh va cae ndn van hod khac nhau se giiip
vao vide lam giau cho van hod nghd thuat thd' gidi.
(Theo Le Ba Han - Tran Dinh Sir - Nguyin Khdc Phi (dong Chu bien)
TU dien thugt ngif vdn hoc, NXB Giao due. Ha Noi, 2004)
60
Hoat dong 2
TIM HIEU DAC DIEM CUA VAN BAN VAN HOC
- GV ydu edu HS tim hieu kT muc II trong SGK va tra ldi cae cau hdi:
1. Hay nhdc lai dae diem noi bat eua van ban van hge da dugc luu y a
Hoat ddng 1?
2. Phan tfch cac dac diem ciia van ban van hge.
- HS trao ddi, thao luan va trd Idi:
1. Dae diem ndi bat eiia van ban van hge la vira ed ngdn tir nghd thuat,
vira cd hinh tirgng nghd thuat.
2. Phan tfch eac dae diem:
a) Dac diem ve ngdn tir:
- Ngdn tir van hge ed tfnh nghd thuat va thdm mT.
- Ngdn tir van hge duge td chire dac bidt, ede ye'u to am thanh, tir ngii,
kieu eau,... ddu duge cai tao vd mat chiic nang de trd thdnh nhirng tfn hidu
thdm mT.
- Ngdn tir van hge khdng ehi thdng bao ve eac su vat, hidn tugng cu thd'
trong ddi sd'ng, ma quan trgng hom, nd giri tdi ngudi nhan mdt "thdng diep ve
tam hdn" khidn cho ngudi nhan xiie ddng va hudng thidn.
- Ngdn tir van hge ludn ed tfnh bieu tugng vd tfnh da nghTa.
Tham khao muc tir ngdn ngif vdn hge
Ngdn ngir mang tfnh nghd thuat duge dung trong van hge. Trong ngdn
ngii hge, thuat ngii nay ed y nghTa rdng hom, nhdm ehi mdt each bao quat cae
hidn tugng ngdn ngii duge diing mdt each ehuan muc trong cae van ban nha
nudc, trdn bao chf, ddi phat thanh, trong van hge va khoa hge.
Ngdn ngii la cdng eu, la chat lieu co ban eua van hge, vi vay van hge
duge ggi Id loai hinh nghd thuat ngdn tir. M. Go-ro-ki khang djnh "ngdn ngii
la yd'u to thii nha't eiia van hge".
Ngdn ngir nhan dan la cdi ngudn eua ngdn ngir van hge; dugc chgn lgc,
r-en giua qua lao dgng nghd thuat eiia nha van, dd'n lugt minh, nd lai gdp phdn
nang cao, lam phong phii ngdn ngii nhan dan.
Trong tac phdm, ngdn ngir van hge la mdt trong nhirng yd'u td quan trgng
thd' hidn ''ea tfnh sang tao, phong each, tai nang" eua nha van. Mdi nha van
ldn bao gid cung la tdm guang sang ve mat hieu bid't sau sdc ngdn ngif nhan
dan, cdn eu lao ddng de trau ddi ngdn ngii trong qua trinh sang tac.
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Tfnh chfnh xdc, tfnh ham sue, tfnh da nghTa, tfnh tao hinh va bidu edm la
nhu'ng thudc tfnh ciia ngdn ngir van hge. Can eii chii ye'u de phan bidt ngdn
ngii van hge vdi eac hinh thai eiia hoat ddng ngdn ngir chfnh la d chd, ngdn
ngir van hge la hinh thai hoat ddng ngdn ngii mang y nghTa thdm mT. Nd duge
sir dung de phuc vu nhiem vu trung tam la xay dung "hinh tugng van hge" va
giao tiep nghd thuat. Vi vay, tfnh hinh tugng, tfnh tham mT la thugc tfnh ban
chdt, xuydn thdm vao mgi thudc tfnh khac, quy djnh nhiing thudc tfnh ay.
Nhung thudc tfnh chung trdn day bieu hidn qua cac "the loai van hge" vdi
nhirng sdc thai khac nhau. Ngdn ngir cua cae tac phdm trii tinh la ngdn ngu
dugc to chiic trdn ca sd nhjp didu, he't siie ed dgng, ham siic va dac bidt ggi
cam. Ngdn ngir tac pham kjch la ngdn ngir cac nhan vat dugc cau triic qua he
thdng dd'i thoai va gdn gui vdi tid'ng ndi thdng thudng cua nhan dan. Ngdn
ngir CLia cae tac phdm tu su cung nhu ngdn ngii tac pham kjch la ngdn ngif da
dang, ngdn ngif cua nhieu tfnh each. Song, su khac bidt quan trgng giiia ngdn
ngir tac pham kjch vdi ngdn ngif tac phdm tu sir chfnh la d chd, trong tac
pham tu su, ngdn ngir "ngudi ke chuydn" giii vai trd quyd't djnh dd'i vdi toan
bd edu triic ngdn ngir eiia tac pham.
(Theo Le Ba Han - Tran Dinh Sir - Nguyin Khdc Phi (dong Chu bien),
Tit dien thugt ngu van hoc, sdd)
b) Dae diem ve hinh tugng:
- Hinh tugng van hge ehi tdn tai trong trf tudng tugng eiia ngudi nhan, dd
la nhiing "hinh anh" ve cude sd'ng da dugc nha van tai tao bdng hu cau, tudng
tugng; nd ed tfnh khdi quat va tfnh cam xuc.
- Hinh tugng van hge la mdt phucmg tidn giao tid'p dae bidt, thdng qua
cam xiic, nd ed the hinh thanh d ngudi dgc mdt nhan sinh quan, mdt the gidi
quan mdi va mdt khat vgng hudng thidn nhat djnh. Vi vay, dgc - hieu van ban
van hge thuc chdt la qua trinh giao tid'p giira ngudi dgc va tdc gia.
Tham khao muc tir hinh tugng nghi thudt
San pham cua phuomg thiie chidm ITnh, the hidn va tai tao hidn thuc theo
quy luat eua tudng tugng, hu cau nghd thuat.
Nghd sT sang tao ra tac pham la de nhan thue va cdt nghTa ddi sd'ng, thd'
hidn tu tudng va tinh cam eua minh, giiip eon ngudi the nghidm y vi eiia cude
ddi va ITnh hdi mgi quan he ed y nghTa mudn mau mudn ve eiia ban than va
thd' gidi xung quanh. Nhung khac vdi cae nha khoa hge, nghd sT khdng didn
dat true tid'p y nghT va tinh cam bang nhifng khai nidm triru tugng, bdng dinh
If, cdng thiic ma bdng hinh tugng, nghTa la lam sd'ng lai mdt each eu the va
62
ggi cam nhiing su vide, nhifng hidn tugng dang lam ta suy nghT vd tfnh each
va so phan, ve tinh ddi, tinh ngudi qua mdt chat lieu eu the.
Nhu vay, hinh tugng nghd thuat chfnh la eac khach the ddi sd'ng duge
nghd sT tai hidn bdng tudng tugng sang tao trong nhifng tac pham nghd thudt.
Gia trj true quan dde lap la dae diem quan trgng cua hinh tugng nghd thuat.
Bdng cha't lieu eu the, nd lam cho ngudi ta cd the ngdm nghfa, thudng ngoan,
tudng tugng. Dd cd the la mdt dd vat, mdt phong cdnh thidn nhidn hay mdt sir
kidn xa hdi dugc cam nhan. Hinh tugng ed the tdn tai qua chat lieu vat chat,
nhung gia trj ciia nd la d phuomg didn tinh than. Nhung ndi tdi hinh tugng
nghd thuat ngudi ta thudng nghT tdi hinh tugng con ngudi, bao gdm ca hinh
tugng mdt tap the ngudi (nhu hinh tugng nhan dan hoac hinh tugng Td qud'c)
vdi nhiing chi tid't bieu hidn cam tfnh phong phii.
De'n vdi nghd thuat, ta nhu duge chiing kid'n, dugc sd'ng cugc sd'ng trong
tac pham, ta ghi nhd Chf Pheo vi edi mat ldn dgc ldn ngang ddy nhifng seo eiia
hdn, vi "bao gid cung the, eii rugu xong la hdn chiri", vi each udng ciia hdn, vi
nhung cugc rach mat an va, vi "mdi tinh" eiia hdn vdi Thj Nd, vi ndi budn khi
tinh rugu va cugc tra thu ddm mau.
Hinh tugng nghd thuat tai hidn ddi sd'ng, nhung khdng phai sao chep y
nguydn nhifng hien tugng ed that, ma la tai hidn cd chgn lgc, sang tao thdng
qua trf tudng tugng va tai nang eiia nghd sT, sao cho cae hinh tugng truydn lai
duge an tugng sau sdc, tirng lam cho nghd sT day diit, tran trd cho ngu'di khac.
Hinh tugng nghd thuat vira ed gia trj the hidn nhifng net eu the, ea biet khdng
lap lai, lai vira cd kha nang khai quat, lam bgc Id dugc ban chat eua mdt loai
ngudi hay mdt qua trinh ddi sd'ng theo quan niem eiia nghd sT. Hinh tugng
nghd thuat khdng phdi phan anh eac khach the thuc tai tu nd, ma the hidn toan
bd quan nidm va cam xiic sd'ng ddng eiia chu the dd'i vdi thuc tai. Ngudi dgc
khdng chi thudng thiic "biic tranh" hidn thue, ma cdn ^^^hudng thifc cd net ve,
sdc mau, ea nu cudi, sir suy tu dn trong biic tranh ay. Hinh tugng nghd thuat
the hidn tap trung cac gid trj nhan hge va tham mT eiia nghe thuat.
Vi nhifng le tren, eau triic ciia hinh tugng nghd thuat bao gid cung la sir
thdng nha't cao do giiia cac mat dd'i lap: chu quan va khach quan. If trf va tinh
cam, ca bidt va khai quat, hidn thue va If tudng, tao hinh va bieu hidn, hiru
hinh va vd hinh. Va cung chfnh vi nhimg le trdn, hinh tugng cdn la mgt quan
he xa hdi - thdm mT vd ciing phiic tap. Trudc hd't la quan he giiia eac yd'u to va
chinh thd' cua biic tranh ddi sd'ng dugc tai hidn qua hinh tugng. Thii dd'n la
quan he giiia thd' gidi nghd thuat vdi thuc tai ma nd phan anh. Ve phuang didn
nay, hinh tugng khdng ehi tdi hidn ddi sd'ng ma cdn cai bid'n nd dd tao ra mdt
63
the gidi mdi, chua tirng cd trong hidn thue. Dd eon la quan he giira tac gia vdi
hinh tugng, vdi cude sd'ng trong tdc pham. Mdt mat, hinh tugng la hinh thiic,
la kf hidu cua mdt tu tudng, tinh cam, mdt ngi dung nhdt djnh, la sdn phdm
sang tao eiia nghd sT. Mat khac, hinh tugng lai la mgt khach the tinh than ed
cude sd'ng ridng, khdng phu thudc vao y mud'n cua tac gia. Va cudi cung la
quan he giiia tac gia, tac phdm vdi cdng chung ciia nghe thuat, giiia hinh
tugng vdi ngdn ngii eua mdt nen van hod.
Mdi mgt loai hinh nghd thuat sir dung mdt loai chat lieu ridng bidt de xdy
dung hinh tugng. Chat lieu ciia hdi hoa la dudng net, mau sdc, cua kid'n triic la
mang khdi, cua am nhae la giai didu, am thanh. Van hge lay ngdn tir lam chat
lieu. Hinh tugng nghd thuat la hinh tugng ngdn tir.
(Theo Le Bd Han - Trdn Dinh Sir - Nguyin Khdc Phi (ddng Chii bien),
TM" die'n thugt ngU vdn hge, sdd)
Hoat dong 3
HU(!JNG DAN LUYEN TAP
1. Bai tap 1
a) Van ban van hge hilu theo nghTa rdng:
- Chii'u ddi dd eiia Li Cdng Udn.
- Hich tudng si eiia Trdn Qudc Tudn.
- Y nghia vdn chuong cua Hoai Thanh,...
b) Van ban van hge hieu theo nghTa hep:
- Lang leSa Pa eua Nguydn Thanh Long.
- Chiic Id eudi cung cua O Hen-ri.
- Sdng cua Xuan Quynh,...
e) So sanh:
- Gidng nhau: Ngdn tir eua ca hai loai van ban tren ddu cd hirth anh, cd
tfnh bieu cam va cd tfnh nghd thuat.
- Khac nhau:
-I- Nhdm a ndi dd'n nhiing su vide, sir kidn, hidn tugng, eon ngudi cd that
trong ddi sd'ng.
+ Nhdm b da tai tao mdt ddi sd'ng khac bdng hu edu va tudng tugng.
2. GV hudng ddn HS tu lam cae bai tap 2, 3, 4.
3. Bai tap 5: Tai sao ed the ndi hinh tugng van hge la mdt thdng didp?
64
Ggn y trd ldi: Ndi hinh tugng vm hge la mdt thdng diep, vi:
- Hinh tugng van hge cd chiic nang truyen thdng tin, tiic la thdng bao cho
ngudi dgc hieu bid't ve mdt mang hidn thue nao dd trong ddi sd'ng.
- Ddng thdi vdi nhirng "hidu bid't" ay, ngudi dgc cdn hinh thdnh cae cam
xiie tham mT de "ddng sang tao" vdi tac gia.
- Nhifng hieu bid't ma ngudi dgc cd dugc thudng la nhifng didu mdi me,
tham chf chua tirng gap trong ddi sd'ng hdng ngay.
Tdm lai, hinh tugng van hge khdng chi cung cap hidu bid't, ma cdn hinh
thanh cam xuc va thai do cho ngudi dgc, giiip ngudi dgc ed them long ham
sd'ng, ham ydu, ham hanh ddng...; vi vay ed the ndi chfnh xac hom, hinh tugng
van hge la mdt thdng diep vd tam hdn.
TIET 12
LAM VAN
BAI VIET SO 1
(Chgn mdt trong sau kieu van ban)
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

- On tap va cung ed lai cac kieu van ban da hge: midu ta, tu su, bieu cam,
thuyd't minh, lap luan, dieu hdnh.
- HS bid't van dung vd'n sd'ng, tri thiie, kieu van ban de vie't bai van.
Hoat dong 1
LUA CHON DE BAI
- GV hudng ddn HS tim hieu eac de bai trong SGK:
De 1: Hay tudng tugng minh la Dam San de kd' lai tran danh Mtao Mxdy.
De 2: Vid't bai van ta quang canh nha tii trudng Dam Saii sau khi chid'n
thdng Mtao Mxay.
De 3: Cam nghT ciia anh (chj) vd ve dep cua mdt nhan vat van hge ma anh
(chj) ydu thfch.
5- TKBGNGLt VAN 10/1 (NC)-A g g

De 4: Viet bai thuye't minh ve bd phan van hge dan gian Vidt Nam vOi
doan hge sinh nudc ngoai dd'n tham trudng.
De 5: Anh (chj) hay gidi thfch va lam sang td y nghTa eiia eau ngan ngif
Hi Lap: "Hge van cd nhifng chiim rd ddng cay nhung hoa qua lai nggt ngao".
De 6: Sau hai tudn ddu nam hge. Ban Giam hieu nha trudng mud'n bid't ve
tinh hinh cua ldp. Anh (chj) hay thay mat ldp vid't mdt van ban de thuc hidn
ydu cdu dd.
- GV dua vao cae ggi y cho tirng de trong SGV de djnh hudng cho HS
lua chgn de phii hgp.
Hoat dong 2
THAM KHAO MOT DE CU THE
- Lua chgn de 3: "Cam nghT eua anh (chj) ve ve dep eua mgt nhan vat van
hge ma anh (chi) ydu thfch.
- Ggi y tham khao: Ve dep eiia nhan vat cd gai trong truydn ngdn Lang le
Sa Pa ciia Nguydn Thanh Long.
Dii chi thoang qua tdc pham, nhung nhan vat cd gai cung dii neo bam lau
ben trong tam trf ngudi dgc. Mdt cd gai thanh thj, ed hge thiic ldn ddu tidn di
xa va da tirng trai qua mdt "mdi tinh nhat nheo". Tdm lai, ed khdng cdn ngay
tho nhu mdt ed gai mdi ldn, nhung cung chua tirng trai dd'n do lgc ldi. Cd
dang d do tuoi quan sat, suy ngdm dd' trudng thanh. Ma mud'n trudng thanh,
nhdt thid't ed phai tu lam mdi duge cam xiie eiia minh, chang han khdng phai
tat ea eon trai trong cai bien ddi mdnh mdng vd thudng nay ddu "nhat nheo"
de ed dirng dung va that vgng, khdng phai cude ddi cii trdng phd ra nhu nhirng
gi ed da bid't.
Ldn ddu tidn nghe bac lai xe ndi dd'n ngudi thanh nidn "cd dgc nha't thd'
gian" (nhan vat chang trai), ed gai "bat giac dd mat ldn". Cai dd mat "dj irng"
vdi con trai hay dd mat vi hdi hop, td md? Cd le ca hai. Khi chang trai xuat
hidn, cd gai "vfu chat vao vai" nha hoa sT gia "nira vi td md, nira de tu vd de
chdng lai mdt cdi gi dd". Cai ma cd gai mud'n "chdng lai" d day chi'nh la mdt
phan ling ban nang trudc ngudi la khdc gidi eiia tdt cd nhirng ed gdi cd hieu
bid't va tu trgng ndi chung, ddng thdi cung la su cdnh giac trudc nhifng "ldi
dudng mat" cua mdt vu lira dao mdi (nd'u ed) dd'i vdi nhan vat ed gdi ndi
ridng. Cd the, cd gai khdng chi bd lai ddng sau mdt "mdi tinh nhat nheo", ma
cdn hom mdt ldn gap phai nhirng ga trai ddm dang, deo md va trdng rdng?
66 . S-TKBGNGCfVANlo/l(NC).B

Cd mdt doan van dang xe'p vao "chie'u" tuyet but: "... diing trong mdy mil
ngang tdm vdi chie'c edu vdng kia, bdng nhidn lai gap hoa dan, hoa thuge
duge, vang, ti'm, dd, hdng phdn, td ong... ngay liic dudi kia la miia he...". Chao
di, giifa cai canh bdng lai tuyet mT "dot ngdt" hidn ra nhu the, ehi cd nhirng cd
gai nao trdn cdi ddi nay khdng hanh xir nhu ed gai kT su "qudn mat e Id, cd
chay dd'n ben ngudi con trai dang cdt hoa" thi mdi la chuydn la! Theo tdi,
doan tuyet biit nay chfnh la cai "dinh" ddng vao cam xiic ciia nhan vat ed gai
ndi ridng, ngudi dgc ndi chung. Dd'i vdi cd gai, cai "dinh" nay chdc chan da
gay ra trong cd mdt "chdn ddng cam xiie" ehua tirng ed va ed cung ehUa tiing
gap bao gid, ft nha't la cho de'n thdi diem nay. Nd cd sii mdnh lam cai "ngdi
no" cho mdt "mdi tinh set ddnh" ngdu nhidn ma tdt yd'u, tinh cd ma la quy
luat trong ddi sd'ng tinh cam ciia eon ngudi. Nd'u ban chdt ciia cude sd'ng, eu
thd' hgn la ban chdt trong mdi quan he giifa eon ngudi vdi con ngudi, xet cho
cung ehi la nhifng cude gap gd tinh ed thi trong thue td' cifng cd ba bay cai
tinh ed khac nhau. Cd cai tinh ed chim vao qudn lang vd cung cd cai tinh ed
trd ndn vTnh cim. O day, ed gai tinh ed gap chang trai dd' biing nd mdt cam
xiie mdi la va vd gia: "Cd phai cai cam giac bang lioang, dang le ed phai bid't
khi ed ydu, bay gid ed mdi bid't, giiip ed danh gia diing hon mdi tinh nhat
nheo ma cd da bd, vd ydn tam hon vd quyd't dinh ciia minh?". NghTa la trong
cude ddi eiia minh, ed gai tirng ed mgt ki nidm budn, dd la mdt ldn -that tinh!
Dd'i vdi mdt ed gai ed hge van, cd long tu tdn thi that tinh (nhdt la vdi mdt
ngudi ydu khdng xiing dang) la mdt vdt thuang tam hdn am i, dai dang va am
anh sudt ddi; do dd cd gdi se rat khd khan khi dd'n vdi mdt tinh ydu khac bdng
tat ca su hdn nhien, -trong treo nhu thud ban ddu. Thd' ma cugc gap gd vdi
chang trai dudng nhu da tra lai cho ed gai tat ea nhiing gi da mat, trong do cd
niem tin vao cude sdng: "... va ydn tam hom vd quyd't djnh eiia minh". Hem ed
vide lay lai nidm tin, cd gai cdn tim thay d chang trai mdt "mdn ng" an tinh
ma luang tdm da mach bao cd rdng hay tu nguydn den dap: "Mdt an tugng
ham on khd ta dat ldn trong long cd gai. Khdng phdi chi vi bd hoa rat to se di
theo cd trong chuye'n di thii nhat ra ddi, ma cdn vi mdt bd hoa nao khac nifa,
bd hoa eua nhirng hao hire va mo mdng ngdu nhidn anh chO' thdm cd. Va vi
mdt cai gi 66 niia ma liic nay cd chua kjp nghT kT". Ban chat dfch thue eiia
tinh ydu chfnh la sir xdc lap gia trj cho nhau. Khi anh-cdn em dd'n miie khdng
ai cd the thay thd' cho em thi anh chan thanh ydu em. Va nguge lai, khi em
cdn anh dd'n miie khdng ai ed the thay thd' cho anh thi em chan thanh ydu anh.
Khi ehiing ta ydu nhau tiic la ehiing ta xac lap cho nhau mdt "gia trj" ma
khdng ai ed the thay the va do 66 mdi ngUdi phai tu phan dau de xiing dang
67
vdi cdi gid trj dy. Hon nifa, tinh ydu vd'n la bd mat tinh thdn dien hinh cua con
ngudi va chi eon ngudi mdi cd. Cho ndn ngay trong tinh ydu da bao ham ca
long bid't on, y thuc trach nhidm. Nhd the tinh ydu, cho du la d phuomg trdi
nao, thdi dai nao, cung cd siie manh ddi non lap bien. Khdng cd siic manh dy
thi nd chi la thii nguy tinh ydu! Ndi each khac, ed gai da ydu chang trai ngay
trong cdi khoanh khdc ma cd bat giac "d" ldn mdt tid'ng ngd ngang giifa cai
"vudn dja dang" d do cao "hai nghin sau tram met trdn mat bien"! Cd gai da
ydu va "loay hoay tim trong tui xach" mdt "cai gi tang lai anh ta... Mdt cai
cdn con gi rdi ra cd the bie'n thanh mdt chiit xfu dju dang, mgt chiit xfu difng
cam trong cugc sd'ng cua anh ta?".
Cudi eiing thi chang trai da that tha tra lai cd gai cai khan miii soa, mdn
qua tang duy nhdt ma cd cd thd' cd dugc va cd da cd y "vo trdn cap giiia cudn
sach" de tang anh. Cdthe su "that tha" cua chang trai se cdn di theo cd gai
trdn khdp cac neo dudng ddi, de dd'n mdt liic nao 66, cd se dd mat mim cudi
mdt minh, ngdm nghT: "Hanh phiic bid't bao, khi trong cugc ddi nay, ta tirng
gap duge mdt eon ngudi da cho ta nhifng cam xiic nggt ngao ciia mdt tinh ydu
thanh thidn!...".
68
TUAW4
Tiet 1 3 - 1 4
VAN HOC
UY-LIT-XO T R 6 VE
(Trich su thi 0-di-xi)
HO-ME-RO
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

L Kid'n thdc - tu tudmg: Ve dep trf tue va khat khao hanh phiie eiia ngudi
Hi Lap ed dai qua canh doan tu vg chong sau hai muoi nam xa each. Trf tud
va tinh ydu chung thuy la hai pham chat cao dep cua nhan vat trong sir thi.
Phan tfch. If giai didn bid'n tam If cac nhan vat qua cac dd'i thoai trong canh
gap mat, tir dd hieu duge mdt sd dac diem cua nghd thuat sir thi: each midu ta
ti mi, so sanh md rdng, giau hinh anh, nhjp didu ke chuydn cham rai, djnh ngii
nghe thuat phong phii, dd'i thoai bdng nhu'ng doan thuye't If dai (tri hoan sir
thi), tinh hudng mang kjch tfnh ...
Tinh cam gia dinh, qud huong la mdt trong nhiing ddng lire va siie manh
giiip con ngudi vugt qua mgi khd khan.
2. KT nang: phan tfch nhan vat (didn bid'n tam If qua dd'i thoai).

- Ban djch I-li-dt va O-di-xi eiia Phan Thi Mien (1983).
- 2 biic anh, tranh phdng to tir SGK, phdng to ban 66 hanh trinh trd ve
ciia Uy-lft-xa (SGV, tr. 70).
C. Thiet ke bai dqy hqc
Hoat dong 1
TO CHC/C KIEM TRA BAI CU
(Hinh thCfc: van dap)
1. Ndu mgt vai dac diem nghd thuat eua the loai nay qua sir thi Ddm Sdn
(v6 quy md tac phdm, the van, nhan vat, each ke, ldi ke, ngdn ngii,...).
69
2. Vi sao khdng the xd'p Truyin An Duong Vifong vd Mi Chdu - Trgng

Thuy vao the loai sir thi?
Hoat dong 2
DAN v A o BAI M 6 I
- Tfch hgp - lidn he vdi sir thi Ddm Sdn vira hge d tudn 3.
- Tir cac nen van minh ed dai the gidi (Hi Lap, Ai cap. An Do, Trung
Hoa); Mdt trong nhifng thanh tuu chdi sang cua van hge Hi Lap co dai la
hai ban sir thi anh hung ea I-li-dt va O-di-xi eua Hd-me-ra - nha tha mii, cha
de eiia thi ea Hi Lap eo dai. Doan trfch hge riit tir khiic ca XXIII ciia sir thi
O-di-xi.
- Cho HS xem 2 tap sir thi, hoac chidu trdn man hinh.
Hoat dong 3
GICII THIEU K H A I Q U A T T A C G I A , TAC PHAM,
DOAN TRICH VA D p c - KE, TIM HIEU BO CUC
1. Tac gia Hd-me-ra
- HS dgc doan 1 Tieu ddn.
- GV bo sung: Van dd Hd-me-ra: 2 ludng y kid'n chua hoan toan thd'ng
nhat:
-I- Hd-me-ra la mdt det (ea sT hat rong) - nha tha mil ed that; 11 thanh phd
Hi Lap deu tu nhan la qud huang eua Hd-me-ra.
+ Hd-me-ra chi la edi tdn do ngudi ddi sau tudng tugng ra. Tac gia eua 2
ban sir thi la tap the nhan dan Hi Lap eo dai.
2. Sir thi O-di-xi
- HS ke lai tdm tat theo doan 2 Tieu ddn.
- GV md rdng va nha'n manh:
-I- Gidi thidu mdi quan he tid'p nd'i vdi I-li-dt - ban anh hiing ea chid'n tran
To-roa, ma nhan vat chfnh Uy-lft-xo (anh hung Hi Lap) ddng vai trd quan
trgng.
+ The loai: sir thi anh hung ea (nhu Ddm Sdn); thd' van: tha, dd'i thoai giifa
eac nhan vat, ldi ke cham rai, trang trgng, ddy hinh anh.
-I- Chii de: bai ea lao dgng, hod binh, the hidn cugc sd'ng va ma udc eiia
ngudi Hi Lap co dai trong cdng cude ehinh phuc thidn nhidn, md da't, kham
phd bidn ed, xay dung hanh phiic gia dinh,...
70
Nhan de tac pham (mdt each ggi khac eiia tdn nhan vat chfnh: Uy-lft-xo).
Nhan de doan trfch (do ngudi bien soan SGK dat) mang y nghTa tuong ddi
rdng; vi thuc td' Me dy Uy-lft-xa da d nha minh.
3. Doan trfch Uy-lit-xo trd ve
- HS dgc doan in chif nhd va chir nghidng d ddu van ban.
- GV ndi ldi ddn, lam sang rd mach truydn.
* Dgc - ke
Cd the chgn hai each dgc: dgc didn cam va dgc phan vai (chii y vai ngudi
ke chuydn); gigng, nhjp dgc (nhin chung): cham rai, trang trgng (trir may eau
ndi cua nhan vat Td-ld-mac).
- GV phan vai, theo ddi va nhan xet each dgc (chii y each dgc chfnh xac
tdn ridng cac nhan vat).
- HS ke tdm tdt ndi dung doan trfch trdn co sd tim hieu bd cue, mach
truyen.
* Bd cue: cd the eg nhifng each phan doan khac nhau, midn la hgp If. O
day, chgn each chia 2 doan:
-I- Nhii mdu bao tin, Pd-nd-ld'p khdng tin nhung vdn xud'ng nha. Td-ld-mac
trach me tan nhdn. Uy-lft-xa giuc mgi ngudi tdm rira.
+ Pd-nd-ld'p thir thach ngudi hanh khat tai gidi va nhan ra chdng minh.
Hoat dong 4
HUCJNG DAN DOC - HIEU CHI TIET
Liru y ve PPDH:
- Cd the hifdng ddn dgc - hieu theo trinh tU ede edu hdi trong SGK.
• - Cung ed the theo ede nhdn vdt ehinh (trong mdi quan hi vdi nhau vd
vdi ede nhdn vdt phu. Dudi ddy, trinh bdy theo hudng thu hai).
\. Nhan vat Pd-nd-ld'p
- GV hdi: Ngay cau dau doan trfch - va sau dd nhieu ldn niia, khi gidi
thidu nhdn vdt Pd-nd-ld'p, deu kem theo tir nao, chi cai gi ciia ai? Dac tfnh
nay se dugc bieu hidn nhu the' nao trong tirng cau ndi va each iing xir cua
Pd-ne-ldp?
- HS phat hidn, giai thfch.
71
Dinh hudng:
+ Tir than trgng (cd ban dieh la khdn ngoan) khdng chi hanh dgng ma ehi
tfnh chat, mdt trong nhifng dac tfnh ndi bat ciia ngudi vg Uy-lft-xa. Chfnh vi
than trgng, khdn ngoan, nghj lue va muu trf ma nang da ed thd chd dgi chdng
20 nam trdi, chdng lai duge su quay nhidu ciia 108 tdn edu hdn (bdng muu ke
ddt ta'm khan mai mai ehua hoan thanh).
-I- Luu y, mat khde day ciing la mdt bidn phap nghd thuat pho bid'n cua the
loai sir thi: thudng gan vdi mdi nhan vat mdt dae diem noi bat nao dd, vf du:
Uy-lft-xa trf xao, A-sin chay nhanh nhu gid, Hd-ra mdt bd cai, Thdn Ddt ddn
may mu, mang khien da,...).
- GV ndu van de: Tai sao rat nhd chdng, mong chdng ma khi duge bao
tin Uy-lft-xa da trd vd, Pd-nd-ld'p lai rat ddi phan van, nang khdng tin nhfrng
ldi eiia nhii mdu, cung chua tin ngudi hanh khat vira chid'n thdng bgn cdu hdn,
giai thoat cho nang, chfnh la chang Uy-lft-xa cua nang?
- HS phan tfch, giai thfch, thao luan, phat bieu, can cii vao hai ldi thoai va
cir ehi, hanh ddng cua Pd-nd-ld'p.
Dinh hudng:
Mdng rd cudng cudng nhitng khdng vgi tin ngay, tfnh than trgng, khdn
ngoan va thuc td' da khid'n Pd-nd-ld'p khdng the vdi vang, ndn ndng tin ngay
khi nghe nhu mdu bao tin Uy-lft-xa da trd vd va vita trimg trj bgn cdu hdn.
Nang cho rdng Uy-lft-xa da chd't noi da't khach qud ngudi. Va ciiu tinh ciia
nang va gia dinh la mdt vj thdn da vi sir bdt cdng, vi cdng If ma ra tay thdi.
Cau tra ldi cua Pd-nd-ld'p ehiing td sir tinh tdo, khdn ngoan ay.
Nhung chfnh eau tra ldi ay khid'n nhii mdu cang thdm ndng long. Ba ta da
dua ra nhiing ddn chiing chiing minh hd't siie ridng bidt va eu the (vet seo d
chan Uy-lft-xa) va ldi the thdt, danh cude trang nghidm bdng ea tfnh mdnh
minh, bdng ed sir kfnh trgng eua mdt ngudi ddy td trung thdrji vdi ca hai vg
chdng chu nhan - cung vdn ehua lay chuyen duge su nghi ngd cua Pd-nd-ld'p.
Nang vdn khdng tin, vdn phdn vdn, vdn cho dd ehi la phep that huyen bf ciia
eac vj thdn linh bdt tir.
Tuy nhidn, nang vdn quyd't djnh xud'ng gac, dd'n tan nai dd quan sat va
xem xet eon ngudi va su vide vira xay ra.
Doan van ta canh Pd-nd-ld'p gap mat ngudi hanh khdt chid'n thdng bde Id
tam trang cang rdt doi phdn vdn cua nang (khdng bid't diing xa hay tien lai
gdn; liing tiing trong each iing xir, trong dang didu, cir chi): Ngdi ldng thinh
72

trin ghi', ddm ddm ngdm nhin Uy-lit-xo, long ddy nghi hodc: Ddy Id ngUdi
hdnh khdt? Ddy Id chdng minh? Ddy Id vi thdn dang giup dd minh hay dang
muu tinh lifa ggt minh? Ngdn ngang trong long ndng nlufng y nghinhU vdy va
chinh Slf than trgng khii'n ndng ehita thi' ed thdi do rd rdng, eiing eliUa the
edm on ngudi khdch. md ehi cd the ngdm nhin, ldng yen vd quan sdt.
(Hei tiet 13, chuyen tiet 14)
- GV hdi tid'p: Qua ldi trach me va qua eau tra ldi cha, ta tha'y Td-ld-mac
la ngudi nhu thd' nao? Qua cau trd ldi eiia Pd-ld-nd'p, ta cdn thay thdm dieu gi
trong tfnh each cua nang?
- HS phan tfch, khai quat.
Dinh hudng:
Td-ld-mac la mdt dira con ngoan, mgt chang trai dung cam tre tudi, ndng
nay va bde true nhung vd eiing kfnh trgng cha me. Ldi trach me va eau tra ldi
cha cua chang chifng td dieu dd.
Cdn tam trang cua Pd-nd-ld'p? Nang cdng phdn vdn cao do vd xiie dgng
dif dgi:
+ Nd'u ngudi 66 dfch thuc la chdng thi tai sao dng khdng ndi ra?
+ Tai sao dng lai phai gia lam hanh khat?
Tai sao khi gie't hd't va danh dudi bgn cdu hdn rdi, dng vdn khdng chiu tu
ndi ra than phan ciia minh? Chfnh vi chua tra ldi dugc nhifng ban khoan thac
mdc dd ma Pd-nd-ld'p cang thdm kinh ngae qua chirng, dd'n miie khdng sao ndi
dugc mdt ldi, dd'n miie khdng dam nhin thang vao mat ngudi ddi dien.
Cau ndi tin chdc cha me se nhdn duge nhau dd dang vi ea cha me ed
nhifng ddu hidu ridng... khdng ehi nhdm vao Td-ld-mac ma da cd y thir ngudi
hanh khdt, lai chifng minh thdm sir khdn ngoan, than trgng cua ngudi vg tirng
trai qua bao thir thach.
- GV hdi tid'p: Tai sao khi Uy-lft-xa tir phdng tdm ra, dep nhu mgt vj thdn
ma Pd-nd-ld'p cung vdn khdng nhan ra chdng? Nang da tim each thu" thach
chdng nhu thd' nao?
- HS phat hien. If giai, phat bieu.
Dinh hudng:
Tam trang eiia Pd-nd-ld'p khi nhin thdy Uy-lft-xa tir phdng tdm di ra dep
nhu mdt vj thdn, cd le cang lam nang ngae nhidn hon. Nhung nang da chii
tdm, quyd't djnh thir thdeh ngudi khach theo chu y ciia nang.
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Y dinh thir thach dugc trinh bay that te nhj. Nang khdng ndi true tid'p vdi
LH-h't-xo ma noi qua con trai (cdn Uy-lft xo cung te nhj qua eon trai dd' ndi
vdi vg minh. chang mim eudi chap nhan thir thach vi tu tin vao trf tud hon
ngudi eiia minh va se ndm chdc phdn thdng). Cau tra ldi eua Pd-ne-ldp mdt ldn
niia ehiing minh nang rat tinh tao, rat khdn ngoan, nhu la tinh cd, rdt tu nhidn
va hgp If. vid't cau ndi ed ve gian ddi, trach mdc cua Uy-lft-xa dd' ra ldnh
chuyen djch chiee giudng eudi. ki nidm ridng dn chifa dieu bf mat rat rieng tu
eua hai vg chdng.
Nd'u khdng phai la Uy-lft-xa thi khdng sao bidt ndi didu bf mat dd va cii
de su vide didn ra.
Nd'u la Uy-lft-xa nhung cung cd thd chang da qudn (vi da hom 20 nam xa
each; hoac cd tinh qudn, î da thay long ddi da...),... Du thd' nao day ciing la
bai todn thir thach rdt thdng minh ma ehi ngudi vg thdng minh, khdn ngoan
nhu nang mdi ed the nghT ra.
- GV hdi: Nghe nhiing ldi ndi ciia Uy-lft-xa, thai do eiia Pd-nd-ld'p thay
ddi nhu thd' nao? Qua day, ed the ndi nang la ngudi qua tan nhdn, va cd trai
tim sdt da hay khdng? Phep so sanh trong doan van cudi cd gi mdi me, dac sdc?
- HS nhan xet. phan tfch, binh luan.
Dinh hudng:
+ Khi da dugc kiem chiing rd rang, nghTa la khi da nghe ngudi khach la
ndi ra cai dieu bf mat hd't siie ridng tu chi hai vg chdng va ngudi thj ti than tfn
bid't dugc; bay gid Pd-nd-ld'p mdi hoan toan tin dd chfnh thuc la Uy-lft-xa -
chdng nang.
Sir thay ddi thai do la tdt nhidn: bim run tay chan, chay lai, nudc mdt chan
hoa, dm, hdn chdng, ndi trong nude mdt. Nang giai thfch tai sao minh phai hd
nghi nhu vay.
Bidn phap nghe thuat so sdnh ed dudi ddi. md rdng nhiiu tdng bde,
thudng dugc sir dung trong sir thi nay de ta cu thd giiip ngudi nghe hinh dung
dugc cai sung sudng, hanh phiic cua ngudi vg thdng minh va nghj lire, trai 20
nam chd dgi mdi mdn nay mdi dugc gap lai ngudi chdng than ydu, giai toa hd't
moi nghi ngd. Khdng phai la A so vdi B dom gian, ma ea A va B deu la nhiing
cau dai. gdm nhieu bg phan dat bdn nhau. Lay cai mirng ra eiia nhifng ngudi
ddm thuyen sd'ng sdt khi dat chan dd'n bd vdi sung sudng nhin chdng khdng
chan mat cua nang Pd-nd-ld'p khi nhan rd day dfch thuc la chang Uy-lft-xa
ciia nang.
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Su cdn than - than trgng ay cdn cho thdy tfnh phde tap eua thdi dai,
nhifng nguy hiem dang rinh rap va de doa hg. Vi thd' ma sau 20 nam xa each,
nay trd vd gia dinh, qud huang ma Uy-lft-xa phai cai trang mdi vao duge
nha minh, phai ddng vai ngudi bja chuydn kheo leo mdi d lai duge ngay chfnh
nha minh.
Tdm lai, qua doan trfch, hidn ldn hinh anh ngudi phu nii Hi Lap ed dai
thdng minh, nghj luc, than trong va khdn ngoan, chung thuy va tinh cam trong
vide gin giif, bao vd pham gia cua minh va hanh phiic gia dinh. Khdng phai
ngdu nhidn, Pd-nd-ld'p da trd thanh hinh tugng ngudi phu nir Hi Lap cd dai If
tudng vdi hai dien tfch huyen thoai: tdm khdn dit dd va chid'c giudng eifdi
ddc ddo.
2. Hinh tugng Uy-lit-xa
- GV ndu van de: Uy-lft-xa ndi tid'ng la mdt anh hung tri xdo, tri tue sdnh
tua thdn linh. Chang chfnh la ngudi bay muu con ngua gd, gdp phdn kd't thiic
thdng lgi cude chid'n tranh To-roa. Chang da dung siie, dung muu de vugt qua
bao khd khan nguy hiem, mdi ve duge dd'n qud nha sau 20 nam chinh chid'n.
Tai day, Uy-lft-xa vdn phai dimg trf, dung siic de danh bai 108 tdn cau hdn
hung dc. Thd' nhung chang lai khdng the dung trf de lam cho vg chang tin
rang chang - ngudi hanh khat bdn thiu gia nua chfnh la Uy-lft-xa. Dd' khde
hoa chan dung va tfnh each eiia nhan vat nay, tac gid dung cum tif nao? Hay
chiing minh rdng Hd-me-ro sir dung cum tir dd hd't siie chfnh xac.
- HS tim kidm, chiing minh, phat bieu.
Dinh hudng:
+ Cum tir ma Hd-me-ra sir dung di lien vdi edi tdn Uy-lft-xa trong doan
nay la cao quy va nhdn ngi (cum tir ndi nhitng ldi cd cdnh cung thudng duge
sir dung dd' khde hoa ngdn ngif nhan vat sir thi, trang trgng cham rai va ddy
hinh anh).
+ Vdi ngudi vg ciing rat thdng minh, xa chang da 20 nam, trong tinh thd'
hidn tai cue ki phirc tap, sau khi da tidu diet ke thii, Uy-lft-xa mud'n tan hudng
cai hanh phiie dugc vg con ddn chao trong mirng vui, cam ddng, thd' nhung
chang lai bdt gap su lanh nhat, nghi ngd ciia nang Pd-nd-ld'p. Uy-lft-xa khdng
the va khdng mud'n giai bay su that. Vi trong hoan cdnh ay cd giai bay, chac
vg chang cung khdng chju tin. Han nua chang lai la ngudi cao quy va nhdn
nai. Ldi ndi vdi con trai Td-ld-mac nhu'ng chfnh thuc la djnh ndi cho Pd-ne-ldp
nghe. Chang vd'n ydu va tin tudng d ngudi vg thdng minh cua minh. The nao
75
rdi me con cung nhan ra, chdc chdn nhu vay. Mdt chut hdn ddi cung Id ra khi
dng ndi, chdc hien gid dng cdn ban thiu, rach rudi nen mdi bi me khinh.
- GV hdi tie'p: Khi Uy-lft-xo tdm xong, ddng hinh thay doi han, nhung
vdn bj nghi ngd. Ong da td thai do nhu the' nao trong cau ndi vdi Pd-nd-ld'p va
vdi nhii mdu?
- HS dgc lai ldi ndi ciia Uy-lft-xo va phdn tfch.
Dinh hudng:
+ Den day, mdt ngudi trdm tTnh nhu Uy-lft-xa ma trudc sir nghi ngd, dd'n
sdt da CLia vg cung phai td ra trach mdc, gidn ddi. Ong cho rdng trai tim nang
la sdt da han ai hd't. Va sau dd djnh sai ngudi ke giudng, ngu ridng. Chi tid't
nay vira phii hgp vdi tam trang Uy-lft-xa vira chfnh la cai cd de Pd-nd-ld'p nhd
gid be mang, dua ra dieu thir thach cua minh. Va tat nhidn Uy-lft-xa da vugt
qua thir thach ay rat nhe nhang vi chang vdn la tac gia thid't kd' va lam nen
chid'c giudng dgc dao ay. Quan trgng hon niia la sudt 20 nam qua, chang chua
bao gid qudn eau chuydn dd, chua bao gid qudn ngudi vg hidn chung thuy
mac dii trdn dudng trd ve, chang da tirng bj tidn nif Ca-lfp-xd cam tii trdn dao
7 nam chi vdi muc dfch bdt chang d lai lam chdng, hay Uy-lft-xa da vugt qua
sir mdi ggi tha thid't ciia cdng ehiia Nd-di-ea nudc Phd-a-xi giau cd.
Va tat nhidn cudi cung, chang da dugc dap den.
+ Trong doan nay, Uy-lft-xa lai noi ldn la mgt ngudi chdng, ngudi cha
binh tTnh, nhdn nai va cao quy, he't long vi vg con.
Hoat dong 5
L Trung tam tinh hudng cua doan trfch nay la gi? Tac dung ciia nd?
2. Ndi dung va y nghTa cua doan trfch hge la gi?
(Qua canh vg chdng doan tu sau 20 nam xa each, vdi nghd thuat ke
chuydn va chgn tinh hudng, chi tid't dae sdc, tac gia da khdc hoa ve dep tam
hdn va trf tud eiia vg chong Uy-lft-xa - Pd-nd-ld'p, ca nggi tinh ydu, long
chung thuy va trf tud eiia ngu'di Hi Lap co dai.)
3. Nhifng net noi bat nao khac ve nghd thuat sir thi? (Cach ke cham rai, ti
mi, chii yd'u dua vao cae dd'i thoai eua eac nhan vat de khde hoa ngi tam, sir
dung so sanh md rdng - mgt budc tidn ve nghd thuat so vdi I-li-dt).
4. Bdi tap ndng cao: Nhap vai Uy-lit-xa hoac Pd-nd-ld'p (xung tdi) ke' lai
doan trfch nhu mdt mdn kich nhd.
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(Ggi y: - Quan he the hidn mau thudn - xung dot qua dd'i thoai, cir ehi va
hanh ddng ciia cac nhan vat:
+ Pd-nd-ld'p - O-ri-cld.
-I- Pd-nd-ld'p - Td-ld-mac.
+ Pd-nd-ld'p - Uy-lft-xa.
- Cd khai md tinh hudng: Nhu mdu o-ri-cld ldn gdc bao tin Uy-lft-xo da
chid'n thdng bgn cdu hdn; Pd-nd-ld'p khdng tin.
- Phat trien tinh hudng mau thudn: didn bid'n tam If eac nhan vat;
- Dinh diem: Pd-nd-ld'p thir thach.
- Cdi niit: Uy-lft-xa giai dap.
5. Soan bai Ra-ma budc tdi.
Tiet 15
LAM VAN
VAN BAN VAN HOC

(Tie'p theo)
A. Ket qud cdn dqt
- Hieu duge dac didm vd y nghTa ciia van ban van hge va ea tfnh sang tao
cua nha van.
- Budc ddu bid't van dung nhifng kid'n thiic da hge ve van ban van hge de
ed thdi quen ddc lap trong cam thu van ban van hge.
Hoat dong 1
TIM HIEU DAC DIEM CUA VAN BAN VAN HOC
- GV ydu cdu HS tim hieu kT muc II.3, II.4 trong SGK va tra ldi cae eau hdi:
L O bai 3, chiing ta da tim hieu nhung dac didm nao eiia van ban van hge?
2. O bai 4 hdm nay, chiing ta tid'p tuc tim hieu nhifng dac diem nao ciia
van ban van hge? Hay ndu ndi dung eiia mdi dae diem dy.
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- HS trao ddi, thdo luan va tra ldi:

1. Bdi trudc da tim hieu hai dac diem la:
a) Dac diem ve ngdn tir
b) Dae diem vd hinh tugng
2. Hdm nay, ehiing ta tid'p tuc tim hieu thdm hai dae diem la:
e) Dac diem ve y nghTa
d) Dae diem vd ea tfnh sang tao eiia nha van
* Noi dung cu the:
c) Ddc diem ve y nghia:
- Hinh tugng la phuomg tidn giao tid'p, do dd y nghTa eua hinh tugng
chfnh la y nghTa cua van ban van hge.
- Y nghTa cua van ban van hge the hidn qua nhan yat, sir kidn, canh vat,
chi tid't, qua sir sdp xd'p, ke't ca'u va qua each sir dung ngdn tir.
- Cdc ldp y nghTa eiia van ban van hge bao gdm: dd tai, ehii de, cam
hung, tfnh chat thdm mT, trid't If nhan sinh.
Tham khao ve To chiic y nghia ciia van ban nghe thuat
I. Tfnh pho bid'n
Trude hd't, van ban nghd thuat la mdt to chiic ngdn ngif tuan theo nhirng
quy tdc chung ciia vide xay dung van ban. Con dudng chung nhat ciia vide xay
dung van ban didn ra theo quy tac ma hod ndi dung thdng bao bdng mdt he
thd'ng tin hidu ngdn ngif nhdt djnh. Ndi ndm na, dd la vide trien khai "y"
thanh "ldi".
Y la edi triru tugng gdn lidn vdi mdt td chiic hifu ca la nao. Ngudi ta
khdng the "cau" dan nao de trao cho ngudi khac duge; vi vay phdi hidn thue
hod cae y tu'dng thanh ngdn tir - mdt he thd'ng tfn hidu nhan tao cd the tri giac
dugc mat vat chat (am thanh), cd djnh hoa trdn van ban (ehii vid't) va cam hieu
duge mat phi vat chdt (y nghTa). Cai cd the tri giac va cam hieu dugc ggi
la "ldi".
Tuy nhidn, khdng ai cd the dua vao van ban todn bd nhifng hieu bid't eiia
minh ve thien nhidn va cude sdng, cung nhu khdng the "khoe" tat cd vd'n lieng
ngdn ngif ciia minh chi trong mdt van ban. Chii the xay dung van ban thudng
tach mdt mang vd'n sd'ng va mdt mang vdn ngdn ngii tuang iing de ma hoa
thanh van ban. Chu the tid'p nhan van ban cung se tach mdt mang vd'n sdng va
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.mdt mang vdn ngdn ngii tuomg iing de giai ma van ban. Ne'u ndi dung phat di
la A thi ndi dung nhan dugc bao gid cung la A', trong dd A va A' khdng bao
gid triing khft vdi nhau. Do ehdnh giua A va A' do "nhidu" gay nen (nhidu ed
the la: thdi gian, khdng gian, tudi tac, trinh do, vd'n sd'ng, nghe nghidp, sd
thfch...).
II. Tfnh dac thii
Van ban nghd thuat la mdt to chiie y nghTa cd tfnh dac ihu. Nhu phdn
"ngir nghTa ciia cau" da trinh bay, bat ki mdt van ban nao cung cd tfnh thdng
tin (thdng tin: do mdi me ciia thdng bao) bdi vi chi cd van ban mdi dii tu each
la mgt dom vj giao tid'p hoan chinh.
Van ban nghd thuat khdng ehi thue hidn chiic nang thdng tin thudn tuy
(thdng tin sir kidn hoac thdng tin midu ta), ma cdn chu yd'u la phai thue hidn
ehiic nang thdng tin - thdm mT (thdng tin bde Id, thdng tin bieu cam, thdng
diep tam hdn). Ngudi ta dd'n vdi van ban nghd thuat, trudc hd't la dd'n vdi edi
dep, ma khdi ddu la nhifng khoanh khde xiie ddng hudng thidn khi dugc tid'p
xiic, dugc chim ddm trong cai "thd' gidi mdi mdng tudng" ciia van chuong.
Thd' gidi trong van ban nghd thuat la san phdm eiia trf tudng tirgng tuyet vdi,
nhung ngudi dgc lai cd the dd dang hieu nd bdng chfnh cude ddi trdn tue hdng
ngay eiia minh. Hidn tugng "lidn thdng" ki didu nay da gdp phdn khdng nhd
vao vide "ngudi hod" nhifng "con vat", cho dii nhifng "con vat" ay ed the
khdng hd y thire dugc rang minh dang bj chinh phuc! Ndi each khac, cai dep
se trd thanh mdt "hat nd cam xiic" ed siic manh ghd gdm, nd ed kha nang gay
ra nhiing chan ddng tam hdn khid'n cho ngudi dgc ed the thay doi ea nhan sinh
quan va thd' gidi quan ciia minh.
Vay thi, vide td chiic y nghTa trong van ban nghe thuat cd gi dac bidt?
Khd ma tra ldi duge ddy dii' eau hdi ldn nay trong mgt tai lieu nhd mang tfnh
pho thdng nhu tai lieu nay! Vi vay, ehiing tdi chi xin ndu ra mdt vai dac diem
theo suy nghT chu quan sau day:
1. Y nghTa cua van ban nghd thuat bao gid cung dugc the hien bdng hinh
tugng nghd thuat.
Tfnh hinh tugng la thudc tfnh cua nghd thuat ndi chung, van ban nghd
thuat ndi ridng - didu nay thi khdi phai ban cai!
Hinh tugng nghd thuat la biic tranh ve cude sd'ng vira khai quat vira cu thd'
- diû nay niia, cung khdng phai ban cai!
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Hai tidn de tren dugc coi la nhiing nguyen If ciia qud trinh sang tao nghd
thuat ndi chung, van ban nghd thuat ndi rieng. Vay hinh tugng nghe
thuat ham chiia trong nd nhirng y nghTa gi? Cd the tam thai ehi ra eac loai y
nghTa sau:
1.1. Y nghTa bieu trung:
Day la loai y nghTa ma ehiing ta chi ed the cam nhan duge nhd vao trinh
do, vd'n sd'ng va thdng qua lidn tudng, tudng tugng; chii khdng the quy chieu
ra hien thue dugc.
Vf du: Khi Chf Pheo vung dao dam Ba Kid'n thi chiing ta ed thd' cam nhan
dugc ndi dau tuyet vgng ciia Chf, chii khdng the tim kid'm trong ddi thuc mot
hanh ddng gie't ngudi nao y hdt nhu Chf.
1.2. Y nghTa am chi:
Day la loai y nghTa cd tac dung danh ddng hoac khai day trong long
ngudi dgc mgt su so sanh nao dd giiia hinh tugng vdi chfnh minh (y nghTa lay
ggi, thiie tinh) giiip ngudi dgc cd the thay ddi mgt quan nidm ve cugc sd'ng.
Vl du: Khi dgc truydn ngdn Chie'c Id eudi cimg ciia O Hen-ri, chiing ta co
thd tha'y minh da timg cd nhiing khoanh khde tuyet vgng trude cugc sd'ng nhu
Gidh-xi, de rdi sau dd, qua hinh tugng Gidn-xi, ehiing ta bj thuye't phuc ve
mdt le sd'ng nhat djnh, le sd'ng ay ed the giiip chiing ta ed them nghj lire va
nidm tin dd vugt qua nhiing khd khan trong cude sd'ng. Va dac bidt la qua
hinh tugng eu Ba-men, ehiing ta ed thd' se tu nhii minh phai gdng gdi sd'ng co
fch hon, vi tha hom.
1.3. Y nghTa nhdc ggi:
Day la loai y nghTa ed tfnh khai quat cao, thudng mang vdc dang mdt
chan If, nd gidng nhu mdt ldi tuydn bd chung ed the diing trong mgi thdi dai.
Vl du: Nguydn Du da giri gdm vao Truyin Kiiu ciia dng kha nhieu ldi
"tuydn bd chung" kieu nhu:
- Dau ddn tliav phdn ddn bd
Ldi rdng bgc minh cung la ldi chung.
- Mot ngdy lg thdi sai nha
Ldm cho khde hgi chang qua vi tiin.
- Cdnh ndo cdnh chang deo sdu
Ngudi budn cdnh cd vui ddu bao gid.
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1.4. Y nghTa phat hidn:

Day la loai y nghTa ed the ed hoac khdng cd d hinh tugng; nhung thdng
qua suy luan, lidn tudng; ngudi dgc vdn ed quydn hieu theo ehii quan cua
minh, cho dii la each hieu dd ed the cdn cue doan.
Vl du: Ve cugc gap gd giifa Tir Hai va Thuy Kieu trong Truyen Kiiu ciia
Nguydn Du, mdi ngudi ed the hieu theo "quyen" eua minh, chang han:
- Tir Hai la anh chang "phoi bd" qua u hd dd, xuat hidn khi ma Kieu da
cd ve an phan, da chang giiip fch gi cho Kieu, ma cdn "ve chuydn" bao an bao
oan rat nira vdi de cudi eiing thi Kieu lanh dii!
- Tir Hai chi la mdt hiep sT giang hd, thd' ma ngudi khdn ngoan va tirng
trai nhu Kieu lai khdng nhan ra dieu dd hay sao? Nang phai tra gia ddt cho sir
"ngd nhan anh hiing" eua minh la dang ldm!
- Tir Hdi va Kieu phai gap nhau, dd la mdi tinh dep nhat trong cude ddi
nang Kieu va cung la cai tan mT eua cap trai anh hiing - gdi thuydn quydn!
- Tir Hai chi di tim tri ki va da gap duge tri ki la nang Kieu, ma nang
Kieu lai dang cd than phan cua mdt "con dT" khdng hom khdng kem! Day
chfnh la ve dep ddc dao tham ddm tinh ngudi eiia mdi tinh nay; ngodi ra, nd
ciing la bdng chiing the hidn tu tudng ndi loan ciia Nguydn Du! (Tri ki ciia
anh hiing phdi la anh hung, chf ft cung phai la mdt ngudi dan dng bdi "nhdt
nam vid't hifu thap nii vid't vd" kia ma! Thd' ma d day thi...)
Cd the ndi, cac y nghTa ke trdn ed mat d hdu hd't cac hinh tugijg,.ta't nhidn
la miic do dam nhat d mdi hinh tugng la khac nhau. Nhd su khiic xa cugc
sd'ng ciia hinh tugng, y nghTa cua van ban nghd thuat trd ndn da dang, phong
phii va cue ki phiie tap; vi thd' khdng ai ed the khai thac hd't y nghTa eua hinh
tugng nghd thuat theo kieu "ed ke ddu, rau ke md" duge. Nhung cung chfnh vi
thd' ma hinh tugng nghd thuat ludn tidm tang mdt lire hiit vd eiing manh liet va
bl an dd'i vdi ede thd' he ban dgc khac nhau. Ndi each khac, dd'i vdi van ban
nghd thuat thi dii ldi da hd't, nhung tinh y vdn eon mai tdi mudn ddi!
(Hong Dan, Tieng Viet cho mgi nhd, NXB Thanh Nien, Ha Noi, 2006)
d) Dgc diem ve cd tinh sdng tgo cua nhd vdn:
- Doi vdi van hge dan gian, dau an eua tac gia the hidn d thai do ydu
ghet, each nhin cude sd'ng va ngdn tir nghd thuat. Nhd ed cac dau an nay
ma chiing ta ed the xac djnh duge thdi gian, khdng gian ra ddi eua eac sang
tac a'y.
6-TKBGNGavAN10/1(NC)-A 81

- Dd'i vdi eac van ban van hge cd tdn tac gia xac djnh thi ddu an ciia tac
gia cdng rd ret hom; nd the hidn vd'n sd'ng, trinh do, khat vgng va tai nang eiia
tac gia. Dd chfnh la nhiing ddng gdp rat dang tran trgng eiia tac gia vao kho
tang van hge va van hod dan tdc.
Tham khao
- Muc tif: cd tinh sdng tgo
CAc dac diem phdm chat toan ven ciia mdt nghd sT bao gdm eac mat trid't
hge, mT hge, tam If xa hgi, thj hie'u, phong each, ngdn ngir nghd thuat,...
Ca tfnh sang tao la bieu hidn rue rd cua cac pham trii cai chu quan, cai ea
bidt, cai dac thii, cai khdng lap lai trong tai nang cua nghd sT. Nd khdng mau
thudn vdi eac pham tru cai khach quan, cai chung, cai didn hinh, cai lap lai;
ma nguge lai, nd gdn bd hifu ea vdi ehiing va cung chi trong sir thd'ng nha't do
thi nghd sT mdi kham pha duge cai mdi trong ITnh vuc nghd thuat.
Cd tfnh sang tao bieu hidn tap trung d cai nhin nghd thuat dde dao, d each
cam nghT eiia nha van ed kha nang de xuat nhifng nguydn tdc, bidn phap nghe
thuat mdi me, tao thanh mdt ngdn ngif nghd thuat mdi trong vide bieu hidn
nhifng ndi dung mdi cua ddi sd'ng va tu tudng. Chang han Nguydn Du cd con
mdt tinh ddi trong vide bieu hidn eac ngd ngach phiic tap ciia cugc sd'ng eon
ngudi, lai ed bidt tai ndm bat va midu ta chfnh xac mdt each thdn tinh eac tam
trang, thdn thai nhan vat ehi qua vai net, dng la ngudi ed kha nang sir dung
tid'ng Viet mdt each uyen chuydn, mem mai, tao thanh dien pham ciia ngdn tir
nghd thuat. Nha van Nga Ph. Ddt-xtdi-ep-xki ed th^ ndm bdt nhifng cugc dd'i
thoai eiia thdi dai, tfnh nhieu tid'ng ndi cua cude sd'ng, tfnh ludng tfnh eua thuc
tai ngay d nai ma ngudi khac chi thay ed dde thoai, tfnh dom gigng va
tfnh ddng nhat. Cdn L. Tdn-xtdi lai ed kha nang the hien phep bidn chiing
tam hdn.
Chfnh vi vay, khdng ndn ddng nhdt ea tfnh sang tao trong nghd thuat vdi
ca tfnh sang tao trong ddi sd'ng, la ngudi ed kha nang giai quyd't eac khd khan
do hoan canh dat ra, hoac tu bieu hidn minh mdt each ddc dao trong sinh hoat.
Ca tfnh sang tao la co sd eiia phong each nghd thuat, la nhan td khdng the
thid'u cua qua trinh van hge.
- Muc tu": phong cdch
... Phong each nghd thuat la mdt pham trii tham mT chi sir thd'ng nha't
tuomg dd'i on djnh eiia he thd'ng hinh tugng, eiia cae phuong tidn bieu hien
nghd thuat, ndi ldn cai nhin ddc dao trong sang tac ciia mdt nha van, trong tac
'phdm ridng le, trong trao luu van hge hay van hge dan tdc. Phong each khac
82 6- TKBGNOa VAN 10/1 (NC).B

"phuang phap sang tac" d su thuc hidn cu thi true tiep ciia nd: cac ddu hieu
phong each dudng nhu noi ldn trdn be mat tac pham, nhu mdt the thdng nhdt
hiiu hinh va cd the tri giac duge ciia tat ea mgi yd'u td ca ban cua hinh thiic
nghd thuat... Trong nghTa rdng, phong each la nguyen tac xuydn sudt trong
vide xay dung hinh thiic nghd thuat, dem lai cho tac phdm mdt tfnh chinh the
cd the cam nhan dugc, mdt gigng didu va mdt sdc thai thd'ng nhdt. Vdi y
nghTa nay, ngudi ta phan bidt eac "phong each ldn", hay cdn ggi la "phong
each thdi dai" (phong each Phuc hung, Ba-rde, ehii nghTa e6 dien), cac phong
each ciia cac trao luu va ddng van hge, phong each dan tdc, phong each cd
nhan cua tac gia.
Ndi chung, phong each la quy luat thd'ng nhdt cae yd'u to cua chinh thd
nghd thuat, la mdt bieu hidn eiia tfnh nghd thuat. Khdng phai bdt cii nha van
nao cifng cd phong each. Chi nhiing nha van cd tai nang, cd ban ITnh mdi cd
dugc phong each ridng dde dao. Cai net ridng ay the hidn d cac tac pham va
dugc lap di lap lai trong nhieu tac pham ciia nha van lam cho ta cd thd nhdn ra
su khac nhau, chdng han, giiia Nguydn Cdng Hoan va Nguydn Hdng, Xuan
Didu va Chd' Lan Vidn... Trong chinh the "nha van" (hieu theo nghTa la eac
sang tie cua mdt nha van), cai ridng tao ndn su thd'ng nhdt lap lai ay bieu hidn
tap trung d each cam nhan dde dao ve thd' gidi vd d he thd'ng biit phap nghe
thudt phii hgp vdi each cam nhan dy.
Ngoai thd' gidi quan, nhiing phuang didn tinh thdn khac nhu tdm If, khf
cha't, ca tfnh deu cd cd anh hudng quyd't djnh dd'n su hinh thanh phong each
cua nha van. Phong each cua nha van ciing mang ddu dn eua dan tdc va ciia
thdi dai.
(Theo Le Ba Han - Trdn Dinh Sir - Nguy6n Khdc Phi (dong Chii bien),
Tit dien thugt ngir vdn hoc, sdd)
Hoat dong 2
1. Bai tap 1
* Phan bidt:
a)Y nghTa eua mdt ldi thdng bao thdng thudng ed the dan nghTa, tire la
chi cd mdt nghTa ma ai cung hieu dugc, cdn ggi la nghTa tudng minh. Vf du:
- Con meo den dd chit.
-Trdi mifa to qud.
- Hoa phuong lgi nd rdi.
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b) Y nghTa ciia van ban van hge thudng da nghTa, tiic la ham chiia trong
nd nhieu lap nghTa khac nhau, dd la y nghTa cua hinh tugng. Vf du:
- Con ed dn bdi rau rdm
Dang cay chiu vdy ddi dang cung ai.
(Cadao)
- Ldm ehi cho dg nggp ngdng
Dd ed ed cudng xin ddng hgt deu.
(Ca dao)
Trdi mua udt bui udt bd,
Udt edy udt edi, ai ngd udt em.
(Ca dao)
- Thdn em nhu dt trin edy,
Cdng tuoi ngodi vd cdng cay trong long.
(Ca dao)
* Phan tfch y nghTa eua hai doan tha trong SGK.

2. Bai tap 2 (Phan tfch cdc ldp y nghTa trong bai tha Ong dd cua Vii
Dinh Lidn).
- De tai: vid't ve mdt hien tugng van hod da trd thanh hoai nidm.
- Chii dd: su dirng dung cua ngudi duomg thdi dd'i vdi mdt ve dep van hoa
qua khii.
- Cam hiing: tam su hoai c6 da diet, cd pha chiit ngam ngiii tide nudi.
- Tinh cam thdm mT: dii ed the nhat thdi bj ghe lanh, nhung cai dep dfch
thuc bao gid cung bdt tir trong tinh cam eiia nhirng ngudi ngudng md.
- Trie't If nhan sinh: cai dep khdng the diing ngoai nhirng thang trdm ciia
thdi cude (tiic la gdn vdi tu tudng chfnh thd'ng eua thdi dai), nhung nd cung
khdng hoan toan triing khft vdi sir doi thay eua thdi cude.
3. Bai tap 3
*So sanh bai tho Bdnh trdi nude ciia Hd Xuan Huang vdi bai tho Qua
Deo Ngang eiia Ba Huydn Thanh Quan:
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Banh trdi nUdc Qua Deo Ngang
-Thuong than. - Nhcr nudc, thuong nha,
- Kin dao, ham y can dai bat cong. - Kin dao, lang le,
- Khang dinh ban ITnh va long chung thuf - Cd don, lac loai.
- Thien ve n6i buon nhan tinh the thai, cu the la - Thi§n ve noi buon hung phe cua cac trieu dai.
quan he giC/a con nguoi vdi con nguoi.
- Tran trd ve nhOng quy luat van dong bf an ciJa
- Tran trd v l hanh phuc cua ca nhan noi ri6ng, tir nhien va xa hdi.
con ngudi noi chung trong su bie'n thien li§n tuc
- Cd cam giac bat lire va choang nggp trudc
cQa cuoc ddi.
nhOng dd'i thay bat kha khang.
Nhan xet: Ca hai nif sT deu ed tai, diu nhay cam va deu khdng vira ldng
vdi thue tai, nhung:
- Hd Xuan Huomg thidn ve cam hiing hudng ndi.
- Ba Huydn Thanh Quan thidn vd cam hifng hudng ngoai.
* So sanh bai tha Ddng ehi ciia Chfnh Hifu vdi Bdi tho vi tii'u dgi xe
khdng kinh ciia Pham Tid'n Duat:
Dong chi Bai thcf ve tieu doi xe khdng kinh
- Cam nhan ve tinh ddng chi, mdt tinh - Ni6m tin hdn nhien, trong sang va quyet tam hoan
cam mdi me hdi dau khang chien chdng thanh nhiem vu ci!ia mdt the he thanh nien thdi ki chdng
thuc dan Phap. MT ciru nudc vao nhCfng nam 60 va 70 cua the ki XX.
- Mdi ddng cam sau sac va cam ddng - Sin sang dd'i mat vdi khd khan, chap nhan mpi hiem
tn/dc cude sd'ng thie'u thdn, gian khd nguy va ludn tim each vugt len tat ca de hoan thanh
cua ddng dpi. nhidm vu.
- Tinh cam nen chat nhu mdt ngudn ndi - Tinh than lac quan cd pha chiit tir trao da trd thanh
lire. mdt siic manh tinh than vd dich.
Nhan xet: Hai nha tha deu la nhiing chid'n sT ed niem tin vao If tudng,
nhung:
- Tho Chfnh Hiiu trdm tTnh, ham siie.
- Tho Pham Tid'n Duat sdi noi, da thanh.
85
Tiet 16
LAM VAN
THl/C HANH LAP Y VA VIET DOAN VAN

THEO CAC YEU CAU KHAC NHAU
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

- On tap va ciing cd nhiing kid'n thiie da hge ve lam van.
- Ren luydn kT nang nhan didn va phan tfch de theo nhirng phuomg thiic
biiu dat khac nhau.
- Thuc hanh vid't nhirng doan van mang tfnh ca the hod cao.
B. Thiet ke bai dqy hoc
Hoat dohg 1
TIM HIEUDE
- GV ydu cdu HS tim hieu 3 de bai trong SGK va tra ldi cac eau hdi:
1. Ba de trdn cd diim gi gidng nhau?
2. Ydu cdu ve kieu van ban d mdi de ed gi khac nhau?
3. He thd'ng y cho mdi bai gidng va khac nhau d chd nao?
1. Gidng nhau: Cimg vid't ve mdt de tai: "con chim vang anh bj nhd't
trong ldng".
2. Khac nhau:
a) Di I ydu cdu ke chuydn sang tao, ngudi vid't phai nhap vai con chim
vang anh bj nhd't, tiic la diim nhin bdn trong (chu quan).
b) Di 2 ydu cdu midu ta con chim vang anh bj nhd't, tiie la diem nhin bdn
ngoai (khach quan).
c) De 3 ydu cdu ngudi vid't phat bieu cam nghT (bieu cam) khi nhin thay
con chim vang anh bj nhd't.
3. So sanh: Gidng nhau: ciing mdt dd tai "con chim vang anh bj nhd't
trong ldng"
Khac nhau: mdi de bai ydu cdu sir dung mdt phuomg thiic bieu dat khac
nhau; mdi 6i bai ydu cdu mdt each lap y va trien khai bai vid't khac nhau.
86
Hoat dong 2
THUC H A N H LAP y
Del.
a) Phuang thiie tu su
b) Phai xac djnh:
- Ngdi ke.
- Hoan canh cau chuydn.
- Trinh tu su vide.
- Didn bid'n tam trang.
De2.
a) Phuang thiic midu ta
b) Phai xac djnh:
- Ddi tugng midu ta.
- Hoan canh mieu ta.
- Dac diem ve ngoai hinh ciia dd'i tugng.
- Hanh ddng va thai do eua ddi tugng.
De3.
a) Phuang thiic bieu cam
b) Phai xac djnh:
- Dd'i tugng va hoan canh lam nay sinh cam xiic.
- Nhiing suy nghT, tinh cam, lidn hd trudc tinh canh cua dd'i tugng.
- Riit ra mdt bai hge nao dd ve mdi quan. hd giiia ddi tugng vdi hoan
canh, giifa dd'i tugng va hoan canh vdi ban thdn ngudi vid't.
Hoat dong 3
HUCING DAN L U Y E N TAP
1. Bai tap 1 (lap dan y cho de 1)
a) Md bai: Con chim xung "tdi" va giai thfch If do bj nhd't trong long.
b) Than bai
- Trinh tu sir vide:
+ Bj bat va cd gdng giay giua tu ciiu, nhung khdng the thoat.
+ Bj nhd't vao long va dugc cho an udng tir te, nhung khdng mud'n an udng
gi ca.
87
+ Keu thet, nhay nhdt lidn tue de ddi duge tra tu do.
- Didn bien tam trang:
+ Thoat ddu thi bang hodng, sg hai; nhung sau dd thi budn ba, tiic gian.
+ Sau khi kdu thet va nhay nhdt khdng giai quye't dugc gi thi danh ndm
im. tuyet vgng. .
+ Oan han ke da tudc doat tu do eua minh va quyd't djnh nhjn an nhjn
udng cho dd'n che't.
c) Kd't bai: Ldi nhdn nhii ciia con chim trudc khi triit hai thd eudi eiing.
2. Bai tap 2 (vid't doan van cho y "Oan han ke da tudc doat tu do cua minh
va quyd't djnh nhjn an nhjn udng cho dd'n chd't"):
Lai mdt ngay mdi niia bdt ddu. Tdi tu hdi: "Chang bid't bao gid mdi cham
diit chudi ngay dai budn tham nhu thd' nay?". Cau be da chop bdt dugc tdi thi
vdn dang nhdn nha nd dua ciing ddng loai, vay ma tai sao tdi lai khdng dupe
tu do bay lugn ?ung ban be cua tdi giira bdu trdi mdnh mdng long gid? That
bat cdng! Nhung tdi bid't lam gi bay gid? Siie tdi lam sao cd the pha nat dupe
edi long dde ac nay? Tdi sinh ra dau phdi de lam trd tidu khien cho cau be dy?
Tdi bdng cam gian dd'n run ngudi... Va tdi nung nau y dinh se nhjn an nhjn
udng cho dd'n chd't... Nhdt djnh la nhu vay! Bdi tdi hi vgng rdng cai che't ciia
tdi ed the se thiic tinh cau be de tii nay ve sau khdng eon ddng loai nao eua tdi
bj roi vao tinh canh bi tham nhu tdi...
3. Bai tap 3 (vid't phdn md bai cho ba de trdn):
Dd 1: The' la da ba ngay ddm tdi bj nhd't vao day, trong mdt chide long
lanh leo ghd rgn. Ba ngay ddm tdi khdng an khdng udng, ngudi met ru ra vi sp
hai va tiic gian. Sau nhidu ldn long ldn pha phdch de tu giai thoat bat thanh,
tdi ddnh ndm xoa cdnh bat luc. Ndi nhd ddng loai va bdu trdi cao xanh long
gid cao xe long tdi ddn dau va thd tham. Dieu gi da xdy ra vdi tdi? Va tdi
bang hoang nhd lai...
De 2: Nam vd'n ndi tid'ng la ke "sat chim". Mdt hdm nd khoe vdi tdi la
vira bdy duge mdt con chim vang anh tuyet dep. Tdi ben dd'n nha Nam de xem
chii chim ra sao. Nhung thii that la, vira nhin thay eon chim vang anh dang
gao thet tuyet vgng trong long, tdi da vdi quay mat di de ed gidu mdt tie'ng
thd dai.
De 3: Nhin eon chim vang anh bj nhd't trong mdt cai long chat chdi, tdi
bdng chanh long nghT nggi. Con chim cung nhu eon ngudi, tat ca deu cd gia
dinh, ngudi than va ban be... Vay thi tai sao eon ngudi lai dang tam tudc doat
tu do ciia con chim? Se cd mdt gia dinh chim tan nat. Mdt eon chim non chet
ru xuong. Va bid't dau, chfnh eon chim bj nhd't trong long nay cifng se nhjn an
cho dd'n chd't?...
88
TIJAWI5
Tiet 1 7 - 1 8
VAN HOC
RA-MA B U O C T O I
(Trfch sir thi Ra-ma-ya-na)
VAN-MI-KI
A. Ket qud cdn dqt

1. Kid'n thiic - tu tudng:
- Ndm "dugc ed't truydn Ra-ma-ya-na, vj trf va y nghTa cua doan trfch, y
thiic va hanh dgng cua Ra-ma va Xi-ta trong vide bao vd danh du.
- Qua doan trfch, hieu quan nidm eua ngudi An Do ed dai vd ngudi anh
hiing, nha vua mdu muc va ngudi phu nii If tudng; hieu nghd thuat xay dung
nhan vat sir thi Ra-ma-ya-na.
- Ndm dugc nghd thudt trdn thuat va xay dung nhan vat trong sir thi An
Do.
2. Ren kT nang dgc didn cam va phan tich nhan vat trong sir thi.
k
B. Chudn bj cua thdy vd trd

- Tranh-ve phdng to theo tranh trong SGK.
- Sach Chdn dung cdc nhd vdn the gidi, NXB Giao due, 2004.
C. Thiet l<e bdi dqy hoc
Hoat dong 1
TO CHQC KIEM TRA BAI CO
(Hinh thiic: van dap)
L Giai thfch vi sao cd y kid'n cho rdng cd the dat tdn doan txich Uy-lit-xo
trd vi la Nhdn mat hoac Bi mat chii'c giudng eitdi.
89
2. Hai vg chong Uy-lft-xa - Pd-nd-ldp ddu ed dae diem gi chung? Cac

cum til' kem theo ten hg cd y nghTa gi (than trgng, cao quy vd nhdn ngi)l Vi
sao tdc gia khdng dimg cae tir khdn ngoan (cho Pd-nd-ld'p) va tri xdo (cho Uy-
lft-xa)?
3. Ke tdm tdt mdt khiic ea trong I-li-dt hoac O-di-xi ma em da dgc thdm.
Hoat dong 2
DAN VAO BAI MCfl
- GV ddn giai ngdn ggn: Nd'u ngudi Hi Lap tu hao ve hai bd sir thi anh
hung ca I-li-dt va O-di-xi thi nhan dan An Do eiing vd cung kidu hanh vd hai
bd sir thi anh hung ca co dai truyen midng Ma-ha-bha-ra-ta va Ra-ma-ya-na.
Ra-ma-ya-na khdng ehi ed anh hudng sau rdng d tidu luc dja An Do ma cdn d
nhieu nude Ddng Nam A. Cau chuydn ve mdi tinh giiia Ra-ma va nang Xi-ta
da duge phdng tac, chuyen thd' thanh vd cheo Ndng Xi-ta, cdng didn d Vidt
Nam nhiing nam 80 thd'ki XX.
- HS dua theo Tid'u ddn trong SGK, tr. 64, gidi thidu va tdm tdt ndi dung
sir thi Ra-ma-ya-na.
- GV nhdn manh mdt vai diem cdn thid't:
-I- Ra-ma-ya-na dai han 8000 eau tho ddi (16000 ddng tho).
+ Sang tac vd truyen midng tap the tir the ki III tr. CN, duge dao sT Van-
mi-ki hoan thidn.
Hoat dong 3
HUONG DAN DOC - HIEU K H A I Q U A T
1. Vj trf doan trfch (chuong 79, khiic ca VI)
- GV gidi thidu mdi quan he ciia chuong 79 vdi cae chuang 78, 80:
+ Ra-ma, vdi su giiip dd eiia tudng khi Ha-nu-man da ha thu duge vua
quy Ra-va-na, cifu dugc vg minh - nang Xi-ta. Thdi han luu day 14 nam cung
vira hd't, tudng chirng hai ngudi se gap nhau, tran day hanh phuc. Nhung
khdng hieu sao Ra-ma lai ldn lua, tri hoan vide gap lai vg (cir Ha-nu-man,
Vi-phi-sa-na dd'n gap, mdi Xi-ta dd'n gap giiia noi cdng cgng). Ldng chang bdi
rdi, cung mdt luc tran ngap ndi dau xdt, gian dif va vui sudng. Ra-ma nghi
ngd Xi-ta khdng cdn trgn ven danh tid't sau thdi gian sd'ng dudi ach vua quy.
Y thiic danh du ciia nha vua budc chang phai tir bd Xi-ta. Trong khi dd, Xi-ta
sung sudng, ndn ndng den gap chdng de'n mifc khdng nghT dd'n trang diem va
khdng the ngd rdng Ra-ma lai cd the dd'i xir vdi minh nhu vay (chuong 78).
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+ Khi Xi-ta budc ldn gian thidu, thdn lira A-nhi xudt hidn, xac nhdn pham
hanh ciia Xi-ta, dem nang trd lai Ra-ma: Thdn mang Xi-ta trong vat do, Gia-
na-ki nhu mat trang lap lanh, y phuc mau dd, cudn tdc den nhanh pha't pha.
Thdn ndi: Xi-ta trong trdng. Nang khdng pham bat cif tgi ldi nao, dii ldi ndi,
vide lam hay y nghT. Bdy gid, Ra-ma mdi nhdn Xi-ta. Chang vui mirng ndi:
Hoi thdn! Vide thanh tdy cua Gia-na-ki la cdn thid't. Nang da bj edm giir ldu
trong cung eiia Ra-va-na. Nd'u tdi chap nhan nang ma khdng cd su thanh tay
cho nang, thidn ha se ke't tdi tdi la ke ngu xuan, dam dang. Bay gid tdi da thdy
Gia-na-ki thanh khid't va trung thanh hd't muc.
-I- Chuong 79 ke chuydn cude gap gd day kjch tfnh giifa hai vg chdng
Ra-ma - Xi-ta. Ra-ma budc tdi va duoi vg di. De chifng minh su trong trang
CLia minh, Gia-na-ki budc ldn gian thidu trong tie'ng khdc thuong vang trdi ciia
mgi ngudi.
2. Dgc dien cam
- Ydu cdu va each dgc:
+ Mdt HS dgc ldi ke, td, ddn chuydn: gigng cham rai, bi himg.
+ Mdt HS dgc ldi thoai cua Ra-ma, gigng dau ddn, bdi rdi, gian dii, quyd't
liet, ghim nen.
-I- Mdt HS dgc ldi thoai ciia Xi-ta, gigng dau ddn, udt lie, giai bay, khang
djnh, chiing minh, tuyet vgng, dut khoat, quyd't djnh.
- GV nhan xet kd't qua dgc eua HS.
3. Bd cue dogn trich (3 doan nhd)
- Ldi budc tgi ciia Ra-ma.
- Ldi thanh minh va quyd't djnh quydn sinh eiia Gia-na-ki.
- Gia-na-ki budc ldn gian thieu trong tid'ng khde tham thid't eiia mgi ngudi.
Hoat dong 4
1. Hoan canh tai hgp ciia Ra-ma va Xi-ta
- GV hdi:
+ Sau chid'n thdng, Ra-ma va Xi-ta gap lai nhau trong hoan canh cu the
nhu thd' nao? Hoan canh dd tac ddng nhu thd' nao dd'n tam trang, ldi ndi va
hanh ddng cua hai ngudi?
+ Cdu "Nhung vi sg tai tid'ng, chang ben ndi vdi nang, trude mat nhifng
ngudi khac" ed y nghTa gi?
91
+ Cau "Trudc mat mgi ngudi, Gia-na-ki xa'u ho cho sd kie'p eiia nang" cd
y nghTa gi?
- HS ldn lugt tim hieu, phan tfch, trd ldi.
Dinh hudng:
Sau chid'n thdng, Ra-ma va Gia-na-ki gap lai nhau trong mgt khdng gian
cdng cgng, trude su ehiing kid'n eiia ddng dii mgi ngudi, anh em, chid'n hifu:
Lde-ma-na, Xu-gri-va, Ha-nu-man, Vi-phi-sa-na, quan ddi khi, quan quan,
dan chiing vuomg qud'c Ra-va-na,... chii khdng phdi khdng gian ridng tu ehi co
hai ngudi.
Day la mgt tinh tid't cd y sap xd'p eiia chfnh Ra-ma de cdng khai va hpp
phap hoa nhirng ldi budc tdi Xi-ta, de giii uy tin va danh du eua mdt diic vua
trong tuomg lai.
Ra-ma diing trdn tu each kep (con ngudi xa hdi va con ngudi ea nhan):
vira la mdt ngudi chong vira la mdt anh hung chid'n thdng, mdt diic vua anh
minh (Vuong qud'c Kd-sa-la) va cdng bdng trude cd hai.phe khi (Ha-nu-man)
va quy (Ra-va-na). Tu each nay khid'n chang chju su chi phdi eiia mdi rang
budc kep: ydu thuong, xdt xa cho ngudi vg nhung vdn phai giif trach nhidm
gucmg mdu eiia mdt anh hiing, mdt diie vua guang mdu. Ldng Ra-ma dau nhu
dao cdt, nhung vi sg tai tid'ng, chang vdn phai ndi nhifng ldi tan nhdn, budc tdi
ngudi vg ma chdng ydu thuang nha't.
Bdi vay xet trong ban chat, nhirng ldi budc tdi nay khdng hoan toan
chan thue, nghTa la khdng hodn toan bidu hidn diing tat ca tinh cam va y nghT
cua chang.
Vdi Xi-ta, duge dua dd'n gap chdng, trudc su chifng kid'n cua mgi ngudi,
thoat tidn nang xau ho dd'n mud'n gidu minh di, roi nang khidm nhudng difng
trude Ra-ma. Khi nghe nhiing ldi budc tdi ciia chdng, nang lai mdt ldn nifa
xa'u ho cho sd kid'p ciia minh, mud'n tu chdn viii ca than xac, hinh hai ciia
minh. Han ea ndi tui then eiia mdt ngudi vg chung thuy, cdn la ndi dau khd vd
bidn cua mdt eon ngudi bj si nhuc, bj mat danh du, ciia mdt hoang hau tuong
lai trude dan ehiing.
Llie ddu, tir quan he ridng tu vg chdng (chang - thidp), chuyen sang quan
hd xa hdi (hdi diie vua - Ngudi), rdi quay sang ndi vdi em chdng Lde-ma-na,
cung la de ndi gidn tid'p vdi cdng chiing... cudi cung ndi vdi than Lira nhirng
ldi cdu khan va the nguyen thidng lidng he trgng.
Day la thir thach cudi ciing ma ea hai nhan vat chfnh phai vugt qua dl dat
dd'n chid'n thdng tuyet ddi, trgn ven.
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Nd'u Xi-ta khdng ehiing minh dugc su trong sach, phdm hanh ciia minh
nhu mdt ngudi phu nir If tudng sau chid'n thdng thi chie'n thdng eiia Ra-ma
Cling la vd nghTa.
Nd'u Ra-ma khdng chiing minh dugc y thifc danh du thi ngudi anh hung
ciing chua xiing dang la vj vua mdu muc.
(Met tiet 17, chuyen tie't 18)
2. Y thiic bao vd danh du qua ldi budc tdi va hdnh ddng ciia Ra-ma
-GVhdi:
+ Ra-ma chid'n dau va tidu diet quy vuomg Ra-va-na nham muc dfch gl?
-I- Vi sao Ra-ma quyd't djnh rudng bd ngudi vg ydu quy eiia minh? Cd phdi
Ra-ma hoan toan chi lam theo nghTa vu ciia mdt diic vua hidn minh va anh
hung? Tam trang thuc ciia chang khi ndi nhifng ldi budc tdi tan nhdn ay?
- HS dgc lai doan budc tdi, phan tfch. If giai, phat bieu.
Dinh hudng:
+ Ra-ma giao tranh va tidu diet quy vuang Ra-va-na vi danh du ngudi anh
hung bj hdn xiie pham khi hdn dam cudp vg chang; vi tinh ydu chdng vg, vi
khat khao doan tu gia dinh ciia Ra-ma.
-I- Nhung Ra-ma vdn quyd't djnh rudng bd vg vi danh du nha vua anh hiing
khdng cho phep chap nhan ngudi vg da tirng sd'ng trong nha ngudi khac mdt
thdi gian dai.
Sir ghen tudng ciia ngudi chdng, ngudi dan dng khdng chap nhan ngudi
vg da chung cha vdi ngudi khac (dii la bj bdt budc).
Trong ldi ndi khi gap lai, Ra-ma nhieu ldn nha'n manh dd'n danh du, nhdn
phdm, uy tfn, tid'ng tam, gia dinh cao quy, ddng hg ldy lirng, tra thii su lang
nhuc, xoa bd ve't d nhuc,... eiia mdt diie vua, mdt anh hiing. Dii trong toan bd
sir thi, ta thay sir thd'ng nhdt cao giiia bdn phan ngudi anh hung va tinh ydu
cua ngudi chdng:
Hdi di! Khi ndo ddy ta se duge trdng thdy Gia-na-ki mat bdng sen nhu
gap duge hdng phuc eiia vi qudn vUOng sau khi chii'n thdng?
Khi ndo ta se xuyin thung ngUe Ra-va-na de xua tan ndi dau budn
cda ta?
Khi ndo ngUdi eon gdi trinh bgch do se dm ed ta nhd li mifng vui?
Nhung gid day, chdng lai ehi nhdn manh dd'n danh du va tai nghd eua
ngudi anh hiing ma phii nhan tinh cam vg chdng:
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Chang phdi vi ndng md ta ddnh thang ke thu...

Ta ldm diiu dd vi nhdn phdm cda ta, de xod bd d nhuc, de bdo ve uy tin
vd danh dUddng hg lay lifng tii'ng tdm eua ta...
Nhu vay la cd sir thay doi, cd su vd If va mdu thudn trong nhiing ldi budc
tdi nghiet nga cua Ra-ma, chii y ciia chang ngay trong nhiing phiit giay gap
go, trudc sir ehiing kid'n cua ddng dao mgi ngudi.
Nhung trong nhifng ldi budc tdi ay, trong quyd't djnh tan nhdn va bat cdng
a'y vdn the hien su ghen tudng eiia ngudi chdng (Ndng dd bi qudy nhiiu khi
trong vgt do cda Ra-va-na, ddi mdt tgi ldi cda hdn dd hau hdu nhin khap
ngudi ndng,...)
Trudc day, khi chua eii'u duge Xi-ta, nghT de'n nang, chang chi lo ldng
cho su an nguy. Gid day, khi mdi lo dd khdng cdn niia thi lai xudt hidn trong
long ngudi chdng mdi ban khoan, nghi ngd: Ta'm than xinh dep kia ed cdn la
ciia ridng chang? Vi chang la mdt ngudi dan dng, mdt ngudi chdng.
Nhung ehu yd'u vdn la tid'ng ndi vd bon phan, danh du eua mdt anh hung,
mdt diie vua, khdng cho phep chap nhan mdt hoang hau da chung cha ciing ke
khac (ngudi sinh trudng trong mdt gia dinh cao quy cd thi nao lai lay ve mot
ngudi vg tirng sd'ng trong nha ke khdc.) Chang hilu vai trd, vj trf xa hdi ciia
chang, chang phdi lam guong, lam mdu dl dan chiing noi theo. Ra-ma phai
chd' ngu tinh cam bdng y thuc ve bdn phan, danh du. Chang da phai hi sinh
quyen lgi va tinh cam ea nhan vi ddi hdi eua cdng ddng.
Chfnh vi vay, du trai tim dau ddn, chang vdn phai di dd'n ciing so phdn.
Trude mat mgi ngudi, chang phdi cd kim nen tinh cam 6e ndi ldn nhifng ldi
gay gdt, khd ta, nhiing ldi tan nhdn chua tirng cd, nhiing ldi khdng ehi xiic
pham Xi-ta ma xiic pham tat ea anh em, ddng dgi - nhiing ngudi ma chang
hd't ldng ydu quy, tran trgng (ndng ed the de tdm di'n Lde-ma-na [...], hay ne'u
ndng thich, ndng cd the di theo Vi-phi-sa-na (em rudt vua quy Ra-va-na)
eiing ditoe.)
Rd rang dd la su ndi qua len, sir ddn long, cd thi hidn y chf sdt da.
Ra-ma cang nhdn di nhdn lai trach nhiem, danh du, mdt each diit khoat (phdi
biet elide diiu ndy [...], ta ndi cho ndng hay {...], chdng chut quanh eo, nggp
ngifng) cang thdy thue su ed gi dd liing tiing, bdi rdi trong tam trang.
Bdi vay, mau thudn trong Ra-ma gid day la mau thudn giiia danh du, bon
phan va tinh ydu. Ra-ma - trong tfnh each cua chang, viia la mdt quan vuomg,
vira la mgt chang trai ydu hd't minh, ghen tudng cue do; vira oai phong ldm liet
lai vira tdm thudng nhd nhen; ed liie kidn quyd't, rdn rdi, cd liie qua mem yd'u;
94
cd liie rat vj tha, liie lai qua fch ki. Sang - tdi, thidn - ac ludn tuong phdn
trong tfnh each Ra-ma.
- GV hdi tid'p: Thai do cua Ra-ma khi chifng kid'n canh Xi-ta budc ldn
gian thidu nhu thd' nao?
- HS tim chi tid't, phan tfch.
Dinh hudng:
+ Qua sir quan sat ciia mgi ngudi: liic dd chang nom khiing khid'p nhu
thdn chd't. Ra-ma vdn ngdi, mdt dan xudng ddt.
-I- Chiing kid'n canh vg budc ldn gian hoa thidu, hdn chang phai dau ddn
ldm, nhung vi nghTa vu, vi trach nhidm va danh du, bdn phan eiia diie vua anh
hiing, Ra-ma khdng thi lam khac. Cai nghiet nga va sir hi sinh eiia chang la
d dd.
3. Y thiie bdo vd danh du qua ldi dap va hanh ddng eua Xi-ta
-GVhdi:
+ Thai do eua Xi-ta khi nghe nhu'ng ldi budc tdi ciia Ra-ma?
-I- Xi-ta da thanh minh cho minh nhu thd' nao?
-I- Tam trang eiia nang khi ndi vdi Ra-ma va vdi mgi ngudi?
- HS dgc kT ldi ndi cua Xi-ta, phan tfch va phat biiu.
Dinh hudng:
+ Xi-ta hd't siic bat ngd trude ldi cao budc eiia Ra-ma. Sau dd la ndi dau
kho tran ra, khdng thi nao kiem che; dau khd tan eiing (dau ddn din nghet
thd, nhu mgt ddy leo bi vdi voi qudt ndt. Mdi ldi ndi cda Ra-ma xuyin vdo tim
ndng nhu mgt miii tin. Nude mdt ndng dd ra nhu sudi).
+ Nhung khi eat tid'ng, Xi-ta ddn tim lai su tu ehu: lay ta do lau nude mdt,
bdng gigng dju dang, nghen ngao, nang ndi. Gang ndi, nhiing ldi thanh minh
cua nang cang cd siie manh, rd rang, thdu tinh dat If.
+ Nang trach Ra-ma khdng chju suy xet, da danh ddng nang vdi hang phu
nii tdm thudng. Nang khang djnh phdm hanh, tu each ciia minh. Nang la
ngudi vg tirng bd cung didn theo chdng vao rirng, chia se cimg chdng mgi gian
nan, khd hanh.
-I- Nang nha'n manh ddng ddi con da't me eiia minh.
+ Quan trgng va sau sdc nha't la Xi-ta da phan bidt gitfa dieu tuy thudc
vao so mdnh eiia nang, vao quyen luc ke khac va dieu trong vdng kiim soat
ciia nang (giifa edi thdn thii'p ddy vd trdi tim thii'p ddy). Vide bj bdt cdc khi
95
ngat di nam ngoai y chf cua nang. Cdn nhiing gi nang cd thd chii ddng (trai
tim vd tinh yeu) thi hodn todn ehi thudc ve Ra-ma, bdt chdp mgi doa nat hay
mua chude ciia Ra-va-na. Nhae tdi su vide Ha-nu-man tdi dao djnh cdng
ndng vugt biin trd vd nhung ndng tir chdi, dti rat mong dugc doan tu. Mot
trong nhiing If do quan trgng ma nang khdng the ndi ra la nang khdng thi dl
Ha-nu-man - mdt ngudi dan dng cdng trdn lung.
+ Tai sao Xi-ta chgn each chd't trong lira - ldn gian thidu? Vi 'vdi nang,
chi cd cai chd't mdi chirng minh duge su trong sach ciia pham chat dao diic
cua nang. Bj chdng rudng bd cung chang khac gi cai chd't. Xi-ta da dung cam
dam chap nhan thir thach bdng chfnh nggn lira thidu, bdng chfnh cai chd't cua
minh dl chiing minh phdm chdt cao dep cua minh.
Canh budc ldn gian lira hao hiing bi thuang nhu mdt Id td' sinh. Id
hidn sinh.
Hoat dong 5
HUCfNG D A N TONG KET VA LUY^N TAP
1. HS dgc va suy nghT gia trj chii ye'u eua doan trfch.
(Dat cac nhan vat vao tinh thd' thir thdeh ngat ngheo ddi hdi sir lua chon
quyd't liet, bgc Id sau sdc ban chat eon ngudi. Ra-ma tuyet vdi anh himg chidn
ddu vdi quy vuomg gianh lai ngudi vg ydu quy nhung ciing dam hi sinh tinh
ydu vi danh du, bdn phan ngudi anh hung, dang quan vuomg; nhung lai cung
khdng ngan ndi ldi iing xir tdm thudng, nhd nhen do long ghen tudng mii
quang, ich ki- Nhu ngudi vg If tudng, dl chiing minh su trong sach va long
chung thuy eua minh, Xi-ta cung sdn sang dem than minh thir lira. Cach kl
cham rai, tam If nhan vat thi hidn qua hinh dung, cir chi, ldi ndi va hanh ddng
quyd't liet.)
2. Nhan xet tinh hudng trong doan trfch. Y nghTa nghd thuat ciia tinh
hudng dd.
(Bd trf mdt tinh hudng gap mat nhau sau chid'n thdng, trude ddng dao moi
ngudi dl eac nhan vat chfnh phai tu hanh ddng va quye't djnh diing vdi ban
chat, tinh each ciia minh, lam tinh chat sir thi thdm bi hung, hap ddn.)
3. Khdi quat lai pham chat ciia Ra-ma.
(Con ngudi bdn phan, danh du anh hting - diic vua da khid'n chang phai hi
sinh tinh ridng, dau long va bdt budc phdi rudng bd Xi-ta trudc cgng ddng
mdu thudn thd'ng nhdt vdi eon ngudi binh thudng vdi nhifng tinh cam binh
96
thudng. Dd la qUan nidm cua ngudi An Dd ed dai ve ngudi anh hung va diic
vua mdu muc).
4, Khdi quat ve phdm chdt eua Xi-ta.
(Ngudi vg, ngudi phu nii If tudng sdn sang budc qua mang sd'ng, lay cai
chd't dl chifng minh tinh ydu va diic hanh thuy chung.)
5. Cd gi gdn giii va khac bidt giifa edi chd't ciia ngudi eon gai Nam Xuomg
va nang Xi-ta?
-I- Gidng: ciing bj oan lie, chdng nghi ngd, ghen tudng thdt tid't, ciing tim
dd'n cai chd't dl thanh minh sir trong trdng eua minh va da dugc thanh minh.
+ Khac:
Xi-ta Vu NUdng
- Ra-ma rudng riy vp chu yeu vi danh du cua - Truong Sinh rudng riy vp, chO yeu vi ghen
nha v u a - a n h hung. tudng tam thudng.
- Xi-ta chdt bang each budc len gian thidu, nhd - VQ Nirong chet bang each nhay xud'ng Hoang
lira giai thoat va giai oan. Giang, nhd nudc giai thoat va giai oan.
- Nhan vat trong sir thi truyen midng cd dai. - Nhan vat trong truyen truyen ki trung dai.
- Cach ke nhanh, ft dd'i thoai. - Cach ke cham, nhieu ddi thoai dai, ti mi, nhidu
hinh anh.
6. Bdi tap ndng cao

Tim hilu dac trung ciia each thi hidn nhdn vdt anh hung trong sir thi
An Do.
(- Xudt than tir thdn linh (Ra-ma) hoac vat linh (Ha-nu-man);
- Thi hien siic manh eua dao difc, long ttr thien.
- Dat trong nhirng tinh hudng thir thach quyd't liet)
7. Dgc, suy nghT ndi dung phdn Tri thiie dgc - hilu, tr. 70.
8. Chuyin the doarl trfch thanh doan kjch ndi, td chiic biiu didn tai ldp
hoac trong khdi.
9. Soan bai Truyen An Duong Vuong vd Mi Chdu - Trgng Thuy.
7-TKBGNGLT V A N 10/1 (NC)-B 97

Tiet 1 9 - 2 0
VAN HOC m
TRUYEN AN Dl/ONG Vl/ONG vA

MI CHAU - TRONG THUY
(Truyin thuyet)
A. Ket qua cdn dqt
1, Kid'n thiie - tu tudng:
- Qua vide hudng ddn dgc - hilu truyen thuyd't, HS ndm vifng, ciing cd
hilu bid't ve dae trung chu yd'u cua truyen thuyd't: kd't hgp nhudn nhuydn yd'u
to lich sir vdi yd'u to tu'dng tugng, phan anh quan diim danh gid, thai do, tinh
cam ciia nhan dan vd eac su kidn va nhan vat ljch sir.
- Ndi dung, y nghTa va gia trj eua truyen An Duong Vuong vd Mi Chdu -
Trgng Thuy: ttr bi kjch mat nude eua cha eon An Duang Vuang va bi kjch tinh
ydu eiia vg chdng Trgng Thuy - Mj Chau, nhan dan mud'n riit ra va trao
truyen cho eac thd' he ngudi Viet bai hge ljch sir: trach nhidm ciia ngudi lanh
dao, cam quyen ddt nude, y thiic de cao canh giac vdi am muu eiia eac thd' luc
xam luge trong cdng cugc giir nude. Dd la y thiie ljch sir ciia nhan dan ta dugc
phan dnh trong truyen thuyd't.
- Dat trong bdi canh hidn tai, nhan dan ta, ddt nude ta vtra cdn md rdng
hdi nhap cung thd' gidi vtra phdi giif vifng an ninh, ddc lap va ehii quyen ddt
nude, bai hge ljch sir giii nude thdi vua Thue cang cd y nghTa sau sdc.
- Mdt so net dae sdc nghd thuat truydn thuyd't thi hidn sinh dgng qua
tac pham.
2. Ren kT nang kl chuydn, tdm tdt truydn, phan tfch nhan vat truyen thuyd't.

Mgt sd tranh anh, doan bang ve di tfch Cd Loa, mdt sd bai tha, doan tho
vjnh cac nhan vat cua Tan Da, Td Hiiu, truydn An Duong Vuong xdy thdnh de
CLia Nguydn Huy Tudng, Truyen nd thdn ciia Td Hoai,...
98 7- TKBGNOCf VAN 10/1 (NC)-A

C. Thiet ke bai dqy hpc
Hoat dong 1
TO CHQC KIEM T R A BAI CU
(Hinh thde: vdn dap)
1. Nhdc lai djnh nghTa thi loai truyen thuyd't da hge d chuang trinh NgQ
van ldp 6 THCS. Ke tdn nhiing truyen thuyd't da hge.
2. Ndu dac diim chii yd'u cua truyen thuyd't. Phdn tich, chiing minh qua
cac truydn Thdnh Gidng, Su tich Hd Guom.
Hoat dong 2
DAN VAO BAI MCll
- Cho HS xem mdt so hinh anh, hoac doan bang ve di tfch Cd Loa, ngay
hdi Cd Loa.
- GV ndi ldi dan: Ca dao cd Ha Ndi cd cau:
Ai vi qua huyin Ddng Anh
Ghe thdm phong cdnh Loa thdnh, Thue Vuong.
Cd Loa - thdnh dc khde thudng.
Trai bao nam thang thang trdm trong lich sir, vdn cdn day, siing sifng
nhirng dau tfch cua mdt trieu dai, ciia mdt doan sir bi hiing (Den Thugng, Am
Ba Chiia, Gidng Nggc, nhiing doan thanh de,...) gdn lien vdi nhifng truyen
thuye't ma mdi ngudi Viet Nam chiing ta deu thudc: Truyen An Duong Vuong
vd Mi Chdu -Trgng Thuy.
Hoat dong 3
DOC - HIEU KHAI QUAT
1. Ciing cd ve thi loai truyin thuyet va nhiing dac diim ciia nd:
- GV khdc sau dua trdn kd't qua kiim tra d Hoat ddng 1:
-t- Mgt loai truydn ddn gian, kl ve cac su kidn va nhdn vat ljch sir, qua dd
nhan dan thi hidn nhan thiic, qua diim, tinh cam cua minh.
-I- Mdt sd dac diim ndi bat: yd'u td ljch sir va yd'u td tudng tugng, thdn ki
hod quydn.
Khdng chii trgng dd'n tinh chan thue, chfnh xac, khach quan eua ljch sir;
xay dung dugc nhiing hinh tugng nghd thuat dde dao.
99
Luu truyen trong khdng gian, thdi gian ljch sir - van hod, trong sinh hoat
va Id hoi, trong tam thifc ciia ngudi Viet.
2. Van ban va bd cue
- Ban kl ddu tidn tim thay trong tap Linh Nam chich qudi (Nhirng truyen
quai di d ddt LTnh Nam) bdng chif Han do Vii Quynh va Kieu Phii suu tap va
bien soan, cudi thd'ki XV, Dinh Gia Khanh - Nguydn Nggc San djch.
- Thuc ra cd thi xem day la hai truydn thuye't kd't nd'i vdi nhau. Phdn ddu
thudng cd nhan dd: An Duong Vuong hoac Loa thdnh; phdn sau: Mi Chdu -
Trgng Thuy.
Nhan vat chfnh xuydn sudt hai truydn: nha vua An Duong Vuong Time
Phdn, thd hien ehii de ljch sd: bdi hge giif nifde thdnh cdng vd thdt bgi ciia ddt
nudc ta thdi Au Lac.
- Bd cue: kl theo trinh tu thdi gian va sir vide.
(1) An Duong Vuong xay thanh, chd' nd va chid'n thang Trieu Da.
(2) Trgng Thuy lay cdp ldy nd than.
(3) Tridu Da lai phdt binh xam luge Au Lac; An Duang Vuomg that bai,
chem Mj Chau va di xud'ng biin.
(4) Kd't cue bi tham eiia Trgng Thuy, hinh anh nggc trai - nudc gid'ng.
3. Dgc - kl
- GV neu ydu edu dgc - kl, chii y thi hidn diing tinh cam, tam trang, thai
do eiia eac nhan vat qua mdt so cau ndi: tie'ng thet ldn eiia riia vang, eau noi
ehii quan eiia An Duomg Vuomg khi vdn ngdi danh cd, khi quan Tridu Da da
dd'n chan thanh, ldi khan cua Mi Chau, ldi ndi eudi cting eiia Trgng Thuy,...
va CO gdng thi hidn khdng khf lich sir - truyen thuyd't.
(Ki tdm tdt, ngdn ggn)
- GV dgc - kl mdu mdt doan, 3 - 4 HS dgc - kl tid'p. GV nhan xet kd't qua.
- Giai thieh tir khd (kd't hgp trong qua trinh dgc - hilu ehi tid't, HS xem
eac ehii thfch chan trang).
Hoat dong 4
HUONG DAN DOC - HIEU CHI TIET
* Luu y: De trdnh trung lap, cd the chgn each dgc —hieu theo ba nhdn
vdt: An Diunig Vuong, Mi Chdu, Trgng Thuy. Nhifng cung cd the chgn
cdch dgc - hiiu theo qud trinh phdt trii'n cda ed't truyen. Dudi ddy chgn cdch
thu nhdt.
100
I - Nhan vat An Duong Vuomg

I. Xay thanh, chd'nd, danh thdng Tridu Da
- GV hdi: Trong doan 1 eiia truydn, em thay nha vua An Duong Vuong
da lam duge nhirng cdng vide gi va kd't qua ra sao?
- HS Iidt kd, phdt biiu.
Dinh hudng: Trong nhifng nam ddu ciia tridu dai, vua Thuc Phan An
Duong Vucmg da lam dugc nhiing vide trgng dai dl xay dung va bao vd trieu
dai va da't nude. Ong da thu duge thanh cdng ldn: xay thanh, che nd va chid'n
thdng cugc xam luge cua vua Nam Viet Tridu Da.
- GV hdi tid'p: Vi sao An Duong Vuong thanh cdng va chid'n thdng? Qua
day, ehiing td dng, vdi tu each la ngudi lanh dao cao nhdt, nha vua Au Lac, cd
nhiing pham chat gi? Hinh tugng sii Thanh Giang - thdn Kim Quy - Riia
Vang, vdi cai ldy nd ki didu ndi ldn didu gi?
- HS phan tfch, thdo luan, khai quat, phat biiu.
Dinh hudng:
+ Sd dT An Duang Vuomg thanh cdng trong vide xay Loa Thanh vi dng da
kidn tri, quyd't tam, khdng sg khd khan, khdng nan chf trudc thdt bai tam thdi,
thanh cif xay gdn xong lai dd. Duge su trg giiip eua Than Kim Quy, dng da
tim ra giai phap kT thuat phu hgp, da tran dp ydu quai xay thanh cdng Loa
Thanh vT dai, khdng djnh su ldn manh va quyd't tam giir nude eiia nhan dan Au
Lac tru vifng giifa ddng bdng.
+ Sd dT An Duong Vuomg chid'n thdng Trieu Da - ddi quan xam luge
ddng, manh vi nha vua ed thanh dc kidn cd, ed nd thdn bdn mdt phat gidt van
ngudi (da'u tfch kho tdn ddng hang van chide), dae bidt la tinh thdn canh giac,
cao ciia vj vua anh hung, san sang danh giac.
+ O doan ddu truydn, qua eac vide lam va kd't qua, ta thay rd An Duomg
Vuang xiing dang la nha vua anh hting, la thii ITnh bg lac anh minh, sang sudt,
canh giac va trach nhidm, dugc nhan dan va thdn linh ung hd, giiip dd va tdn
vinh ndn da thanh cdng ldn.
-I- Hinh anh sii Thanh Giang - thdn Kim Quy - Rtia Vang vdi cai vudt
lam ldy nd thdn chfnh la sir ki do hoa sir nghidp chfnh nghTa, phu hgp ldng
ngudi cua An Duang Vuomg (trong tam thiic ngudi Viet cd, riia (quy) la mdt
trong tii linh (long, li, quy, phugng)). Nd thdn (cd ldy bdng vudt riia than) la
su ki do hod bf mat vii khf tinh xao cua ngudi Viet xua.
(Hit tiet 19, chuyen tiet 20)
101
2. Co dd ddm biin sau!

- GV ndu vdn de: Vi sao An Duong Vuomg nhanh chdng that bai thd
tham khi Tridu Da dua quan sang xam luge ldn thii hai? Hanh ddng vdn choi
cd ung dung va eudi "Da khdng sg nd thdn sao" ndi ldn dieu gi? Bai hoc
nghiem khac va mudn mdn nao nha vua da nit ra dugc, va riit ra khi nao, biiu
hidn nhu the nao? Hanh ddng riit guom chem eon gai ydu cua nha vua ndi ldn
dieu gi?
- HS ldn lugt thao ludn, suy ngdm, phan tich, ndu y kid'n cua minh.
Dinh hudng:
+ Sau thanh cdng va thdng lgi ban ddu. An Duang Vuomg cd phdn chu
quan, la la canh giac vdi ke thu, khdng nhan ra da tam nham hiim, quy quyet
eua Tridu Da ndn da pham nhieu sai ldm nghidm trgng ddn dd'n thua tran, nha
tan, mdt nude,... vd cung the tham.
+ Ddu tidn la quyd't djnh nhan ldi edu hod (thue chat la vd hoa dl tfnh
muu sau kd'hilm) eua Tridu Da.
-I- Tid'p theo la nhan ldi cdu hdn va dae bidt la cho phep Trgng Thuy d re
ngay trong Loa Thanh ba nam. Dd la rude rdn vdo nha, nudi ong tay do vo
cung nguy hiim.
+ De Trgng Thuy tu do, khdng giam sat, de phdng hdn.
-I- Khdng lo gido due eon gai (dl mac vg chdng con mud'n lam gi thi lam)...
-I- Lo la trong vide phdng thii dat nude, ham vui choi, an hudng tudi gia.
+ Chii quan khinh djch (giac dd'n chan thanh, vdn mai chai cd, cudi Trieu
Da khdng sg nd thdn...).
Bay nhidu ehiing eii da ehiing td An Duong Vuomg da tu ddnh mdt minh,
da khdng cdn la nha vua anh minh, oai himg thud trudc ma nguyen nhan cdt
ldi la dng da ehu quan, tu man, mat canh giac cao do, khdng hilu ke thu,
khdng lo phdng bj, tu minh chude ldy that bai. Xet cho cung. An Duong
Vuomg thua la thua mifu ki hiem doe ciia Tridu Da. Siie manh eiia thanh cao,
ciia nd than da hoan todn bat luc, vd dung vi chi'nh nha vua da tao dieu kidn
cho ki thu phd tu ben trong. Khi dem nd ra bdn, nd than khdng cdn tac dung,
thi nha vua chi cdn each ciirig eon gdi phi ngua chay ve phuomg nam ma thdi.
Tid'ng thet ldn eiia than Kim Quy chgt lam vua tinh ngd. Riit guam chem
con gai la hanh ddng trirng phat nghidm khde, dfch dang va vd ciing dau ddn
102
eua nha vua - ngudi cha trong hoan canh hiim ngheo, bi dat, dd rdi sau do,
dng cung edm strng td di xud'ng biin sau - tu kd't lidu cude ddi. Dd la sU tinh
ngg mugn mdn ciia nha vua trong cdnh:
Trudc mat id bii'n ldn
Sau lung ddt khdng eon.
(Che Lan Vien)
An Duang Vuang cdng ldn, nhung dl mat nude, vdi vai trd thii ITnh tdi
cao, dng phdi ganh trach nhidm khdng nhd. Tinh ngd sir that thi da qua mudn,
nha vua da cting vdi ca dd chim ddm biin sau. Nhung nhan dan Au Lac ddi
sau vdn hd't siic kfnh trgng va bid't on nha vua. Trong tinh cam nhan dan,
dng vdn bat tir, vdn ngay ddm dam dao vdi Lac Long Quan noi biin Ddng
bat ngdt.
- GV chuyin y: Tat nhidn, khdng ehi cd mgt minh An Duomg Vuomg sai
ldm, kem trf dl thua tran, mat nude. Lidn quan dd'n vide nay cdn nhifng nhan
vat khac, nhirng cau chuydn eo le, bi tham khde, ma nhan vat thii hai can tim
hilu kT la nang Mj Chau, eon gai ydu duy nhdt ciia An Duong Vuomg.
IL Hinh tugng nhan vat cdng ehiia Mj Chau
- GV hdi: Nhan xet ve con ngudi, hanh ddng va trach nhidm eiia Mi
Chau. Sai ldm ldn nhat eiia nang la gi? Vi sao? Khi dua Trgng Thuy dd'n xem
dai nd thdn. Mi Chau ed hilu rdng nang dang tu lam Id bf mat qud'c gia quan
trgng bac nhat cho ke thti? Va khi nang rac ldng ngdng sau chan ngua, nang
cd hilu rdng, dang dua cha minh dd'n cai chd't?
- HS ban luan tu do, phat biiu va bao vd y kid'n eua minh.
Dinh hudng:
+ Dd la mgt cdng chiia xinh dep, cue ki ngay tho, trong trdng, khdng mdt
chiit y thiic gi ve trach nhidm cdng dan, y thiie chfnh trj, ehi bid't ddm minh
trong tinh ydu, tinh vg chdng (Trdi dm ldm chd di trin ddu!).
Mj Chau cd tin, ngay tha dd'n miic: tu tidn sir dung bf mat qud'c gia cho
tinh ridng, khid'n bao vat giii nude bj danh trao ma hoan toan khdng bid't; lai
chi bid't nghT dd'n hanh phiie ea nhan khi danh dau dudng cho Trgng Thuy
ldn theo.
-I- Bj kd't tdi dieh dang la giac ngdi sau lung ngua, la diing va dfch dang.
Va la giac ndn da bj trirng tri dfch dang, ma ngudi ra tay chfnh la cha de
ciia nang. Mj Chau la eon gai vua Thue, vay ma khdng he nghT dd'n trach
nhidm cdng dan, trach nhidm eiia mdt cdng chiia trude su tdn vong cua ddt
103
nudc. Nang chi quanh quan vdi cugc sd'ng rieng nhd be ciia minh. ITiat dang
trach, dang gian; nhung cung dang thuang! Nang da phdi tra gid cho sir ngay
tha qua ddi ciia minh bdng bi kjch tinh ydu hoan todn dd vd cting vdi bi kjch
gia dinh vd bi kich ddt nude. Tdt ca co dd chim biin sau ciing vdi cai chd't bdi
chfnh tay nha vua - ngudi cha kfnh ydu eiia minh.
- GV hdi: Nhung nhifng ldi ndi eudi eiing ciia Mj Chau trudc khi chd't va
hinh anh nggc trai - nggc minh chdu sau khi nang chd't cd y nghTa gi?
- HS tid'p tue lam vide theo nhdm, cir dai didn phat biiu.
Dinh hudng:
+ Mj Chau tdi ldi that nang ne, that dang bj trirng trj nghiem khde. Nang
da phai tra gia cho nhifng hanh ddng ca tin, ngay tha, khd khao eiia minh
bdng tinh ydu tan va, bang chfnh cdi chd't eiia minh. Nhan dan that cdng bdng,
bao dung, do lugng va nhan hau khi thd An Duomg Vuomg trong den thugng,
ma thd Mj Chau trong am Ba Chua (trong dd thd biie tugng khdng ddu).
+ Nhung Mj Chau cifng that dang thuong, dang cam thdng phan nao, do
tdt ea nhifng sai ldm, tgi ldi 66 deu xuat phat ttr su vd tinh, tii' tfnh ngdy tho
nhe da, ea tin dd'n mti quang eiia nang. Nang ehi hanh ddng theo tinh cam,
theo nhjp dap eiia trdi tim, ma chang hd ddn do suy xet; ehi bid't vide ridng,
chdng lo vide chung. To Hifu da vie't ve nang mdt each cdng bdng va
nghidm khdc:
Tdi ke ngdy xifa chuyin Mi Chdu,
Trdi tim ldm chd de trin ddu.
Nd thdn vd y trao tay gide,
Nin ndi eo dd ddm bii'n sdu!
- GV ndu van de thdo luan: Mj Chau cho Trgng Thuy xem no than la theo
tinh cam vg chong ma qudn nghTa vu vdi ddt nude. Mj Chau lam vay la tu
nhidn, hgp dao If. Y kid'n eiia em?
- HS ban luan tu do.
Dinh hudng
+ Cd thi hilu theo mgt trong hai each nhung khdng dii lap luan 6e bac bd
each hilu khac. Cd thi dua ra y kid'n ridng eiia minh. Cd t h i phd phan, cd thi
cam thdng.
+ Xudt phat ttr eo sd phuong phap luan va y thifc xa hdi, ehinh trj - thdm
mT cua nhan dan trong dac diim thi loai truyen thuyd't. T h i loai truyen thuyd't
nhdm de cao cai td't dep, phd phan edi xau ac, theo quan nidm nhan dan.
104

Truyen thuyd't de cao long ydu nudc, y chf vi ddc lap - tu do, khdng the ea
nggi ndng cdng chiia con vj vua anh hung, khd cdng xay thanh giif nudc lai
chi bid't nghe ldi chdng, khdng nghT gi dd'n bdn phan cdng dan vdi van mdnh
Td qud'c. Nhin ngugc lai ljch sir dl riit kinh nghiem, giao diie tinh ydu nude,
de cao y thifc cdng dan, dat vide nudc cao hon vide nha.
Hinh anh nggc trai - nggc minh chdu la hoa than ciia nang. Mj Chau da
phai chju thi hanh ban an eua ljch sir xudt phat ttr truydn thd'ng ydu nudc, tha
thie't vdi dgc lap tu do ciia ngudi Viet ed. Tuy nhidn, sd phan eiia Mj Chau
ehua dtrng d dd. Nhung nang khdng hod than trgn ven trong mdt hinh hai duy
nha't. Nang hod thdn - phdn thdn: mau chay xud'ng bien, trai an phai hoa
thanh nggc trai. Xac nang hod thanh nggc thach. Hinh anh dd vtra thi hidn su
bao dung, thdng cam vdi sir trong trdng tho ngay, vd tinh khi pham tdi vtra thd
hidn thai do nghidm khde cung bai hge ljch sir ve vide giai quyd't quan he giCfa
nha vdi nudc, chung vdi ridng.
IIL Nhan vat Trgng Thuy
- GV ndu y kid'n thao luan: Ndu quan diim eua em vd ba y kie'n sau:
+ Trgng Thuy - mdt tdn gian diep nguy hiim, mdt ngudi chdng nang tinh
vdi vg.
-I- Trgng Thuy - mdt nhan vat truydn thuyd't vdi mau thudn phiie tap
nhung thd'ng nhat, vtra la ke thu viia la nan nhan.
+ Trgng Thuy - mdt ngudi eon bat hidu, mdt ngudi chdng lira dd'i, mdt
ngudi rl phan bdi - ke thu ciia nhan dan Au Lac.
Y kid'n eiia em nhu thd' nao?
- HS trao ddi thdo luan, phat biiu va phdn bde, ehiing minh y kid'n cua minh.
Dinh hudng:
+ Trgng Thuy - mdt trong nhiing nhan vat truyen thuyd't phiic tap, mau
thudn duge xay dung khd thanh cdng.
- Mdt mat thdi ki ddu, Trgng Thuy don thudn ddng vai trd rhdt tdn gian
diep, theo ldnh vua cha sang lam rl, thuc hidn am muu, didu tra bf mat cua Au
Lac, danh cdp ldy nd thdn.
-I- Trong sudt thdi gian d Loa Thanh, chua bao gid y qudn nhidm vu 66 va
da tim mgi each lira Mj Chau 6e thue hidn thanh cdng. Chfnh su chii quan, lo
la, mat canh giac ciia An Duomg Vuong; chfnh su ngay tha, ca tin, toan
tam toan y vdi chdng cua Mi Chau da giiip y thuc hidn thanh cdng kd' hoach
den tdi.
105
+ Nhung mat khac, cd thi trong qua trinh sd'ng vdi Mj Chau hdn da ydu
nang thuc su. Cau ndi tru'dc liie chia tay ciia y khdng chi ngdm bao trude cuoc
chia li khdng trdnh khdi, ma phdn nao thi hidn tam trang, tinh cam eiia Trong
Thuy ddi vdi vg la cd that va kha chan thanh.
+ Nhirng y vdn phai hoan thanh bdn phan vdi Tridu Da.
+ Khi dudi kjp cha con An Duong Vuong thi Mj Chau da chd't. Y dm xac
vg khde ldc, thuang nhd roi tu tir.
Cai chd't eiia Trgng Thuy cho ta thdy su bd' tac, sir an han mudn mdn ciia
y. Chang qua Trgng Thuy ciing ehi la mdt nan nhan ciia chfnh cha de minh.
D l phuc vu cho am muu xam luge, Tridu Da da sai con lam gian diep, khdng
ngd da thiie day d eon trai nhiing tinh cam ciia mdt eon ngu'di, va eudi cung
da ddn de'n cai chdt the tham eiia y. Bi kich eiia Trgng Thuy la bi kjch eiia mot
nan nhan ciia mdt am muu chfnh trj mau thudn va be' tdc trong va sau mot
eUdc chidn tranh xam luge. Tridu Da thang lgi nhung mdt eon trai. Trong
Thuy thanh cdng nhung trd thanh ke lira dd'i dd hen, mat vg, bj ngudi Viet ddi
ddi ldn an. Trong dau ddn, hdi han mudn mdn va bd' tdc, y ehi cdn con dudng
nhay xud'ng gid'ng sau. Mau thudn trong Trgng Thuy la mau thudn khdng the
dung hod giifa hai tham vgng: chidm dugc Au Lac va trgn tinh vdi Mj Chau.
Sau chidn thdng, khi tham vgng 1 da dat thi tham vgng 2 tan thanh may khdi.
Cai chd't ciia y cung ggi chiit xdt xa chO mgi ngudi. Kd't cue ciia mdi tinh bi
tham thuc su mang y nghTa to cao chid'n tranh.
Ve cai chd't ciia Trgng Thuy: Truyen thuyd't vting Co Loa k l rdng oan hon
Mj Chau keo Trgng Thuy xud'ng gid'ng va dim chd't the hidn long cam thti oan
han ciia Mj Chau va nhan dan Cd Loa dd'i vdi tdn giac nham hiem nay. Nhung
6e Trgng Thuy nhay xudng gid'ng tu tir do ndi giay vd, tu trirng phat eiia arlh
ta la kd't cue sau sdc va hgp If han.
Hoat dong 5
1. Phan bidt eac yd'u td ljch sir va yd'u td thdn ki trong truydn:
- Yd'u td lich sir cdt ldi: An Duong Vuong xay thanh, chd' nd, chid'n thdng
Tridu Da, sau mdc muu Tridu Da, nhan Trgng Thuy lam rl, ehii quan khdng
phdng bj ndn thua tran, gid't con, va tir sat.
- Yd'u td thdn ki: Su Thanh Giang giiip vua xay thanh, mdng rtia - ldy nd
thdn, thdn Kim Quy hidn ldn thet ldn lay tinh nha vua, su hoa than eua Mj
Chau... nhdm giai thfch nguyen nhan mat nude Au Lac. Nhan dan mud'n
khang djnh rdng: Au Lac bi mat khdng phai vi kem edi- tai nang ma vi ke thti
106
dung thii doan hen ha, dd tidn lira bjp. Su thdn ki hoa vdn nhdm tdn vinh An
Duomg Vuang - vj vua anh hiing, ddt nude anh himg.
2. Nhifng bai hge ljch sii' can riit ra qua truydn thuyd't nay:
- Bai hge vd tinh thdn canh giac thudng true trude am muu den tdi va
nham hiim eiia ke thti xam luge.
-I- Bai hge ve trach nhidm cua ngudi lanh dao, diing ddu qud'c gia: y thiic
canh giac, tdm nhin xa rdng, quyd't sach diing ddn nhdt vdi van mdnh eua dan
tdc, da't nudc.
-I- Bai hge vd mdi quan he ridng - chung, nha - nudc eiia mdi ngUdi dan
vdi van mdnh Td qud'c,...
- Dac sdc nghe thuat ciia truyen thuye't:
+ Cdt truydn ljch sir da dugc truyen thuyet hod ndn cang li ki, hap ddn. Cd
thi ndi dd la mdt trong nhiing truyen thuye't hap ddn nhdt ciia dan tdc ta.
-I- Kd't hgp bi - hung, xay dung duge nhifng hinh anh giau chat tu tudng -
tham mT, cd siie sd'ng lau ben.
3. Bdi tap ndng cao
3.1. Cd y kid'n cho rdng hinh dnh nggc trai - nifde giing la biiu hidn
tugng trung ciia mgt tinh ydu chung thuy. Y kid'n eiia em nhu thd' nao?
HS thao luan, phat biiu.
Dinh hudng
Khdng phdi! Trudc khi chd't, Mj Chau da kjp nhan ra minh bj lira. Va ke
lira nang chfnh la chdng nang - ngudi nang tin ydu nhdt. Su nhe da eua nang
da phdi trd gia khdng ehi bdng tfnh mang ciia nang ma cdn sinh mang cua vua
cha, va so phan ciia ca ddt nude, dan tdc. Vi vay, nd'u ed kidp sau, lam sao
nang cd thi cdn chung tinh vdi tdn phan bdi?
Trudc khi chd't, nang khdng hd xin tha mang, vi Mj Chau da y thiie dugc
tdi ldi nang ne eua minh. Nang ehi xin duge hod than dl rua sach mdi nhuc
thu. Vi vay, nd'u hinh anh nggc trai - nude gid'ng tugng trung cho hai ngudi
gap lai d kie'p sau, thi chdc chdn dd khdng phai la biiu tugng ciia mdi tinh
thuy chung ma chi la hinh anh mdi oan tinh dugc giai ma thdi!
Hinh anh dep va dam chat trif tinh ay chi tugng trung cho su minh oan,
chidu tuyd't, bao dung ciia nhan dan dd'i vdi Mj Chau, chiing thuc ta'm long
trong sang cua nang. Chi tid't nude gid'ng ed hdn Trgng Thuy hod ciing ndi hdi
han vd han la ehiing nhan cho mong mud'n hoa giai tdi ldi ciia y. Chi tid't nggc
trai dem rira trong nude gid'ng lai cang sang dep han ndi len rdng phai chang
107
Trgng Thuy da tim dugc sir hod giai trong tinh cam Mj Chau nai the gidi bdn
kia. Ngudi Au Lac khdng bao gid sdng tao ra hinh anh ca nggi ke da dUa ho
dd'n mat nude!
Dgc tham khao bai tho ciia Tan Da:
Mot ddi ke Viet, ngudi Tdn
Nifa phdn dn odn, nifa phdn xdt thUOng.
Vudt rua chdng ddi mdy
Long ngdng thiip difa dudng.
Tinh phu phu
Nghia qudn vifong...
Nghin ndm khdi huong...
Tdm lai, hinh anh nggc trai - nude gid'ng la sir thi hidn tap trung nhan
thiie ljch sir, la su cam thdng ciia nhan dan dd'i vdi hai nhan vat trong truydn.
3.2. Ve y kid'n giai oan cho Mj Chau: Nang khdng cd tgi vi da lam tron
dao ngudi vg hiin trong xa hdi phong kid'n: phu xifdng phu tuy\
Nhung d mdt ddt nude nhieu giac gia, mdt nang cdng chiia lai chi bid't
trgn ehii tdng ma vd tinh vdi van mdnh eiia dat nude la ed tdi. Ldi kd't tdi cua
than Kim Quy la hd't sife cdng bdng, chfnh xac va nghidm khde. Mau Mj Chau
hod nggc thi hidn thai do gian, thuomg minh bach cua nhan dan. Lay dao tam
tdng dl minh oan cho Mj Chau thue chat la ha thap nang. Mj Chau sd dT cdn
dugc thuomg la vi da bid't minh ed tdi va dam nhan tdi.
4. Soan bai Tdm Cdm.
108
TUA«f6
Tiet 21 - 22
VAN HOC
TAM CAM
(Truydn cd tfch thdn ki)
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

1. Kie'n thiie - tu tudng:
- Hilu dugc cude dau tranh giira thidn va ac, udc ma thidn thdng ac, tinh
thdn lac quan va nhan dao ciia nhan dan thi hidn trong truyen.
- Ttr vide cimg cd va nang cao nhifng hilu bid't ve thi loai truydn ed tfch
(da hge d chuang trinh Ngif van THCS), nhan thiie dugc tfnh chat, y nghTa eiia
nhifng mau thudn, xung dot didn ra trong truydn Tdm Cdm, y nghTa ciia su
bid'n hod ciia Tam, tu" dd khai quat dugc ehii dl truydn, gia trj nghd thudt eiia
truydn; khdc sau tinh ydu dd'i vdi ngudi lao ddng, ngudi phu nif Viet Nam;
cimg cd niem tin vao chie'n thdng cua cai thidn, ciia chfnh nghTa trong cugc
sd'ng, trong xa hdi.
2. Ren kT nang dgc, kl, phan tfch nhan vat qua mau thudn, xung dot trong
truydn ed tfch than ki.

- Truydn tranh Tdm Cdm.
- Nguydn Ddng Chi (suu tdm va bidn soan), Kho tdng truyen ed tich Viet
Nam (5 tap).
C. Thiet l<e bdi dqy hpc
Hoat dong 1
TO CHQC KIEM TRA BAI CU
1. Qua doan trfch Ra-ma budc tgi, nhan dan An Do xua quan niem nhu
thd' nao vd nha vua - anh himg, ve ngudi phu nir If tudng?
109
2. Phan tfch, so sanh hanh ddng budc len gian thieu ciia Xi-ta vdi hanh
dgng nhay xud'ng Hoang Giang eiia Vu Nuang, tir dd riit ra nhu'ng didm gid'ng
va khac nhau giua hai tac phdm sir thi An Do va truyen truydn ki Viet Nam.
3. The nao la truyen cd tfch thdn ki? Ndu nhung dae diim quan trgng nha't
cLia thi loai truydn dan gian nay. Chuong trinh THCS da hge nhifng truydn ed
tfch thdn ki nao?
Hoat dong 2
DAN VAO BAI MCJI
- GV ndi cham:
1. Truydn ed tfch than ki Tdm Cdm ndi chung, hinh tugng nhan vat Tdm
ndi ridng da di vao long ngudi Viet Nam ttr bao ddi nay. Truydn da dugc
chuyin thi nhieu ldn thanh cheo (Chi Tdm - anh Diin), cai luong, nhae kjch,
ddng thdi cifng la ngudn de tai cho tho, nhae, hoa (Nggc Chau: Co Tdm ngdy
nay, Phd Diie Phuong: Nhifng ed Tdm ngdy xifa nay vdn cdn ddy, trin que
huong quan hg), (Chd' Lan Vidn: Cd Tdm ngdy nay xe vd thi bd tiin ldm
chuyin bdt ngd),... Cai kd't thiic ciia truyen (Tdm tra thti) da ttmg gay nhieu y
kid'n tranh luan. Vide dgc - hilu Tdm Cdm, mdt ldn niia giiip chiing ta nhan
thii'c gid trj tu tudng - nghd thuat eiia truydn nay sau sdc han.
Mdy ddi bdnh due ed xifong
Mdy ddi di ghe lgi thuong eon chdng!
cau ca dao cd ra ddi trude hay truydn Tdm Cdm ra ddi trude? That kho
bid't duge, chi bid't rang, mdt trong nhifng ehu de ciia truydn Tdm Cdm la chu
de mau thudn xung dot di ghe - con chdng. Nhung ed that day la ehu de
chfnh hay khdng? Chiing ia cdn dgc kT lai toan truydn.
2. Kiiu truydn cd tfch thdn ki vdi md-tfp nhan vat ngifdi md edi rdt phd
bid'n d Viet Nam va the gidi: Lg Lem (Phap), Co Tro Bep (Dife), Ndng Diep
Hgn (Trung Qud'c), Con ed vdng (Thai Lan), Truyen eon riia (Mi-an-ma), Ne
ang can tdc (Cam-pu-chia),...; Tna Gia - Tua Nhi (dan tdc Tay), Y Udi -
Y Nogng (Thai), Gdu Nd - Gdu Rinh (Mdng), Ddi gidy vdng (Cham), U
vd Cao (Ha- rd)...
- Cho HS xem truydn tranh Tdm Cdm hoac chie'u trdn man hinh kd't hgp
vdi HS kl, dgc lai truyen.
Hoat dong 3
CUNG CO LAI KIEN T H Q C V E TRUYEN CO TICH THAN Kl
1. Ve truyen cd tfch thdn ki va nhung dac diim, gia trj tu tudng ciia nd:
110
- HS dgc va trinh bay ndi dung Tieu ddn, SGK, tr. 76.
- GV nha'n manh nhifng diim chfnh:
+ Cd su tham gia eiia nhu'ng yd'u to than ki.
+ Kd't edu phd bid'n: nhan vat chi'nh (la nhiing con ngudi binh thudng hoac
bat hanh (md cdi, ngheo khd) trai qua hoan nan, eudi cimg dugc hudng hanh
phiic, thoa nguydn ma udc.
+ Mau thudn, xung dot gia dinh, xa hdi the hidn dau tranh giifa thidn - ac,
td't - xau. De cao cai thidn, thidn chid'n thdng ac dl ndu guomg dao diie, gido
due eon ngudi va thi hidn mo udc ciia nhan dan lao ddng ve cdng bdng xa hdi,
ve hanh phiie; tran day tinh thdn lac quan, ddi lap vdi hidn thuc xa hdi den tdi
dau khd, tao cho con ngirdi niem tin, long ham sd'ng.
+ Kiiu truyen Tdm Cdm phd bid'n d kha nhidu dan tdc tren thd' gidi.
2. Dgc - ke (ydu cdu dgc ggi khdng khf ed tfch, chii y nhiing eau dd'i
thoai, nhifng eau van vdn, kd't hgp dgc va kl)
- GV dgc mdu, kl mdu 1 doan; 3 - 4 HS dgc, kl tie'p cho dd'n hd't truydn.
- GV nhan xet kd't qua.
3. Giai thfch tir khd (theo cac chii thi'ch chan trang)
4. Bd CLic
- Md truydn: Ngdy xifa... viec ndng - gidi thidu cac nhan vat chfnh va
hoan cdnh truydn.
- Than truydn: Mgt hdm... vi cung -didn bid'n cau chuydn.
- Kd't truydn: Tdm trd lai lam ngudi.
Ridng than truydn cd thi chia thanh 2 doan:
-I- Tdm d vdi di ghe va Cam dd'n khi trd thanh hoang hau.
-I- Ta'm bj gid't va hod than.
Hoat dong 4
HUCING DAN DOC r HIEU CHI TIET
I. Nhan vat va mau thudn - xung dot ehii yd'u
- GV hdi: Theo ddi toan truydn, ta thay ndi bat ldn su dd'i lap va mau
thuan gi, giira nhan vat nao vdi nhan vat nao? Mau thudn 66 phat triln ra sao
theo mach cdt truydn? Mau thudn nao la chii yd'u, vi sao?
- HS khai qudt, phat bieu, cd the thdo luan de di de'n thdng nhat nhan dinh.
111
Dinh hudng:
+ Nd'u can eii vao quan he gia dinh thi truydn ed ede mau thudn:
Tdm <> Cam (hai chj em eiing cha khac me, cting thd' he).
Ta'm <> Di ghe (di ghe va eon chdng).
Trong hai mau thudn trdn, mau thudn Tdm - Cam la chii ye'u, xuydn sudt
todn truydn, lidn tuc va ngay cang cang thdng, quyd't liet. Mau thudn di ghe -
con chdng ehi ddng vai trd bd sung, phu trg, khdng lien tuc. Cd thi khai quat
han, dd la mau thudn gia dinh: Tdm <> Cam va di ghe.
+ Thi hidn mau thudn xa hgi, khai quat thanh mdu thudn thiin -de.
Cac nhan vat But, nha vua... deu thudc phe thidn, diing ve phfa Tam
nhung tham gia rat ft va cd miic do vao qua trinh phat triln va giai quyd't mau
thudn xung dot trong truydn.
Mau thudn phat triln thanh xung dot mdt mat mdt cdn va ddn dd'n kd't
thiie thidn thdng ac, ac bj trirng trj dfch dang. Thidn dugc thoa nguydn udc
ma, hudng hanh phiic trdn the.
Vay tim hilu gid trj va dae diim tu tudng - nghd thuat eiia truydn thue
cha't la phan tfch mau thudn - xung dot dy giifa ba nhan vat.
(Ilet tiet 21, chuyen tiet 22)
2. Didn tid'n eiia mau thudn - xung dot giua Tam va me eon Cam
- GV hdi: Mau thudn - xung dot giua Tam va Cam ciing mu di ghe ed
thi phan thanh mdy chang? Tdm tdt nhifng sir vide chfnh trong tirng chang.
Chang nao cang thang, quyd't liet nhdt?
- HS phan tich, phat biiu.
Dinh hudng:
+ Mau thudn - xung dot giira Tam va me eon Cam cd thi chia lam eac
chang nhd:
(a) bat eua -> chan trau -> xem hdi -> thanh hoang hau.
(b) bdn ldn bj gid't -> bd'n ldn hod than
(e) Tra thu.
Chiing ta se tim hilu su phat trien, didn tid'n eiia mau thudn - xung dot
theo eac chang dd de khai quat pham chat, tfnh each cae nhan vat va chu de
cLia truydn.
112
Bang he thong - doi sanh
Chang 1:
Yeu to than ki, hinh
tranh doat Tam Cam, di ghe
anh, chi tiet tieu bieu
trong gia dinh
a) Di bat tep a) Di bat tep + But hien, bay each
Quydn Igi + Cham chf, dugc gio + Ludi bieng, chang dugc gi giup Tam
v§t chat tep day + Cai y^m dd (vat
+ Lira chi, dd tep sang gio minh,
+ Kh6c v6 trudc ITnh thudng thudng)
Quydn Igi tinh b) Di chan trau b) Di chan trau + Con bong ^
than + Chan dong xa + But hien, bay each
Rinh trdm Tam cho ca an —>
gie't bong an thit giup Ta'm
+ Khoe khi b6ng bi giet
+ Con qa biet ndi
+ Ch6n xuong b6ng 6 o
dau giudng + Bdn Ig xuong bdng
c) Di xem h6i + But hidn giup Tam •

c) Di xem hdi
+ Nhat thoc. gao. + Chiee giay danh roi
+ Bay ke hanh ha Tam'
' + Di xem hgi, roi giay. + Thir giay -> be bang, xau hd'.
thir giay -^ thanh
hoang hau •
- De hudng ddn HS tim hilu mau thudn trong chang nay, GV cd thi ndu
mdt sd cdu hdi va van de sau:
Mau thudn ddu tidn xuat phat tif su vide gi?
Tai sao Cam lai lam vide lira dd'i chj minh?
Con bdng cdn sdt lai cd y nghTa gi?
Vai trd eiia But d day va trong ea chang ddu truydn cd y nghTa gi?
Hinh anh cue mau ndi ldn ndi ldn dieu gi? (tfch tu oan lie, odn hdn, dau
ddn, td cao tdi ac)
Vi ll do gi me eon Cam gid't bdng? Cd phai vi tham an khdng?
Me con Cam bay kd' khdng cho Tam di xem hdi nhu the' ndo?
Da tam cua chiing la gi?
But da lam gi 6e giiip Tam?
Dd'n day, he't vai trd cua But. Nhan xet ve nhan vat thdn ki nay dd'i vdi
nhdn vat bat hanh trong truyen ed tfch thdn ki."
Nhifng hinh anh: con bdng, con ga, dan chim se, dac bidt la chide giay
danh rai ciia Tdm cd y nghTa gi?
8. TKBGNOa VAN 10/1 (NC)-A

113
Dinh hudng:
Tdm lai, trong chdng dfiu. ta tha'y T&'m lit cd gdi nhu th6' nho? (Mi hanh.
bi hat hui, y^'u ctud'i, thiu ddng. dl khdc, chflm chi, hiin ngoan, cdng khdt khao
dugc vui choi, hanh phiic).
M9 con Cdm: cung m^t bh dê dc, nh&n tam hhnh ha Wm, cMdp c6ng lao
v^ quy6n lgi vat cha't vdi tinh thdn, ghen ghdt, nh6 nhit nhu'ng mifng ludi
nggt nhat, ICra dd'i. NhiJng eau van vdn thi hifn diiu dd.
Nhan vat But (Phat: Q6 ph6p luc va bi6n, lai hit §iJc hiin tCf, ehuy^n cdfu
giiip nhGng ngu6i nghô khd, ba't hanh, theo quan nifm vl tudng tugng ch
nhan dan) ddng vai trd yiu t^ thdn kl, hifn ra kip thfefl trg gidp tim cdch gili
quylt khd khdn, bl tfic cua nhdn vdt ba't hanh. Dd Id cdi v6 If ^ c6 If trang cd
tfch th^n kl, tag n^n n^t ddc biat hdp ddn câ lQ|ii truydn ndy.
Chile gily dinh mi ll m^\ \mm nhffni hinh inh = ehi liltrf§g^9 hî n§
lihing ihi 11 k wimg wgfng dip ml iin ll ihili eiw nii? sii ei ii m §inh
vifi ilffl, 4in din viii gip mh tf§ Ihlnh helm hftw, mi min she hlnp leif
If i ii ifii mi ien @im im nl^, ik mft« ihHftn iMnh ûni # t gft^ fil;
MHy ihyin mn§ dit irenp ihing \M M ^ W\ f Im' vl §im ik trif thinh
helRg hlH;
Ini II$MEI = i l l iinh
mm. m\
Tiffl giffl^îgni
T =Wi8iPi iMMyfflyyiig'
RilggiyililTlm
- Nil ehlt M\ iyi §im m M gî M
m ly
.^jLM\MmMB-^-^_ =
mffiigi
__,., m liF Fi vyiR (Vy
JiQlMlJl!
"r i iirgfiil'lelRi l^§
: t^liyni i l RgyîR Fii III gyip ghiRi gii If gll
==lyRigifl&rif" 1 Ill i•"•'"IF8 ie

^ T^ iini ifgffl@eIIR gi^ ihli gi mil mi tfiRi^îhsiRigyR
iJMlBilji
lf0Mimw\ffWWW o i Ml wm
114 i:TRigNg8V*Mie<1(Mg!!!
= GV niu mdt s6 cdu hoi th&o ludn:

+ Mdu thudn xung d6t gii5a TIfm vd me con Cdm khi Tdm dl trd thdnh
hodng hdu cd gidm di hay ngugc lai? -Vl sao? Bd'n ldn gilt T^m mdt cdch
quylt li^t vd c&ng d0c dc chiJng td diiu gl nd m? con Cdm?
+ Vl sao Tdm khdng chit?
Bdn ldn hod thdn cua Tdm sau mdi ldn bi chit dud'i, bi gilt, bi chat, bi
ddt... chd-ng td diiu gl d Td'm?
+ NhGng cdu vdn vdn trong truyfn ddng vai trd gi?
+ Cudi cftng Td'm vin trd thdnh ngudi, lai xinh dep hon xua, lai trd vl
ngdi Vj hodng hdu, ndi ldn diû gl?
t VI sao-trong phdng ndy, khdng thify Jlyt hiin l^n 14n ndo, khdng ihd'y
flfflkhii^
t ¥1 m9 nhi vm = ihlnf 'Mm, §Hlf Wn lin vof hi hai, din kh^ng nî il,
ik kM^ lim gl iitei@vf vif minh?
= H§ thie iHin, phit hilu f kiln ttf de^
MlH thwin Tim ^ §lm vl dl ghi khing nhSng khing giim ml ein phit
iFiln ngl|^ mil iftng thing? gay git, pi^lt liltr giy khing ein ll mftH thwin
gis dinh ml dl phit tpiln thinh ^«ng dit m i gin mang tmh p a n hf ^1 hii:
Ml een §im tim dl iiih vl nhiin lin IFH^ dnli hing ti§H dift hing im Tim
ii i^% ehilm ngii heing hin? hing tren dii htfifng vinh hea ph^ tjti^;
§ln flm, ei eflng din tmifng thinh h@fn.- Thtfg tl kh#i lilt dl M^ ik
tfnh nit vl iieh nii ning? ^ng ?^ft eis %%•. %m mii lin hi gilt? hi ehlt? hi ihat,
bi dit? Tim din khing ehlt, din tim iiih hei thdn âng kilp khii? vit khii
vi tim iîh ming Fii? t i î% tii 1^^ iiiifp ihing gilt ihi %m Âm-.
Sin lin hi gilt? hin lin hei thdn iha^ng minh %U §i'ng minh lilt %WA
Tim? thi hiin p a n niim Inftn hii %him \M\ treng tinh thin nhin din?
thi hlln mef' tfifg e&s nhin din gifi vie nhin vit Tlm^ 'fi'm phii §ing ii
htfiflg hsnh phê? ii tF&ng ti-i nhSng ki th& i%% li%^ m§ ien gim n h i dinh
phii din tii:
i i iing ll p s n niim thiin i% vl tinh thin lag ^nan, niim tin vie ihIn If?
vl iing bing e&a tim thfe ngtfli Viit tFeng i l tfgh:
h VI ehi tilt Tim IF! thi = kit tFy^^ln
= M§ dee lii d e p kit? nlw gim ttfing ina hin thin:
= §V nl« vin dl thie Inin = tranh Inln;
11§
+ Y kie'n ddng tinh vdi each tra thu ciia Ta'm. Cho rang nhu thd la hap li,
la di'ch dang. Me eon Cam dang bi trung tri nhu vay.
+ Y kid'n khdng ddng tinh vdi hanh ddng cua Ta'm. Cho rang nhu the trai
vdi ban chat hien hau eua Tam, lam giam ve dep thuan khie't ciia nhan vat. So
vdi nhan vat Thach Sanh, Tam khdng bang, Tam cung hep hdi, tan nhin.
+ Y kid'n ciia em ve vide nay?
Dinh hudng:
(Doc tham khao bai vid't ciia Hoang Tid'n Tuu d muc 3, Hoat dong 5 dudi day.)
Hoat dong 5
HaCJNG DAN TONG KET VA LUYEN TAP
1. Em hieu nhu thd' nao ve chu de ciia truydn?
Truydn Td'm Cdm ha'p dSn ngudi nghe nhd nhfrng bien phap nghd thuat gi?
Nhan vat Ta'm ed dae sac gi ve phuang didn ph^m cha't va nghd thuat
xay dung? ^
- GV nha'n manh:
+ Chii dd truydn: Sue sd'ng va su trdi day manh liet eiia con ngudi trude su
viii dap, tan cdng cua thd' lue thd dieh. Dd la sdc manh thidn thang ac qua
cude da'u tranh khdng khoan nhuang, dd'n ciing. Chid'n thang cua cai thien the
hidn mo udc va tinh than lac quan eua nhan dan. Su bid'n hoa cua Tam thd
hidn sure sd'ng, sue trdi day manh liet ciia eon ngudi trudc su viii dap cua ke
ac. Day la sure manh eiia thidn thing ac. Mau thuSn va xung dot trong truyen
phan anh mau thuSn va xung dot trong gia dinh phu quyen thdi ed.
+ Dac sac nghd thuat eua truydn: cdt truydn li ki, ha'p dSn, su tham gia
eua eac yd'u to ki didu; su xen ke cac eau van van, khac hoa ve dep hinh tuong
nhan vat Tam: tir yd'u dud'i, thu ddng dd'n kidn quyd't dau tranh gianh lai cuoc
sd'ng va hanh phiie cho minh. Su chuyen bid'n cua hinh tugng nhan vat chfnh
la dac sic nghd thuat xay dung nhan vat trong truydn nay.
2. Bdi tap ndng cao
1.1. Nhirng tinh tid't the hidn dae diem ciia eo tfch than ki trong truyen.
Td'm Cdm:
+ Nhan vat But.
+ Con ga bid't ndi.
+ Dan chim se ngoan ngoan.
116
+ Su hoa than ciia Ta'm: chim vang anh, cay xoan dao, khung ciri, cdy thi,
qua thi, trd lai lam ngudi.
Y nghTa: the' hien ma udc eua nhdn dan, lam cho truydn hap ddn.
1.2. Hinh anh mid'ng trû va y nghTa van hoa dd'i vdi ngudi Viet Nam:
Gan vdi phong tue hdn nhan eua ngUdi Viet cd truyen: Miing trdu Id ddu
edu chuyin (Tue ngir); mid'ng trau giao udc kd't ddi: Trdu ndy trdu nghia,
trdu tinh - Cho loan Id'y phugng, cho minh ldy ta (Ca dao); truydn ed tfch
Trdu eau.
3. Doc tham khao:
BINH GIANG TRUYEN TAM CAM

Cd ngudi qua nha'n manh dd'n xung dot di ghe - eon chdng va coi nhe,
tham chf bd qua xung dot giiia hai ehi em Tam - Cam. Do dd da dan gian hoa
ehii dd va ndi dung tac pham. Dua Td'm Cdm ldn san khau, cd dao didn da lam
cho Cam trd thanh nan nhan bi me sai khid'n va ep budc hoan toan... Cdn phai
tdn trong cdt truyen ma nhan dan da sang tao va luu truyen bao ddi nay.
O day khdng cd su ddng tinh cua Cam vdi Ta'm va su dd'i lap giii'a Cam
vdi me - di ghe ciia Ta'm - dii ra't nhd.
Cam ddi lap hoan toan vdi Ta'm, tuf ddu tdi cudi truydn. Xung dot ldn
nha't, true tid'p va quyd't liet d day la xung dot Tam - Cam, giiia hai chi em
Cling cha khac me, dung nhu tdn truydn.
Truydn md dau bang vide mu di ghe sai hai con di bat tep, ai day gid thi
dugc thudng yd'm dd. Rd rang, luc nay, vdi caii ndi ay, mu di ghe ehua cd sir
thien vi bat cdng hay am muu ddc ac nao ca.
Sau dd, ke liia ddi va cudp cdng Ta'm la Cam. Cam hoan toan chii ddng,
khdng h^ cd su dan dd hay sai khid'n nao cua me. Cam lam thd' chi vi long
tham mud'n chie'm cai ydm dd eua Ta'm se dugc hudng ma thdi!
Ai rinh md, theo ddi Ta'm nudi bdng va bao cho di ghe bid't? Ai lay quan
ao Ta'm, cudp chdng Tdm va gid't Tam nam lan bay lugt? Chfnh la Cam. Cam
true tie'p nhung tay vao tdi ac, lidn tuc ta'n cdng, truy duoi, ham hai va cudp
doat quy^n lgi cua Ta'm, cang v^ sau cang quye't liet, da man. Mu di ghe ehi
tham gia vao mgt sd vide, ma chu yd'u la bay muu tfnh kd' theo ydu eau cua
Cam. Ciing vi*thd' ma su phan cdng ciia Tam deu chu yd'u nham vao Cam. Tir
tid'ng chim vang anh, dd'n tid'ng tid'ng khung ciri. Khdng phai ngSu nhidn tac
gia dan gian da d^ Tdm tra thu Cam nang nd, khde liet dd'n the?!
1.17
Mdu thudn xung ddt giiia Td'm vd me k l diin ra gidn tilp vd khdng liin
tuc. Nd bd sung, ldm tdng th^m su phiic tap, ndng nl xung d^t Tdm - Cdm,
chii khdng ldm md hoSc thay thi, hoac ldn dt mdu thudn chu yiu Tdm - Cdm.
Vd cung Vl thi, Tdm trd thu y cd nhe hon so vdi Cdm.
Tdm lai truyin Tdm Cdm vDra cd xung ddt di ghi con chdng viia cd xung
ddt chj em cung cha khdc me, nhung chii yiu Id mdu thudn, xung ddt glSa
nhiing ngudi cung ihl hd: Td'm - Cdm. Cude tranh gidnh quyin lgi giiia mdt
bdn Id Tdm, mdt bin Id Cdm vd ngudi me k l diin ra liin tuc tCr thd'p lin cao,
tCr hep din rdng tii trong nhd ra hdi ldng, din tdn cung vua, hit kilp ndy sang
kilp khdc, vd cung dai ding vd quylt lilt md md ddu chi Id mdt su vi|c r§ft
gian don; Cdm liia Td'm, triit sach gid tip cua Tdm dl chiim cdi yIm dd ddng
ra phai Id ciia Tdm,
Chfnh cdi vific gian dem 66 da bde Id ro ban chd't vd chdn tudng cua nhdn
vat Cdm.
Ro rang ddy la cude dd'u tranh gifra hai chj em cung cha khde me - cude
da'u tranh vira gia dinh vCra xa hdi, viia cd tfnh chd't huyit tdc, vCra cd tfnh chd't
giai cd'p cdng thdm phiic tap vd gay gdt vi ed su tham gia tir ddu chf cudi cua
mu di ghe, cd thdm quan hd di ghe - con chdng.
Doan kit truydn ldm ngudi nghe ha hd vi thiin da thdng dc, chfnh nghia
thdng gian td. Td'm sd'ng lai thdnh ngudi, sau bao Idn bj tidu diit vd hod thdn.
Thuylt ludn hdi ciia dao Phdt da trd thdnh chd dua cho nghi thudt, giup
tdc gia ddn gian thuc hidn gid'c mo cdng If vd If tudng thdm mT ciia minh thudn
lgi trong trf tudng tugng sdng tao.
Sau khi qua thi vl d vdi bd lao, dugc bd ndng niu, chi ngtri chd: bd khdng
an, Ta'm mdi chd'm diit kilp vdt trd lai thdnh ngudi. Nhd miing trdu tim cdnh
phugng lam mdi, Td'm mdi lai dugc gap vua, gap chdng. Nhiing chi tilt ddc
ddo, ndn tha vd trdn ddy thi vj, trid't If nhdn sinh.
Nhung nhiing chi tid't Ta'm tra thia lai gay ra nhiiu y kiln ban khoan, chua
thd'ng nha't.
Tai sao Tdm lai lam nhu vay va lam nhu vay cd thoa dang khdng?
Nhiiu ngudi cho rang lam nhu vdy la thoa ddng, trCrng phat nhu thi hoac
nang hon vdn phii hgp va thfch dang. Nhung vdi Ta'm thi edch tra thii nhu vdy
khdng phii hgp vdi ban chd't va tfnh each ciia Ta'm - ban cha't hiin hdu. Co
ngudi so each tra thii ciia Td'm vdi each iing xir ciia Thach Sanh vdi me con Lf
Thdng va cho rdng each xii If ciia Thach Sanh hay hon, dep han, phu hgp vdi
truyen thd'ng khoan hdng, dd lugng eiia nhan dan ta han each lam ciia Ta'm.
ns
Ndi chung thudng phat trong truyin cd tfch diu bit ngudn tCf trllt If d
hiin gap h^nh, d dc gdp dc. nhung hinh thCrc cu thi thi rd't khdc nhau. Khdng
phai ngudi thidn ndo cQng Id'y cdng chiSa vd trd thdnh vua hodc ldy vua ldm
hodng hdu. CDng khdng phai nhdn vdt dc ndo cung bi tr^ng tri gid'ng nhau.
Thach Sanh vd Td'm diu Id nhSng nJidn vdt rd't dep cua vdn hoc ddn gian,
nhung Id nhGng vl dep khdc nhau. 6 Thach Sanh cdi h^ng gin vdi cdi hiin, syf
dd lugng bao dung cim ngudi chiin thdng, d Td'm, diu hiin gin vdi cdi ddo dl
vd nhu cdu tra thQ cua ngudi bi dp Mc, bde Idt.
Thach Sanh cd nhiiu kl th^ nhung khdng hi cd nhu cdu tra thCi sau chiin
thdng. Chdng khdng chi tha cho me con Lf I'hdng md cdn dd lugng khoan
dung vdi ca qudn chu hdu 18 nudc xdm luge, mdc dii chdng cd ddy 6i\ siic
manh vd vu khf tidu diit chdng.
Cd Td'm lai cd nhu cdu tra thCi, triing tri kh da dp biic bde Idt, ham hai
minh rd't rd. Khi dugc trd lai kilp ngudi vd vl cung vua, Td'm mdi cd di6u kidn
di trfitng tri Cdm. Nhung nhu cdu trd th& d'y dd cd tCr rd't sdm, khi Td'm bj gilt
hod thdnh chim vdng anh. Chim da lanh lanh mdng Cdm nhu'ng ldi de doa tra
thii: tao cdo mat ra, rdi tao khoet mdt ra... Trudc khi bi gilt, Td'm hi6n dju,
ngdy thd bao nhidu thi sau khi bi gilt, cd ddo dl vd quylt lilt bd'y nhidu.
Trudc khi bi gilt, mdi khi gdp khd khdn, cd chi* yiu dud'i, md chi biit khdc vd
chd But din gidl ciJu. Nhung But giiip Td'm bao nhiiu thi kl thCi lai cudp di
cua Td'm bd'y nhiiu vd cud'i eiing ehiing da cudp ca sinh mang cua Td'm md
But cung ddnh bd tay, bd't luc. Vi thi, d giai doan hdu thdn, Td'm phai tu minh
dam nhidnq phdn vide md But da khdng giiip hay khdng thi giiip.
Ld gfch phdt triln tfnh cdch ci!ia nhdn vdt Td'm Id nhu vdy.
Khi da thd'y ro md'i quan hi giiia su phu hgp giiia hdnh ddng tra thd vdi Id
gfch phdt tri^n tfnh cdch ciia Td'm thi su bdn khodn vl miic dd vd hinh thu'c tra
thCi cua nhdn vdt cung khdng thdnh vd'n 66 nu'a.
Hai nhdn vdt cd uy quyin Idn (But vd vua) diu diing vl phia Td'm nhung
diu dd"ng ngodi vd bd't lue trudc su lic hilp ham hai Td'm ciia hai me con Cdm.
Tai sao vua hodn todn nhu ngudi ngodi cude, khdng cd bd't ki mdt thdi dd,
hdnh ddng ndo dd'i vdi Cdm, 6i mdc Td'm giai quylt mdt minh?
Cd le, trong quan nidm ddn gian, vide Id'y vua vd nha vua chi dan thudn la
mdt phdn thudng, mdt ma udc. Nhd vua cung hiin nhu But vd cung xa vdi nhu
But, nhu mdt gid'c ma dep vd xa vdi, thodng qua...
(Homing Tifi'n Tim, Binh gidng truydn ddn gia
NXB Giô due, 1994, tr. 109 - 114)
4. Dgc thdm phdn Tri thu:c dgc - hilu, tr. 83 - 84.
5. Soan bdi Chif Dong Tif, Tam dgi con gd, NhiOig nd phdi bdng hai mdy.
119
Tiet 23
VAN HOC
HUCING DAN DOC THEM CHlf DONG Tif
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

- Giiip HS hieu dugc khat vgng tu do hdn nhdn va udc ma ddi ddi dam
mau sdc dan gian qua hai nhan vat Chu Ddng Tir va Tidn Dung.
- Cling CO va md rdng nhan thiic ve kieu nhdn vat md cdi va nghd thuat
kl chuydn co tich than ki.
- Tran trgng quan nidm dao diic, thim mT cua nhan dan lao ddng xua.

Tranh, anh den thd Chir Ddng Tir d Van Giang, Hung Ydn.
C. Thiet ke bai dqy hoc
Hoat dong 1
HLTCfNG DAN DOC - HIEU KHAI QUAT
- GV gidi thidu ngdn ggn ve Chii Ddng Tu - mdt trong td thdnh bdt td
trong truyen thd'ng van hoa tam linh Vidt Nam; ndu ydu cdu dgc, kl.
- HS dgc, ke kd't hgp va ndi tid'p.
- GV va HS nhan xet kd't qua.
Hoat dong 2
HaCJNG DAN DOC - HIEU CHI TIET
- HS ldn lugt tra ldi 4 cau hdi trong SGK.
- GV chd't cac y chfnh ciia turng cau:
Cau 1
+ Ydu cdu tdm tat ngan ggn, ke ban tdm tdt mdt each sinh ddng.
+ Nhiing tinh tid't dae bidt ki la: Cude gap gd ki la ddn dd'n cude hdn nhan
ki la giiia Chu Ddng Tii - chang trai danh ca nghdo va cdng chua Tidn Dung.
120
+ Cac yd'u td ki ao: nhCrng phep la eiia Chii Ddng Tu: cai gay va chid'c ndn...
Cau 2: Chi rd va ehiing minh nhiing pham chat eiia Chii Ddng Tir va
Tidn Dung:
Chur Ddng Tii: chang trai chi hid'u.
Tidn Dung: khoang dat, tu do trong cugc sdng, trong tinh ydu va hdn
nhan, trong tinh nghTa, bid't cam thdng vdi ndi ba't hanh ciia ngudi khac.
Cau 3: Ma udc cua nhan dan qua cude hdn nhan Chir Ddng Td - Tidn
Dung: O hien gap lanh; nhiing ngudi ngheo khd se dugc hanh phiic.
Mat khac, sau hdn nhan, vg chdng Ddng Tii van phai tu minh kid'm sd'ng
va lam giau, khdng the nhd cay vao su giup dd hoac che chd gi tii phfa nha vua.
Ca nggi ma udc tinh ydu hdn nhan tu do, phdng khoang ciia nam nii
thanh nidn.
Cau 4: Nhiing ma udc khac:
Ma udc lam giau chan chfnh bang thucmg nghidp - budn ban, md rdng
giao luu ra phia biin.
Ma udc cude sd'ng dang hoang, sung tuc (nhd tai nang, lao ddng) se dd'n
ntdt each nhanh chdng vdi hidu qua ki didu.
Hoat ddng 3
HUCJNG DAN HOC 6 NHA
1. Kl lai truydn mdt each sang tao bang each nhap vai mgt trong hai nhan
vat Chii Ddng Tir hoac Tidn Dung.
2. Vid't mdt bai van ngdn trinh bay nhurng suy nghT cua em vl mdt trong
hai nhan vat chinh trong truydn.
121
Tl§'t 24
LAIVI V A N
T6M TAT VAN BAN TI; SI;

(Theo chuyin cua nhin v|t chfnh)
A. K4\ qu6 cdn dqt

1. Kiln thd'c: Nim dugc cdch tdm tit vdn Ban tu su theo nhdn vdt chfnh.
2. Tfch hgp vdi vdn, tiing Vidt vd vdn sdng cd nhdn.
3. K! ndng: Rin luydn k! ndng tdm tdt vdn bdn tu su theo nhdn vdt chfnh.
B. Thl^t k^ bdi dqy hqc
Hoat d^ng 1
Y§u cAu COA Vifc T6MTAT VAN BAN TL; SU
=• GV dl ddn: Cd thi ndi, trong cude sdng bdn bl mudn mdt, d ddu hay
ITnh vuc ndo, chiing ta cung gdp nhu'ng tinh hud'ng phdi vdn dung vide tdm tit
vdn ban tu su; ching han cha ndi vdi con, vg ndi vdi chdng, lanh dao ndi vdi
cd'p dudi, ban bb trd chuydn vdi nhau, nhiing ngudi di tdu, di xe, di chg,... kl
chuydn cho nhau nghe... Cd nhd ngdn ngii cho rdng, niu "dd'i thoai" dugc cdi
Id hinh thiic hoat ddng ngdn ngii ddu tidn cua xa hdi lodi ngudi thi "tu su"
cung chfnh Id hinh thdc "tdi tao hidn thue" ddu tidn cua lodi ngudi! Vd dt
nhidn, da cd "tu su trudng thidn" hdng nghin trang thi hiin nhidn cung phdi cd
"tu su tdm tdt" chi trong vdi trang, vdi ddng! Ndi nhu vdy dl thd'y rdng, vide
tdm tdt vdn ban tu su Id mdt hoat ddng (hodc mdt thao tdc) cd tfnh phd cdp
cao trong ddi sd'ng hdng ngdy ciia con ngudi, chd khdng phai chi Id cdng vide
riing cua hoc sinh trong nhd trudng. 0 THCS chdng ta da rin luydn kT ndng
tdm tdt vdn ban tu su theo ed't truydn, ldn ldp 10, chdng ta se rdn luydn kT
ndng tdm tdt vdn ban tu su theo chuydn cda nhdn vdt chfnh.
- GV ndu cdu hdi: Em ndo cd thi nhdc lai cdc ydu cdu khi cdn phai tdm
tdt van ban tu su.
- GV ggi ddn HS tra ldi:
+ Tdm tdt vdn ban tu su Id dung ldi van qua minh 6i gidi thidu mdt cdch
ngdn ggn cdc sir vide chfnh vd cdc nhdn vdt chfnh.
+ Tdm tdt van ban tu sir Id gidp cho ngudi nghe, ngudi dgc ndm dugc ndi
dung chfnh ciia van ban; do dd van ban tdm tat cdn phai phan dnh trung thdnh
ndi dung ci!ia van ban gd'c.
fl22
+ Trudc khi tdm tit, nhdt thilt phdi dgc k! vdn bdn gdc dl tdm tit ddng,
dd vd ddm bdo tfnh Id gfch cda cdc su vide vd cdc nhdn vdt.
Hofit d^ng 2
T6M TAT VAN BAN TUSU THEO CHUYDN CCIA NHAN VAT CHINH
GV ggi ddn HS:
1. Trong mdt vdn bdn tu su cd thi cd tto mdt din nhiiu nhdn vdt chfnh.
Nhdn vdt chfnh Id nhdn vdt xud't hidn lidn tuc trong vdn bdn, cd vai trd trung
tdm trong vide tao ndn mdi quan hd giUa nhdn vdt dy vdi cdc nhdn vdt khdc vd
giiia cdc nhdn vdt vdi cdc suf vide, su kidn cua vdn bdn. Nhd mdi quan hd giiia
nhdn vdt chfnh vdi cdc nhdn vdt, cdc su vide, su kidn khdc md chu dl, tu tudng
vd quan nidm cua tdc gid dugc bde Id trong vdn ban. Vi vdy, tdm tit vdn bdn
tu su theo nhdn vdt chfnh se gidp cho ngudi nghe, ngudi doc ITnh hdi vdn bdn
cd hilu qud hon.
2. Tdm tdt vdn bdn tu su theo nhdn vdt chfnh Id viit lai hodc kl lai mdt
cdch ngdn ggn nhurng su vide chfnh xdy ra vdi nhdn vdt 66 trong md'i quan hd
vdi cdc nhdn vdt khdc, vdi todn bd diin biin cua cdt truydn.
3. Cdch tdm tdt:
a) Xdc dinh muc dfch tdm tdt:
- Ndm viing su phdt triln tfnh edch vd sd phdn cua nhdn vdt.
- Thdng qua tfnh cdch vd sd phdn cua nhdn vdt, cd thi tim hilu vd ddnh
gid vdn ban tur su thd'u ddo hon.
b) Xdc djnh quy trinh tdm tdt:
- Dgc vdn ban vd tim hilu mdi quan hd giiia nhdn vdt chfnh vdi cdc nhdn
vdt khdc, cung nhu md'i quan hd giiia nhdn vdt chfnh vdi cdc su vide, su kidn
trong vdn ban.
- Viit vdn ban tdm tdt bdngldi vdn cua minh.
- Kiim tra vd sura ehiia vdn ban tdm tat.
Hoat dong 3
THL/C H A N H T 6 M TAT IVIOT VAN BAN CU THE
- GV ydu cdu HS dgc vdn ban Truyen An Duong Vuong vd Mi Chdu -
Trgng Thuy, sau dd tra Idi cac cdu hdi:
1, Truydn cd nhiing nhdn vdt chfnh ndo? Tai sao?
2. Quy trinh tdm tat truydn theo nhdn vdt An Duang Vudng.
1t23
3. Thue hanh tdm tdt van ban theo nhan vat ehinh va mdt sd nhan vat khac.
- GV ggi ddn de HS trao ddi, thao luan va tra ldi:
1. Nhan vat ehinh la An Duang Vucmg, vi:
- Nhan vat nay xua't hidn lidn tuc tii dau dd'n cudi van ban.
- Nhan vat nay ed quan he vdi hdu hd't cac nhan vat cdn lai.
- Nhan vat nay cd quan hd vdi hdu hd't cac su vide, su kidn cua van ban.
2. Quy trinh tdm tat:
- Xac dinh hg tdn, cuang vi cua nhan vat chinh.
- Xac dinh dugc cac Idi ndi, hanh ddng cua nhan vat chfnh cd lidn quan
dd'n cac nhan vat khac, cung nhu lien quan dd'n cac bid'n cd eua van ban.
- Tdm tat van ban theo nhan vat An Duong Vuang bang ldi van ciia minh.
3. Thirc hanh:
a) Tdm tat theo nhan vat An Duong Vuong:
- An Duang Vuang xay Loa Thanh cur gan xong lai dd. Mai sau, nha vua
dugc thdn Rda Vang gidp trii ydu quai mdi xay xong thanh. Rua Vang cdn
cho An Duong Vuong chide vudt de lam ldy nd, ban mdt phat chd't hang van
tdn giac. Tridu Da thua, ben cau hdn cho Trgng Thuy la'y Mj Chau la con gai
cua An Duang Vuang. Trgng Thuy danh trao nd thdn mang ve nudc cho Tridu
Da. Tridu Da eat quan sang xam luge Au Lac. Mat nd thdn, An Duang Vuang
thua tran ben ciing Mi Chau ldn ngua chay trdn ra phfa bien. Nha vua cdu ciiu
thdn Rua Vang va dugc Thdn cho bid't: "Ke ngdi sau lung chfnh la giac 66".
Hilu ngudn can, vua rut guom chem Mi Chau, sau dd cam siing te bay tac
theo Rua Vang xudng Thuy phu.
- An Duang Vuang la vua nudc Au Lac, hg Thuc tdn Phan, khdi cdng
xay thanh d dat Viet Thudng; nhung la thay, cur ddp tdi dau la lai sup Id tdi
da'y. Vua ben lap dan trai gidi, cdu dao bach thdn. Ldi kh^n cau cua nha vua
da linh iing va duge Riia Vang giup trii ydu quai, xay xong Loa Thanh. Rua
Vang cdn thao vudt trao cho nha vua de lam ldy nd giu nudc. Nhd cd nd thdn
ma nha vua da danh thdng cude xam lang ldn thd nha't eua Tridu Da. Vua cd
ngd dau Tridu Da muu sau kd' hiem, da dung ndn man kich cho eon trai la
Trgng Thuy la'y con gai nha vua la Mi Chau. Trgng Thuy trd thanh ndi gidn
danh trao nd thdn ma nha vua chang hay bid't gi. Tridu Da cd binh sang xdm
lang ldn thii hai, vua cay ed nd thdn, ehu quan ngdng ngao, cudi ndi: "Da
khdng sg nd than sao?". Dd'n khi bai tran, vua cung Mi Chau ldn ngua chay vl
phuang Nam. Bi Tridu Da truy sat, vua tuyet vgng kdu rang: "Trdi hai ta...".
124
Dung luc dy, Riia Vang hidn len, thet ldn: "Ke nao ngdi sau ngua chinh la
giac dd!". Vua ben tudt kid'm chem Mi Chau, rdi cdm siifng td bay td'e, theo
Riia Vang re nudc di xudng biin.
. b) Theo nhan vat Mi Chau:
- Mi Chau la con gai vua An Duong Vuang. Sau khi vua cha xay dugc
thanh va cd nd than, Mi Chau dugc vua ga cho Trgng Thuy, eon trai eua ke
xam luge Tridu Da. Mdt canh giac va tin ydu chdng, Mi Chau bi Trgng Thuy
ddnh trao nd thdn va mang vl nudc. Cd nd thdn, Tridu Da ed't quan sang va
danh bai An Duang Vuomg. Mi Chau theo cha chay trdn, viia chay viia rac
ldng ngdng chi dudng cho chdng. Than Rua Vang hidn ldn va bao cho nha
vua bid't Mi Chau chinh la giac. Trude khi bi chem. Mi Chau kha'n: nd'u minh
cd long phan nghich thi chd't di se hoa thanh hat bui, cdn nd'u mdt ldng trung
hid'u thi se hoa thanh chau nggc. Mi Chau chd't, mau chay xud'ng nude, loai
trai bien an phai, lap turc trong bung sinh hat chau.
- Bai tran, Tridu Da ben bay trd cau hdn cho con trai minh la Trgng Thuy
la'y Mi Chau la con gdi cua An Duang Vuang. Mi Chau vdn la cd gai ngay tha
trong trdng, nhe da ca tin ndn chang hi may may nghi ngd chdng minh, vi the
khi Trgng Thuy mudn xem nd thdn thi Mi Chdu lien cho xem ngay. Ngay ca
khi Tridu Da trd mat, dem quan sang xam luge nudc Au Lac ldn thii hai. Mi
Chau vdn hdn nhidn tin tudng vao Trgng Thuy va tu nguydn rdc long ngdng
trdn dudng chay trdn. Cho tdi tan khi bi Riia Vang kd't tgi la giac va bi vua cha
tudt guam chem. Mi Chau vdn hdn nhidn trong trdng nhu thud ban ddu; vi the
nhiing vide lam cua nang cd the dang trach, nhung nhiing ldi khdn khiia cua
nang thi that dang thucmg.
Hoat dong 4
1. Bai tap bd trg 1:
Cho hai van ban tdm tat sau:
(1) Tam la mgt cd gai hien lanh, xinh dep, md edi me, sd'ng vdi di ghe va
ed em cdng cha khac me tdn la Cam. Tdm bi me con Cam ghen ghet, ngugc
dai. Di hdt tep, Tam bi Cam danh liia trdt hd't gid tep ddy. Tam nudi eon ca
bdng, me eon Cam gid't chd't con ca bdng. Ngay hdi, di ghe trgn gao ldn thdc,
bat Tam phai d nha nhat xong mdi dugc di xem. Mdi lan bi me eon Cam gay
chuydn ngugc dai dau khd nhu vay, Tdm deu dugc3ut hidn ldn an ui, gidp dd.
Nhd dd dd'n ngay hdi, Ta'm ed qudn ao, khan, giay dep. Tdm di xem hgi, dd'n
chd lgi, danh rai mdt chide giay xud'ng nude. Nhd chide giay bi roi dy, Tam
125
dugc vua biit din vd ldy ldm vg. M? con Cdm ldp muu gilt Tiim rdi dup Cdm
vio trong cung, thi chdn Tdm. Tdm biin hod nhllu ldn: thdnh chim vdng anh,
thiinh cdy xoan ddo, thdnh khung cdri. Mdi ldn Tdm biin hod Id mdt ldn m?
con Cdm tim cdch hdm hai Tifm; khi thi gilt thit vdng anh, khi chat xoan d&o,
khi ddt khung cCri. Cudi cdng Tdm hod thdnh mdt cdy thi ldn mgc d noi xa
cung vua, chi cd mdt qud thdt to. Mdt bd cu bdn hdng nudc dugc qud thj dy,
mang vl dl d nhd. Mdi khi bl cy di v4ng, t& qud thi, mdt cd gdi = tdrc Tdm =
chui ra quit dgn, ndu an gidp bl. Rdt ngae nhidn, bl cu dl ^ rinh, Khi Tdm
hi|n ra, bl cu chay vdi lai xl ngay vd qud thj. Tfr dd, hai bl chdu sdng dim
dm bdn nhau. Mdt hdm vua din udng nudc, dn trdu d hing bl cu, thdy cd
miing trdu do Tdm tdm, dl nhdn ra vg. TIfm trd lai cude sdng hanh phdc
bdn vua...
(2) Vf d« nhtf ghn^ln vg eMng ehlng 7mm§\ ehlni Trying ^1 iinh
ill? l^l^l w mil eifflftnf^M^ irif vl? sen i l M nil; Mil Mm ifta v i gen w
mi \h Ur iî^ 9m Mn§ nhin ml nil rini M \\^ ll n§^lf\ ill W\ vin ik
vil ni l^li; ^mm§ tenin vl iHin? i^¥ ^^m vs ik nil ning phii w vin:
Mil Wh niil teinlln iM vii sen; \h^ ni ehi \k ling minh iFin wifng ml
nil: ''i# i i n # n l^l§": W M ehlng 1mm§ mii m ll minh lim M khing
kip ntft;
§M ehH^ln li m ehim hit § ii? nhtfni iin ehing khing ehin nhin gii
Ilnh Ihl iftH iin i¥, vl si ging igm mil m hnîn ie ii m m %-. ¥ 1 M mil
ei iein Ih^ hii? m ehai^fn ehlng TFtf^ng gip mil vg minh mil lin n8i;;;
* ¥iH eiw:
ft^ Mie iinh mye ifeh lim iJi eia mil vin Wn;
hi Phin hill %^ khie nhan glii hai eieh lim ill i^-.
«Tri m-.
ft) Vin hin I lim lii lein hi vin bin gie. ife ll mil hinh ihfe FÎ gsn
vftn hin lie- vin hin i ehi lim ill mil iein ireng vin hin gie^
b) Vin bin I iFung ihlnh vii e i lF«^ln vl hinh iini? §1 phin eli eie
nhin vll:
Vin bin i ehi lip ifung vis mil ehi li^ nhim lin glii ^^bi gii'' vl "bi
Ihll" i l bin vi itf "hwîn ie" ei hlH ireng eie §ing lie iin gim:
irilillpbilFfifi;
. f im III vftn bin fmm M §mi§ ¥mi§ \'4 Mi QMk\ = fmni fhw^ ihie
nhin vll f Fsni Thni^:
m
Sau khi thinh chdng cua Mj Chdu, vi^c lim ddu tidn cda Trgng Thuy 11
"dd Mi Chdu cho xem trdm nd thdn" dl lim mdt cdi nd gid ddnh trdo. Rdi
Trgng Thuy lai "ndi ddi II vl phuong B4c thftm cha" dl cd cd thuc hi|n trgn
v?n miru gian cua cha minh 11 Triû Dl. Thi ml khi chia tay vg, Trgng Thuy
lai ndi: "Ilnh vg chdng khdng tha' ling quin..." thi khdng thi hilu ndi Trgng
Thuy II ngudi nhu thi nio? Khi cha con Mj Chdu phdi chay trdn. Trgng Thuy
vl quin Triû Dl cd theo "ddu ldng ngdng ml dudi" sdt gdt dl cudi cdng din
din cdi chit bi thdm cda Mi Chdu. Vi^c Trgng Thuy thuong tile Mj Chdu din
ndi phdi "lao ddu xudng giing ml chit" dugc coi 11 hinh ddng phin nio
chiiu tuylt cho mdt anh ehlng vd tdm din miic vd tinh trd thinh ki ddng loi
cho cdi dc.
Hoitd^ngS
\: §im hteg lif hfti nhin vii ^n iKmi ^mm vl Mi §W-

An gtfefng Vifemg fiin i8 ghIm eH^mi mm- Eon nm imi phi nnig iij
bi p i n Ifnh kle mil i) iFin eii. bii thin inni M vi irudc iin khiin mn, ni
iin nhu ihing i^ng iFin M vi ian vl hii Mi PhlH nil fini ^P|i tfin eit:
luini nhii elm nhin im^ nil in^li vsng m ehw. een mm hnini m biin ei
minh ming hf mil hii ill ihim ihili- ^^ ingni Vwî ehsfi In nin vi ihii
i i Ihi bie efts minh i i vii een vll rii mm iFmi ihlnh? bin vd Imi ni bing
nhing eft ehi In y4m: ien ngtfa bnin bft ihi hii eMn li-wie ^nlni! iing Im;::
Nih§ liing hi ree m W^ i l mdj m mî gin- An i u m i Vneni llni
mm li lii- t h i il m Treni nii phin Mil eê^ i^- An mm Vêni m
mm', ngta mil nhin W\ ai ein- Tl ihim ihim ese ^snh ehi e^ nhtni lift
ehip ning lip lei vl vini ving lii phin ^FHyin: "PJIe iftni ph^l m.m im
IFin eii ir-ini? hi ehlng ihii>' m^"-. HM ki mil ?»'. An ineng ^mm My
^ning iii; ehift ihlng mii mm vie mil Mi ihlH- gim iin:
^Mghieh 1^1 Nguei phii ehUi
Mi Ihly Fun Ffo phn phwe iFin nin eii nil: ehif isfi itfSi mm m An
gtfeng V M I : Nhtfng ehi ei liî lini biin im le ihftn vin: Vlii^g iii lie
phle nhti ki hwi hei; An mm§ nm§ ihi ill nSe ni:
- gen hi^ nging iin ehe 13 inse nhin mil een lin enii'
Mi ihlH ngesn ngein vlni lii: Mhin nhSni ilni miie mil iFeng vee
isng inin ehi^ IFin itfsng mil nin nhiin eta een iii; An itfeni Vtfsni ehsi
| l ^ iFii lim minh nnil bni mil nil elm liln me hi nhmi p^ft lili; An
FinFl;
li?
- Mi Chau con ai... Cd sao con lai trao nd thdn cho... chdng con?!
Mi Chau chdp mdt, nin lang. An Duong Vuang vdi quy xudng, ndng cam
con gai ldn, thi thao:
- Con gai ydu cua ta... Chang le con khdng cdn diiu gi de ndi nira u?
Mi Chau am thdm nudt nhiing gigt Id man chat dang trao vao midng.
Nang md to ddi mat ngay tha nhin An Duang Vuong. Hinh nhu ve mat dau
ddn d che cua vua cha da khid'n nang chanh long thuang cam? Cd gdng bdt ra
khdi tdm trang cam lang tui nhuc. Mi Chdu nghen ngao ndi trong nudc mat:
- Cha ai! Xdy thanh la cdng siic cua mudn ddn. GiO nudc la siic manh
cua Nd thdn. Ga con cho Trgng Thuy la vide ridng cua cha vdi Tridu Da. Con
chi bid't giu" dao lam con, lam vg! Bdy gid nudc md't nha tan, cd sao cha lî
gid't con?
An Duang Vuang vut diing ddy, vung guam va thet ldn mdt each tuydt vgng:
- Khdng! Ta khdng gid't con... Ta khdng gid't con...
Hinh nhu ldc ay, bien ca chgt gam ldn du" dgi. Cudng phong vat va tdi
tdm. Vi the ludi guam cua An Duong Vuang chi loe ldn nhu mgt tia-chdp
mdng manh rdi ldp tdrc lim tat trong cdi hdn mang vd tdn...
2. Cam hiing tir hai nhan vat Mi Chau va Trgng Thuy:
Trgng Thuy lang le rdi gieng nggc, ldn theo mach nudc ngdm ra bien tim
Mi Chau. Thoang tha'y bdng Mi Chau dang vat vd giu'a dam rong biin, Trgng
Thuy ddrng tir xa, bde tay lam loa eat tid'ng ggi vang ddng ca Thuy cung:
- Mi Chau nang a...oii...iii...
Mi Chau khe lac dau, cudi budn:
- Chang diing gao ldn nhu thd', thiep hai lam!
Trgng Thuy rdt mud'n den that gdn Mi Chau, nhung cii loay hoay khdng
sao vugt qua dugc nhiing bui rong, ben van vi:
- Nang gidp ta vdi!
Mi Chau vdn eudi, nhung net mat thi dirng dung:
- Cd mdt vide cdn eon nhu vay ma chang cung khdng lam ndi u?
Trgng Thuy cudi nhu mdu:
- Nang hay tha ldi cho ta... Cha ta...
Mi Chau ngdt ldi Trgng Thuy, gigng lanh nhu bang:
- Chang ai! Cha thiep thi chang tu minh lam dugc vide gi. Cha chang thi
la ke khdng cd trai tim. Cdn chang thi... mu loa trong tinh ydu...
128
Trgng Thuy sd'ng sd kdu ldn: •

- Trdi ai! Sao nang nd nang ldi... Nd'u nang khdng rdc ldng ngdng thi dau
dd'n ndng ndi nay?
Mi Chau mim eudi gidu cgt:
- Chang ndi ddng! Thid'p la ke dde tdi vdi tram hg! Cdn vdi chang, thid'p
ehi la mdt eon dao khdng cdng...
Trgng Thuy dm ddu rdn ri:
- Nang diing ndi niia... Ta that long ydu nang...
Mi Chau pha ldn cudi lanh lanh:
- Chang vita ndi gi vay? Hoa ra dan dng cae ngudi bao gid cung nghT mdt
dang, lam mdt neo va ndi mdt each... that gid'ng nhau!
Hoat dgng 6
THAM KHAO MOT SO BAI TOM TAT
CAC VAN B A N TLT SIJ DA HOC 6 TIEU HOC, THCS
GV ggi ddn HS xac dinh trong eac van ban tdm tat dudi day:
- Van ban nao dugc tdm tat theo ed't truydn?
- Van ban nao duge tdm tat theo nhan vat ehinh?
- Van ban nao dugc tdm tat theo phuong phap "Ke chuydn tudng tugng"
(da hoc d bai 12, SGK Ngif vdn 6, tap mdt)?
I.RUAVATHO
a) Mdt con Thd thay mgt.con Rua tap chay d bd sdng. Nd mia mai:
- Cham chap nhu may ma cung ddi tap chay a?
Rua tuy tu ai, nhung vdn td' ton dap lai:
- Anh diing khinh thudng tdi. Anh ed dam chay thi vdi tdi khdng?
Thd lien uan nguc va vdnh mat ldn day ve ngao man:
- May ma cung dam thach tao chay thi kia a? Tao chap may mdt nua
dudng dd!
Rua im lang. Nd bid't minh vd'n cham chap ndn mai mid't chay, tinh khdng
ngd ngang gi dd'n canh vat xung quanh. Thd nhin didu bd cd gdng mdt each
khd sd eua Rua thi cudi khay, nghT: "Cii de cho nd bd gdn tdi dfch, ta phdng
cung kip chan!". The la Thd nhdn nho nghdnh gidi nghdnh dat cd ve ddc
chi ldm...
9- TKBGNCa VAN 10/1 (NC).A 129

Dung dinh chan che, Thd mdi sue nhd ra cd cuoc chay thi, nd ben ngang
len nhin thi thay Rua da sdp tdi dfch. Thd cudng cudng vat gid ldn cd chay
thuc mang... Nhung da qua mudn rdi! Thd thua cude. Nd cui gdm mat, lui voi
vao riing...
b) Ngudi ta bao "Cham nhu rua", nhung cau chuydn sau day thi khdng
phai nhu vay.
Mdt lan tha'y Rua dang i ach nhfch di tirng budc trdn dudng, Thd cudi
nhao: "The ma cung ddi di vdi dung!". Rua cam thay minh bi xdc pham,
nhung cd rien gian, ndi nhd: "Anh cd dam chay thi vdi tdi khdng?". Thd eudi
ngat, gigng trich thugng: "Ghd nhi? Dugc, ta chap nha nguoi mdt nua
dudng!". Rua bid't minh cham, ndn ra siie chay, khdng de y gi dd'n canh vat
xung quanh; cdn Thd y minh chay nhanh, ndn cii dung dinh dao choi nhu ke
vd cdng rdi nghd.
Khi tha'y Rua da sdp vd dfch, Thd mdi giat minh co gid phdng nhu didn,
nhung khdng kip nu'a rdi! Thd thua cude va cam tha'y xa'u hd qua, ben lui
vao rung...
c) Thoat dau, nghe ndi Rua va Thd chay thi thi ai cung nghT rdng Thd se
thdng; thd' ma kd't qua lai hoan toan ngugc lai.
Khi tha'y Thd gidu cgt ve sir cham chap eua minh, Rua nghT rdng can phai
day cho Thd mdt bai hoc, ndn da thach Thd chay thi. Thd tha'y Rua dam thach
thuc minh nhu vay thi mau hid'u thdng ndi ldn, lien nhan ldi ngay. Thd tin
rdng nd se dd dang danh bai Rua, ndn cdn ngao man cha'p Rua han «mdt nira
dudng. The' rdi, Rua thi ra sue chay; cdn ITid thi cu nhdn nha gam cd, ngdm
hoa. Mai tdi khi chgt ngang ldn, thay Rua da sdp tdi dfch, Thd mdi vdi vdng
cdm ed chay. Nhung da qua mudn rdi!
Thd thua cugc. Nd cam tha'y xa'u ho d che, ben lang lang lui vao riing...
2. CAY KHE
a) Nha kia cd hai anh em. Sau khi bd me qua ddi, hai anh em ben chia gia
tai. Ngudi anh tham lam chie'm hd't nha cira vudn tugc, chi chia cho ngudi em
mdt cay khe.
Mdt hdm cd con chim la dd'n an khe. Ngudi em van xin chim du^ng an vi
cay khe la tai san duy nhat cua minh. Chim bao may tui ba gang va se dua di
lay vang. Ngudi em lam dung nhu ldi chim dan va dugc chim dua di lay vang
d ngoai bien Ddng trd ve an toan. Tir dd ngudi em trd ndn giau ed.
130 9-TKBGNGavAN10/1(NC).B

Ngudi anh bid't tin, mau tham noi ldn lien ga ngudi em ddi toan bd gia tai
lay cay khe. Thuong anh, ngudi em ddng y ngay. Ngudi anh cung tha'y chim
dd'n an khe, cung van xin nhu ngudi em va cung dugc chim bao may tui ba
gang di lay vang. Vdn la ke cd long tham vd day, ndn ngudi anh da may tui
mudi hai gang. Khi chim dua tdi nui vang, ngudi anh da nhet day vang vao tdi
mudi hai gang. Trdn dudng ve, vi nang qua, chim khdng cdng ndi, ndn ngudi
anh da rai xudng bidn, chim nghim.
b) Ngay xua, cd hai anh em nha kia md cdi cha me. Ngudi anh chiem hd't
gia tai, chi chia cho ngudi em mdt manh vudn nhd va mdt cay khe.
Mdt hdm, cd con chim la dd'n an khe, ngudi em ndi vdi chim rdng: "Chim
an hd't qua, tdi bid't ban gi de cd tien dong gao bay gid?". Chim dap: "An mdt
qua tra cue vang, may tdi ba gang mang di ma dung". Ngudi em lam dung
nhu ldi chim dan va trd ndn giau ed.
Ngudi anh nghe tin ay, ben tire td'e chay sang nha ngudi em ga gdm ddi
tat ca gia tai ldy cay khe. Ngudi em ddng y. Ngudi anh thap thdm chau chuc
chd chim tdi an khd' cua minh. Rdi, mdt hdm, chim dd'n an khd' that. Ngudi
anh lam didu bd nhan nhd khd sd kd Id vdi chim. Chim bao may tui ba gang,
nhung ngudi anh may to gap bd'n lan. Trdn dudng ve, do tui vang qua nang,
ngudi anh ldn co xud'ng bien va chim nghim.
3. THANH GIONG
a) Ngay xua cd mdt ehu be tdn la Gidng. Ldn ba tudi, nhung ehu vdn
chang ndi chang cudi. Mdt hdm, nghe sii gia loan tin cd giac ngoai xam va
nha vua kdu ggi ngudi tai ra gidp nudc. Chd be lien ngdi day, ddi gap sii gia.
Chd bao sdr gia ve tau vdi vua cho ren ngua sdt, roi sdt, ao giap sdt de ehu di
dep giac.
Khi sii gia di rdi, ehu be vut ldn nhanh nhu thdi va trd thanh mdt trang sT
cao to liing lirng. Ca lang phai gdp gao nudi chu. Khi nha vua cho mang ngua
sdt, roi sdt, do giap sdt tdi; trang sT Gidng lien mac ao giap sdt, nhay len ngua
sat va cdm roi sdt di dep giac. Ngua sdt phun lira thidu chay quan giac. Roi sat
quet quan giac chd't nhu ra. Roi gay, chang Gidng lien nhd nhung bui tre bdn
dudng danh tid'p. Cudi cung giac tan.
Chang Gidng phi ngua ldn dinh ndi Sdc rdi bay vd trdi. Nhan dan nhd
cdng lao eua chang Gidng, ben lap den thd d lang Phu Ddng.
b) Ngay xua d lang Gidng, ed mdt ba me sinh duge mot cau be ldn ba tudi
vdn chang bid't ndi bid't eudi gi. The' ma khi giac An xam lan bd cdi, nghe
tid'ng sii gia truyen ldnh vua cho tim ngudi tai gidi eiru nudc thi chu be lidn
131
cho mdi sii gia vao thua chuydn. Chu ydu edu nha vua cdp cho chu mdt con
ngua sdt, mgt cai roi sdt va mdt cai ao giap sdt.
Lap tiic, nha vua dap iing cae ydu cau cua chd. Ddng thdi, chd be cung
vuon vai mdt cai va vut trd thanh mdt trang sT cudng trang, oai phong ldm liet.
Trang sT an khde dd'n mdc ca lang phai gdp gao de nudi chd. Rdi trang sT mac
do giap sat, cdm roi sdt va nhay ldn lung ngira sat xdng ra tran tidn. Trong khi
danh giac, roi sdt bi gay, trang sT lien nhd nhiing bui tre ven dudng qudt vao
lu giac.
Giac tan, trang sT phi ngua ldn dinh ndi Sdc va bay ve trdi. Nhan dan nhd
cdng an trang sT, lap den thd ggi la den thd dng Gidng.
b) Ngay ldc md sang, dgc hai bd sdng Dud'ng tii Thuan Thanh, Gia Luang
ldn mai tan Cau Lim, Ndi Dud, sang ca dd'n Ke Chd eua dat Kinh Bde... deu
nudm nugp nhung ngudi la ngudi. Tat ca ddng ngudi tir gia tre, trai gai, ngudi
ldn, tre con... dd'n khach thap phuong deu nd'i dudi nhau keo ve lang Phu
Ddng. Tai day, ngudi ta da dung mdt cai cdng chao that hoanh trang, dd la hai
bui tre ddng nga cao vdt dugc kd't lai vdi nhau. Cdn khdng gian cua lang thi
rue rd nhiing sdc mau cua cd phudn va cd dudi nheo dang tung bay phan phat
trong gid.
Qua gid Ngg, dng Gidng mdi ve dd'n lang. Mdt hdi chidng trdng dinh dae
ngan nga, phao nd ran, xen ldn tie'ng hd reo nao ddng. Ca mdt riing guom,
giao, gay gdc cua hang nghin dan dinh ed mat deu nha't loat vung ldn sang lap
loa. Tir tat ca mgi hudng va tu: khdp cac ngd ngach, mgi ngudi tua ra nhu
nhu'ng con sdng lu vay quanh dng Gidng. Rdi dng Gidng xudng ngua, gia cao
canh tay tran cudn cudn ca bdp vdy chao bien ngudi dang day sdng. Ong td
tdn, nghidm trang budc tdi ba budc, sup lay trudc cac vi bd lao rau tdc bac
pho dang ddng chdp tay thanh hai hang ta hun trudc mdt cai ban ldn cd dat
mdt cai dinh ddng dang tda khdi tram nghi ngdt. Trong khdng khf thidng
lieng va huyen bf cua budi Id, dng Gidng kfnh cdn thdp ba nen nhang cdm ldn
bat huang dat trudc bai vi thd Thanh Hoang lang Phd Ddng...
Ld mu'ng cdng va ta an trdi dat kd't thdc khi bdng chidu da hga. Ong
Gidng cung cac vi bd lao di tham hdi turng gia dinh da cd con em tham gia vao
ddi dan binh danh dudi giac An. Gia dinh nao cd con em hi sinh, dng Gidng
deu thanh kfnh thap nhang va edi dau mac nidm... Ddm ay, dng Gidng cung
cac vi bd lao va dan lang quay quan bdn ddng Ida bap bung, vira udng rugu
vira trd chuydn vui ve. Khdng ai bid't rdng, day la ddm dng Gidng tii bidt dan
lang... Ngay mai, dng se ve trdi...
132
c) Sau khi trdt bd bd giap sat, co the cudng trang cua chang Gidng ndi ldn
cudn cudn trong bd quan ao lua mau canh gian nom that quydn ru. Vao cai
khoanh khdc cud'i cung, chang ghim cuang chu ngua sdt trdn dinh ndi Sdc, ddi
mat dam dam ddi ldn cdi cao xanh vd tan. Chd ngua thdt rung minh, dd md
hdi. Chang Gidng cung rung minh dn lanh bdi cd: day ddrt mai vdi cau hdi: "Ta
la ngudi hay la thanh?". Chd ngua bdng gd vd hf dai. Tid'ng hf bdn chdn. Va
hinh nhu midng chd da ngudi tat khdi liia? 6i, vda mdi day thdi, ehu ngua da
cung ta ta xung huu dot giua bay giac An bao ngugc! Giac tan, sao ta lai thdy
nhd tid'c mgt cai gi that mo hd, day ddt? Va cung chd dgi mdt cai gi that
mong manh, da diet? Chang khe thd dai: "Phai chang chu ngua cung cd tam
su nhu ta?". Mdt thoang budn, nhung rdi chang vdn qua quyd't thuc gdt chan
vao sudn chd ngua. Dudng nhu chi chd cd the? Chd ngua lien rung minh tung
hai vd trudc ldn... Nhung chu chua kip cat minh ldn khdi mat dat thi tir dau 66
da day ldn nhu'ng tie'ng reo hd huydn nao. Chang ngoanh nhin phfa sau. Mdt
doan ngudi dang xd day nhau chay gdn ve phfa chang. Ddn ddu la mdt dam
ddng cac vi bd lao. Theo sau la hang tram trai trang dang khidng vac lac le
linh kinh nhiing thung ldn thung be. Tid'ng reo nhu cdn. Tdi noi, cac vi bd lao
vOa thd hdn hen viia nhdt te sup lay. Chang cdn dang nga ngae ehua hieu
chuydn gi xay ra thi chd ngua lai dot nhidn gd mdng hf vang day ve gian du'.
Cac vi bd lao vdi vang quat thao inh di, giuc dam trai lang khidng tdi vd so
nhu'ng hdm vang bac chau bau va cung kfnh thua giii:
- Kfnh lay Thanh nhan ciiu thd' ngan lay, van lay... Dam dan den eon dd
chdng tdi nguyen sd'ng Td't chd't gid de tra cai on ciiu mang cua Thanh nhan...
Hdm nay, cd chdt qua mgn, ggi la long thanh, kfnh mong Thanh nhan chie'u
CO nhan cho...
Chang chgt hieu va im lang nhin ddng cua cai bang anh mat diing dung,
vd hdn vd cam. Cac vi bd lao tudng chang chd ft, lai cang cudng quyt cau xin
van VI chang chidu cd nhan cho. Cue chang da, chang ben nhd'eh mep cudi nhat:
- Cam an cac vi! Nhung rat tide, Nggc Hoang lai chua day ta each iing xii
trong trudng hgp nay nhu thd' nao? Ta phai ve Trdi hdi cho ra nhe!
Ddt ldi, chang thuc manh gdt chan vao sudn chd ngUa tgi nghidp khid'n
chu ngua hot hoang tung vd vgt ldn... Trong chdp mat, dinh ndi Sdc chi cdn la
mdt khoang khdng lang dang may bay...
4. SON TINH - THUY TINH

a) Vua Hung thii mudi tam cd mdt ngudi con gai la cdng chda Mi Nuang.
Khi Mi Nuang dd'n tudi lay chdng. Hung Vuang ben md hdi thi tai ken re.
133
Mdt hdm, cd chang trai ximg la San Tinh xin vao yet kid'n nha vua de dugc thi
tai. Ngay sau dd, cd mot chang trai xung la Thuy Tinh cung xin dugc thi tai.
San Tinh thi ed tai ddi nui, chuyen rirng Va sai khid'n mudn loai mudng thu;
cdn Thuy Tinh thi cd tai ggi gid, hd mua va dieu binh khien tudng la cac loai
thuy quai. Thay tai siie cua hai ngudi dung la ngudi tam lang ke nua can.
Hung Vuang phan van khdng bid't chgn ai lien phan rdng: "Ngay mai ai mang
si'nh Id dd'n sdm thi ta ga con gai cho!". Tinh mo hdm sau, San Tinh mang do
sinh Id dd'n va lay dugc Mi Nuong. Thuy Tinh dd'n sau, tue gian dang nude ldn
danh San Tinh de ddi lai Mi Nuang. Nhung Thuy Tinh dang nudc cao bao
nhidu thi San Tinh lai dang ndi ldn cao bdy nhidu khid'n Thuy Tinh met mdi,
danh phai lui quan. Tii dd, hdng nam vao khoang thang bay am lich, Thuy
Tinh lai dang nudc quyd't sd'ng mai vdi Son Tinh, nhung lan nao cung thua...
b) Sau cude thi tai, Thuy Tinh vi bid'n, ngdi tram ngam rat lau. May ehu
ba ba, thudng ludng... tha'y chu tudng cd ve uu tu phien mudn, ben danh bao
hdi: "Thua Dai Vuong, tai can cua Ngai dau ed thua kem gi San Tinh ma
Ngai phai budn ba the?". Thuy Tinh nhin bgn thu tdc than tfn, hdi: "Cae
nguoi thii ndi xem, d bien thi dao dau ra voi chfn nga, ga chfn cua, ngua chfn
hdng mao... de ma ddn sfnh Id?". Bgn ba ba, thudng ludng chgt ngd ngudi ra...
Unhi! Nhiing thd dd ehi cd d trdn rung ndi thdi chd!... Nhung vi qua thuong
chu tudng, bgn chung ben nhat loat tinh nguydn dugc lam vat thay the' cho cae
thu khdng cd dudi Thuy phu. Thd' la Thuy Tinh danh gat nude mdt quang cae
loai Thuy quai than tfn vao Id bat quai, hoa phep de chung bid'n thanh dd sfnh
Id. Xong xudi, Thuy Tinh vdi va ldn dudng dd'n Phong Chau. Nhung chang da
dd'n sau Son Tinh vai khdc... Dau ddn va uat uc, Thuy Tinh ben dang nude
dudi theo Son Tinh va ddi gap Mi Nuong de ndi rd dau dudi, nhung Thuy
Tinh dang nude ldn cao bao nhidu thi San Tinh lai dang ndi ldn cao bay nhidu,
cho ndn Thuy Tinh khdng the lam gi duge, danh dm han trd vd bien ca...
Td' dd, cd" vao khoang thang bay am lich hdng nam, Thuy Tinh- lai dang
nudc de ddi dugc ndi chuydn vdi Mi Nuong, nhung lan nao Thuy Tinh cung
that bai, lui thui trd ve...
c) Mdt lan nua, sau cude dg sdc that bai, Thuy Tinh that then trd ve bien
ca. Chang ddng cua thu phdng, nam vdt tay ldn tran nghT nggi mdng lung. Chi
vi mdt nang Mi Nuang ma bao nhidu sinh linh phai thay phoi ddng ndi, xac
bd td'ng xanh. That dau long!
Cho dd ta cd doat dugc nang chang nua thi chdc gi luong tam ta thanh
than? Phai chang cude ti thf ddm mau giCra ta va San Tinh didn ra la do su hdi
thdc cua thdi hid'u thdng mu quang, chd khdng phai vi tid'ng ggi cua mdt tinh
134
ydu dfch thuc? Hai di! Chi vi mdt bdng do hdng ma hai ga trai kidu hung
bdng lan xa vao nhau de dd'n ndi trd thanh cau chuydn dam tieu cua mudn
ddi! Chang vung day, chdp tay sau lung, di di lai lai trong phdng, long ddy
mac cam. San Tinh chang oi... Hai ta vd'n chang cd oan thu gi! Khdng tranh
gianh cuang gidi. Chang ham hd cdng danh. Cung chua mdt lan hen hd tinh tu
vdi Mi Nuong... Thd' ma nay lai vudng vao canh guom dao khdng ddrt?! Budn
thay... Thuy Tinh khe thd dai... Rdi chang chgt vung tay chem vao khoang
khdng trude mat, day ve quyd't doan... Ta phai di gap San Tinh...
Son Tinh kinh ngae khi thay Thuy Tinh dang ddng simg sd'ng trude mat
minh. Chang cdn dang ldng tdng chua bid't ndn cu xu' thd' nao thi Thuy Tinh da
ehu ddng chia ban tay hd phap vd phfa chang:
- Tdi dd'n gap tidn sinh de duge hau chuydn vdi tu each la hai ngudi dan
dng vdi nhau, cd dugc chang, thua tidn sinh?
Son Tinh vdn chua hd't ngd ngang bdi rdi, nhung cung vdi dua ban tay sdn
sdi cua minh ddn lay ban tay cua Thuy Tinh va sid't chat. San Tinh dua Thuy
Tinh ve dai ban doanh cua minh d ndi Tan va md tide tid'p dai. Khi rugu da
nga nga, Thuy Tinh hdi:
- Chang hay cd khi nao tidn sinh ddng long trude nhu'ng cai chd't tuc tudi
cua than dan va bd ha? Son Tinh trdm ngam nghT nggi hdi lau, thd dai:
- Dd chfnh la dieu turng am anh ddn vat tdi dd'n mat an ma't ngu...
Thuy Tinh vd tay cudi:
- Vay thi hai ta cd the cha'm ddt nan binh dao dugc chang?
Son Tinh cdi dau budn ba:
- Tidn sinh ai! Bay gid thi tdi e vide dd da vugt ra khdi tam tay cua hai ta
mat rdi...
- Sao vay?
- Bdi nd'u tidn sinh khdng dang nudc ldn thi la'y dau ra phd sa bdi ddp cho
nhiing canh ddng? Cdn tdi thi khdng thd' thu Iai mdng vudt cua loai hd dii de
budc chdng phai lam meo!
- NghTa la phai tid'p tuc chie'n tranh?
- Danh nhu vay thdi! Nhung... - San Tinh chgt nfn lang lid'c nhin
Thuy Tinh...
Thuy Tinh cd ve sdt rudt, phay tay:
- Da dd'n nude nay thi tidn sinh cdn y tii lam gi?
- TCr lau tdi da ed y dinh nhudng Mi Nuong cho tidn sinh...
135
Thuy Tinh ca eudi, vd vai Son Tinh:

- Tidn sinh ai! Trude day va ca bay gid nua, tdi dau ed ydu nang? Chang
qua hai ta tinh cd tham du cugc thi cua Hung Vuang, thoat dau chi la trd choi
so tai cao thap nhu hang tram anh hung hao han da ti thf trudc hai ta ma thdi,
ai ngd ve sau lai nhud'm mau sat phat cua thdi hid'u thdng tieu nhan! Nay hai
ta hdi thi da mudn! Tide thay! Thdi thi, nd'u vdn cdn phai danh nhau de mua
vui cho thidn ha thi chdng ta hay danh nhau bang... can guam thdi... Cd duge
chang, thua tidn sinh?!
5. CHIEC LA CUOI CUNG (O Hen-ri)

cau chuydn xoay quanh ba nhan vat la Xiu, Gidn-xi va cu Ba-men. Xiu
va Gidn-xi la hai nil hoa sT tre, ngheo. Cu Ba-men la mdt hoa sT gia, cung
ngheo, nhung cd le cu chua the "nhdm mat" dugc vi cai hoai bao sang tac mot
kiet tac hgi hoa chua thanh hidn thue. Gidn-xi bi dm nang. Bdnh tat cung vdi
su tdng qudn da khid'n Gidn-xi chan ddi va mud'n budng xudi tat ca. Mdi buoi
sang, Gidn-xi lai ydu cau Xiu keo tam manh manh xanh ldn de xem chid'c la
thudng xuan cud'i cdng cd cdn d trdn canh hay khdng, bdi chid'c la dy da gan
vdi ldi nguyen cua Gidn-xi rdng: Khi nao chide la cud'i cung ay rung thi Gidn-
xi se chd't! Thd' nhung, cd mdt dieu ki didu da xay ra! Mac dd bao tuyd't dii ddi
sudt ddm, nhung chid'c la thudng xuan vdn cdn dd! Sir bat tu cua chid'c la
thudng xuan da thdc tinh Gidn-xi, thdi vao tam hdn Gidn-xi mdt ludng sinh
khf mdi; 66 la ldng ham sd'ng va khat vgng vugt ldn hoan canh bi dat eua
minh. Tuy nhidn, cai gia phai tra cho su thdc tinh cua Gidn-xi va su thanh
cdng eua eu Ba-men la khdng he re. Cai chd't cua cu Ba-men se cdn day dut,
am anh ngudi dgc mai khdng thdi... Hoa ra, tinh ydu cude sd'ng ed the manh
hon cai chd't! Va de sang tao dugc mdt kiet tac, ngudi nghd sT phai sdn sang
hi sinh ban than minh cho nghd thuat, nhung dd phai la thd: nghd thuat vi
eon ngudi!
6. NGUCil CON G A I NAM XUONG (Nguydn Du)

Chid'n tranh kd't thdc. Truong Sinh trd ve, chang vdi giang rgng vdng tay
ndi vdi be Dan: "Con ra day vdi bd nao!". Be Dan dung ydn, md to mdt nhin
Truang Sinh, rdi nguay ngudi: "iTphai la bd! Bd hay dd'n vdi Dan vao budi tdi
co! Me di thi bd cung di, me ngdi thi bd cung ngdi...". Truang Sinh chgt cam
tha'y ndng mat. Rdi tuc gian run ngudi... Chang khdng the ngd vg minh lai cd
the hu dd'n dd'n the'! Dgi cho vg vira ve dd'n nha, Truong Sinh lien mang te tat
va bd ngoai tai tat ca nhu'ng ldi giai bay chan thanh cua vg. Vg chang cam
tha'y oan uc va tui nhuc qua, ben nhay xud'ng ddng Hoang Giang tu tu'. Sau khi
136
vg chd't, mdt budi tdi, Truang Sinh dm be Dan trong long, di di lai trong nha,
chgt be Dan reo to: "Bd Dan lai dd'n kia!". Nhin cai bdng cua minh d tren
tudng, Truang Sinh chgt hieu ra ta't ca va bid't rdng vg minh bi oan. Rdi vi
thuang tinh Truang Sinh da bid't hdi han, thinh thoang vg chang lai hidn ve,
tha'p thoang khi an khi hidn giu'a ddng Hoang Giang oan nghiet...
7. SUTICH HO GUOM
Vao mdt ddm trang mua thu, nam Thuan Thidn thd" nha't, Ld Thai To di
dao mdt minh trong vudn Ngu uyen. Trong cai vang lang, tTnh mich cua canh
thai binh. Thai To bdng chanh ldng nhd tdi thud cdn nam gai nd'm mat...Cung
vao mdt ddm trang mua thu nhu thd' nay, sau mdt tran thua tan tac. Thai To
cung dam tan quan phai tam lanh minh trong rurng sau Lam San... Ddm a'y,
Thai Td ngua mat nhin ldn vang trang vdng vac giu'a trdi va bat giac da le...
Bdng trong tie'ng gid riing ao ao, hinh nhu vang vang mdt ldi phan truydn: "Ta
se gidp nha nguai la'y lai bd cdi td tay ngudi Minh, nhung nhd dimg cd ddm
vao vd't xe dd cua An Duong Vuong..."! Thai To chgt giat minh, ldng tai
nghe... Hinh nhu trong tid'ng gid lao xao hdm nay lai vang vang ldi phan
truyin cua ngay xua? Ddng rdi! ... "Nay cdi bd da sach bdng ngudi Minh, nha
nguai cdn nhd ldi ta dan hay chang?!"... Thai To vdi vang quy xud'ng, ngiia
mat nhin dam dam ldn vang trang thu vdng vac, ldp bdp: "Da... Da... Tieu td
nhd..."...
Ddm a'y, ndm trdn long sang. Thai Td trdn trge khdng sao ngd dugc,
ngudi udt dam md hdi... Thai To vd cung ban khoan lo ldng vi thuc bung,
Ngai chua hieu y tii cda thanh nhan trong nhiing ldi phan truyen...
Hdm sau. Thai To cho thid't trieu sdm han thudng Id. Ngai cham rai ke lai
cho bach quan cung nghe ve cai su hai ldn Ngai dugc nghe ldi phan truyen
nhu thd' nao, rdi hdi:
- Cac khanh hay giai thfch gidp trdm y tii cua thanh nhan xem sao!
Bach quan thay deu sg hai, cdi dau nfn lang. Hg thuc sir bdi rdi, khdng
dam bay td nhiing suy nghT ridng tu eua minh, chi e rdng cd dieu gi dd that
thd, pham thugng thi oan gia nhdn tien... Churng nhu qua sdt rudt trudc sir cam
lang khd hieu cua dam qudn thdn mu cao do dai. Thai To giuc, gigng kha
gay gat:
- Cac khanh ndi di chur, sao cii lam thinh mai vay?
Cud'i cung thi quan Hanh khien Nguydn Trai ru tay ao, diing day, ngang
cao dau thua ldn:
137
- Mudn tau Chua thugng, than trdm nghT, y eua thanh nhan la mud'n ran
bao rang, trudc day An Duong Vuong turng dugc Thdn Kim Quy cho mugn
lay nd than de danh dudi Tridu Da, nhung sau khi gianh dugc bd coi.
An Duang Vuong da khdng tra lai ldy nd than cho Than Kim Quy ndn da bj
trirng phat!
Guang mat Thai To bdng rang rd han ldn. Ngai vd manh vao tay ngai va
ddrng bat day, cudi to:
- Kha khen minh y cua quan Hanh khien! Ta hieu... Ta hieu rdi... NghTa
la ta phai tra lai guam than cho Due Long Quan chu gi?!
8. THUY KIEU BAO AN BAO OAN

Hoan Thu ung dung budc di giu'a hai hang guam giao sang loa, sat khf
dang ddng. Bdng mdt tid'ng quat:
- Quy xud'ng!
Hoan Thu quy, nhung vdn ngang cao dau, mat khdng he bid'n sdc. Bdn
mat cda Thuy Kidu va Hoan Thu chie'u thang vao nhau...
Thuy Kieu bdi rdi, khe hdi:
- Sao tieu thu lai dd'n ndng ndi nay?
Hoan Thu cudi nhat:
- Cam on phu nhan da hdi tham. Xin hay ra tay, chd cd khach sao lam gl!
Thuy Kieu ldng tdng dua mat nhin sang Td Hai. TCr Hai khoan thai dua
tay vudt chdm rdu hum dm quanh khudn hdm in, tum tim eudi, khdng ndi gi.
Thuy Kieu lai dao mdt nhin eac ti tudng cua Td Hai. Tat ea deu cdi ddu thd
dai. Dudi kia, ehinh danh thd phgm Hoan Thu dang ngao nghd vuan cd len
chd dgi mdt ldi phan quyd't.
Thuy Kieu cd lay gigng binh than:
- Tieu thu CO dieu gi can ndi chang?
Hoan Thu mim eudi:
- Cd day! Ta vdi nang ddu la dan ba. Vay thi cd ndn dem chuydn ghen
tudng cua dan ba ra cdng dudng 6i tranh hon thua hay chang?
Thuy Kieu ldc dau:
- Nhung tieu thu da xud'ng tay qua dang!.
' Hoan Thu vdn tuai cudi:
138
- Qua dang u? Thdc Sinh la chdng ai? Va ai da chia se tinh cam cua ai?
Thuy Kieu chdng chd':
- Nhung lieu tieu thu cd ydu Thdc Sinh bang ta hay khdng?
Hoan Thu cudi lanh lanh:
- Tinh ydu u? Nang da chang tuTng yeu Kim Trgng dd sao? Rdi lai dd'n
Thdc Sinh, Td Hai... Ta khdng bao gid tin vao mdt tinh ydu nhu the!
Thuy Kieu sugng sung, dd mat:
- Ta hieu... Dd sao ta cdng ehi la phan dan ba...
139
TUAN 7
Tiet 25
VAN HOC
* NHUNG NO PHAI BANG HAI MAY

(Truyen cirdi)
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

1. Kid'n thii'c - tu tudng: Tha'y duge.su danh gia cua nhan dan ve cac nhan
vat: thay If, Cai, Ngd. Dd cung la ban chat tham nhung, an cua ddt cua quan
lai dia phuang va hanh vi tidu cure eua ngudi lao ddng trong xa hdi Viet Nam
xua khi tu mdc vao vdng kidn tung, lam mdi ngon cho bgn sdu mgt due nudc
beo cd. Dac sdc cua truydn cudi la hd't sue ngdn ggn, hap ddn, bat ngd, choi
chd', kd't hgp ldi ndi va cu chi, day ham y de gay cudi va cham bid'm, chd' gidu,
da kfch.
2. Tfch hgp vdi mdt sd truydn cudi cung chu de khac: Hai bdy mUdi ba,
Tudi Situ chu khdng phdi tudi Ti...
3. Ren kT nang dgc va phan tfch mau thudn trong truydn cudi.
B. Chudn bi cua thdy tro

Truong Chfnh - Phong Chau, Tii'ng cifdi ddn gian Viet Nam, sdd.
C. Thiet ke bai dqy hoc
Hoat dgng 1
KIEM TRA BAI CG
1. Chu de cua truydn Tam dgi eon gd la gi?
A. Phd phan thay dd dot
B. Che' gidu thdy dd
C. Che cudi, chd' gidu thay dd gidi giau dot
140
D. Trao phdng su ngu dot nhung lai cd tinh che giau, cang che giau cang
bde Id va lam trd cudi cho mgi ngudi.
2. Ke mdt truydn cudi khac ve thay dd, hoac thay bdi, thay cdng, hoac
nha su... ma em da duge nghe, duge dgc. Theo em, truydn dd gay cudi bang
each nao, nhu thd' nao?
Hoat dgng 2
DAN VAO BAI MCfl
Tuc ngd' cd cau Quan thd'y kiin nhu kii'n thd'y md; Mudn ndi oan ldm
quan md ndi... Quan lai Viet Nam xua khdng hid'm ke tham nhdng, sau mgt ti
tidn va trdng trgn. Chdng la mdt trong nhu'ng dd'i tugng phe phan, da kfch cua
truydn cudi dan gian Viet Nam.
GV hdi: Ngudi thay mat nha nudc xir cac vu kidn, phai can cdr vao dau la
ehu yd'u? (can cdr vao luat phap) Luat phap can cii vao dau? (vao le phai, vao
chan If)
Nhung chan If, le phai lai dua vao dau? (vao tien ddt Idt, hdi Id)
Tai sao lai cd the vd If nhu thd'? (Nhung dd lai la su that trong xa hdi ndng
thdn Viet Nam xua. Va mdt trong nhu'ng vf du thd vj la truydn cudi chdng ta
tim hieu hdm nay.)
Hoat dgng 3
HUCfNG DAN TIM HIEU K H A I Q U A T
1. Dgc - ke
- Ydu cau: tCrng cau, tCmg cau, tham chf tirng chu', cd the hidn mau thudn
gay eudi, nha't la cau kd't ta cir chi va ldi ndi cua If trudng.
- Ggi 3 - 4 HS dgc - ke; GV nhan xet.
2. Giai thfch tCr khd:
Ngoai nhu'ng tCr trong chd thfch, giai thfch thdm: li trudng (xa trudng,
thay xa, thay If): ngudi dung dau mdt lang, mdt xa d ndng thdn Viet Nam thdi
phong kid'n. Churc vu do dan bdu (tuong duong vdi chdre chu tjch xa ngay nay).
Lot: tien, hpac Id vat dang, bid'u quan lai, cap trdn, ngudi cd tham quyen...
mong dat muc dfch ridng.
Hoat dgng 4
HUCfNG DAN DOC - HIEU CHI TIET
- GV chuyen ddn va ndu cau hdi: Mdt trong nhu'ng dac diem phd bid'n
cua truydn cudi la tao mau thudn gay cudi bdng each dat nd trong nhung tinh
141
hud'ng truydn de chuan bi cho mau thudn phat trien. Trong truydn nay, tinh
hudng truydn la gi?
- HS tra ldi.
- GV hdi bd sung:
Vai trd eua cau md ddu vdi toan truydn?
Hanh ddng cua Cai va Ngd trudc khi kidn nhau la gi? Hanh ddng dd, vdi
hai ngudi, nhdm muc dfch gi? Vdi tac gia dan gian, nd cd tac dung gi?
- HS phan tfch, giai thfch, suy luan, phat bieu.
Dinh hudng:
a) Trudc khi xur kidn
- Ndu mdt nhan dinh, mdt ldi danh gia cao, mgt ldi khen tai xu kidn ciia
If trudng. Theo le thudng, ngudi nghe chd dgi xem nhan vat nay gidi nhu the
nao, gidi dd'n dau, cd thuc gidi khdng? Ndi each khac, cau chuydn se chdng
minh cai su gidi trong xii kidn cua If trudng. Van de da bat dau dugc ndu ra
tuy chua cd gi dang cudi.
Ngd va Cai la hai ngudi dan lao ddng binh thudng, bdng nhidn danh nhau
rdi mang nhau di kidn ra chfnh quydn. D6 cung la hidn tugng xa hdi khdng eo
gi dae bidt. Ca hai ddu mud'n nhd dd'n If trudng dai didn cho nha nude, cho
luat phap dem lai sir cdng bang cho hg. D6 cung la su thudng tinh va hgp li,
vdn ehua cd gi dang eudi, budn cudi.
Nhung khi ta dgc dd'n chi tid't: Cai sg kem thd', lot trudc quan 5 ddng;
nhung Ngd lai cao tay han biin die Id nhu'ng 10 ddng. Tat nhidn, chi cd quan
bid't rd dieu nay. Cdn Cai khdng bid't Ngd cd Idt thay If khdng va Idt bao
nhidu. Ngd cung vay. Va ca hai deu tin tudng vao su khdn ngoan (ddng den
di trifdc Id ddng din khdn) cua minh. Chdc han anh nao cung tin minh se
thdng kidn!
- Dd'n day, cd hai didu can luu y:
Chfnh ngudi ndng dan, vdi suy nghT va hanh ddng tidu cue vi da bid't ro
ban cha't cua bgn quan lai) da tid'p tay, tao dieu kidn cho cac loai quan lai eac
cap an hdi Id, tham nhung.
Quan trgng hon, mau thudn da bat dau ddn nen, tang cudng, khi thay If
nhan tien cua ca hai ngudi. Ngudi ndi tid'ng xur kidn gidi da bj nghi ngd. Dang
le, thay khdng duge phep nhan tidn cua bat cd: ai kidn tung. Nhung cung co
the, thay ed nhan rdi se phat thdm tdi hdi Id trong khi xu vu danh nhau?
Ngudi nghe bat dau phai suy doan, xem thay If gidi xu kidn se phan xu ra sao.
142
b) Khi xd' kidn

- GV hdi: Thay If da xu kidn nhu the nao? Ldi kd't an da gay phan dng gi
tdi ai?
- HS nhan xet.
Dinh hudng: Thay khdng dieu tra, khdng phan tfch, vdi kd't an ngay,
khdng he ed sue thuye't phuc. Cai ngae nhidn, vdi tim each kdu xin quan xet
lai. Ngd im lang vi da duge xu thdng kidn.
- GV hdi tid'p: Phan tfch cac md'i quan he giua If trudng va Cai the hidn
trong cir chi, hanh dgng va ldi ndi cua ca tung ngudi.
- HS dgc va phan tfch, phat bieu.
Dinh hudng:
Nhan vat/quan he Li trudng Cai
Quan he xa hoi, phap Ngudi xir kien, nguai cam quyen dia Dan lao dpng ngheo, tCmg lo tien
luat phuong, dai dien thuc thi luat phap, lot quan, mong dupe xCr thang
ndi tieng xii kien gioi kien.
Hanh dpng, cir chi Cung xoe nam ngon tay trai up len Vol xoe nam ngon tay, ngang mat
nam ngon tay mat (chu dpng) nhinthay ll (bjdpng)
Ldi noi Tao bie't may phai,.. nhung no lai Xin xet lai! Le phai ve con ma!
phai... bang hai may! (chij dpng)
(bj dpng)
Mau thudn gay eudi cd ddn dan phat trien va bde Id theo tdng cu ehi,
hanh ddng va eau ndi cua hai nhan vat. O cau ndi thd nhat cua Cai, cd su
ngam kd't hgp vdi cii chi xoe nam ngdn tay. NghTa ham dn cua nd la:
Le phai cua Cai = 5 ngdn tay xoe = (5 ddng quan da nhan).
Vi dang trude cdng dudng, cdng khai, Cai nao dam ndi to, ndi rd, va ndi
true tid'p dieu nay. Cau ndi van xin xet lai nghe mdi ap ung tdi nghidp va
day an y.
Quan cd hieu an y ay hay khdng? Quan rat hieu nhung vdn xir nhu vay.
Cach giai thfch cua quan that nhanh nhen, thdng minh va cdng bat ngd
khdng kem.
Le phai eua nd (Ngd) = 10 ngdn tay xoe = (10 ddng = 5.2 = gap ddi) quan
cung da nhan.
143
Dd'n day, du tac gia khdng vid't, khdng ke, nhung chung ta doan chac, Cai
phai chju thua, phai ngam ngui trudc cai If le hien nhidn, cai cur chi ggn gang,
va cau ndi cung day ham y cua quan.
Hoa ra le phai khdng phai xuat phat tCr luat phap, tCr cdng If ma tur tiin, tii
hdi Id. Rd rang quan tham nhdng, sau mgt cd hang da due nude beo cd, ddn
xdc hai dau, an Id ca hai. Ai Id nhidu thi ngudi ay phai han, ngudi a'y thdng.
Vd each xii kidn theo tien ddt Idt nay, qua that If trudng la mdt tay noi
tid'ng xii kidn gidi. Nu cudi bat ra vi su ehiing minh chat che nhan xet d eau
ddu nhiing theo hudng ngugc lai.
Le phai = tien; 1 le phai: 5 ddng; 2 le phai: 10 ddng. Ngd thdng; Cai bai
la chuydn duang nhidn. Ddng la Nen bgc ddm toge td gid'yl
- GV hdi: Kd't qua cud'i cdng dd'i vdi Cai? Rdt ra bai hge gi?
- HS ban luan.
Dinh hudng: Hoan toan bat ngd: Quan giai thfch va y an. Cai vCra mdt tien
vd'a bj danh. Rd rang tidn mat tat mang. Oan lie ma khdng the kdu oan, danh
ngam bd hdn lam nggt ma rdt kinh nghidm: Khdng ndn gay chuydn vdi ngudi
khac de dd'n phai kidn tung, phai sd'ng td't vdi nhau vi cdng la ban do ngdn; khi
da kidn thi khdng the kidn tdi nhu'ng tdn quan tham nhung nhu If trudng;
khdng the dem tien ddt Idt chdng ma thidt dan thidt kep, mat ca chi ldn chai...
- GV ndu vdn de: Nhan xet ldi kd't cua If trudng.
- HS nhan xet.
Dinh hudng: Choi ehu ddc dao: phdi bdng hai; quan he giu'a so lugng va
cha't lugng vda cd If vira vd If. Vd If trong xir kidn nhung cd If trong thue td'
quan he giu'a ba nhan vat. Lf trudng ddng cai hgp If trong thuc td' de thay the
cai vd If cua vide xur kidn; the hidn trdng'trgn ban chdt tham nhung, thdi quen
an cua ddt eua y. Tid'ng eudi bat ra td' dd.
- GV ndu tid'p van de: Binh luan ve Ngd, Cai.
- HS phat bieu tur do.
Dinh hudng: Vua la nan nhan, vd'a la thu pham cua chfnh minh. Hanh vi
tidu cue cua hg lam hg trd ndn tham hai (ca hai). Hg vCra dang thuang, vda
dang trach.
Hoat dgng 5
HUCfNG DAN T O N G KET VA LUYEN TAP
L Truydn vach tran, cudi cgt va phd phan ban chat gi? Cua ai? Bdng each
nao? Bidn phap choi chif the hidn rd nhd't d cau nao?
144
Tai sao lai ndi Ngd, Cai vd'a la nan nhan vira la thu pham cua chfnh minh,
vira bi vCra hai do mgt phan td minh gay ra?
2. Suu tam tid'p mdt so truydn eudi cung chu dd.
3. Dgc tham khao truydn cudi sau:
HAI B A Y MUCJI BA
Cd hai vg chdng nha a'y, chdng quen lan ludt vg; vg cung chang phai tay
vura. Mdt hdm nha cd gid. Vg nau che, mdc ra bat, rdi cu hai tay hai bat, ldn
lugt bung td- bd'p ldn cho chdng bay ldn ban thd de cdng. Bung hd't, vg nham
tfnh: bay lan, mdi lan hai bat, vj ehi la mudi bdn bat. Vi ban thd hep, chdng
xd'p di xd'p lai, cud'i cdng vdn thda ra 1 bat khdng ed chd dat. Chdng tac ludi
nghT: Thdi thi ta nd'm thu mdt bat, khdi de le loi, ma chic gi vg da bid't! Rdi an
ludn. Xong dem bat riia, cat kfn khdng de vg biet. Cdng xong, bung che
xudng dat vao mam, vg ddm di ddm lai, ngdn ngudi nghT rdi hdi chdng:
- Tai sao thid'u mdt bat che?
Chdng than nhidn dap:
- Thi minh bung ldn bao nhidu, tdi bay tat ca ldn c\6.
Vg phan tran:
- Thi tay tdi bung ca thay bay lan, mdi lan hai bai, hai bay mudi bd'n. Tai
sao bay gid chi cdn mudi ba?
Chdng bay gid mdi bid't vg da dem can than, khong nhan khdng xong,
nhung nhan thi be mat qua. Anh ben ldn tid'ng, lam ra \ e gian ddi:
- Tdi bid't dau day! Hay minh nghi cho tdi an?
Vg buc minh, khdng nhjn dugc:
- Chii cdn gi nu'a! Nha chi cd tdi vdi minh, minh khdng an thi ai an vao day?
Chdng tdrc qua, nat no, dd mat tfa tai:
- May bao dng an thi tang chiing dau? Quan nay lao that!
Ndi xong, xdng vao danh vg, dap pha ca mam che.
Vg lie qua, thay minh ddng If hoan toan ma bj ddn oan. Dau than, gian
chdng, chj phat dan kidn chdng ldn quan.
Chdng sg qua, sg ma't mat, sg bj phat, anh ben mang Id vat ddt Idt quan.
Huydn quan tham nhung da quen, thay Id vat hau hTnh, lien gat gd:
- Duge dugc, ta se lo dm thdm mgi chuydn.
10-TKBGNGO VAN 10/1 (NC)-A 145

Hdm ra trudc cdng dudng, quan de ngudi vg - nguyen cao - trinh bay
trudc, rdi ddng dac phan:
- Chdng chj lam gid de cung dng ba nha nd, khdng le nd dam tha't Id nhu
vay. Hon nu'a, hai bay ed the la mudi bd'n ma cung cd the la mudi ba ldm chd!
Kia, ngudc mat ma xem nhung ddn tay trdn mai cdng dudng nay. Mai trude
bay dudng, mai sau cung bay dudng. Vay ma hai mai ghep lai cung chi ed
mudi ba dudng ddn tay ma thdi. Vg chdng nha chj md to bd'n con mat ma ddm
xem cd dfch thj la hai bay mudi ba khdng?
Hai vg chdng ngira mat nhin, nham ddm. Chdng xuyt xoa phuc tai quan
ldn. Vg mud'n cai lai. Quan dap ban, phan tid'p:
- Thanh nhan day: phu xifdng phu tuy. Thdi vg chdng nha bay dua nhau
ve ma an d vdi nhau cho hoa thuan, dirng bay chuydn kidn tung ldi thdi cho
thidn ha chd cudi. Ldn nay ta tha, ldn sau tai pham ta se phat nang.
Ndi xong, thet Ifnh dudi ca hai vg chdng ra khdi cdng dudng. Chdng dde
chf cudi ndi huydn thuydn. Vg budn rau than:
Nuc cudi dng huyin Hd Ddng
Xif vi long chdng hai bdy mifdi ba.
Khdng nghe, tan cda ndt nhd
Nghe thi hai bdy mudi ba, cife long!
(Hoang Tid'n Tuu, Binh gidng truyin ddn gian, sdd)
4. Soan bai Ldi tiin dan.
5. Dgc thdm cae truydn cudi Mua eua, Diim Vuong xu kien.
* TAM DAI CON GA

(Truydn cudi)
A, Ket qua cdn dqt
1. Kid'n thde - tu tudng: Hieu dugc mau thudn trai tu nhidn dugc bieu
hidn cu the trong truydn qua nhan vat thay dd; nghd thuat tu bgc Id chfnh la
dae sac lam bat ra tid'ng cudi trao phdng thd vj; qua dd, HS can tu dudng tfnh
ham hge va khidm ton, trung thuc trong hge tap va trong cude sd'ng.
2. Tfch hgp vdi nhung truydn cudi ma HS da hge d THCS va tu dgc thdm;
vdi bai vid't lam van so 2.
3. Ren kT nang dgc didn cam va phan tfch mau thudn trong truydn cudi
dan gian.
'^^ 10-TKBGNGavAN10M(NC).B


Suu tam nhurng truydn cudi ma HS tam ddc trong tap truydn cudi dan gian
Viet Nam (Truang Chfnh va Phong Chau suu tdm, bidn soan).
Hoat dgng 1
TO C H U C K I E M TRA BAI C O
(Hinh thd'c: van dap)
1. Chu de mau thudn gia dinh va mau thudn xa hdi da duge the hidn nhu
thd' nao trong truydn cd tfch Td'm Cdm?
2. Cd y kid'n cho rdng, ndn cat doan kd't: Tam tra thd de ngudi nghe, ngudi
dgc da kinh rgn. Y kid'n cua em nhu thd' nao?
Hoat dgng 2
DAN VAO BAI MCfl
Tuc ngii Vidt Nam cd cau: )Q'u hay ldm td't, ddt hay ndi chif. Nhan vat
thay dd trong truydn cudi Tam dgi eon gd hay cdn ggi la Dd di Id eon du di
chfnh la mdt ngudi nhu thd'.
Trong kho tang truydn cudi dan gian Viet Nam, ed khdng ft truydn hudng
mui nhgn vao cac thay: thay dd, thay bdi, thay cdng: Thdy do Him mat, Phu
thuy so ma, Thdy bdi xem vol,...
Trong so dd, Tam dgi eon gd la mdt truydn dae sdc.
Hoat dgng 3
HUCfNG D A N DOC- HIEU K H A I Q U A T
1. Dgc — ke:
- Ydu cdu: didn cam qua tCrng cau, tCmg ldi dd'i thoai; bieu hidn didn bid'n
tam trang cua thdy dd. Ngudi dgc, ngudi ke khdng cudi cdt 6i ngudi nghe
cang cudi, truydn cang If thd. Khi ke, cd th^ khdng can chfnh xac cae dd'i thoai.
- Ggi 3 - 4 HS nd'i nhau dgc - ke; GV cung cd the dgc - kd' mgt lan va
nhan xet HS dgc - ke.
2. The loai: truydn cudi
- Dac diem: tao va giai quye't mau thudn trai tu nhidn de gay eudi. Mau
thudn cang trai tu nhidn, each giai quyd't cang bat ngd; tie'ng cudi bat ra cang
147
gidn gia. Truyen thudng ngdn ggn, vao truyen tu nhidn, ke't truydn ddt ngdt.
Cd hai loai truyen eudi ehu ye'u: truydn trao phung: nhdm vao nhu'ng ddi
tugng trong ngi bg nhan dan, chua tdi mure gay gdt, quyd't liet. Truydn da kfch:
nham vao nhung dd'i tugng xau, ac, ke thu cua nhan dan, md'c do gay gdt,
quyd't liet.
- Tam dgi eon gd thudc loai truydn cudi trao phdng. Cudi anh thdy dd va
tat ca nhurng ai cd tat xau nhu anh ta. Tid'ng cudi chd' gidu, phd phan nhUng
vdn bao dung va nhe nhang.
3. Bd cue
Md truydn: cau dau -gidi thidu mau thudn trai tu nhidn.
Didn bid'n cau chuydn.
Ke't truydn: cau cud'i cung - tid'ng cudi bat ra.
Hoat dgng 4
- GV hdi: Truydn cd ma'y nhan vat? Nhan vat nao la chfnh? Cac nhan vat
khac ddng vai trd gi?
- HS so sanh, phan loai, tra ldi.
Dinh hudng: Cac nhan vat: thay dd, hge trd, thd cdng, dng chu. Nhan vat
chfnh tat nhidn la thdy dd. Cac nhan vat khac chi la phu trong quan he vdi
thay dd nhung khdng the thid'u.
- GV hdi tid'p:
-i- Cau dau tidn ddng vai trd md truydn cd y nghTa gi?
+ Tid'ng eudi da bat ra chua? Vi sao?
- HS suy luan, tra ldi.
Dinh hudng:
+ Tac dung cua eau md truydn: gidi thidu nhan vat chfnh va tfnh each cua
y, ddng thdi cung ndu mau thudn trai tu nhidn trong dang khai quat nhdt: dot
nhung lai khdng chju thdra nhan su that, ngugc lai lai khinh ngudi tu cho rdng
ta day gidi (ldn mat van hay chir td't).
+ Tid'ng cudi chua bat ra, mdi d thd' tiim nang, chua cd bieu hidn gi thUe
su dang eudi. Chua bid't anh ta ldn mat hay chu' nhu thd' nao, chua bid't anh ta
dot nhu thd' nao.
- GV ndi ldi ddn: Mau thudn dang d thd' ti6m nang, mud'n bgc Id va phat
trien, phai dat trong nhu'ng tinh hud'ng truydn khac nhau de kiem nghidm.
148
Tinh hud'ng dau tidn ma anh thdy dd phai giai quyd't la gi? Anh da giai quyd't
nhu the nao? Tid'ng cudi d day da bat ra chua? Vi sao? Vi sao anh thay dd lai
bat hoc trd dgc nhd? Sau khi xin dai am duomg anh lai bat hge trd dgc to? Qua
chi tid't Thd cdng ddng tinh vdi thdy dd, tac gia dan gian cdn nham dung y gi?
- HS phan tfch. If giai, phat bieu.
Dinh hudng:
+ Tmh hud'ng dau tidn ma anh thay dd gap phai la gap chd' Ke trong cudn
sach Tam thiin tu (ba nghin chu), thdy khdng bid't la chd' gi ! Chung td thay
qua dot. Da di lam thay day ngudi khac ma chu trong cudn sach vd long cung
khdng hieu hd't, khdng dgc ndi. Mdt ddn chdrng ve cai dot cua thdy. Cung da
hoi budn cudi. Dot the' ma cung dam di day hge, lam thay thidn ha!
+ Tinh hud'ng thue su xuat hidn budc thdy phai giai quyd't khi bj hge trd
hdi gdp. Thay bf va cudng. Da lieu dam lam thdy thi tat nhidn cung lai lieu ma
giai thfch bCra mdt cau thuan midng bat ra, chang cd y nghTa gi! Tid'ng cudi lai
bat ra vi cai su lieu IThh ddt nat lai sT didn gia'u dot eua thay. ST didn, giau dot
the hidn d hai diem: khdng dam cdng khai thCra nhan minh khdng bid't trude
hge trd. Thii hai: sg ngudi khac bid't cai sai, cai bCra eua minh ndn chi bao hge
trd dgc khe khe. Thi ra thay cdn chut ft xau hd sg ngudi khac bid't minh dot!
De bid't chdc chdn ddng sai, thay khdn thd cdng bang each xin dai am
duong va dugc than ddng y vdi each day cua thay dd'n ba lan (sap ca ba lan
ddng tien chinh khi thay gieo xud'ng ldng dia).
Thd' la thdy ddc chf vi tin tudng minh hoan toan dung, ddn dd'n vide ydu
cdu hge trd dgc to, vang ldn cai ldi giai thfch vd nghTa kia.
Dd'n day, tid'ng cudi lai bat ra thd vi hon vi thay da dot lai cdn md tfn. Lf
ra thdy phai di hdi cac thdy khac, hay nhiing ngudi hieu bid't han, ddng nay lai
hdi than bdng each gieo tidn sap ngiia. Mat khac, ngudi binh dan cdn mud'n
chd cudi ca vj than thd cdng nha a'y cung ddt. Cau nay chfnh thay dd se dugc
trai nghidm ngay sau dd.
Tuy nhidn, tid'ng cudi cung chua that gidn gia ldm. Cau chuydn chua di
dd'n dinh diem. Chfnh nidm vui cua thay, tid'ng dgc bai rat to cua hge trd do
thdy ra ldnh lai ddn dd'n tinh hud'ng thii hai mgt each tu nhidn.
- GV ndu tid'p van de: Tinh hud'ng thii hai xay dd'n vdi thay dd nhu thd'
nao? Cd y kid'n cho rdng, thay 66 ddt thi qua dot, qua md tfn rdi nhung bd lai,
thdy cung kha thdng minh, nhanh trf khi bidn bach vdi dng chu. Cae em nghT
sao? Cach giai thfch cua thay cd gi phi If, ed gi tdrc eudi?
- HS thao luan, ed the tranh luan, bao ve y kid'n eua minh.
149

Dinh hudng:
Tinh hudng thd: hai xay dd'n that bdt ngd, khi thay dd'i mat vdi dng chu
cung hay chu' lai dao de.
Ba'y gid thdy mdi tu nhan rdng minh ddt va nhan ra mdt su thdt nu'a la th6
cdng cung chdng gidi hon thay. Suy nghT cua thdy la chan thdt va cung hoi
budn cudi (Hai anh dot: mgt ngudi, mdt thdn dung nhau!). Nhung thdy vdn
khdng chju nhan la minh sai, thay lai rd't nhanh tim each giai thfch tir ke (ga
mgt each sau sac, uydn bac: giang dd'n ngudn gd'c tan ba ddi: giai thfch tai sao
truydn nay cd hai nhan de: Tam dgi eon gd hoac Dd di Id eon du di).
Thuc cha't dd chi la cai nhanh trf, lau ca, meo vat, cai If sir cdn cua thdy.
Bdi tai sao dd di lgi Id ehi eon cdngl Tai sao eon cdng lgi Id dng con gd?
Ngay tii ddu tidn da vd nghTa rdi: lam gi cd con vat nao la con dd di, con dii
di?! Cau giai thfch cua thdy hoan toan vd nghTa, vd If, chi dugc cai cd van
lung, nhjp nhang, chdng td cai nguy bidn, nguy If cua thay.
Dd'n day, tid'ng cudi oa ra. Ta cudi anh thdy 66 ddt nat nhung lai kheo ldp
liem cai dot nat bang If sir cdn cua minh. Mau thudn da dugc giai quyd't bdt
ngd ma tu nhidn, rat phd hgp vdi tfnh each cua nhan vat va truydn kd't thdc d
66. Ngudi nghe cudi va khdng can tim hieu thdm so phan anh thdy dd dd sau
chuydn nay se ra sao!
Hoat dgng 5
HUCfNG DAN TONG KET VA LUYEN TAP
1. Mau thudn khai quat cua nhan vat thdy dd dugc the hidn cu thi d may
khfa canh, bieu hidn mau thudn ban chat gi?
(Dot dd'n muc mdt chd' tdi thieu trong sach vd long cung khdng bid't.
Ddt nhung lai tu cho rang minh gidi.
Khi bid't minh dot lai tim mgi each chdng chd', bidn bach.
Ban chat mau thudn: dot va giau dot. Ban chat cang che day, giau did'm
cang bj Id tiy, phoi trdn.)
2. Y nghTa phd phan cua truydn la gi?
(Phd phan trong ndi bd nhan dan: mdt tat xdu. Ngudi ddt can phai hge
hdi. Tu bid't minh dot de hge la td't. Phd phan thay dd cd tinh che day cai ddt
cua minh.. Dot ma lam thay, di day tre thi hau qua se tai hai khdn ludng.
Tuy nhidn miie do phd phan cdn nhe nhang, tid'ng cudi bat ra sang khoai -
cudi thay the hidn cai dot cua minh mdt each ngay ngd va che day cai dot cua
150
minh mdt each lieu ITnh. Thay rat dang phd phan, thay can giai nghd de hge
tid'p nhung chua dd'n mdrc thdy bj da kfch sau cay.
3. Tim nhung tir ngd' khai quat tam trang cua thdy dd trong cac hanh
ddng sau:
- Khi bao hge trd dgc khe (than trgng, so hdi, lo ldng)
- Khi xin dai am duong (than trgng, mi tin)
- Khi bao hge trd dgc to (dde ehi)
- Khi giai thfch cho bd hge trd (liiu linh).
4. Bidn phap nghd thuat dugc su' dung va tac dung cua nd?
- Tao mau thudn.
- Day mau thudn phat trien trong nhu'ng tinh hud'ng tang ddn.
- Giai quyd't bat ngd, hgp If.
- Nhirng cau ndi gay cudi.
5. Dgc va nghT ve nhung tinh hud'ng lam tid'ng cudi bat ra khi cai dot,
cang gia'u cang Id rd, mud'n che khdng che duge; cang che day cang trd thanh
Id'bjch, trd cudi cho mgi ngudi.
6. Suu tam va dgc kT nhiing truydn cudi ve thdy dd, thay cdng, thay bdi...
7. Dgc tham khao:
DU DI LA CON DU DI
Khdng ft ngudi cho rang truydn tap trung phd phan cai dot cua thay dd.
Thuc ra, ban than su ngu dot khdng phai ldc nao cdng la dd'i tugng cua tid'ng
cudi phd phan, chd' gidu. Ngugc lai cd khi su ngu dot lai gdy ra tid'ng khdc va
bi kjch. Cai dot chi trd thanh ddi tugng cua tid'ng cudi phd phan khi chu nhan
cua nd cd tinh bao che, gia'u gidm hoac ra sdre bao vd, va chiing minh nd cd If,
ddng ddn va gidi giang...
Khi cai xau hidn ra, tid'ng cudi nd rd thi truydn cudi kd't thdc.
Khi thay dd bj hge trd hdi gap, phai ndi dai dd di Id con du di va dan dgc
khe khe thi tid'ng cudi tuy da cd nhung cdn rdt nhe. Bdi vi d day, cai sai, cai
dot da phai bay nhung su bao che, gidu ddt chua cd, hoac cd nhung chua rd
ret. Nd'u dd'n day, thdy dd ndi thuc vdi hge trd, rdng thay nhd chua chdc,
khoan hay hge, de thay tra ciiu thdm... thi tid'ng cudi se khdng cdn ca sb6i
tdn tai va phat trien.
151

Dang le phai hdi ngudi bie't hoac hdi sach thi thay dd lai hdi thd cdng. Dd
la each hdi ngugc ddi, trai tu nhien ehua tdng cd. Chi tid't thay dd xin ban dai
am duong de hdi thd cdng ve chii dd di that la dgc dao. Va truydn tu: day lai
cd the phat trien, tiep tuc ca ve ndi dung va nghd thuat.
Vd ndi dung, nd md rdng dd'i tugng phd phan, chd' gidu. Thdm mdt dng
ddt nua. Dd'n than ma cung dot! Thdy 66 khdng nhurng ddt chd: ma cdn dot ea
phuang phap hge hdi, tin.theo dai am duang mdt each md quang, nuc cudi.
Ve nghd thuat, dua thdm nhan vat thd cdng la bja dat nhung ra't hgp If va
can thid't. Nd lam cho truyen phat trien nhanh han, manh han va ddc dao hon.
Sau vide nay, dugc su tan thanh dd'n ba lan cua thdn, thay mdi virng da, ddc
chf cho hge trd gao to. Va ngudi chu nha mdi nghe dugc cau dgc la tai, de
cha't va'n thay dd, ddn thay dd'n chan tudng, budc thdy phai bde Id su giau ddt
ngoan cd cua minh.
Khi thay giai thfch: Dd di Id con dii di, eon du di Id ehi con cdng, con
cdng Id dng eon gd thi rd rang su giau dot da ldn dd'n dinh cao nhdt cua nd.
Bdi vi, khi cai dot da bj truy dudi dd'n cung, khdng cdn noi an nap, ldn trdn
nu'a thi nd lai cdng khai bidn hd va chdrng minh ra't uydn bac va tham thuy.
Cai hay va gidi cua tac gia la d dd.
Thay dd la nhan vat chfnh va dd'i tugng phd phan chfnh cua truydn. Ba
nhan vat cdn lai ddu la phuang tidn va dieu kidn can thid't 6i nhan vat chfnh
bde Id cai dang cudi cua nd.
Hinh nhu tac gia cd dung y tao ra sir khac nhau, tham chf dd'i lap giu'a hai
nhan vat phu la thd cdng va chu nha. Chu nha thi gidi chd' va truy vdn, phan
bac thay 66 dd'n cdng; cdn thd cdng lai dot chu va ddng tinh, chap nhan cai
dot cua thay dd. Su trai nguge 66 la cdn thid't dd'i vdi ed't truydn.
Cd the coi nhan vat thd cdng la loai nhan vat ludng tfnh, vCra cd tfnh chd't
dd'i tugng vd'a mang tfnh chat phuong tidn eua tid'ng cudi phd phan - nhu kieu
nhan vat em be tdi da trong truydn Lgy cu di g!; ngudi Ifnh hdu trong truydn
Cdi tdm cda quan huyin...
(Hoang Tie'n Tiru, Binh gidng truyen ddn gian,
Sdd, tr. 173- 175)
152
Tiet 26 - 27
VAN HOC
•
Lcii TI£N DAN

(Trfch truydn tha Tiin ddn ngUdi yen)
A. Ket qua cdn dqt
Gidp HS:
- Hid'u dugc tinh ydu tha thid't, thuy chung va khat vgng tu do ydu duong
cua cac chang trai, cd gai Thai; cam thdng vdi ndi dau khd cua hg, tii dd bid't
tran trgng va ydu quy cude sdng mdi.
- Tha'y dugc dac diim nghd thuat cua truydn tho dan tdc Thai the hidn
trong doan trfch.
- Ren kT nang dgc - ke truydn tho, phan tfch tam trang nhan vat trd: tinh -
tu su trong doan trfch.
4
Hoat dgng 1
TO C H U C KIEM TRA B A I C O
(Hinh thiie: va'n dap)
1. Tai sao eau tra ldi va hanh dgng eua thay If lai gay cho ngudi dgc (nghe)
cam giac buon eudi?
2. So sanh eau tra ldi eua thdy 66 vdi eau tra ldi eua thdy If de thdy dae sdc
cua bidn phap nghd thuat kd't thdc truydn cudi.
Hoat dgng 2
DAN VAO BAI
- GV ndi ldi ddn: Truydn tho dan gian cac dan tdc ft ngudi Viet Nam kha
phong phd.
- HS dgc lai Tiiu ddn SGK, tr. 94 , ndu tdn mdt sd truydn tho tidu bieu.
- GV tid'p tuc ndu them mdt so dac diim ve 6i tai, cdt truydn va kiiu
nhan vat trong truydn tho dan gian.
Doan trfch hge (nhan de do NBS dat) trfch tCr truydn tho ndi tid'ng nha't
cua dan tdc Thai.
153
Hoat dgng 3
HUCfNG D A N DOC - HIEU K H A I Q U A T
TRUYEN THO VA DOAN TRICH
1. Ke tdm tat cdt truydn
- HS dua vao doan tdm tat trong SGK, tr. 9 4 - 9 5 , kl lai tdm tat truydn.
- GV nha'n manh : Nhan de tid'ng Thai: Xdng ehu xon xao (Tiin dan ngudi
yiu) gdm 1846 cau tho; trong dd cd gan 400 cau tha tidn dan.
2. Dgc didn cam doan trfch
- Gigng cham, tha thid't, day ddt, ra't tinh cam.
- GV dgc 1 doan, 3 - 4 HS dgc tid'p. GV nhan xet each dgc.
3. Giai thfch tCr khd (HS dgc kT cac chd thfch chan trang).
4. Thi loai va bd cue
a) Thi loai:
- HS nhdc lai ve khai nidm thi loai truydn tho.
- GV nha'n manh: Su kd't hgp giu'a trd' tinh va tu su, cdt truydn, nhan vdt,
ldi ke, ta va tam trang trong truydn tha. Luu y: day la truydn tha dan gian
(phan bidt vdi truydn tho trung dai - truydn tha Ndm, truydn tha hidn dai...)
b) Bd cue 2 doan:
- Ldi tidn dan trdn dudng cd gai ve nha chdng.
- Ldi cam thdng an ui sau khi ed gai bj nha chdng hanh ha.
Hoat dgng 4
H U 6 N G DAN D O C - HIEU CHI TIET
1. Tam trang, tinh cam cua chang trai va cd gai

a) Tam trang, tinh cam eua chang trai
- GV hdi: Qua nhdng ldi ndi, cu chi, hanh ddng, ta thay tinh cam va tam
trang cua chang trai trong doan trfch nhu the nao?
- HS tim chi tid't, ndu va khai quat thanh dae diim.
Dinh hudng: Dd la tinh ydu sau nang, thuy chung, tha thid't cua chang trai
(qua ldi ndi cam dgng; cur chi, hanh ddng san sdc an can, qua suy nghT va cam
xdc). Dd la tam trang day mau thudn trudc hoan canh thuc tai khdng thi gan
bd vdi ngudi ydu (danh quay di, danh quay lai).
Mong udc be eon ngudi ydu vdi tinh ydu quy nhu con de cua minh.
154
Udc nguydn va tin tudng vao cude sum hgp, vao hdn nhan trong
tuang lai.
a) Tam trang, tinh cam cua cd gai
- GV hdi: Tinh cam va tam trang eua cd gai so vdi chang trai cd gi gid'ng,
khac? Chung minh.
- HS phat hidn, phan tfch.
Dinh hudng: Nhin chung la cd su ddng cam, ddng didu cao gida hai ngudi.
+ Cd gai rai vao tinh hud'ng eo le, bat budc va bat kha khang: phai vd nha
chdng khi chua gap ngudi ydu 6i ndi ldi gia bidt. Bdi vay, tam trang cua cd la
dau khd, bdn chdn, day ddt, khdng ydn: eu ehi vCra di vira ngoanh lai, vd'a di
vura ngdng trdng thi hidn tam trang nay.
+ Cii chi ngdt Id ngdn. Id cd ngdi dgi, lgi be Id xanh em ngdi cdn thi hidn
su chd dgi, hi vgng trong dau khd tuydt vgng, vdn khdng thdi hi vgng hao huydn.
- HS tu giai thfch nguydn nhan ndi khd va tam trang cua cd gai.
Dinh hudng:
D6 la tam trang bd' tdc, dau khd, lo ldng cua cd gai khi phai ve nha chdng.
Tam trang dd bat ngudn tCr cude hdn nhan khdng tu nguydn, khdng cd tinh
ydu cua cd, ma nguydn nhan sau xa la do xa hdi phong kid'n Thai vdi nhu'ng
tap tuc khdc nghiet, nang ne de nang ldn so phan ngudi phu nii - dac bidt la
phu nd' ngheo khd.
(Het tiet 26, chuyen tiet 27)
2. Ldi tidn dan cua chang trai

- GV ndu va'n de: So sanh ldi tidn dan cua chang trai trong hai doan cd gi
gid'ng, khac? Phan tfch nguydn nhan, y nghTa.
- HS lam vide theo nhdm, dai didn cac nhdm phat biiu.
Dinh hudng:
O doan dau, ldi tidn dan cdng la ldi dan dd, hen udc: em ai hay dgi, se cd
ngay chdng ta dugc sd'ng bdn nhau.
Thdi gian chd dgi cd thi tfnh bang mda vu: thang nam lau nd, mda nudc
dd ca' vl, khdng la'y nhau mua he, ta se ldy nhau mda ddng...
Thdi gian chd dgi tfnh bang ca ddi ngudi: Khdng lay nhau khi tre, se lay
nhau khi gia, khi da goa bua.
155
Chap nhan chd dgi trong mgi thdi gian, mgi tinh hudng thi hidn tinh cam
chan thuc bdn chat, kidn tri, chung tinh cua chang trai; mat khac cung the
hidn su bdt luc, cam chju, chi eon hi vgng vao tuang lai xa md cua chang:
chap nhan tap tue, chap nhan cugc hdn nhan do cha me hai bdn djnh doat.
Ldi tidn dan eua chang trai d doan cud'i, khi ngay tai nha chdng mdi, dan
dd cd gai dd dieu, mong cd trd thanh ngudi vg hien, dau thao.
Thd' nhung, chiing kid'n canh ngudi ydu bj nha chdng danh dap, hanh ha,
anh danh bd tay, anh danh gui ndi niem qua nhu'ng ldi tidn dan.
Ndi bat ldn trong doan nay la chd" cdng, chii chung: cung gd, trdi ndi ao
chung, cung bdt, chung mot mdi song song...
Cam thdng, an ui, se chia, ddng cam tan day long la tam trang va tinh
cam cua chang trai ldc nay: Day di em, dau bd anh chai, tdc rdi anh bdi ho,
dng thudc nay em udng khdi dau...
Cudi cung, chang trai khang djnh tinh cam tinh ydu cua hai ngudi se thuy
chung cho dd'n chd't, dd'n chd't thanh da't, thanh beo, thanh hdn... vdn chung,
vdn cdng, khdng ngoanh, khdng nghe, khdng rung khdng chuyin nhu tinh
Ld - Ua man ndng.
- GV ndu van de: Tai sao cd ca mdt doan tha ndi vl cai chd't vdi diep ngii
chit thdnh... ?
- HS thao luan.
Dinh hudng: Thi hidn tinh ydu manh liet, day thach thuc, khat vgng manh
Iidt dugc sd'ng cung nhau; ldi td cao manh Iidt luat tuc hdn nhan da man eua
chd' dd phong kid'n.
Hoat dgng 5
1. Dae sdc nghd thuat cua doan trfch?
(Kd't hgp tu su va trd' tinh, kl chuydn va ta canh, ta tinh bang nhung hinh
anh cu thi, each so sanh vf von mang mau sdc ridng cua dan tdc Thai)
2. Chu dl cua doan trfch?
(Ldi tidn dan la ldi thd than cho mdt md'i tinh 16 dd, chia li vi than phdn,
canh hud'ng giua hai ngudi tinh nhan Thai. Ldi tidn dan thi hidn tam trang dau
thuang, luu luydn, ba't lire, be tdc ddng thdi vdi khat vgng tinh ydu thuy
chung, ben chat, khat vgng tu do djnh doat cude sd'ng cua chfnh minh cua
chang trai. D6 cdng la ldi tu td cao dd'i vdi che do phong kid'n da quang
156
nhu'ng luat tuc hdn nhan ha khdc, gay dau thuong, oan oan, sau hdn cho bid't
bao ngudi).
3. Bai tap nang cao
3.1. Nhung cau tho, doan tho thi hidn tinh ydu manh liet giura ddi trai gai
lai thd hidn rd mau sdc dan tdc Thai: doan dau va doan cud'i; nhu'ng so sanh
vdi cac hinh anh thidn nhidn: riing ca, rd'ng dt, cac con vat, cay cdi; ban trau,
thu Ida,...
3.2. Cach didn ta tam trang dau ddn eua Kim Trgng khi trd lai vudn Thuy,
vdi tam trang cda chang trai Thai khi dua tidn ngudi ydu cd nhiiu diim
khdc nhau:
Cac mat so sanh Kim Trong Chang trai Thai
Hinh anh LTdc le; viy gio tuOn mua, gipt Quen thupc, cu thi: ning ngon, rdng
ngpc, hon mai ca, ning dt, trau, lua, beo, muOi...
The loai, t h i tho Truyen tho N6m luc bat Truyen tho tu do
NgPn ngd Ti^ng Viet, chCf NOm Tieng Thai, chu'Thai
Diem nhin mieu ta, tran Ben ngoai Vda bSn ngoai vira ben trong (ldi
thuat chang trai).
4. Hge thudc mdt doan tha ma em ydu thfch.

5. Soan bai Ca dao yeu thuOng, tinh nghia.
Tiet 28
TAP LAM VAN
TRA BAI VIET SO 1
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

- On tap, cung cd vd kidn thiic, kT nang va quy trinh vid't mgt bai lam van
ndi chung, van nghj luan va biiu cam ndi ridng.
- Siia chiia, rut kinh nghidm ve cac ldi dung tCr, dat cau, xay dung bd cue,
tao lidn kd't van ban...
- Lam cdng vide chudn bj cho nhurng bai vid't tid'p theo.
157
Hoat dgng 1
NHAC LAI YEU c A u CUA BAI VIET SO 1
- GV ndu cau hdi:
1. Em hay nhdc lai nhd'ng ydu cdu cua bai vid't nay.
2. Trong qua trinh vid't, em da van dung nhiing ydu cdu dd nhu thd' nao?
Co gi thuan lgi, khd khan?
- GV ggi dan dl HS tra ldi:
1. + Ve kid'n thdc va kT nang
+ Ve de tai
+ Ve phuang phap
+ Ve bd cue
+ Ve lidn kd't.
2. Cd thi la:
+ Van dung cac ydu cau mdt each tu nhidn, thoai mai, cd hidu qua
+ Van dung hai hoac ba ydu cau nao dd td't, cac ydu cdu cdn lai chua td't...
- GV ndn khuyd'n khfch HS giai thfch rd nguydn nhan vi sao van dung tdt
hoac chua td't cac ydu cau cua bai vid't.
Hoat dgng 2
NHAN XET, D A N H G I A BAI LAM CUA HS
- GV nhan xet, danh gia chung bai lam eua HS:
1. Can cd vao ydu cau eua bai vid't dl nhan xet, danh gia
2. Can ed vao kd't qua eu thi cua bai vid't dl danh gia:
a) Sd bai dat cac ydu cau dd ra: so lugng, tfnh ra phan tram
b) Sd bai chua dat cac ydu cau de ra: sd lugng, tfnh ra phdn tram
c) Sd bai hay, cd triln vgng: nguydn nhan
d) Sd bai yd'u kem, can cd gdng: nguydn nhan
3. Cho HS dgc ba bai eu thi, trong dd:
+ Mdt bai thudc loai kha, gidi
+ Mdt bai thudc loai trung binh
+ Mdt bai thudc loai ye'u, kem
- GV hudng ddn HS nhan xet, trao ddi, danh gia cac bai da dgc
158
Hoat dgng 3
TRA BAI VA DAN DO
- GV tra bai va ydu cau HS:
1. Xem lai bai va dgc kT ldi phd cua giao vidn
2. Tu siia cac ldi vd ddng tCr, dat cau, bd cue, lidn kd't
3. Trao ddi bai cho ban dl cdng nhau rdt kinh nghiem
- GV can ggi y dl HS tu nhan xet ve uu diim va han chd' cua cac bai lam;
sau dd mdi ndu y kid'n cua minh, vCra 6e so kd't, vCra dl bd sung, udn nan
nhiing y kid'n cua HS. Trong trudng hgp HS con rut re chua manh dan bay td
chfnh kid'n hoac phat biiu y kid'n ehua chfnh xac thi GV cdng ndn dua vao
nhiing hidn tugng cd tfnh phd bid'n d cac bai lam 6e ggi ddn hoac sua chira bdi
nd'u chi cd nhiing nhan djnh mang tfnh dp dat cua GV thi HS se khdng tham
thfa, nhung nd'u phu nhan cue doan cac y kid'n cua HS thi cac em se khdng
hdrng thd; do dd can phai tranh ca hai thai cue nay. Cud'i cdng, GV khang djnh
nhu'ng uu diim cua bai lam dl HS tur tin va phat huy, ddng thdi chi ra nhirng
ldi cu thi phai khdc phuc trong bai vid't sau.
- GV dan HS cdng vide chudn bj cho bai vid't so 2.
159
^''^
^TUAlâ^
Tiet 29 - 30
VAN HOC
•
CA DAO YEU THirONG, TINH NGHIA
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

1. Kid'n thdre - tu tudng: Hilu rd khai nidm ca dao, ngi dung tid'ng hat ydu
thuang, tinh nghia cua ngudi binh ddn Viet Nam qua mdt sd bai ca dao tieu
biiu vdi nhung dac diim nghd thuat ridng; ddng cam vdi ngudi lao ddng va
yeu quy nhutig sang tac cua hg.
2. Tha'y dugc ve dep cua nhiing hinh anh in du, nhiing hinh thdre lap lai va
thi tha truyen thd'ng trong ca dao.
3. Ren kT nang dgc va tim hilu ca dao qua dac trung thi loai.
B. Chudn b| cua thdy tro

- Vu Nggc Phan, Tue ngd, ca dao, ddn ea Viet Nam.
- Hoang Tid'n Tuu, Binh gidng ea dao.
- Nguydn Xuan Kfnh, Thi phdp ea dao.
C. Thiet ke bdi dqy hqc
Hoat dgng 1
TO CHUC KIEM TRA BAI CO
(Hinh thdre: vdn dap)
1. Tra ldi cac cau hdi bang each dien vao nhiing d trdng trong bang sau:
Noi dung Tam (fat con ga No phai bang hai tti^y
Cifdi ai?
Cuoi cai gi?
Giai quy^t mSu thudn g§y cudi nhu th^ nao?
160
2. Hai truydn cufdi da hoc ihudc thi loai truyen nao trong cac loai truydn
cudi sau:
A. Truydn hai hude (khdi hai)
B. Truydn trao phdng
C. Truydn da kfch
D. Truydn tidu lam.
3. Dgc thugc long doan tho ma em ydu thfch trong Ldi tiin dan. Phan tfch
ve dep tu tudng - tham mT cua nd.
Hoat dgng 2
DAN VAO BAI MCfl
- GV hdi: O THCS chdng ta da dugc hge nhiing bai ca dao nao? Dgc mdt
vai cau ca dao em cdn nhd. Em hilu thd' nao la ca dao? Ca dao cd md'i quan he
nhu thd' nao vdi dan ca?
- HS tra ldi ngdn ggn.
- GV tid'p tuc ldi ddn: Ca dao ydu thuang, tinh nghTa la bd phan phong
phd nha't trong kho tang ca dao trd' tinh Viet Nam. Nd phan anh nhu'ng bid'n
thi va cung bac khac nhau trong ddi sd'ng tinh cam cua ngudi Viet xua vdi
nhiing dac trung nghd thuat rat dac thd, khac nhiiu so vdi tha trir tinh cua van
hge vid't.
Hoat dgng 3
TIM HIEU'CHUNG VE CA DAO
- HS dgc tham muc Tiiu ddn.
- GV nha'n manh mdt so ndi dung co ban:
Khai nidm ea dao: Ldi tha cua bai hat dan gian (dan ca). Ca dao la ldi,
dan ca la nhae, la giai didu. Ca dao thudc loai trir tinh dan gian. Dan ca tdn
tai trong didn xudng. Ca dao thudng dugc kl, ru, dgc (khi dugc suu tam va
in sach).
Phan loai ca dao theo ndi dung chii de: ca dao than than, ca dao ydu
thuang tinh nghTa, ca dao hai hude, trao phdng.
Ca dao cd nhu'ng dac trung nghd thuat ridng ve ihl tha, kd't cdu, ngdn
ngii... khac vdi tha trir tinh cua van hge vid't.
Ca dao la nhu:ng hdn nggc quy cua nhan dan. Cac nha tha, nha van hge
tap dugc nhieu d ca dao.
11. TKBGNCa VAN 10/1 (NC)-A 151

Hoat dgng 4
HUCiNG DAN DOC - HIEU CHI TIET
- HS dgc didn cam vdi gigng dieu phu hgp ca sau bai ca dao. Chd y each
ngat nhip, cac tu diep, hd ngd'...
- GV nhan xet each dgc; hdi: Cd thi chia theo chu dd sau bai ca dao tren
nhu the nao?
- HS tra ldi.
Dinh hudng: Ca sau bai deu la ea dao ydu thuang tinh nghTa: tinh ydu, ndi
nhd thuang va m a udc cua ddi liia, tinh nghTa vg chdng... Cd thi chia thanh
ba nhdm:
+ Nhdm 1: cae bai 1, 2, 3 - Udc mudn gap ga, tinh ydu.
+ Nhdm 2: bai 4 - Ndi nhd ngudi thuong.
+ Nhdm 3: Ndi long ke d ngudi di.
LBai 1,2,3
- HS dgc didn cam ca ba bai.
- GV hdi: Phat hidn md-tfp chung d ca ba bai. Tdf dd cd t h i khai quat y
chung cua ba bai nhu thd' nao?
- H S tra ldi.
Dinh hudng:
+ Md-tfp: udc gi.
+ Chd de: ca dao tru tinh giao duydn t h i hidn udc mud'n kd't ban, ngd tinh
ydu, kd't ddi.
- GV hdi: Nhung d tung bai cd nhung hinh anh va each ndi khdng hoan
toan gid'ng nhau. D6 la nhu'ng hinh anh nao? Tac dung nghd thuat cua chdng
ra sao? Phan tfch.
- HS cd thi phan tfch tung bai, cdng cd thi phan tfch chung.
- GV ndu cau hdi: Cai hay eua bai 2 la d dau? Hinh anh sdng hep mgt
gang va chide cau bdng dai yd'm ggi cho em cam nhan gi?
- HS phan tfch^-tudng tugng.
Dinh hudng:
- Udc mong cua cd gai trong tinh yeu that ddc dao va tao bao.
Td md-tfp cdi edu cd thuc - nai gap gd, td tinh, tam tinh, nai chia tay cua
Ida ddi: qua cau nga ndn trdng cau... dd'n day chid'c cau da dugc bde khdng
'^^ 11-TKBGNGavAN10/1(NC)-B

phai bang canh hoa hdng, canh cay tram, cung khdng phai bang nggn mdng
tai mem mai trong vudn, ma bang dai ydm cda em, ma mud'n bde dugc cau ay
thi ddng sdng phai co lai, thu lai chi hep bdng mdt gang tay ma thdi. Ma udc
that tao bao, hinh anh that ddc dao.
Dd la ddng sdng va cay eau tinh ydu va mo udc ma ngudi con gai da chu
ddng bde dgi ngudi ydu vugt ldn mgi toa chie't, rang budc cua Id giao phong
kid'n cd hd, ha khdc. Cdn han ca cdnh hdng, cdnh trdm hay nggn mdng toi. Vi
ta't ca nhung hinh anh dd deu la vat bdn ngoai. Cdn d day nd chfnh la mdt
phdn rat gan gdi cua cd gai. Chid'c edu ddi yim ndi ldn mdt each tao bao, bat
ngd va manh liet tinh ydu cda em danh cho anh. Md-tfp cdi cdu va di lien vdi
nd la md-tfp ddi yim cd le la kd't tinh dep de nhat, tao bao nhat trong nhd'ng
md-tfp cua ca dao tru tinh giao duydn cd truyen Viet Nam.
Dinh hudng:
Cho ca ba bai.
Bien phap
n/bai IV!6-tip Hinh anh Tac dung nghe thuat
nghe thuat
1 Co kia... Dong song Noi giam (la Mot each, lam quen, y muon ket ban, to
muon hep, canh hoa) iai hoi - tinh tu nhien, te nhj, duyen dang. Cliiec
sang... hong,cay dap td phia cau va dong song la nhurng hinh anh
anh... cau chang trai bieu tugng cda tinh yeu.
cho
sang
2 Lf6cgi... Dong song Loi tu tinh Dong song va cliiec cau hoan toan
rat hep (mot cua CO gai tuong tugng de noi udc muon gap gd,
gang), chiee hudng ve yeu duong tao bao, thong minh, chay
cau dai yem phfa chang bong cua co gai. Chiee cau dai yem
trai mem mai, gan gui, day au yem, yeu
thuang.
3 Lfdcgi... Guang, cai, Lai tu tinh, Lfdc muon tioa than de Iu6n dugc gan
cau tuai, trau udc nguyen gOi nguai yeu, de em thay dugc ve dep
vang cua chang cua em hang ngay moi lan soi guong,
trai, diep ngO de bong em long vdi bong anh; de cung
dau cau, gian em gin gid cau tuoi, trau vang - nhdng
each kl vat cua hon nhan
HS tim dgc them nhung cau ca dao cd md-tfp tuong tu:
163
+ Udc gi anh hod ra chdn,

De cho em ddp, em ldn cung gudng.
+ Hdi ed eat cd bin sdng,
Cd mudn dn nhdn thi long sang ddy.
Sang ddy anh ndm cd tay,
Anh hdi edu ndy: - Cd ldy anh khdng?
+ Hdi anh di dudng cdi quan
Ddng chdn difng lgi em than vdi ldi:
Di ddu vgi mdy anh oi,
Viec riing dd ed ehi tdi d nhd.
(Met tiet 29, chuyen tiet 30)
2. Bai 4
- HS dgc didn cam, chd y nhip tha: van 4 va luc bat (2 cau cudi)
- GV ndu van de thao luan: Nha phd binh Hoai Thanh turng vid't: Dgc hai
cdu eudi eon cd the hieu duge. Nhifng dgc hai edu ddu thi chi thd'y hay md
khdng hiiu hay nhu thi ndo? Vi sao hay?
Theo em, y kid'n trdn cua nha phd binh cd chfnh xac khdng?
Tai sao day lai dugc coi la mdt trong nhiing bai ca dao hay nha't cua ngudi
Viet ndi vd tinh ydu va ndi nhd?
- HS ban luan va phat biiu tu do.
Dinh hudng:
Nghd thuat ddc dao cua bai ca dao la d chd didn ta tinh cam nhd thuong
cua Ilia ddi khi xa each la bang nhd'ng hinh anh biiu tugng an du - nhan hoa -
hoan du rat quen thudc ma day khai ggi.
Dd la cac hinh anh: khdn, den, mat (hoan du) kd't hgp vdi cac tii ai phid'm
chi, eac cau hdi tu tCr, each cau trde cau trdng diep, lap lai,...
Cd gai hdi khdn, hdi den, hdi mdt minh chfnh la tu hdi long minh, bay td
tam trang minh, mdi ldc mdt thdm ndng nhiet, khac khoai.
Tai sao hdi khdn dau tidn? Vi khan thudng la vat trao duydn (Sdn ddy
khdn gdm, qugt quy - Vdi cdnh thoa d'y tdc thi ddi trao - Kieu), vat ki nidm
nhd ngudi thuang xa each:
164
Gid khdn, gdi do, gdi ldi.

Gui ddi chdng mgng cho ngifdi d xa.
Nhd khi khdn md, trdu trao,
Miing thi eudi nu bie't bao nhieu tinh.
Cai khdn ludn qua'n quyt bdn ngudi con gai, ldc roi xud'ng da't, ldc vat ldn
vai, ldc chdi nude mat... vdi nhirng hanh ddng tu nhidn nhu la vd cam, vd thiic
vdi cai khan (Bid't dau la ki nidm eua chang?!) da didn ta tam trang nhd
thuang da did't, mdi mdn dd'n dau khd, mu mi, ngdn ngang tram md'i ta vd cua
cd gai. Nhd dd'n miic khdng cdn tu chu dugc ca dd'n budc di dang ddrng. Ndi
nhd trai ra theo khdng gian nhiiu chiiu. Dd la su bdn chdn, thdc thdm, lo lang
nhu ddng ddng Ida, nhu ngdi ddng than, xa ngan vao nga... Va cud'i cdng oa
vd thanh nhiing ddng nudc mat gian giua trdn ma:
Nhd ai em nhdng khdc thdm,
Hai hdng nude mat dam ddm nhu mUa.
Hinh anh andu nggn den chay trong ddm khdng tat cai anh sang cua tinh
ydu vugt thdi gian.
Cud'i cung la hinh anh eon mdt chong chong khdng ngu vi thuang nhd
mdi mdn.
- GV hdi tid'p: Hai cau cud'i ed gi khac la so vdi 10 cau trdn?
- HS so sanh. If giai.
Dinh hudng:
Hai cau cud'i dot nggt chuyin thi luc bat keo dai nhu thao cdi nhu'ng ddn
nen, tiic tudi bdn trdn. Hoa ra nhd dd'n thd' vi qua lo phien, vi khdng ydn mdt
bl. Mdt bl nao day? Khdng ydn vi sao? Bai ca khdng ndi rd. Nhung ngudi
dgc cung cd thi doan dugc: cd thi la cha me khdng ung, cd thi nui sdng each
trd, cd thi gia canh qua ngheo tdng,... cd bid't bao nhidu cai lo phien, khdng
ydn am anh deo dang trong long cd gai... Chi bid't rang nhd thuang, lo phien
cd trdn iSn vao nhau dl lam bat ra nhiing ldi tho ddn nen.
Nhung cung cd y kid'n cho rang, bai ca dao ndn kd't thdc d cau thii 10,
thdm hai cau luc bat vao hinh nhu bdt di sure ggi. Bai ca trd ndn qua that tha.
Va y kid'n cua nha phd binh Hoai Thanh khdng chdrng td sdre hilu bid't va phan
tfch han chd' cua dng ma chi chiing minh mdt phuang phap phd binh chi dan
va ndi ldn su bat luc cua ban than dl ngudi dgc tu do va tid'p tuc kid'm tim cam
nhan tCr nhiing ggi y rat tinh td' cua dng.
165
Khdng phai nglu nhidn, Nguydn Khoa Didm da dua tren y bai ca dao de
viet mgt cau tha rat hay trong trudng ca Mat difdng khdt vgng: Ddt nUde Id
noi em ddnh roi ehiic khdn trong ndi nhd thdm.
3. Bai 5,6
- HS dgc didn cam.
- GV hdi: Phat hidn md-tfp chung, chu de chung va cai hay ridng d
mdi bai.
- HS lam vide theo hai nhdm; dai didn tCrng nhdm phat biiu y kid'n.
Dinh hudng:
Hinh anh - bien phap
TT/bai M6-tip Tac dung nghe thuat
nghe thuat
5 cay da - ben do Cay da cu - ben do Nha'n manh, khang dinh tinh yeu - tinh
xua, khach bp hanh nghTa thuy chung cho dgi bat chap thdi gian
(an du) - nguai di ke o, su ddi ddi thay.
6 Cay da - ben do cay da cu - ben do Ldi tran tinh, loi hen ngam ngui. Canh cu con
cu, con dd khac do, nguai cu da 19 hen, da di lay chong, da
CO con dd khac dua... buon bang khuang
biet bao!
Hoat dgng 5
HUCfNG D A N TONG KET VA LUYEN TAP
1. Sir khac bidt trong nghd thuat bieu hien cua ca dao trii tinh vdi tho trii
tinh nhu thd' nao? (cac md-tfp nghd thuat - hinh anh biiu tugng, ldi trung
diep, so sanh, cam xdc, tam trang mang tfnh cdng ddng, thi tha) •
2. Bdi tap ndng cao:
(Ggi y lam bai:
- Cd thi viet ve mdt trong cac hinh anh biiu tugng: ddi mat; thuyen (con
dd), bd'n (bd'n dd - ddng sdng), hoac cay da (mai dinh, quan nude,...).
- Du vid't ve hinh anh nao thi cung can suu tam thdm mdt so ldi ca dao
cdng md-tfp de so sanh, md rgng.
- Cd thi vid't theo kiiu van biiu cam hoac nghi luan. Doan van khdng dai
qua 1 trang.
3. Cd thi nhan xet khai quat nhu thd' nao vd chum nhiing bai ca dao yeu
thuang, tinh nghTa da hge (tap trung vao tinh ydu liia ddi)?
4. Doc them cac doan, bai vid't tham khao sau:
166
TIM HIEU CAl HAY KHONG HIEU

1. Nd'u chi cd hai cau sau cdng thi ta da thay bai ca hay rdi nhung la cai
hay cd thi hilu dugc. Cdn hai cau dau thi hay dd'n mdc co hd khdng hilu
dugc, khdng rd ban la ndi gi ma van thay hay. Tdi xem dd la mgt trong nhu'ng
eau ca dao hay nhat cua Viet Nam.
(Hoai Thanh, Mdt vdi suy nghT vi ca dao,
trong Vdn nghe, sd 1, ngay 2 - 1 - 1982)
2. La mdt ngudi sanh tho, Hoai Thanh cd sd trudng tham tho theo ldi diim
xuyd't, chi lay ra mdt vai cau that hay rdi dua ra mdt ldi binh ddc dao, tinh td'
6e khai ggi, chii khdng va tham chf cdn tranh vide phan tfch, giang giai kT.
Trong ca dao tru' tinh, mdi bai mdi ve, du chi dung di dung lai chu' nhd,
ehu thuang:
Gid sao gid mdt sau lung
Dg sao thuong nhd ngudi dung thi ndy!
Thuong ai rdi lgi nhd ai.
Mat budn rudi rugi nhu khoai mdi trdng.
Nhdai bdi hdi bdi hdi,
Nhu difng ddng lifa nhu ngdi ddng than.
Trong bai ca dao nay hai tCr thuong nhd dugc dung lidn nhau, gan vdi dai
td ai tao thanh cum tCr diep dd'n nam lan ma mdi lan nghe deu thay hay, khdng
bid't chan. Bdi vi mdi lan diep thuong nhd ai lai gin vdi mdt chu ngii ridng va
mdt cau hdi mdi.
Chu ngir khdn - den — mat khac nhau nhung chu thi chi la mdt. Cau hdi
thay ddi nhung cau tra ldi van giit nguydn. Cai ddc dao cua bai ca dao nay la
d chd dd.
Ndi chung, trong ca dao truyen thd'ng, thuang gan lien vdi ydu, nhung d
day, cdn gan vdi ndi lo ldn: ndi lo chua ydn mdt be.
3. Sinh ra trong mdt dat nudc nhieu sdng ngdi, kdnh rach, ca dao Viet
Nam chiu nhieu anh hudng theo suy nghT, tu duy cua con ngudi vung sdng
nudc, trong ngi dung cung nhu hinh thdre nghd thuat. Nhiing hinh anh va chi
tid't nghd thuat cd lien quan vdi sdng, cau, thuyin, bd'n... xuat hidn kha lidn tuc
trong ca dao cua nhieu thdi, nhieu vdng khac nhau trong ca nudc, tCr Bac chf
Nam. Dd trong nhirng ldi quan hg Bac Ninh hay trong ldi hat vf d Nghd An,
hd Hue, hd gia gao Binh Tri Thidn hoac hd Ddng Thap, hd cay Gd Cdng -
Nam Bd, ta dd dang tim tha'y nhung hinh anh va chi tid't nghd thuat ndi trdn:
167
- Yiu nhau edi do cho nhau,

Vi nhd ddi me qua edu gid bay.
Gid bay edu thdp edu cao,
Gid bay edu ndo eon ehi me coi?
- Qua edu ghe ndn trdng edu,
Cdu bao nhiiu nhip dg sdu bdy nhieu.
- Anh vi xe vdn cho ddy,
Bde cdu sdng cdi cho thdy me sang.
-Mudn sang thi bac edu kiiu,
Mudn eon hay ehu: thi yeu ldy thdy.
Ca dao khdng chi ndi dd'n cau tre, cau van, cau da, cau xay... la nhung
loai cau cd thuc va phd bid'n trong ca nudc, ca dao cdn sang tao ca nhd'ng loai
cau chua cd hoac khdng bao gid cd thi cd trong thuc td', nhu eSu mdng toi,
cau sgi chi, cau canh hdng, cau dai yd'm...
Ca dao Nam Bg:
-Sdng cdch sdng, thuy cdch thuy,
Em xe soi ehi, em bde edy edu
De cho anh sang md gidm mdi sdu tUOng tu.
-Gdn nhd md chdng sang choi,
De anh bac nggn mdng toi ldm cdu.
- Ddi ta each mgt ddng sdng,
Mudn sang, anh ngd cdnh hdng cho sang...
Nhung hay va dep nhat, ndn tho va ggi cam nha't vkn la chid'c cSu dai yd'm
trong cau ca dao tu lau da trd thanh tai san chung cua tat ca mgi mien da't nude:
Udc gi sdng hep mgt gang,
Bde cdu ddi yim cho chdng sang choi.
Tii hep a ve thii nhat, cd di ban ghi thanh tCr rdng. Nhung khi da cd mgt
con sd, ddng thdi cung la mdt hinh anh xac dinh, cu thi (mgt gang) cung
khdng lam cho be ngang cua ddng sdng thay ddi (NghTa la du rdng hay hep
cung chi cd mdt nghTa, mdt ndi dung thd'ng nhat. Dd la bd ngang cua con
sdng ma thdi!).
Kid'n trde su vd danh va thidn tai da thid't kd' ndn chid'c edu ddi yim ddc
dao nay la mdt cd gai Vidt Nam khdng rd d lang nao, huydn nao, tinh nao.
168
nhung chac sd'ng each chdng ta vai ba the ki va dang d dd-tudi mudi tam ddi
muai, tinh ydu chdm nd, sdre tudng tugng ddi dao, phong phd. Chie'c cau dai
yd'm khdng chi tdn tai am tham trong trf tudng tugng cua tac gia. Nd da dugc
cdng bd thanh ldi ca dao ma ngudi dau tidn nghe chfnh la ngUdi ydu cua cd.
Ndi each khac, chid'c cû dac bidt chi dugc thid't kd', dugc bac ridng cho mdt
ngudi sang chai. Nhd cd tinh ydu vdi ngudi ay ma tac gia mdi thid't kd' va thi
cdng dugc cay eSu tuydt didu nay.
Khi ngudi con gai ndi vay thi la ndi that hay ndi dua? Tdi nghT dd la ldi
ndi that va suy nghT that. Nhung dd la cai that cua ma udc, khat vgng, chdr
khdng phai la cai that cua hidn thuc cude ddi. Cho ndn nd khdng phd hgp vdi
Id gfch thdng thudng va xa thuc te. Lam chi ed ddng sdng nao hep chi mgt
gang? Anh chang sang chai phai thu minh nhd lai dd'n chdng nao mdi cd thd
di trdn cau a'y? Rdi nhirng chid'c cau tudng tugng rat ndn tha... deu la san
ph^m cua su bdng dua, hai hude hay sao?
Khdng! Dd la san pham cua tu duy hinh tugng nghidm tdc bat ngudn tur
nhirng khat vgng ydu duang chay bdng va chan thanh cua con ngudi trong
tudi ydu duang. Khi ydu, khi say, con ngudi thudng thoat li nhu'ng dieu kidn
thuc td' va suy nghT mdt each tu do, bay bdng theo khat vgng trai tim. Khi tinh
hoac khi hd't ydu, ta thudng ngae nhidn, khd hilu vdi chfnh ban than minh.
(Hoang Tid'n Tuu, Binh gidng ca dao, sdd)
Tiet 31 - 32
LAM VAN
BAI VIET SO 2
(Van tu su va midu ta)
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

- On tap va cung cd nhiing kid'n thiic ve kiiu bai tu su, midu ta.
- Tfch hgp vdi cac kid'n thdre van hge va cude sd'ng.
- Ren luydn trf tudng tugng, sang tao trong qua trinh vid't bai van.
169
B. Thief ke bai d q y hqc
Hoat dgng 1
TlM HIEU DE
- GV yeu cau HS tim hilu kT cac dd bai trong SGK:
De 1. Kl lai Truyen An Duong Vuong vd Mi Chdu —Trgng Thuy, tudng
tugng mdt doan ke't khac vdi each kd't thdc cua tac gia dan gian.
De 2. Td-ld-mac kl lai budi ngudi cha cua minh la Uy-lft-xa trd vl.
De 3. TCr truydn Td'm Cdm, anh (chi) hay vid't ba doan van midu ta cd Ta'm
trong ba hoan canh: ldc bi di ghe bat ngdi nhat thdc; khi cuoi ngua di xem hoi
va ldc la cd gai tir qua thi budc ra gidp ba cu ban hang nude dgn dep nha eua.
De 4. TCr nhung hilu bid't vd truydn cudi, anh (chi) hay kl lai mdt eau
chuydn dang cudi ma minh da dgc hoac da gap trong cugc sd'ng.
- Sau dd GV ggi dan dl HS suy nghT va lua chgn 6i:
De 1: ydu eSu kl chuydn sang tao
Dd 2: ydu cau kl chuydn sang tao
Dd 3: ydu cau vid't ba doan van midu ta
Dd 4: ydu cau xay dung dugc mdt "tinh hud'ng" cd mau thuan dang eudi
va bai hge cua hidn tugng dang cudi dd.
Hoat dgng 2
H U O N G DAN CACH VIET
* Gia dinh chgn dd 1:
Ydu cau:
1. Phai nam vu'ng (thudc long cang td't) Truyin An Duong Vuong vd Mi
Chdu -Trgng Thuy 6e trudc hd't la kl lai mdt each trung thuc, nha't la cai kd't
eua eac tac gia dan gian.
2. Kd lai trung thuc cdt truydn nhung phai chd y la bang ldi vari cua minh,
nghTa la da cd sang tao so vdi van ban trong SGK.
3. Tim hilu kT cac su vide, su kidn ed lidn quan dd'n ba nhan vat An
Duang Vuong, Mi Chau, Trgng Thuy 6e sang tao mdt cai kd't phu hgp vdi sU
phat triln cua mdt trong ba nhan vat hoac ea ba nhan vat.
4. Chd y su dung cac yd'u td ki ao mdt each hgp If dl cau chuyen hap dan
nhung khdng phai la bia dat.
170
TUAIV9
Tiet 33
VAN HOC
CA DAO THAN T H A N
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

Gidp US:
- Hidu dugc than phan, ndi nidm cda ngirdi phu nd, ngudi ndng dan xua.
- Tha'y dugc gia tri nghd thuat cua nhung hinh anh so sanh, an du va bidu
tugng trong ca dao.
- Ren kT nang dgc - hieu, phan tfch mdt bai ca dao tru tinh.
B. Chudn bi cua thdy va tro

Dgc tham khao cac sach: Binh gidng ca dao cua Hoang Tie'n Tuu; Thi
phdp ea dao cua Nguyen Xuan Kfnh (sdd).
Hoat dgng 1
TO C H Q C KIEIVl TRA BAI CU
(Hinh thifc: vdn ddp)
1. Dgc thudc long ca 6 bai ca dao ydu thuang, tinh nghTa. Phan tfch 1 bai
ma em ydu thfch nhat.
2. Dgc thudc long va phan tfch mdt bai ca dao cd md-tfp tuang tu ma em
da suu tam.
(Ggi y: - Ddi mdt em sdc nlnf Id dao eau;
'- Cdi khdn dgi ddu nlnf the hoa sen.
- Thuyen vi ed nhd bin chdng
Bin thi mot dg khdng khdng dgi thuyin ...)
171
Hoat dgng 2
DAN VAO BAI Mdi
CA ndi ldi chuyin ddn: Cung vdi tieng hat yeu thuang, tinh nghTa, ca dao
trd tinh Viet Nam cdn mdt mang ldn rat ed gia tri. Dd la nhung bai ca dao
than than - nhu'ng ldi than thd cho cude ddi, sd phan ngheo cue, ngang trai,
bat hanh nhirng cung la tid'ng ndi khang dinh gia tri, pham chat con ngudi gan
bdn ma chang hdi tanh mdi bun. cao dep, trong sang, thuy chung va nhan hau,
lac quan.
Hoat dgng 3
L Cac bai 1, 2, 3.
- HS dgc didn cam.
- GV hdi: Ca 3 bai deu ndi ve chu de gi? Bai 1,2 cd md-tfp chung nao?
Giong didu chung cda ea 3 bai? Dgc thdm nhu'ng bai ca dao cd cdng md-tfp
thdn em...
- HS lan lugt tra ldi.
Dinh hudng:
Chd de chung: Than phan bi phu thudc hoan toan vao hoan canh va vao
ngudi khac cua ngu'di phu nd trong xa hdi phong kid'n, trong hdn nhan. ngudi
phu nu chiu phan bi ga ban, chiu canh hdn nhan khdng cd tinh ydu.
* Bai 1 va 2 cd md-tfp thdn em. Thdn em la ldi chung ve ngudi phu nQ
nhd be, yd'u dt, dang cay, tdi nghidp, khdng ngudi chia se. Hai bai chung ehu
de tid'ng hat than than. Giira chdng cd diim chung va diim ridng.
-f- Diim chung:
Md-tfp md dau: thdn em (hoac em) chi cude ddi, sd phan ngudi phu nd
trong xa hdi phong kid'n (than em nhu tam lua dao, nhu hat mua sa, nhu gid'ng
giua lang, em nhu con hac,...); than thd ve ndi khd, sd phan; tu khang dinh sac
dep, pham hanh cua minh; bidn phap so sanh - tugng trung.
+ Net ridng;
O bai 1: Ngudi thid'u nd' y thde dugc sac dep, tudi xuan va gia tri cua
minh qua hinh anh so sanh - tugng trung: tdm lua ddo phdt pho giifa chg.
Nhung sac dep dd that chdng ehdnh, khdng cd gi dam bao, khdng bid't ai se
mua tam lua dd? Than ngudi eon gai xua cd khac chi mdt mdn hang dl mua
ban. Ndi dau xdt nhat cua nhan vat trd tinh trong ldi than thd chfnh la khi vda
172
budc vao cai tudi dep nhat, hanh phdc nhat eua cugc ddi thi ndi lo than phan
tuang lai, lai ap dd'n ngay vdi hg. Cd gai khdng thd lam chu dugc tuang lai va
sd phan cda minh. Mdf ndi lo ma hd, am anh chu'a bie't dugc phfa trudc cugc
ddi minh se dat vao dau, vc vdi ai. Nhu'ng cau:
Than em nliU hgt mifa rdo,
Hgt sa xudng giing, hgt vdo vUdn hoa.
Thdn em nlnf hgt mUa sa,
Hgt vdo ddi ede, hgt ra rudng edy...
Se hinh dung cd phan rd han mdt chdt nhung cung van d tam trang phap
phdng. Ta't ca chi trdng chd vao su may rui cua duyen kiep.
O bai 2: Tir hinh anh giing giifa ddng va gia tri su dung dien ta than phan
ngudi phu nu: hoan toan phd mac cho ngudi khac, cho su rui may; khdng noi
bau vfu, phu thudc hoan toan vao ngudi mua, vao vice su dung cua cac hang
ngudi khac nhau trong xa hdi
- GV hdi tie'p: Tur bai 2, cd the lidn tuo'ng dd'n bai tho nao, cua ai? (da hge
d THCS)
- HS nhd lai, dgc bai tho, ndi ten tac gia.
Dinh hudng: Bai Bdnh trdi nifdc cda lid Xuan Huong.
* Bai 3 la tam sir ve ndi budn cda ngudi con gai mien Trung Trung Bd,
Nam Bd phai di lay chdng sdm, chiu canh tao hdn. Dgt md u bi budm vang
dau khi cay cdn non not chfnh la hinh anh bieu tugng cho canh cd gai tre sdm
phai di lay chdng, sdm cd con. Ldi ru budn cang budn han. Cd ru con hay cd
thd than cho so phan ham hiu, khdng may cda minh. Lay chdng tre con, cd
con khi chua thanh ngudi ldn. Lay chdng la d l cd them ngudi lam cho gia dinh
nha chdng. Do la phong tuc da cd tu bao ddi. Tid'ng ni cang ai oan, ngam ngdi.
Lidn he vdi bai hat Sao em nd vgi ldy chdng cua Tran Tie'n mang chu de
khac han nhu'ng nhieu cau ca cung dugc ggi ra td bai ca dao nay (Ldy chdng
sdm ldm gi de ldi ru thim budn?).
2. Bai 4
- HS dgc didn cam vdi gigng phd hgp; chd y nhip tho luc bat bid'n thi.
- GV ndu van de: Trong 3 the phd bie'n cda ca dao, bai nay chgn the gi?
Y nghTa cua 2 cau dau dd'i vdi tam tinh cua nhan vat trd tinh nhu the' nao?
Phan tfch nhung ndi io lang, sg hai cua cd gai. Vi sao cd lai qua lo sg nhu
vay? Nhung so sanh trong bai ca dao cd tac dung gi?
- HS tra ldi.
173
Dinh hudng:
+ Bai ca dao da chon the tha: luc bat bien thd, them vao nhieu tid'ng d cau
sau, ddi van; the hung (trong 3 ihe didn ta canh, tinh): ddi canh sinh tinh; td
canh lien he den tam trang, tinh cam.
-I- Hdn da (thien nhien) vdng chac ma cung phai ddi thay: ddng rong, bgc
ddu ~ lull y phep nhan hoa. Td dd lien he den tam tu cua ban than mot each tu
nhien, ho'p If.
Dd la ndi sg hfii, lo lang ma khdng dam ndi ra. Vi sao cd gai rat mudn kit
nglua giao hod, ke't ldc d ddi vdi chang trai ma khdng dam ndi ra, khdng dam
bay td cdng khai? Khdng phai vi cd qua xa'u hd; rut re, e then ma vi cd lo so.
Bid't bao ndi lo sg, am anh ngan midng cd khd thdt ndn ldi. Dd la ndi so cha,
so me, rdi ca cha me anh nua khdng ddng y, chang hai long, vi bao nhidu If do
sau sac ma cd khdng lam sao hieu ndi? Cha mc dat dau con ngdi day. Cd nao
dam chdng lai. Bdi vay, cd giii lo sg, khdng dam bay td ndi long; sg trai y
me cha,...
-I- Nhung cai didu cd lo sg ban nda - va cd da ndi ra bang nhung hinh anh
an du xa xdi, kfn dao, ma chac chang trai cung se hilu ngay, ne'u dugc nghe
nhung ldi nay. Dd la ndi sg hudng vao chinh chang trai - dam mdy bgc gida
trdi. Cd sg dam may mau tan, sg tinh cam chu'a may ben chat, dd ddi thay cua
chang trai.
Rd rang, ngudi con gai khdng the lam chd hdn nhan va sd phan tuong lai
cua minh. Nhdng ndi sg rat that va rat dang thuang, cd gai chua du sue, du
ban ITnh de vugt qua.
3. Bai 5
+ HS dgc didn cam.
+ GV neu van dd: Tai sao tac gia dan gian lai chgn hinh anh con cd de
dung len cau chuyen thuo'hg tam va cam dgng nay? Ilai cau ddu the hien tinh
canh gi cua con cd? Ldi van xin, cau cdu cua con cd nhu the nao? Hinh anh
nudc trong, nudc due cd y nghTa gi?
Nd'u phai chgn cai chd't, ngudi ndng dan - con cd, chgn cai che't nhu the
nao? Vi sao?
- HS thao luan tdng va'n dc va tra ldi.
t)inh hudng: Day la mgt bai ca dao hay, cd nhdng each hieu va giai thieh
chua hoan loan thdng nhat.
174
+ Chgn hinh anh con cd di kiem an, khdng may gap nan, thanh minh giai
bay cho su luang thien, trong sach cda minh; sSn sang chiu chd't de bao toan
danh du cho minh va cho con cai; tac gia dan gian da ndi vd cugc sdng va
hoan canh cung nhu pham chat cua chfnh minh.
+ Con cd la ban than cua ngudi ndng dan trong lao dgng, trong sinh hoat,
gan gui ca vc hinh dang, vc each kiem an. Con cd gay gugc, ca-; leu ddu, vdi
cai md dai nghcu, sudt ngay loi bun md tep, bat ca cdng gidng vdi ngudi ndng
dan vat va tren nhung canh ddng can, ddng sau.
-f- Nhung cd thudng kiem an ban ngay. Vay ma d day, cd le vi If do diic
bidt ma phai di kid'm an ban dem. Va dieu rui ro da de'n. Cd ddu cdnh niim,
nga ldn xudng ao sau.
-I- Trong ldi cau cdu, thanh minh cua cd vdi ngudi chd ao, ta thay: Cd
thanh minh cho vide lam cua minh: tdi ed long ndo... Ldi thanh minh that tdi
nghiep, dang thuang va yd'u dt lam sao! Cd than phan yeu dt, th,iidng bi vu
oan, dd tdi ma chang cd dudng thanh minh.
Cd san sang danh chiu chd't (vi cd thi bidt dau cd rai vao tinh hudng tinh
ngay If gian, khdng the thanh minh, giai bay, bidn hd, danh chap nhan cai
chd't). Nhung che't nhu the nao? Cd danh chiu dd dng chu xao mang nhung xin
dugc xao bang nude trong. Bat ngudn td cau tuc ngir: Chit Irong hon sdng
due. Nd'u phai chet, se che't trong danh du, chd khdng chd't trong nhuc nha, md
am; dac biet la phai de tie'ng trong sach cho con cai - ddng de cd con dau
ldng, hd then vi cha me nd.
Bai ca dao nhu mdt cau chuydn ngu ngdn, nhu mdt canh bi kich rat dang
thuang tam va cam ddng trong cugc ddi ngheo khd, khdng may may man cda
ngudi ndng dan xua. Dd trong hoan canh nao ngudi ndng dan van ham sdng,
van he't long vi con cai. Dd phai chd't, cdng khdng de phidn luy de'n gia dinh,
vgcon.
Hoat dgng 4
1. Thd'ng kd cac hinh anh so sanh, an du, tugng trung trong 5 bai ca dao
vda hge:
- So sanh: tdm lua ddo, giing giii'a ddng. hiiu, trdi.
- An du: cho, budm vdng. dgt mu it, mdy bgc. cdnh mim, ao. xdo mdng.
- Bieu tugng - tugng trung: con cd.
175
Nhiing hinh anh vua than thudc, gan gui vua nhidu kha nang ggi lidn
ludng, tudng tugng nai ngudi nghe, ngu'di dgc.
2. Y nghTa tu tu'dng cda chum ca dao than than?
(Vdi sd lugng ldn, cac bai ca dao than than khdng chi la ldi thd than cho
than phan ngheo khd, cay dang trong xa hdi ma cdn la ldi khang dinh nhdng
pham chat trong sach, trung thuc va cao dep, tinh nghTa cua minh va phan
khang, to cao xa hdi phong kid'n xua. Do chfnh la y nghTa xa hdi, dan chu va
nhan van cua chdm ca dao nay.)
3. Nhdng dac sac nghd thuat cua chum ca dao?
(Md-tfp thdn em, em nlnf, cac bidn phap so sanh, an du, tugng trung, ldi
phd, ti, hdng,... da gdp phan vda ta, kl vda ggi nhidu lidn tudng, cam xdc.)
4. Hge thudc long ca 5 bai.
(Ydu cau cu thi: suu tam td 12 - 15 bai ca dao than than khac trong eac
sach Hgp tuyen ea dao - ddn ea Viet Nam; lap de cuong bai gidi thidu ngan:
nhan xet chung, phan loai, phan tfch mdt hai bai tidu bieu.)
6. Soan bai Ca dao hdi hude, chdm biim.
Tiet 34
VAN HOC
CA DAO HAI HirdC, CHAM BIEM
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

Gidp lis :
- Hidu dugc ddi tugng, y nghTa cua 5 bai ca dao.
- Tha'y dugc thu phap gay cudi hap dan, ddc dao cua ca dao hai hude,
cham biem.
- Ren kT nang dgc - hilu va phan tfch ca dao hai hude, cham bid'm.
B. Chudn bj cua thdy tro

Suu tfim, dgc them nhdng bai ca dao hai hude, cham bid'm trong cacbd
hgp tuyen ca dao - dan ca Viet Nam.
176
Hoat dgng 1
TO CHC/C K I E M TRA B A I CU
(Hinh thu'c: van dap)
1. Dgc thugc long ca 5 bai ca dao than than da hge. Tai sao lai ggi dd la
nhd'ng bai ca dao than than? Ngoai ngi dung than thd, eac bai ca dao trdn cdn
an chua nhung ndi dung gi?
2. Dgc nhung cau ca dao, tho Viet Nam cd sd dung hinh anh bieu tugng
eon cd (trong chuang trinh Ngu van THCS cd bai Con ed cua Che Lan Vien).
Hoat dgng 2
DAN VAO BAI
GV ndi ldi chuyin ddn: Nd'u truydn cudi va mdt so bai ve thudc phuang
thurc biiu dat tu su da vang ldn tie'ng cudi hai hude, cham bid'm, da kfch thi d
phuang thiic biiu dat trir tinh, so lugng nhd'ng bai ca dao hai hude, cham bid'm
cung rat phong phd va ddc dao vdi nhd'ng dac trung nghd thuat ridng.
Hoat dgng 3
H U C N G DAN DOC - HIEU CHI TIET
1. Dgc didn cam vdi gigng didu hai hude, cham bid'm phd hgp (nhd'ng cau
hdi - dap, nhiing hinh anh phdng dai, nhirng ddng tCr,...). 5 HS dgc, cac HS
khac nhan xet each dgc. GV bd sung.
2. Giai thfch tCr khd (theo cac chd thi'ch chan trang).
3. Dgc - hilu theo tdng bai, td'ng nhdm bai.
* Bai 1
- HS dgc lai.
- GV hdi: Nhung bidn phap nghd thuat gi da dugc sd' dung d bai ca dao
nay? Hinh anh chd Cudi va cau tra ldi cua chd cd lam cho em cudi khdng?
Vlsao?
- HS lidn tudng, tra ldi.
Dinh hudng:
Tuc ngd cd cau: Ndi ddi nhu Cudi. Cd ca truydn cd tich Cudi ndi ddi. Vl
sao Cudi ngdi gdc cay da? Ca dao cung cd nhd'ng cau khac ndi vd Cudi:
Thdng Cudi ngdi gdc edy da
Di trdu dn Ida ggi cha di di.
12-TKBGNGavAN10/1(NC)-A -| 7 7

Tan Da viet bai tho Mudn ldm thdng Cudi (Ngu van 8).
6 day, bang hai bien phap nghe thuat quen thugc cua ca dao hai hude:
tudng tugng phdng dai va ddi dap: bac thang dai de'n tan cung trang, hdi Cudi,
Cudi tra ldi.
Cau tra ldi cua Cudi that chan that, hdn nhidn ve tfnh. each cd hd'u cua
minh - cung la If do Cudi phai ngdi gd'c cay da. Cd le dd la lan dau tidn Cuoi
ndi that! Cudi ndi that?! Cai cudi bat ra td dd vi nd tao ra mau thuSn dang
cudi. Vi xua nay Cudi cd bao gid ndi that? Cudi chuydn Ida dd'i tat ca moi
ngudi mgt each lau linh, thdng minh. Vay ma bay gid khdng hilu sao, Cuoi
lai mac nhien thCra nhan tfnh xau cda minh? Hay la cd thd' mdi la Cudi?
Cudi rat hay cudi, nu cudi hdn nhidn, ddi tra ma lai dang yeu, mac dd chang
dang tin!
* Bai 2, 3, 4.
- HS dgc didn cam.
- GV hdi: Dgc nhung cau ca dao khac ndi ve chf lam trai. Nhdng cau ca
dao a'y cd gi khac vdi 3 bai ca dao dang tim hilu?
- HS dgc, nhan xet.
Dinh hudng:
+ Ldm trai cho ddng nin trai...
Phu Xudn dd trdi, Ddng Nai cung tifng...
(Xudng Ddng, Ddng tinh, lin Dodi, Dodi yin...)
+ Ldm trai quy it ehi tang bdng,
Sao cho td mat anh hung mdi cam.
+ Anh hiing tiing dd ggi rdng
Giifa dudng thd'y sUbd't bdng md tha...
D6 la quan nidm cua nhan dan ve nhdng chang trai, anh hdng chan chi'nh,
dfch thuc.
- GV hdi: Tim nhung md-tfp quen thudc va nhd'ng bidn phap nghd thuat
da dugc su dung. Muc dfch gay cudi cda tac gia cd dat dugc khdng? Vi sao'.'
Tie'ng cudi d day cd khac gi vdi tid'ng cudi d bai 1?
- IIS thao luan, phat bieu.
Dinh hudng:
+ Md-tfp : ldm trai eho ddng nin trai; ldm trai dd quydt...
178 12-TKBGNGO VAN 10/1 (NC)-B

+ Bidn phap nghd thuat: Ddi Ian - tuang phan, ngoa du - phdng dai, choi
chd' kdt hgp vdi nhau dl cham bid'm bang tid'ng cudi.
+ Ddi lap cai chf lam trai, lam anh hdng day khf phach, ban ITnh, tai nang
han ngudi, sue manh kinh ngudi... vdi nhung hanh ddng thuc, ldi ndi thuc cua
anh ta.
+ 0 bai 2 la thdi thcim an tuc udng, chi dgi mdi di la di ngay. Phdng dai
sd lugng: 100 dam cd.
-I- 0 bai 3 la hanh ddng ki quae cda chang trai day sdc manh dd'n ndi phai
khom lung, chdng gdi mdi ganh ndi 2 hat vdng be tf teo!
+ Bai 4 cham bid'm loai anh hdng ram, anh hdng rdm, khdng cd thuc chat,
.ehi can mdt mdi lua la dot chay veo. Luu y each ndi theo cdng thiic: A la A -
eau dinh nghTa, thanh ngd' anh hung rom va hanh ddng quyd't liet lot trdn su
that cua nhan dan.
+ Con anh hdng: tu eon dung rat trdng: anh hdng nay ndi len tdng can
nhu con mua, can bdnh, can them hao danh,... rat nhanh bd'c nhanh tan, chi
can mdt mdi Ida la xong.
Tdm lai, bang nhiing. each mia mai khac nhau, tac gia dan gian da chd'
gidu nhe nhang ma sau cay nhirng ga dan dng ham an tham udng, hen nhat,
bat tai, thuc chat lai qua yd'u dudj, hay hudnh hoang, khoe me.
* Bai 5
- HS dgc didn cam.
- GV ndu van dd thao luan: Bai ca dao hai hude nay cd gi dac sac, dac
bidt? Bidn phap nghd thuat chu yd'u dugc sii dung la gi? Hidu qua nghd thuat
eua nd?
- HS lan lugt trao ddi, tra ldi. ,
Dinh hudng:
+ Bidn phap ke, ta (ndi ngifoe lien tii'p) cac hidn tugng trong cugc sd'ng tu
nhidn, giu'a cac loai vat.
4- Cau dau chi thdi gian thang ba chi ddng vdi cau thdr hai, cd tac dung
nhu thdi gian ngSu nhidn, cu thi ma phid'm chi.
-I- Ta't ca cac hidn tugng ndu ra deu bia dat, ddu khdng bao gid cd the xay
ra, nhung nd'u hoan ddi vi trf thi lai thudng xay ra trong thuc te cugc sd'ng
thidn nhidn va xa hdi.
+ Cac su vat, hidn tugng dugc sap xd'p mdt each ngau nhidn, cdt xudi van
chdr khdng he cd su phan loai, thdng kd hoac theo mdt trinh tu hgp If nao.
179
+ Muc dfch nghe thuat: gay cudi, giai trf; che gidu nhung hidn tugng phi
If, ngugc ddi tuong tu lai cd the va tdng xay ra trong cugc sdng con ngudi. .
Hoat dgng 4
HUONG DAN TONG KET VA LUYEN TAP
1. Thdng ke nhung bien phap nghe thuat da dugc su dung trong 5 bai ea
dao, tu dd ndi ldn muc dfch va hidu qua nghd thuat cua chdng ?
(ngoa du - cudng, didu - phdng dai, dd'i lap - tuong phan, choi chii, ndi
ngugc,... nham gay cudi, giai trf, mua vui, hai hude, cham bid'm nhe. nhang
nhd'ng con ngudi, su vat va hidn tugng dang cudi)
2. Y nghTa cda tid'ng cudi?
(chiing td nhan sinh quan khoe khoan, lanh manh, tinh than lac quan ydu
ddi cua nhan dan ta)
3. Hudng dan HS lam 2 bai tap nang cao.
(bai 1 tuong tu nhu bai tap nang cao d tid't 33; bai 2 lam d nha)
4. Dgc thdm cac bai ca dao: Thdng giing, thdng hai, thdng ba, thdng bdn;
Mudi tay... theo cac cau hdi hudng din dgc thdm trong SGK.
Tiet 35
TIENG VIET
LUYEN TAP VE NGHIA CUA Tl/
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

- On tap va cung cd kid'n thuc vd nghTa cua td da hge d THCS.
- Ren luydn kT nang giai nghTa tir lam ca sd cho vide dgc - hilu va cam
thu van ban van hge.
- Ren luydn kT nang md rdng vd'n tCr.
Hoat dgng 1
GlAl NGHTATQ
- GV hudng dan HS giai nghTa cac td in dam trong SGK:
180
Thao tac 1:
a) Giai nghTa tu "an":
+ dn (cam vang), dn (com ham): cho thuc an vao midng nhai, nudt.
+ dn trdng mac tron: yd'u td cda thanh ngd, nghTa chung cda thanh ngd la:
sd'ng nhan ha sung sudng.
+ chdng dn ai: gianh lgi the ve cho minh.
+ dn thit md't rdi: gid't chd't va an thit con bdng
b) Xac dinh nghTa gd'c va nghTa chuyin:
+ dn com: nghTa gd'c
-f- dn trdng.... an ai, an thit: a nhd'ng mdc do khac nhau, tCr dn da dugc
ddng vdi nghTa chuyin.
- GV cd thd ggi dSn HS giai thfch them y nghTa cua cac tu, cac thanh ngir
va tuc ngd: dn phdn, dn luong, dn sifOng, dn khdp, dn nhip, dn dnh, dn hinh,
dn bdn, dn hdi Id, dn bdt, dn chdn, dn quyt, dn tifdng, dn sdng nudt tuoi, dn
trin ngdi trde, dn tdn phd hgi, dn nlnf hui dn thit md, dn nlnf hum dd dd,
miing dn nui Id, dn vdc hge hay, dn long d Id, dn nhd d ddu, dn vung.biit chui
mep, dn trifdc tiin sau dau hon hogn, dn vdy mua gay ldm sao, dn trdng ndi
ngdi trdng hifdng...
c) TCr nhieu nghTa:
+ ddu: ddu trdu, ddu bd, ddu cdu, ddu xe, ddu ngifdi, ddu cdnh, ddu danh
sdeh, ddu bdn, ddu sdng...
Thanh ngd: ddu trgm dudi cifdp, ddu gd md lgn. ddu sdng nggn gid, ddu
voi dudi chudt, ddu trdu mat ngifa, ddu xudi dudi lgt, ddu tdt mat tdi, ddu
Ngd minh Sd, ddu dudng xd chg, ddu bgc rdng long, ddu eo true lgi, ddu bd
ddu budu, ddu gdi tay dp, ddu chdy dit thdt, ddu bu tdc rdi, ddu xanh tudi tre,
ddu ldng cudi xdm, ddu mdy eudi mdt, tdm ddu y hop,...
+ tay: tay ngifdi, tay khi, tay ghi, tay ngai. tay ghi ta ed, tay thu ki,.tay
ddi, tay thifdc, tay dao, tay thdt...
Tu, thanh ngif, tuc ngd: tay ed, tay kii'm, tay ddn. tay but. tay chen, tay
dao, tay bom, tay tiin, tay sai, tay chdn (cda ke thu), tay chiiu, tay xdcli ndch
mang, tay gay tay bi, tay dao tay thdt, nhdm mdt xudi tay, hai tay bdt chudn
chudn, mua tay trong hi, tay ldm hdm nhai tay quai miing tri, gidu hai eon
mdt khd hai bdn tay, tay khdng md ndi eo dd, tay khdng bdt gide, tay cdy tay
but, bdt tdn tay day tdn trdn, cd din tay ai ngudi d'y phdt,...
181
-I- cdnh: cdnh chim, cdnh lay, cdnh hoa, cdnh eUa, cdnh budm, cdnh ddng,
cdnh qudn, ediili thg,...
+ chdn: chdn ngUdi, chdn bdn, chdn ghi, chdn nui, chdn ddi, chdn mdy,
chdn sdng, chdn trdi, chdn td tdm...
TCr, thanh ngd, tuc ngir: chdn that, chdn chdt, chdn ehinh, chdn trdn, chdn
ehgy, chdn trdi, chdn nui, chdn mdy, chdn sdng, chdn bdn, chdn kiing, chdn
gd, ddu trdn chdn ddt, chdn ddm dd chdn chiiu, ddu dgi trdi chdn dgp ddt,
chdn trdi gde hiin, duge ddng chdn ldn ddng ddu, ggt chdn eho vifa gidy,
chdn trong chdn ngodi, chdn ldm tay bun, chdn cifng dd mim...
Thao tac 2:
a) So sanh cac tdr ngii:
-I- chit: khdng cdn sd'ng nu'a (ngiing tdn tai), trai nghTa vdi sdng
+ thdi, vi, lin tiin, chdng d: mdt each ndi tranh cai chd't (khinh tir, uyen
ngd, ndi giam), cac td ngu nay ddng nghTa lam thdi vdi tdr chit trong nhdng
ngu canh cu the trdn, nhirng nd'u tach ra khdi ngu canh thi chdng khdng dong
nghTa vdi tu chit nua.
b) Nhu'ng td ngu ddng nghTa vdi tdf chit: td, tdi, ngoeo, khud't nui, quy
tiin, hai ndm muoi, bdng hd, thdng hd, tg thi, hi sinh, tif trdn, qua ddi, tdt
thd, nhdm mdt xudi tay, tich, md't xdc, bd mgng, xudi cdng sdo, ngd vdi giun,
xud'ng sudi vdng, chdu Diim Vuong...
Thao tac 3:
a) Cac cap tu trai nghTa:
* tre - gid, xa - gdn, bdn - mua (trai nghTa ngdn ngd'). Loai nay dugc
xem xet dua vao cac co sd nhu:
-f- Co sd la chieu, hudng:
Dd'i vdi hoat ddng chung: ldn -xudng
Ddi vdi hoan Id cda con ngudir thdng (ldn chdc) - gidng (xud'ng chdc)
Ddi vdi hoat dgng cda may bay: ed't cdnh (ldn) - hg cdnh (xudng)
Dd'i vdi sir bid'n ddng gia ca cda thi trudng: tdng (ldn gia) - hg (xud'ng
gia),...
-I- Co sd la tinh trang cua su vat:
Muc nudc sdng: ddy - cgn
Tmh trang cda bd sdng: Id - bdi
Tmh trang cda cai ao: ldnh -rdch,...
182
+ Ca sd la tfnh cha't cua sir vat:

Nudc sdng: trong -due
Nhiet do: ndng -lgnh
Mau sac: den -trdng,...
* Cha -con, anh em - ldng giing (trai nghTa ngd dung). Loai nay thudng
gap trong cac ngir canh nhu: Di vdi but mdc do ed sa. di vdi ma mac do gidy;
Benh quy dd ed I hude tiin; Trdu bd ddnh nhau rudi mudi chit; Chdu chdu dd
voi; Miing hum gan thd; Hdng thit nguyt hdng cd; Khd son bdn khd ndu; Diia
mdc chdi mdm son; Miing nam md bung bd dao gdm,...
Tac dung:
(1) Didn dat chfnh xac, sinh ddng va cau van ed nhip didu
(2) Mdt trong nhu'ng each giai nghTa tCr:
Dung edm (nghTa la trai vdi) hen nhdt, sg hdi...
Nao nung (nghTa la trai vdi) kiin ditdi, vifng vdng...
Cao thugng (nghTa la trai vdi) nhd nhen, ti tiin, hep hdi, ed chdp...
Trung thifc (nghTa la trai vdi) gid ddi, ddi trd, tri trd, luon leo
Ddng hodng (nghTa la trai vdi) khdm niim, xun xoe, bg do, xu tdnh...
(3) Mdt trong nhung each tao t d m d i : bdn sgch, udt rdo. lgi hgi, chim ndi,
trdng den, sifdng khd, ra vdo, lin xudng, rdn ndt, ddnh dd, khdc eifdi, trong
due, sdng tdi, eo gidn...
b) Cac cau tuc ngii, ca dao cd ddng tCr trai nghTa: Khdn sdng mdng chit;
Mifa trdng ndng den; Hdt cho bong bdng thi chim - Dd xanh thi ndi, gd lim
lap Id; Ld ldng nude due bid trong - Trdm ndm di mot tdm long tif ddy; Ddi
lay vin cd hai cdnh - Qud chin thi hdi, qud xanh thi difng;...
Thao tac 4:
* Hidn tugng ddng am:
+ lgi (lgi hai) ddng am vdi lgi (phan thit giir chan rang)
+ dd (dung cu danh bat ca) ddng am vdi dd (dai tu chi ngudi)
* Tac dung:
(1) Tao ra su hai hude, df ddm trong each didn dat khi ndi, vid't
(2) Phong phd hoa vdn tCr:
-I- Hinh thiic ngd: am "ddng": Mua ddng dd vi that rdi; Nd'u thit ddng nin
eho nhiiu mdc nhi; Man qud tii't khdng ddng duge; Du dd gdn trifa, dudng
183

phd vdn ed ddng nhu thudng; Mat trdi mgc d ddng ddng, ldn d ddng tay;
Ddng tay hon hay ldm...
+ Hinh thdc ngu am "long": Cd chdu chim long; Ldng rudt chdn vdovd
chdn; Con ngifa dang ddng bang Idng liu: Anh mua long tre hay long sat?;
Hdi cd eat cd bin sdng -Cd mudn dn nhdn thi long sang ddy,...
(3) Chai chu:
+ Hoa mua ai bdn md mua.
Me khdng ngd gid eho vifa Idng em.
+ Sd em Id sd ddo hoa,
Sd anh ddo nggch, hai ta cung ddo.
+ Difa ngudi ta khdng difa qua sdng
Sao ed tiing sdng d trong long
Bdng chiiu khdng thdm khdng vdng vgt
Sao ddy hodng hdn trong mat trong
(Tham Tam, Td'ng biit hdnh)
+ Trgng tdi trgng tdi van dgng viin, van ddng viin dgng viin trgng tdi.
+ Con ngifa dd con ngifa dd, eon ngifa dd khdng dd eon ngifa -ThdngBii
nhin thdng bu nhin, thang bu nhin khdng nhin thdng Bu.
+ Phu Id chdng, phu Id vg, vi vg. chdng phdi di phu - Ngd Id ta, nhf Id
mdy, vi mdy, ta nin hod ngd.
+ \ u edy vu tdi vu ra vu mua, vu gap trdi mifa vu udt ed long.
+ Xdi did chd ngon, xdi ngon chd did.
+ Anh Son mua mgt hop son ve son eifa.
+ Mugn edi xe vi chd't ddy mdt xe ggeh rdi xe vi nhd.
+ Thui mot cude xe dm ra chg mua mgt edi cude vi cude ddt.
+ Dd chdn vdo hdn dd rd't dau, xin nhau ti thudc hod ra gap phdi tay
rd't dd.
+ Ngifdi yiu eua hdn Id eon edi cda mdt dgi gia rdt ldm cda.
+ Cho em cudn sdeh de em dgc eho biit thi ndo Id eho vd nhdn!
+ Mua ddng md ta thudng khdn khd vdi do don do kip thi eon ich eif than
nhiin md ngu trong md.
+ Cdm mat mdnh ggeh vd ve lin tudng ggeh hinh thu mot eon eua gach.
+ Nhitng ngdi sao sdng nhdp nhdy din sdng vdn sdng nhu thudng.
184
Hoat dgng 2
SlÂLOlTaNGU
Do thdi quen ban ngd' (ngudi Viet ndi, vid't tie'ng Viet), ndi chung vide
ddng td' d l ndi, viet khdng cd khd khan gi ldn lam, van dd chi la vd'n tCr phong
phd hay ngheo nan ma thdi. Ai ed vd'n td phong phd thi ndi, vid't cd hidu qua
hon va ngugc lai, vd'n tu qua ngheo nan thi cu "rang, thi, la ma..." mai van
khdng sao ndi ra dugc nhd'ng dieu minh can ndi. Tuy nhidn, khi vid't thi chdng
ta se gap nhd'ng khd khan khdng nhd bdi ne'u "ldi ndi gid bay" thi "bdt sa ga
chd't"! Vay ngoai van di vd'n tu thi khd khan ldn nhat cda viec ddng td la gi?
D6 chfnh la vide phai hieu nghTa cda td. Hieu nghTa cda td thi chac chan se
dung td chfnh xac va ngudi nghe, ngudi dgc se hilu ddng dugc dieu minh
mud'n ndi, mud'n vid't. Khdng hieu nghTa cda tir ma ddng au thi hieu qua se
ngugc lai; cho ndn nhat thie't chi ddng nhdng td ma minh da hilu nghTa dugc
coi la mdt trong nhung nguyen tac ddng tu quan trgng nhat.
Sau day la mdt sd ggi y tham khao:
Diing sai Dung dung Nguyen nhan
- Hai td ban do luon am anh ~ Td ban do I (hoac) hai chd - Khdng phan biet dugc "td"
ngudi ham mo... ban do... va "chd".
- Chi mot chd que huang - Chi mot td que huang I " Khong phan biet dugc
cung du lam am Idng nhdng (hoac) hai chd que huang... "ChQ" va "td".
ke xa xd mdi khi Tet den
xuan v6.
" Hai tieng dong bao I (hoac) - Khong phan biet dugc
- Met tie'ng 66ng bao ggi nhd
mot tu ddng bao I (hoac) hai "tieng" vdi "tU", "chd".
ca mot cau chuyen cam ddng
chdr cfdng bao...
ve truyen thuyet Con Rong
chau Tien cua nguai Viet ta.
- Di tham quan vien bao ~ Di tham quan vien bao - Khdng hieu nghTa cua tii
tang... tang... hoac lin Ipn cac tii gan am,
khac nghTa. NghTa cua tii
tham quan: tham du vao mot
viec gi do. Cung vdi nghTa
nay c6 cac tii: tham kien,
tham van, tham chinh...
- NghTa cua tU tham hoi: den

tan nai de lam mot vi6c gi do
nhu hoi, dong vien an ui, chia
185
Diing sai Diing dung Nguyen nhan

vui, chia buon,... Cung vdi
nghTa nay cd cac td: tham
Oi tham hd; nguai 6m. Di fham/i6/ngudi6m. vieng, tham nom, tham
nuoi,...
Ba ay co tap quan xau la CO thdi quen xau. Tap quan: cd nghTa rdng hon
thich ngoi le do! mach. thoi quen va thudng gan vdi
chu the la so ddng (Ngirdi
Viet CO CO tap quan an trau).
Thdi quen: nghTa hep va
thugng gin vdi chii the la ca
nhan.
Thoi dgi xua nay vi n vay, ., nhung hien ke mdi kho chd! l-lien dang: b mdc dp thap la
phe phan chi trich thi d6, cho, tang; b mdc do cao la hi
nhung hien dang mdi kho sinh {hien dang cuoc dai cho
chd! To quoc). l-lien ke: dua ra
dugc nhOng giai phap kha thi
de sda chua nhdng thieu sot,
yeu kem hoac vugt qua
nhdng khd khan tam thdi.
Ben canh nhumg thanh tfch to ... chung ta vin cdn mgt sd Do ap luc dong am Han -
Idn tren, chung ta vin cdn cf/emyeunhu... Viet. Trong tieng Viet cd "yeu"
mot sd yeu tf/'em nhu... trai nghTa vdi "khoe": 6m yeu,
yeu dau, yeu lam rdi. Cdn
trong vdn yeu to Han Viet co
"yeu" vdi nghTa la "trgng yeu".
NghTa cua tU yeu diem: diem
quan trgng. Cung vdi nghTa
nay cd cac tU nhu: yeu nhan,
yeu Ilnh, yeu huyet,...
Anh ay da tro thanh cdu canh Dong tien chi la phuang tien, NghTa cua td cdu canh: muc
cho nhieu ngugi. khong phai la ciru canh. di'ch cuoi cung
(dung ttr cdu tinh)
Hay thanh khan nhan khuyet Ong ay kho vi cd thich bao NghTa cua ti; bao bien: dm
diem di, diing co bao bien d/en! dom, khong tin ai, thich vo
nda. het viec vao minh. Mot sd td
186

Diing sai Dimg dung Nguyen nhan
(dung tii nguy bien) tuang duang: bao san, bao

Id, bao cap,...
Od la mgt huan luyen vi6n ra't rat bang quan vdi tap the. Bang quang: cai bgng chda
bang quang vdi tap the del nudc tieu. Bang quan: ddng
tuyin U23 Qudc gia. dung, vo cam, vo trach
nhiem...
Chung ta hay vOng tin vao mgt tuang lai xan lan. Khong cd tii sang lang. Xan
mdt tuang lai sang lang. lan: sang, ro, day then vgng
phat trien...
Can phai phdn biet tin vdi nhurng hu tuc lac hau. NghTa cua tii thu tuc: nhurng
ngudng vdi me tin dt, doan, quy djnh hanh chinh mang
nghi thirc truyen thong vdi tfnh quy udc hoac tfnh phap
nhdng thu tuc lac hau. ll. Hu tuc. nhirng tap quan
(thdi quen) ra dgi khi dan trf
con thap, khoa hpc chua phat
trien... thudng gay hai cho ddi
sdng tinh than hoac vat chat
cua con ngudi.
Anh ay dugc cfe bat lam chu Anh ay dugc bau lam chu tich NghTa cua td de bat: cap cd
tich cdng doan. cdng doan. tha'm quyen cd mgt ngudi nao
dd gitir chdc vu cao hgn.
Ong Nam dugc de dat lam Ong Nam dugc de bat lam NghTa cua td de dat: bay to
trudng phong. trudng phdng. nguyen vgng len cap tren
hoac ngugi cd trach nhiem
xem xet, giai quye't mgt viec
nao dd.
Chu Van An la hinh anh Chu Van An la hinh anh tugng NghTa cda td tuang tugng: tu
tuang tugng cho mgt nha trung cho mdt nha giao dao nghT ra, bja dat ra, hu cau
giao dao cao ddc trgng. cao ddc trgng. nen.
(chinh xac han, phai dung tU

tieu bieu)
Tran Binh Trgng khang khai Tran Binh Trgng khang khai tra Khong cd td khang khai, chi
tra Idi: "Ta tha lam qu;^ nudc igi:"..." cd td khang dmh. NghTa cua
Nam cdn hon lam vuang dat tir khang khai: cuang true,
Bac!". danh thep, trgng'danh du.
187
p. — -^ . -- - - . .-_..- — _ .. — " ' "1
Diing sai Diing dung Nguyen nhan
Dira be trong that ngo nhan. Oiia be tr6ng that ngo nghlnh. NghTa cua ttr ngp nhan: tin la
dung mgt each chu quan, v6i
va, chua kjp suy nghT kT hoac
chua tha'm tra lai.
06 la nhirng khoang khac' 06 la nhQng khoanh khac chdi Khdng cd td khoang khac, chi
chdi sang... sang... c6 khoang khdng.
Quet mot Idp dau b6ng khien ... cang them haonhoang. Hao quang: anh sang tinh
cho cai tu cang them hao than, niem vui chien thang, ki
quang. nidm dep. Hao nhoang: ve
bong bay ben ngoai.
Tu the ngang tang cua ngudi Tu the hien ngang cua ngudi Ngang tang: vugt ra khoi
chie'n sTtrudcke thu... chien sTtrudcke thu... khu6n kho', phep tac ma mpi
ngudi deu tdn trpng; c6 ve bat
can va thach thdc. Hien
ngang: binh tTnh, tu tin, dang
hoang... the hien la mot con
ngudi cd If tudng va cd van
. hoa.
Tiet 36
LAM VAN
CHON SI/ VIEC, CHI TIET TIEU BIEU
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

1. Kid'n thdp:
- On tap, cung cd kid'n thuc da hge ve cac kieu van ban.
- Nam dugc vai trd, tac dung cua su vice, chi tid't tidu bid'u trong mdt van ban.
- Bid't chgn su vide, chi tid't tidu bid'u de the hidn thai do, tinh cam khi vid't van.
2. Tfch hgp vdi cac kid'n thuc van va tid'ng Viet da hge.
3. KT nang: Tid'p tuc ren luydn kT nang vid't van.
188
B. Ttiiet ke bai dqy tiqc
Hoat dgng 1
TlM HIEU VAN BAN MAU
- GV ydu cau HS tim hieu kT muc 1 trong SGK va tra ldi cac cau hdi:
1. Thai do va tinh cam cua ngudi vid't trong hai doan van trich cd gi
gid'ng nhau?
2. Doan nao tac gia thd hidn thai do, tinh cam cua minh mdt each true
tid'p va doan nao thd' hidn mdt each gian tid'p?
- HS trao ddi, thao luan vk tra ldi:
1. Gid'ng nhau: hai tac gia deu cd thai do tran trgng, tu hao, tinh cam ydu
men tha thid't dd'i vdi con ngudi, san vat va phong canh qud huofng, dat nude.
2. a) Doan 1 cua Nguydn Tuan the hidn thai do, tinh cam mdt each true Udp.
b) Doan 2 cua Vu Td Nam the hidn thai do, tinh cam mdt each gian tid'p.
Hoat dgng 2
PHAN TICH T A C D U N G C U A SU VIEC, CHI TIET
- GV ydu cau HS dgc kT muc 2 trong SGK va tra ldi cac cdu hdi:
1. Cho bid't thai do, tinh cam cua tac gia dd'i vdi cac nhan vat dng Nghi,
ba Nghj trong doan van.
2. Phan tfch cac su vide, chi tid't tidu bid'u da the hidn thai do, tinh cam
eua tac gia.
l.'ITiai do cua tac gia la khinh ghet va mia mai. Tinh cam cua tac gia la
dung dung va bdn cgt.
2. Cac su vide, chi tid't tidu bieu tap trung xoay quanh vide an udng rat
ban nang cua dng Nghi, ba Nghi nhu: nem dua, hup canh, vudt mep, sue
midng,...
Cac su vide, chi tid't nay the hidn thai do, tinh cam cua tac gia la ghd tdm
bgn trge phu vd hge.
Hoat dgng 3
LUYEN TAP VAN DUNG
GV hudng dan IIS tu lam cac bai tap 3 va 4 trong SGK.
189
TUA]^ 1 0
Tiet 3 7 - 3 8
VAN HOC
TUC NGlT VE DAO DirC, LOI SONG
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

Giup HS:
- Hidu dugc chuc nang co ban cua the loai tuc ngir: due kd't kinh nghidm
sd'ng va dua ra nhung bai hge ung xu, nhiJng phuong cham xu the; phan anh tu
tudng va ldi sd'ng cua cdng ddng.
- Tuc ngu: cd sue sd'ng lau ben va sue pho bid'n rdng rai khdng chi do tfnh
chan If, ma cdn do hinh thuc ldi ndi mang tfnh nghd thuat cua nd.
B. Ctiudn bj cua ttidy va tro

- On tap cac bai hge ve tuc ngu d chuong trinh Ngu van THCS.
- Dgc tham khao sach : Tue ngif, ea dao - ddn ea Viet Nam cua Vu Nggc
Phan.
C. Ttiiet ke bai dqy tiqc
Hoat dgng 1
TO C H Q C KIEM TRA BAi CU
(Hinh thuc: van dap)
1. Dgc thudc long va giai nghTa 3 cau tuc ngu da hge trong chuong tnnh
Ngu van THCS.
2. Tu dd ndu lai diiih nghTa: Tuc ngd la gl?
3. Dac sac cda tuc ngu' ve hinh thdc nghd thuat thd hidn d 3 cau tuc ngd
vdfa doc nhu the nao?
190
Hoat dgng 2
DAN VAO BAI
GV ndi ldi dan: Tuc ngu la ldi ndi dan gian, la nhung cau ndi mang tfnh
nghd thuat dan gian dac sac, cd dgng, do nhan dan lao dgng sang tao ra nham
due kd't nhung kinh nghidm, trai nghiem trong ddi sd'ng lao ddng san xuat, ddi
sd'ng tinh cam, nhan thuc tu nhidn, kinh nghidm xa hdi, phan anh tu tudng va
y thdc, kinh nghidm va ldi sd'ng cdng ddng Viet Nam xua bang nhu'ng phan
doan, suy luan gian di ma sau sac.
Chuorng trinh Ngu van THCS da gidp cac em lam quen mgt sd cau tuc
ngu ve lao dgng san xua't, ve nhan thdc thidn nhidn, vu tru. Horn nay chung ta
tid'p tuc tim hid'u 12 cau tuc ngu ve dao due, ldi sd'ng cua dan tdc Viet Nam.
Hoat dgng 3
HLfCfNG D A N D O C - HIEU K H A I Q U A T VE TUC NGQ
1. Cac de tai, chu de cua tuc ngu:
- HS dgc diem 1 muc Tieu ddn SGK, phat bieu tdm tat.
- GV khai quat ngan ggn:
De tai - chu de tuc ngu rat phong phu. Cd the tam phan loai:
+ Cac hidn tugng tu nhidn va quan he giu'a con ngudi vdi tu nhidn (thdi
tid't, khf hau, kinh nghidm lao dgng san xuat)
+ Ddi sd'ng vat chat va quan he gia dinh, ddng hg, xa hdi (an, mac, d, cha
me - con cai, vg - chdng, anh - chi - em, dau - re...)
+ Ddi sd'ng tinh than, ldi sd'ng, tu tu'dng: nhan thdc ldi ndi, tfnh each,
phaim chat dao due con ngu'di, Ung xu (thidn - ac, tdt - xau, khdn - dai, an
nghTa - bgi bac, may man - tai hoa...)
2. Dac diem cua tuc ngu': (GV trinh bay nhanh)
+ Tui khdn dan gian, mang tfnh trid't If dan gian, chan If dan gian.
+ Dua trdn trai nghidm, kinh nghidm lau ddi cua dan gian.
+ Mdi cau tuc ngu la mdt phan doan cd due: bao gdm dd'i tugng va ldi
thuyd't minh, binh luan hoac quye't doan vd dd'i tugng a'y.
+ Thudng dung ldi dd'i, van lung, su dung cac hinh anh, choi chu, hoan
du, tugng trung, so sanh, an du vdi ham nghTa kfn dao, sau sac. Tuc ngir la
ldi ndi nghd thuat dan gian, dugc van dung trong giao tid'p cdng ddng rat
hidu qua.
191
4- Thudng gdm 2 ldp nghTa: nghTa den va chuyen nghTa thanh nghia bdng,
nghTa rdng, nghTa phd quat.
Hoat dgng 4
HUONG DAN DOC - HIEU CHI TIET
1. cau 1
- HS dgc 2 - 3 lan, phat hidn nghTa den, nghTa bdng, trdn ca sd tim hieu
nghTa mdt sd tir ngu: quan trgng, tu:ng ve cdu, quan he giua cac vd' cau, ca eau;
phat bidu, thao luan, ndu vf du sir dung; tim dac sac ve hinh thdc didn dat.
- GV dinh hudng, bd sung, md rdng va chdt.
- HS giai nghTa tay ldm, hdm nhai. Md'i quan he giua tay ldm va hdm
nhai. Tay quai va miing tri. Quan he giua tay quai vd miing tri. Quan he
giOa vd' 1 va 2.
NghTa rdng suy ra? Ve van, nhip, dd'i, hinh anh,... cd gi dang chu y?
Dinh hudng: Giai thfch nghTa den:
+ Tay ldm: lao ddng, lam vide. Hdm nhai: ddng tac cua midng (ham,
rang) khi an.
+ Tay quai: tay de khoanh lai, khdng hoat ddng, khdng lam.
+ Miing tri: mdi trd xud'ng, midng ha ra vi khdng cd gi dd' nhai, dd' an.
+ Quan he: cd lam thi mdi cd cai ma an; khdng lam thi nhin, thi khdng cd
cai an thi ddi.
+ NghTa rdng: quan he giu:a lao ddng va hudng thu, cdng lao va hudng
thu. Nhan manh, 6i cao lao ddng.
+ Nghd thuat didn dat: quan he ngu phap: nguydn nhan - kd't qua.
+ Dd'i lap tuong phan giua 2 vd': cd - cd - khdng - khdng; tay - midng.
+ Van lung: ldm -1idm, nhai -quai.
+ Hinh anh hoan du: tay, miing (dung bd phan chi toan the).
+ c a u tuc ngu tuong tu: Co ldm thi mdi ed dn - Khdng dung ai di dem
phdn din eho.
2. Cau 2
- Tid'n trmh dgc - hidu tid'n hanh tUOng tu nhu cau 1.
- Dinh hudng:
+ Cd ed: ca to, ca ldn, ca ngon. Cdu ddi: sgi day cude, day cau dai.
+ Quan he ngu phap theo cdng thuc: Mud'n A thi phdi B.
192
+ Van lung: ed ^ ed -thd; dd'i thanh: ed ed -edu ddi.

+ Kinh nghidm cau ca.
+ NghTa rdng: Mud'n thanh cdng ldn, mud'n dat kd't qua cao, mT man, can
phai chuan bi kT cang, day du, phai kidn tri, cdng phu, tranh ndn ndng, ha'p
tap, vdi vang. Quan hd giua lao ddng nghe. nghidp, kinh nghiem thdng minh
va hidu qua, hudng thu.
- HS thn mot tmh hud'ng van dung:
(A: Cdu khudn mat ddng sdeh tin hge vi ldm gi thi?
B: De chudn bi thi vdo CDSP Hd Not, chuyin ngdnh Todn -Tin.
A: Nhifng bdy gid edu mdi dang hge ldp 10, eon nhung hon 2 ndm nifa
CO md!
B: Cdu chdng hii'u gi ed! Mudn dn ed ed phdi thd edu ddi chif!
A. Chiu ddy! Ghi that edi edu mgt sdeh ndy!)
3. Cau 3
- Qua Irinh hu.dng dan dgc - hieu tuong tir nhu vdi cac cau 1, 2.
- Dinh hudng: TCr hidn tugng tu nhidn: quan sat dan kid'n kid'm mdi. Con
kid'n rat nhd be, sue mang rat han che; nhung hd't chuydn nay dd'n chuydn
khac, ngay ngay ddm ddm can min, lidn tuc, deu dan, cudi cdng to kid'n cung
day ap thdc an.
NghTa rdng: Nhieu cai nhd tfch ddn lai se thanh cai ldn. Kidn nhSn, sidqg
nang," can cu, khdng nan chf, nan long, cham chi, nhan nai lam vide se dat
muc dfch.
+ Dac sac didn dat: khdng van; dd'i: tha ldu -ddy td.
+ Ke chuyen mang tfnh an du ngu ngdn.
+ Nhung cau tuong tu: Cd cdng mdi sdt ed ngdy nin kim; Khdng ed viec
gi khd - Chi so long khdng bin - Ddo nui vd ldp biin - Quyit chi cung ldm
nin (Hd Chf Minh); Ndng nhdt chat bi; Gdp gid thdnh bdo.
4. cau 4
Dinh hudng: '
+ Gigt mdu ddo (do): hinh anh cu thd' - an du chi quan he huydt thd'ng -
cdng ddng mau, quan he hg hang than thudc. Mot gigt: nhd, ft: quan he da xa,
khdng phai that gin giii, true he.
13- TKBGNOa VAN 10/1 (NC)-A 193

+ Ao nudc Id: hinh anh an du - cu the: quan he vdi ngudi ngoai, ngUOi xa
la. Nude la khdng mau, khdng mui, khdng vi (nhat nheo, vd tinh). Mgt ao:
nhieu, rat nhidu (so vdi mgt gigt).
+ So sanh giua chat lugng va sd lugng.
+ Y nghTa: Cd quan he hg hang (cdng ddng mau) thi du xa may, van quy
hon vdi quan he vdi nhidu ngudi ngoai, chang cd quan he hg hang gl.
+ Dac sac bid'u hidn: so sanh, an du, van lung.
+ Tinh hud'ng van dung (mdt doan dd'i thoai):
- Ai ehu anh vdi chdu eon Id chdu chu chdu bde ddy. Thdi thi "mot gigt
mdu ddo hon ao nifde Id". Mong anh ldm ngodi eho me eon tdi duge nhd!
-Bde g! Tdi cung biit thi, nhung qudn linh nlnf son. "Thuong anh ddnh
di trong long - Viec cdng xin chiiu phep cdng md ldm ". Mong bde hiiu eho.
4. cau 5
Dinh hudng:
Dac diem didn dat: hai cau tho luc bat; mdi cau la mdt vd' dd'i xdng nhau,
nd'i tid'p nhau, so sanh, nha'n manh, khang dinh chan li dan gian: tinh nghTa
quy hon cua cai vat chat; tinh thuong thanh qud hugng, gia dinh: Quan ngheo
don so bdn dudng, dau lang cung cd the trd thanh ngdi nha ddng chan, nd'u
ngudi trong quan (chu quan) san tinh thuong chia se.
Leu tranh don so hon han toa nha ngdi cao sang, be thd', nd'u d dd cd
tinh nghTa.
5. Cau 6
Dinh hudng:
+ Be (bidn) Ddng mdng mdnh ma cung cd the tat can nd'u nhu vg chdng
hoa thuan. De cao sue manh cua tinh vg chdng hoa hgp, ydu thuong, ddng tam
nha't trf se cd the chung tay lam ndn nhung vide phi thudng.
+ Hinh thuc didn dat: quan he nguydn nhan - kd't qua; van lung, diep td
(thuan), chdng -ddng, phdng.dai hinh anh su vide: tat can be Ddng.
+ NghTa rdng: sue manh vd dich cua tinh than doan kd't tap the.
+ Nhu'ng cau tuong tu: Mot cdy ldm chdng nin non -Ba edy chum lgi nin
hdn nui cao; Ba dng thg da bang dng Gia Cdt; Dodn kit, dodn kit, dgi dodn
kit -Thdnh cdng, thdnh cdng, dgi thdnh cdng! (\{6 Chf Minh)

6. Cau 7
Dinh hudng:
+ Dac diem didn dat: choi chir, so sanh hon kem.
+ Giai nghTa: ndi hay: ndi hap dan, thuyd't phuc, truyen cam ngudi nghe
(ngugc vdi ndi dd). Hay ndi ndi nhieu, ndi dai, ba hoa, thira thai, mat thi gid
vd fch, lam khd ngudi nghe (Vu Trgng Phung: Biit rdi, khd ldm, tidi mail).
+ So sanh giua chat lugng va sd lugng; de cao su hon han cua chat lugng.
Td hay (ndi hay): tfnh td chi pham chat lam vi ngu cho ddng tu ndi lam chu
ngu. Td hay (hdy ndi) la phu td lam bo ngu cho ddng tu ndi trong cau dac bidt
vi tdf.
+ Nhung vdi cau: Hay hdt cdn hon hdt hay lai cd y nghTa khac: dd cao
tinh than tfch cue cua ngudi hat (tuy khdng that hay) nhung lai quy hon ngudi
ed gigng hat hay nhung lai khdng nhiet tinh, tfch cue tham gia.
+ Nhung cau tuong tu: Quy hd tinh bd't quy ho da (Quy d ft ma tinh lgc,
khdng quy d nhieu m-a tap); Thd it md tdt!
1. cau 8
Win lung (danh - Idnli); so sanh hon kem, de cao gia tri tinh than (tdt
danh) hon gia tri vat chat (ldnh do).
8. cau 9
+ Diep tir (yiu, tre, gid), dd'i xdng, quan he nguydn nhan - kd't qua, kinh
nghidm ung xu trong cude sd'ng, thai do dung dan vdi tre em, vdi ngudi gia.
+ Nhung cau tuong tu: Yiu tre, tre din nhd -Kinh gid, gid di tudi eho;
Di hdi gid, vi nhd hdi tre.
9. cau 10
+ Giai nghTa tCr: tdu: chudng'(ngua).
+ Hinh anh an du, ngu ngdn: Mdt ngudi trong cdng ddng gap tai hoa, ca
tap the cung chia se. De cao tinh cam cdng ddng.
+ Nhu'ng cau tuong tu: Chi ngd em ndng, Mdi hd rdng lgnh, Mdu chdy
rudt mim, Tay dift rudt xdt, Ld ldnh diim Id rdch.
+ Nhirng cau cd ndi dung ngugc lai: Chdy nhd hdng xdm bit.ih chdn nlnf
vgi. Con sdu ldm rdu ndi canh...
10. cau 11
+ Dd'i xdng, so sanh: mot ngdy - nin nghia ; mgt chuyin dd - nin
quen biit.
195
+ Trong cugc sd'ng, cd nhung cugc gap go tinh cd, ngau nhien ma tao ndn
nhirng mdi quan he quen bid't tdt dep, lau dai, tham chf, cd khi cung di mdt
chuyen dd, chuyen xe, chuye'n tau ma nen tinh, ndn nghTa, ndn duydn,... That
may man, cam on cugc ddi cho ai ed dugc nhung cude gap go, nhUng chuyen
dd, va mdt ngay ki didu nhu the.
+ Dd'i thanh: mdt ngay - chuyd'n dd, ndn nghTa - ndn quen.
11. c a u 12
+ Giai nghTa: xdi ldi: phdng khoang, rdng rai (vdi ngudi khac), vi tha
trong each sdng, trong ddi xu. So do: tfnh toan, chi li, chat che,.ca nhan fch ki,
chi bid't minh (do lg nude mark, dim ed dua hdnh). Trdi cdi cho: gap may
man, khdng di dau ma thidt. Trdi eo lgi: gap trde trd, khdng may.
+ Nhan nao qua ay (tfnh quy luat). Trdif sdc manh huyen bf, sieu nhidn,
chi phdi va quyd't dinh mgi thanh bai cua con ngudi:
+ Nhu:ng cau tuong tu: Mudn sif tgi thien (Cho hay mudn sif tgi trdi); Mifu
Slf tgi nhdn, thdnh sif tgi thiin (Dinh vide tai ngudi, thanh bai tai trdi).
+ De cao ldi sd'ng vi tha vi cdng ddng, phd phan ldi sd'ng ca nhan fch ki.
Hoat dgng 5
1. Tap hgp cac cau tuc ngu theo tdng chu de:
Cau tuc ngur Nhom chu de Noi dung kinh nghiem
1,2,3 Lam an, lao dpng, xay dung De cao gia trj lao dpng, tinh sieng nang, can
cuoc sdng cd, kien tri, thdng minh.
4,5,6 Quan he hp hang, vo chdng, gia De cao tinh cam vp chong, gia dinh, hp hang,
dinh, xdm lang lang xdm.
7,8 Ndi nang, dng xd, tinh than va Coi trpng thuc chat hon hinh thdc ben ngoai.
vat chat
9,10,11,12 Quan he ca nhan - cong ddng; De cao tinh thuong, kinh gia, yeu tre, sd'ng vi
vdi tre em, ngudi gia tha, y thdc se chia, dong cam cdng dong, phe
phan thdi fch ki, keo kiet,...
2. Khai quat, tdng hgp cac bidn phap nghd thuat dugc su dung trong tuc
ngfr va tac dung cua nd. Tai sao lai ndi tuc ngu la ldi ndi nghd thuat dan gian,
trf tud, tdi khdn dan gian, nghi luan dan gian?
196

(Van lung, ldi dd'i, so sanh, an du, ngan ggn, day hinh anh, hap dSn, sau
sac va dd nhd. Mdi cau la mdt phan doan - suy luan, mdt kinh nghidm, chan
If, trid't If dan gian.)
3. Bdi tap ndng cao
a) Mdt sd cau tuc ngu ve chd de td't -xdu, phan tfch (Tham khao SGV, tr.
156 - 157. Bd sung them cac cau khac trong sach Tue NgU Viet Nam. Phan
tfch cac nghTa trong mdt sd cau tu chgn.)
b) Nguydn Trai da suf dung sang tao mdt sd cau tuc ngu trong bai Bdo
kinh cdnh gidi - so 11: d bdu thi trdn, d dng thi ddi; Xdu tdt rgp khudn; Gdn
nhd gidu dau rdng dn cdm (com) - Gdn ke trdm dm lung chiu ddn; Gdn mUc
thi den, gdn den thi rgng.
That la tai tinh, chi trong mdt bai that ngdn bat cu ma da van dung tdi 4
eau tuc ngu mdt each rat phd hgp va sang tao.
4. Hge thudc long (ca 12 cau tuc ngu trdn).
5. Sang tao mdt tinh hud'ng giao tid'p cd suf dung tir 1 - 2 cau tuc ngu da
hge hoac cau tuc ngir khac.
6. Soan bai Xuy Vdn gid dgi.
Tiet 39
TIENG VIET
HOAT DONG GIAO TIEP BANG NGON NGlT
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

1. Kid'n thdc:
- Hieu dugc hoat ddng giao tid'p bang ngdn ngu va cac chuc nang chfnh
eua ngdn ngCr trong giao tid'p.
- Nam dugc cac nhan to cua hoat ddng giao tid'p bang ngdn ngu va tac
ddng cua chdng dd'i vdi hidu qua giao tid'p.
2. Tfch hgp vdi cac van ban van va cac kieu bai lam van da hge.
3. KT nang: Ren luydn kT nang giao tid'p bang ngdn ngu mdt each cd y
thdc va cd hidu qua.
197
Hoat dgng 1
H]NH T H A N H KHAI NIEM
* Thao tac 1
- GV ydu cau HS tim hieu mucl trong SGK va tra ldi cac cau hdi:
1. Ke tdn cac phuong tidn giao tid'p cua con ngudi va cho bid't phuong tidn
nao quan trgng nhat? Tai sao?
2. Hoat ddng giao tid'p gdm may qua trinh? La nhu'ng qua trinh nao?
3. Van ban giao tid'p thudng cd may loai thdng tin? La nhiing thdng tin nao?
1. Con ngudi cd the giao tid'p bang nhieu loai phuong tidn khac nhau nhu
didu bd, eir chi, kf hidu, hinh ve, ngdn ngu'...; trong dd ngdn ngir la phuong
tidn giao tid'p quan trgng nhat vi chdng cd tfnh phd cap, tfnh mem deo va tfnh
van nang.
2. Hoat ddng giao tid'p gdm hai qua trinh la:
a) Qua trinh san sinh van ban: ndi, vid't dd chuydn y thanh ldi.
b) Qua trinh ITnh hdi van ban: nghe, dgc de "giai ma" ldi, tid'p nhan y.
3. Van ban thudng cd hai loai thdng tin la:
a) Thdng tin midu ta: thdng bao ve cac su vide, su kidn, hidn tugng, bid'n
cd',... xay ra trong thuc td' ddi sdng
b) Thdng tin lidn ca nhan: su cdng tac dd'i thoai trong hoat ddng giao tid'p
se tao ra nhiing quan he giu'a cac nhan vat tham gia giao tid'p.
- GV chd't:
+ Ngdn ngu' la phuong tidn giao tid'p quan trgng nhat cua con ngudi.
+ Hoat ddng giao tid'p gdm hai qua trinh la: san sinh van ban va ITnh hdi
van ban.
+ Hai thdng tin trong van ban ludn cd quan he mat thid't, hu'u co vdi nhau.
* Thao tac 2
- GV ydu cau HS tim hieu muc 2 trong SGK va tra ldi cac cau hdi:
1. Cac chuc nang chfnh cua ngdn ngu trong hoat ddng giao tid'p la gi?
2. Md'i quan he giira cac chuc nang 66 ra sao?
198
- l i s trao ddi, thao luan va tra ldi:

1. Cac chuc nang chinh cua ngdn ngu la:
a) Chuc nang thdng bao su vide
b) Chuc nang bde Id (chuc nang bieu cam)
c) Chuc nang tac ddng.
2. Cac chdc nang nay ludn cd md'i quan he tuong tac nhau, dieu chinh iSn
nhau de gdp phan tao ndn hidu qua giao tie'p.
* Thao tac 3
1. Cho bid't cac nhan to cua hoat ddng giao tid'p.
2. Md'i quan he giua cac nhan td a'y nhu the nao?
1. Cac nhan to giao tid'p gdm:
a) Nhan vat giao tid'p
b) Cdng cu giao tid'p va kdnh giao tid'p
c) Ndi dung giao tid'p
d. Hoan canh giao tid'p.
2. Cac nhan to giao tid'p nay cung ludn cd md'i quan he mat thid't, hiru co
de tao ndn mdt chinh the giao tid'p.
* Thao tac 4
- GV ydu cau HS tirn hieu muc 4 trong SGK va tra ldi cau hdi: Tac ddng
eua cac nhan to giao tid'p ddi vdi hidu qua giao tid'p nhu thd' nao?
a) Nhan vat giao tid'p: thudng quye't dinh tfnh chat cua cugc giao tid'p la
trang trgng hay than mat.
b) Cdng cu giao tid'p va kdnh giao tid'p: thudng quyd't dinh tfnh tu do hay
quy pham cua cugc giao tid'p.
c) Ndi dung giao tid'p: thudng quyd't dinh su quan tam sau sac hay vira
phai, tham chf la dung dung cua cac nhan vat tham gia giao tid'p.
d) Hoan canh giao tid'p: thudng quyd't dinh quan he giu'a cac nhan vat giao
tid'p la xa giao, phai phep hay gan gui, than tinh.
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Hoat dgng 2
nacJNG DAN L U Y E N TA P
1. Bai tap 1
a) Nhan vat giao tid'p:
- Ngudi viet: tac gia SGK.
- Ngu'di dgc: IIS.
b) Cdng cu giao tid'p va kdnh giao tid'p: tid'ng Viet, van ban in trdn giay.
c) Ndi dung giao tid'p: gidi thidu khai quat vd van hge Viet Nam.
d) Hoan canh giao tid'p: tid't dau tidn vd mdn Ngu van d ldp 10.
2. Bai tap 2
- Vide lua chgn dai td xung hd trong giao tid'p phai phu hgp vdi" cac quan
he vi "vai" giao tid'p nhu:
+ Tdn ti trat tu trong gia tdc, gia dinh.
+ Tdn ti trat tir ve tudi tac.
+ Tdn ti trat tu ve vi thd' xa hdi.
- Cach xung hd:

+ Nhan vat Cai xung "con" the hidn minh la be dudi, chi dang hang con
chau vdi mong mud'n dugc thay If che chd (mac du da phai hdi Id tir trudc).
+ Nhan vat thay If ggi Cai bang "thang" va "may" la mud'n khang dinh vi
thd' xa hdi be trdn cua minh vdi thai do hach dich, trich thugng.
3. Bai tap 3
Mdt so cau thanh ngu', tu ngu, ca dao khuydn chung ta ndn can than, bid't
lira chgn each ndi nang phu hgp trong giao tid'p hapg ngay:
- Ldi ndi dgi mdu.
-An cd nhai, ndi ed nghi.
- Ndi ed sdeh, mdeli ed chifng.
-Biit thi thifa thdt, khdng biit thi dUa cat md nghe.
- Clio ba quanh mdi nam, ngUdi ba ndm mdi ndi.
- Nhd't ngdn xudt khdu, tif md nan truy.
-Ldi ndi chang md't tiin mua -Lua ldi md ndi eho vifa long nhau.
- Dao ddm thdnh seo hit dau - Mdt ldi dd thd thu nhau sudt ddi
200
Tiet 40
LAM VAN
QUAN SAT, THE NGHIEM DCfl SONG
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

1. Kid'n thdc: Hieu dugc ndi dung cua quan sat va the nghidm ddi sdng.
2. Tfch hgp vdi kid'n thuc van hge, tid'ng Viet va vd'n sd'ng thuc te.
3. KT nang: Ren luydn kT nang quan sat, suy ngam va lua chgn su vide, chi
tid't tidu bidu dd lap y.
Hoat dgng 1
HINH T H A N H KHAI NIEM
* Thao tac 1:
- GV ydu cau HS dgc muc 1 trong SGK va tra ldi cac cau hdi:
1. Quan sat la gl?
2. Kd't qua cua quan sat bao gdm nhung yd'u td nao?
1. Quan sat la su' dung tat ca cac giac quan 6e nhan bid't ddi tugng mot
each day du va sau sac.
Vf du, quan sat cay hoa hdng:
- Khi diing xa (hoac dung gan), ta thay cay hoa hdng nhu thd' nao?
- Khi dd'n sat cay hoa hdng, ta thay hinh dang, mau sac cua la, cua hoa
nhu thd' nao?
- Khi dung bdn canh cdy hoa hdng, ta cd cam nhan gi ve hucmg thom cua
bdng hoa hdng?
- Khi sd tay vao canh hoa, ta cd cam giac gl vd nhirng cai gai cua chdng?
2. Kd't qua cua quan sat bao gdm hai yd'u to:
- Thd nha't, dd la nhu'ng nhan bid't tdng hgp ve hinh khdi, vdc dang, mau
sac, huong vi, cam giac... cua ddi tugng.
201
- Thd hai, dd la nhu'ng suy nghT, lidn tudng, kd't luan,... cd dugc sau khi
quan sat dd'i tugng.
* Thao tac 2
- GV ydu cau HS dgc muc 2 trong SGK va tra ldi cac cau hdi:
1. The nghidm la gl?
2. Vai trd cua the nghidm dd'i vdi vide vid't van?
1. The nghidm la kd't qua cua qua trinh tfch luy nhu'ng hieu bid't vd ddi
tugng dudi dang la mdt bd phan trong vd'n tri thdc can thid't.
Vf du:
- Sau khi quan sat va suy nghT vd cay hoa hdng, ta cd mdt "vd'n tri thde"
ve cay hoa hdng.
- Sau khi quan sat va suy nghT ve vinh Ha Long, ta cd mdt "vd'n tri thdc"
ve vinh Ha Long.
- Sau khi quan sat va suy nghT ve cd dd Hud', ta cd mgt "vd'n tri thdre" ve
CO dd Hud',...
Khi ta ke hoac midu ta ve cac dd'i tugng trdn tiic la ta huy ddng nhung
mang "vd'n tri thufc" da tfch luy ve cac dd'i tugng ay de vid't thanh bai van.
2. Vai trd: Nd'u khdng cd nhirng the nghidm trdn thi ta chi ndi dugc cai be
mat cua ddi tugng, chu khdng the ggi ra dung hdn via cua "dd'i tugng nay"
trong md'i quan he vdi vd van cac dd'i tugng khac xung quanh nd.
Hoat dgng 2
nac^JNG DAN LUYEN TAP
1. Bai tap 1
a) Doan van cua Nam Cao: Doan nay midu ta each thufc hut thudc lao vdi
cac ddng tac lidn tid'p rat chuan xac. Td hut thudc dd'n thd khdi ra cung la mdt
qua trinh, du 66 lao Hac hut va ndi. Cach hut thudc cua hai ngudi cung khac
nhau: mdt ngudi cd tam su, mud'n nhd va va mdt ngudi tuong dd'i vd tu. Nd'u
khdng quan sat, nhap tam, khdng the midu ta dugc nhu the. Mdt dieu nira kha
thd vi la ngudi kc chuydn dudng nhu da phdn than 6i tu quan sat thai do diing
dung cua minh.
b) Doan van cua Nguydn Minh Chau: Doan nay gay a'n tugng bdi su the
nghidm va midu ta cac cam giac ve trdi sao, ve suong khuya de thay chan trdi
vung que tha'p han xudng, rdi tid'ng rl rao, rl ram cua sdng bidn, nghTa la td
202

cam giac chuyd'n sang midu ta tam trang. Cach hoa than vao nhan vat de midu
ta tam trang nhan vat chfnh la mdt su the nghidm.
c) Trong ca hai doan van, quan sat va the nghidm ludn gan bd mat thid't
vdi nhau bdi khi the nghidm, nha van huy ddng "vd'n tri thu'c" da tfch luy, cdn
khi quan sat, nha van lai phai midu ta thdng qua su hoa than vao tam trang
cua nhan vat.
2. Bai tap 2
GV ydu cau HS dua vao doan van ggi y trong SGK de tu vid't doan van
eua minh theo tinh than "ca the' hoa" mdt each tu nhien, sinh ddng.
3. Tham khao
CON CHIM BE BONG

Thang Vinh di cui, bat dugc mdt con chim bay chuyen rat la. Nd thfch
lam, mang ve nudi sudt ca mdt mua he. Tdi dau nam hge, con chim da ldn
phong phao. khi hdt veo von thi tat ca khdng gian deu im lang lang nghe'.
Tid'ng hdt tuydt vdi, sieu hang cua nd dd'n ca vang anh, vanh khuydn, bach
thanh du cd hoa am lai cung khdng sanh dugc. Ai da tung nghe nd hdt mdt
lan thi nhd mai. Hang ngay, tan hge ve la bgn tie trong xdm keo nhau dd'n
chat he de ngam chim, nghe chim hdt vdi tat ca niem say md va hung thd.
Gidi choi chim d thanh phd hay tin, td'p nap keo ve xem va tham tham dinh
vdi nhau: "Con chim quy hid'm nay, gia chdt cung ngang vdi cay vang. Nd'u
gap khach sdp thi vd gia".
Trua hdm ay tan hge ve, thang Vinh tha'y trong nha cd may ngudi khach
la. Tha'y thang Vinh ve, anh Chau nd rdi rft ggi:
- Vinh! Vinh! Vao day anh bao!
Nd chay vdi vao nha, anh nd ndi:
- Anh ban con chim cua may cho may dng khach lay hai tridu rdi dd!
Thang Vinh hot hoang giay nay ldn:
- Khdng dugc dau! Hm khdng ban! Khdng ban!
Ndi doan, nd chay dd'n giang lay chid'c long chim tren tay dng khach. Anh
nd td:c gian quat:
- Do ngdc! Ban di lay tien mua thdm con bd nudi cd hon khdng?
Nd van cuong quyd't khdng nhugng bd:
- Em khdng ban dau. De nd hdt eho chung em nghe.
203
Anh nd tdc gian dd mat, lidn giang chie'c long chim trong tay nd, rdi tho
tay bat con chim trao cho dng khach. Thang Vinh lao dd'n dm lay canh tay
map u cua dng khach. Bat ngd, nd cdn vao canh tay dng ay mdt cai. Ong
khach bi dau keu rd ldn. Con chim nhd tudt khdi tay dng bay vut ra ngoai, dau
trdn cay vd sua. Sau giay phut hoan hdn, con chim quay dau lai, giuong ddi
mat den trdn, trong veo nhu hai hat cud'm nhd limg nhin Vinh tha thie't. Nhung
am thanh tram bdng, rfu ran hoa quydn trong nhau vira quen than vira kl la.
Con chim gat dau chao Vinh rdi nhu mdt tia chdp, tung canh bay vut ve phfa
rd'ng xa tham. Thang Vinh dung lang nhu trdi trdng. Hai hang nudc mat chay
dai trdn ma.
(Chau Loan)
Ldi binh:
Doan van nay khdng don thuan chi tap trung midu ta chu chim, ma tae
gia dat su midu ta ay trong mdt cau chuydn cam dgng. Trong khi midu ta, tac
gia cung chi chd y nhat tid'ng hdt sidu hang cua chd chim ma thdi. Tuy nhidn,
tap trung chi vao mdt pham chat cua chu chim ia tid'ng hdt, tac gia da cho ban
dgc tha'y day la loai chim quy.
Dd'i vdi Vinh, chd chim khdng dugc nhin nhu mdt thd" tdi sdn tinh bang
cay bang chi, ma nd dugc nhin nhu mdt tii'ng ndi ctia thiin nhiin — mdt thd
tid'ng ndi trong treo va huyen didu nhat. Nhiing cau van midu ta sau cdng,
trudc khi trang van kd't thdc day an tugng. Chung dgi vao long ngudi dgc mgt
nidm thuong cam mien man...
(Nhieu tac gia, Vdn miiu td tuyin chgn,
NXB Giao due. Ha Noi, 2001)
204
TUAM 11
Tiet 41 - 42
VAN HOC
XUY VAN GIA DAI

(Trfch cheo Kim Nham)
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

Gidp HS :
- Hieu dugc ngi dung va y nghTa cua vd cheo cd Kim Nham qua doan
tri'ch.
- Tha'y dugc nghd thuat the hidn ngi tam nhan vat Xuy Van that dac sac.
- Cd thai do tran trgng ddi vdi nghe thuat truyen thdng dgc dao cua
dan tdc.
B. Ctiudn bj cua ttidy vd tro

Dgc lai, dn lai doan trfch Ndi oan hgi chdng trfch vd cheo Quan Am Thi
Kinh d THCS.
Hoat dgng 1
(Hinh thuc : van dap)
1. Em hieu thd' nao la the loai cheo cd? Tai sao ndi cheo la loai hinh san
kha'u kich hat dan gian cd tfnh chat tdng hgp?
Cheo dugc phd bid'n d dau?
A. Nam Bd
B. Trung Trung Bd
C. Trung Bd
D. Ndng thdn ddng bang Bac Bd
205
2. VI sao lai ggi la cheo san dinh?

A. Vl dugc didn d san dinh
B. VI dugc didn d trong dinh
C. Vl ngudi xem tap trung d san dinh
D. Y kid'n khac?
3. Bg ba vd cheo Bdi ea giif nifde cua Tao Mat thudc loai cheo nao?
A. Cheo cd
B. Cheo san dinh
C. Cheo hidn dai
D. Cheo lich sii.
Hoat dgng 2
DAN VAO B A I
GV vidn ndi cham, IIS lang nghe: Cung vdi cheo Quan Am Thi Kinh,
Kim Nham la mdt trong nhung vd cheo cd dan gian dac sdc cua ngudi Viet
cdn luu truydn dd'n ngay nay. Xiy \'dn gid dgi la doan trfch - canh cheo noi
tid'ng nha't cung nhu canh cheo Ndi oan hgi chdng hoac Thi Mdu len chda,
Hgp viec Idng trong Quan Am Thi Kinh.
Hoat dgng 3
naONG DAN DOC - HIEU K H A I Q U A T
1. HS dgc doan Tieu dan (tr. 128 - 129), trinh bay ndi dung tdm tat kich
ban cheo Kim Nham, xac dinh vi trf doan tri'ch.
2. Phan vai, dgc dien cam.
- GV phan cac vai nhan vat cho mdt so IIS dgc vdi gigng didn cam phu
hgp, ddng thdi giai thfch cac tie'ng trong ngoac don (): ndu tdn cac lan didu
dan ca ma didn vidn can hat. Ldi tho chfnh la Idi hat. Tiing di: ldi ndi chdm
vao cua khan gia hoac ngudi dufng trong canh ga san kha'u dd'i dap, giao luu
vdi didn vidn. Ldi hudng dan didn vidn mda, cir chi, hanh ddng,...
- Mdt IIS dgc ldi trong cac ngoac don ().
- 3 - 4 HS dgc vai Xuy Van.
- Ne'u cd dieu kidn, cd thd cho HS xem doan bang hinh Xiy Vdn gid dgi
nhung khdng the thay cho dgc didn cam cua HS.
- GV nhan xet each doc.
206
3. Giai thfch tir khd (kd't hgp trong qua trinh dgc, theo cac chd thfch chdn
trang)
4. Bd cue (Khdng chia doan. vi ban than doan trfch didn ta tam trang rdi
bdi cua nhan vat chfnh khi gia didn gia dai, budc chdng (Kim Nham) phai tra
nang ve nha, de di theo nhan ngai (ngudi tinh) Tran Phuong. Ca doan la
nhung ldi gia didn cua Xuy Van, the hidn didn bid'n tam trang cda nang trong
man kich do chfnh nang bidn kich, dao didn kidm didn vidn.)
Hoat dgng 4
HLTCfNG DAN DOC - HIEU CHI TIET
1. Tam trang thuc cua nhan vat Xuy Van.
- <}V hdi: Trong nhung ldi didn dai (gia vd) lung tung, vd nghTa, ngudi
dgc, ngudi xem, ngudi nghe van tim thay nhu'ng cau, nhung ldi khdng didn,
tinh tao cua nhdn vat. ITiu' tim mdt vai ldi nhu the. Dua vao dau ma cho rang
dd la nhiing ldi khdng didn, tinh tao?
- HS kiem tim, phat hidn, phat bieu, giai thfch.
Dinh hudng:
+ That ra, theo kich ban, dd'n day, Xuy Van hoan toan tinh tao, cd chi gia
dien de thuc hidn muc dfch bd chdng theo ngudi ydu cua minh. Toan bd
nhung ldi ndi, cau hat cua cd ddu la bia dat, gia dd'i lam sao cho that gidng
ngudi didn dai, ndi nang lang nhang. Thd' nhung van cd khdng ft cau khdng
hoan toan didn dai, ndi each khac, nhung cau da he md cho ngudi xem tam
trang that cua nhan vat. Bdi vi, xet cho cung, nd'u ta't ca nhirng ldi ndi deu vd
nghTa thi cdn cd gl de ndi? Mat khac, trong tam trang day mau thuSn rdi bdi,
ta't nhidn nhan vat khdng the che giau dugc tat ca, va cud'i cung, dd cung la
dung y nghe thuat cua tac gia dan gian.
+ Mdt so cau khdng didn, kfn dao he md tam trang that cua nhan vat.
Ddla:
Ldi ggi dd: Tdi kiu dd, dd ng khdng thua - Tdi cdng chd, cdng dgi, cdng
trUa chuye'n dd.
Tam trang ve than phan lo dd, mudn mang, khdng kip: did nin gia thdt
thi ve - Oldm ehi mdi eho chung ehi, bgn eifdi.
Tam trang mud'n vung thoat khdi cude hdn nhan hien tai: Tdi khdng trdng
gid lgi gap ngudi gid trdng.
207
Ldi bien hd, thanh minh cho mdi quan he vdi Iran Phuong: Ddng cay
chdng ed chiu duge, dc -Ma di ldng giing ai hay?
Tam trang am dc, dau khd khi phai sdng trong nha Kim Nham: Chd eho
bdng Ida chin vdng -De anh di gdt, di ndng mang ccrm.
iddc mudn cugc sd'ng lao ddng thuan hoa vg chdng: ifc bdi xudn huyen
(1 lan)
Tam trang am lic vl cha me khdng hidu minh (cd le ca cha me chdng va
cha me de) v.v...
- GV ndu van de thao luan: Vay, tam trang that cua Xuy Van didn bid'n
nhu thd' nao trong doan tri'ch? Phan tfch tirng bieu hidn, tirng khfa canh.
- HS thao luan, phan tfch.
Dinh hudng:
+ Trudc hd't dd la tam trang tu thay minh da lo lang, dd dang nhu ngudi
dgi dd, cang dgi cang lo, cang khdng gap dd cap bd'n, khdng sao qua ndi sdng.
+ Tiep dd la tam trang mudn but pha, bd vd, khdng chap nhan cude sd'ng
hidn tai trong gia dinh nha chdng.
+ Tu tha'y minh lac long, vd nghTa. Cude sd'ng lam vg, lam con dau trong
nha Kim Nham la cude sd'ng ddng cay, am lie. Am uc vi su cd don, khdng the
chia se vdi ai, vdi chdng, vdi cha me chdng, vdi lang gieng... chdng cd ai
thdng cam, va hieu nang.
+ That vgng..., va mo udc hanh phuc gia dinh: anh di gat, nang dua com.
Kim Nham mai md hge hanh, den sach, thi cd, bd mac nang vdi ganh nang
gia dinh: Bdng bdng ddt, bdng bdng diu - Xa xa lac, xa xa liu. Nhan duyen
Kim Nham - Xuy Van phai gdn bd ddt dfu, rang budc vdi nhau, nhung suy
nghT mo udc cda hg khac nhau qua, khdng the chia se.
+ Tdm trang rdi bdi, be tdc, day tfnh bi kich: nhd'ng cau hat ngugc, trong
cai didn khung cua tran cudi vd nghTa vdn kfn dao ndi ldn tam trang ay cda
Xuy v a n .
(Hit tiit 41, chuyen tiit 42)
2. Hoan canh cua Xuy Van va thai do cua tac gia dan gian
- GV ndu van de: Vi sao Xuy Van cd nhu'ng tam trang ay? Thai do, tinh
cam cua tac gia dan gian dd'i vdi hoan canh va tfnh each cua nhan vat chfnh
nhu thd' nao?
- HS ban luan, phat bidu.
208
Dinh hudng:
+ Ta't nhidn, hoan canh ridng cua Xuy Van la rat dang thdng cam, rat
dang thuong: la'y chdng (do cha me sdp dat vdi vang) khdng cd tinh ydu. Nang
vdi Kim Nham khdng hgp nhau, mo udc khac nhau. Trong khi Xuy Van dam
dang, kheo leo vide nha, vide ddng, chi mud'n canh chdng cay, vg cay, con
trau di bu:a; chi mong canh chdng di gat, vg mang com... thi Kim Nham chi lo
hge, lo thi, chang chu y gi dd'n nang. Mdng Kim Nham la lam quan. Mdng
Xuy van la lam vg ndng dan. Thdi gian ddu, d nha Kim Nham, nang cung da
gdng lam trgn dao ngudi vg, ngudi con. Nhung deu chdng dugc ai thau hieu,
ddng cam va chia se. Nang vdn phai sd'ng trong cay ddng va cd don. Dd chfnh
la cai nguydn nhan sau xa ddn dd'n bi kich cua nang.
+ Trong hoan canh ay, nang gap Tran Phuong. Tudng gap ngudi tri ki,
nang quyd't vugt qua Id giao, chay theo tid'ng ggi cua tinh ydu thuc sir: Phu
Kim Nham, say ddm Trdn Phuong. Thd' nhung, dang budn thay cho so phan
eua nang. Xuy Van lai gap mdt tdn Sd Khanh - mdt ke lira ddi, phu tinh. Ndn
td chd gia didn, nang da didn cudng, rd dai thuc su.
+ Mdt cd gai trong trdng, dung cam khao khat ydu duong tu do, dam vugt
qua Id giao va midng ludi thd' tuc de tim lay hanh phdc nhung lai mdc lira, lai
phai tu tim lay cai chd't. Ddng tinh va ddng cam vdi nhan vat, tac gia dan gian
da td thai do va tinh cam nhan dao, nhan van va dan chu rat tid'n bd trong
hoan canh xa hdi phong kid'n Nho giao lay tam tdng tu dife lam nen tang.
+ Ban than hanh ddng gia didn, rdi didn that va cai chd't cua Xuy Van da
mang y nghTa to cao xa hdi va y nghTa nhan van sau sdc.
3. Nghd thuat didn ta tam trang nhan vat Xuy Van.
- GV hdi: Tam trang phufc tap cua nhdn vat Xuy Van da dugc the hidn
nhu thd' nao trong doan trfch?
- HS phan tfch, chung minh.
Dinh hudng: Kdt hgp giiia:
+ Nhu'ng cdu gia didn vd nghTa, vd If va nhu'ng cau cd ham y, tinh tao.
+ Sir dung nhu'ng cau hat day hinh anh dn du (tid'ng ggi dd, lo dd, ga rirng
an ldn vdi cdng), nhu'ng ldi than thd, nhiing cau ndi ngugc,...
+ Sir dung nhu'ng lan didu dan ca khac nhau, giira hat va ndi, hat va mua,
tid'ng trdng, tid'ng de,... dac bidt la nhu'ng tran cudi hoang da, man dai, didn
cudng nhu tra thu, nhu tung pha, nhu uat dc, khoa lap, nhu be tdc,...

Hoat dgng 5
n a O N G DAN TONG KET VA LUYEN TAP
1. Thue chat bi kich cua nhan vat Xuy Van trong doan trfch la gi?
(La bi kich cua ngudi phu nu trong tinh ydu va hdn nhan trong xa hoi
phong kid'n Viet Nam. Ngudi phu nu dung cam, khao khat tinh ydu hanh phuc
Ilia ddi, tu minh dau tranh de gianh lay hanh phdc nhung that bai.)
2. Siic ha'p ddn cua nghd thuat cheo cd la gi?
(La tfch trd hay (kich ban), la ldi hat dep, la didn xuat tai nghd cua didn
vidn. Ridng vd mat kich ban van hge, la nghd thuat tao tinh hud'ng, the hidn
tam trang phdc tap, mdu thudn cua nhan vat qua nhung ldi hat, didu mua, tran
cudi,...)
3. Nhu'ng vd cheo cd khac (ngoai 2 vd da hge):
Luu Binh - Duong Li, Thgch Sanh, Truong Viin, Phgm Tdi - Nggc Hoa,
Tdng Trdn - Cue Hoa...
4. Bdi tap ndng cao: Mdt vai net khac bidt giua cheo va cac loai hinh kich
hat khac:
Cac loai hinh kjch hat khac

Cheo
(cai luong, tuong, hat boi, ca kich, vu kich, mua rdi,...)
Ve nguon gd'c: Viet Nam Td Trung Qudc (cai luang), td phuang Tay (ca kich,
nhae kich, vu kjch)
Ve phuong thdc bieu di§n: Idi ca tha luc bat Tich truyen lay td Ijch sd, td truyen cd Trung Qudc,
va cac the tha dan toe, cac lan dieu cheo phuang Tay, cac lan dieu cai luang, tudng, cac dieu
doc dao, mua, cac loai nhae cu dan tdc, mua, nhay, each trang phuc cua cac nhan vat co
cac dieu mda, cai quat, tieng trdng, trang nhieu net dac trung rieng, dao cu la nhdng con rdi,
phuc, mau sac rirc rd, nai bleu dien san bieu dign tren san kha'u hoanh trang hoac san khau
dinh, tren chieu, gan gui vdi khan gia,... tich nudc, am nhae hien dai (6-pe-ra),...
truyen lay tii truyen co tich, truyen Nom...
Vai trd, vi trf: mdn an tinh than cua nhan Cai luang va tudng: phd bien b Nam Trung Bo, Nam
dan ddng bang Bac Bd, Bac Trung Bd. Bo. Rdi chu yeu danh cho thieu nhi. Ca kjch, nhae
kjch chu yeu phd bien d cac thanh thj Idn: Ha Ndi,
Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh...
5. Soan bai Khdi qudt vdn hge Viet Nam td thi ki X di'n hit thekiXIX.

Tiet 43
LAM VAN
DOC - HIEU VAN BAN VAN HOC
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

1. Kid'n thiic: Ndm dugc khai nidm dgc - hieu van ban van hge va vai trd
eua vide dgc - hieu trong qua trinh hge van va vid't van.
2. Tfch hgp vdi cac kidn thdc ve van, tid'ng Viet va vd'n sd'ng thue te.
3. KT nang: Ren luydn kT nang dgc - hieu van ban van hge mdt each cd
y thdc.
B. Ttiiet ke bai dqy tioc
Hoat dgng 1
VAI TRO VA MUC DICH CUA VIEC DOC - HIEU V A N BAN V A N HOC
- GV ydu cau HS tim hieu kT muc I trong SGK va tra ldi cac cau hdi:
1. Tai sao phai hge dgc - hieu van ban van hge?
2. Muc dfch, ydu cdu cua vide dgc - hieu van ban van hge?
1. Ta't ca nhiing ngudi bid't chu' deu cd nhu cau dgc sach, bao, tap chi...,
trong dd dang chu nha't la vide dgc van ban van hge; nhung trong so nhiing
ngudi dgc van ban van hge thi ed ngudi dgc de bid't, dgc de giai trf va dgc de
hidu, cam va nhd.
Ddi vdi vide hge van ban van hge thi hge dgc - hieu la mgt ydu cdu bat
huge bdi cd dgc thi mdi hieu, cam va nhd dugc.
2. Bat ki ngudi nao dgc van ban van hge cung ddu cd muc dfch ca, nhung
dd la nhu'ng muc dfch khac nhau, chang han dgc vi td md, vi mud'n gid't thdi
gian, de giai trf hoac 6i md rdng hieu bid't...
Dd'i vdi vide hge van thi muc dfch cua hge dgc - hidu la de tim hidu cac
gia tri ve tu tudng, nghe thuat eua van ban van hge, ddng thdi bdi dudng cho
tam hdn, md rgng hieu bid't vc van hoa dan tdc va van hoa nhan loai.
211
Hoat dgng 2
QUY TRINH DOC - HIEU V A N BAN V A N HOC
- GV ydu cdu HS tim hieu kT muc II trong SGK va tra ldi cau hdi: Quy
trinh dgc - hieu van ban van hge gdm cd may budc? La nhu'ng budc nao?
- HS trao doi, thao luan va tra ldi: Quy trinh dgc - hieu gdm cd 4 budc
nhu sau:
+ Dgc - hidu ngdn tdf: M. Go-ro-ki ndi: "Ngdn ngu la yd'u td thu nha't eua
van hge", do 66 khi tid'p xuc vdi van ban van hge, trudc hd't ta phai tid'p xdc
vdi ngdn ngu; vi vay budc ddu tidn la ta phai dgc - hieu dugc ngdn tir cua van
ban van hge.
-I- Dgc - hieu hinh tugng nghd thuat: Y nghTa cua hinh tugng nghd thuat
chinh la y nghTa cua tac phdm nghd thuat, vi vay nhat thid't ta phai dgc - hieu
hinh tugng nghd thuat; ma hinh tugng nghd thuat vd'n da nghTa, do dd ta phai
bde tach tirng ldp nghTa cua nd de hieu mdt each day du va sau sdc.
+ Dgc - hieu tu tudng, tinh cam cua tac gia trong van ban van hge: Ddi
vdi cac tac pham cd gia tri thi bao gid tac gia cung giri vao dd mdt tu tudng,
mdt thai do va bay td mdt tinh cam nhat dinh; do dd vide "giai ma" dugc
nhiing thdng tin tiem dn nay la mdt trong nhu'ng muc dfch quan trgng cua vide
hge van ban van hge.
+ Dgc - hieu va thudng thiic van hge: Dgc - hieu va thudng thiic van hge
la mdt nidm hanh phdc tham lang, tham chf la cd don; nhung dac bidt thu vi
bdi dd chfnh la qua trinh dan than bat tan de kham pha nhiing ve dep trong
tam hdn con ngudi. Ndi each khac, nha van gu'i cho chung ta mgt thdng diep
tam hdn va chung ta se kham pha nd bdng sir hieu bid't, bdng niem dam md va
chung ta se tu cam thay minh td't hon ldn rat nhieu.
Hoat dgng 3
HLTCfNG DAN LUYEN TAP
GV hudng ddn HS tu tra ldi cac cau hdi trong SGK.
212
Tiet 44
LAIVI V A N
DOC TICH LUY KIEN THlTC
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

1. Kid'n thuc: Hieu dugc vai trd, y nghTa cua vide dgc tfch luy kid'n thdc.
2. Tfch hgp vdi van, tid'ng Viet va thuc td' ddi sd'ng.
3. KT nang: Ren luydn kT nang dgc tfch luy kid'n thuc.
B. Ttiiet ke bai dqy tipc
Hoat dgng 1
XAC DINH VAI TRO VA PHUONG P H A P
DOC TICH LUY K I E N T H Q C
* Thao tac 1
- GV ydu cdu HS tim hieu muc 1 trong SGK va tra ldi cac cau hdi:
1. Mdi ngudi thudng cd may loai vd'n sd'ng? La nhu'ng vd'n sd'ng nao?
2. De bd sung cho loai vd'n sd'ng true tid'p cdn han che, chdng ta can phai
thudng xuydn lam gi va lam nhu" the nao?
- GV ggi ddn IIS tra ldi:
1. Mdi ngudi thudng cd hai. loai vd'n sd'ng la:
a) Vd'n sd'ng true tid'p: Vd'n sd'ng nay do tudi ddi va hoan canh sd'ng dem
lai, trong dd hoan canh sd'ng cd vai trd dac bidt quan trgng. Chdng han, cung
Ida tudi 15, nhung ai sinh ra va ldn ldn trong mdt gia dinh ngheo khd, phai vat
va kid'm sd'ng thi se sdm hieu bid't ve cugc ddi, sdm phan bidt dugc cai dung
cai sai... Ngugc lai, nd'u sinh ra trong mdt gia dinh giau cd thira miia va dugc
cung chieu mgt each qua dang thi rat dd trd thanh ke fch ki va hieu bid't cugc
ddi mdt each phidn didn, hdi hgt.
Tuy nhidn, loai vd'n sd'ng nay la rat han chd' bdi ngudi ta dii cd sd'ng di
sdng lai "hang chuc kidp thi mdt ddi ngudi so vdi thdi gian tham tham cua lich
SU' cung chang tham thap gi.
b) Vd'n sd'ng gian tid'p: Day la loai vd'n sd'ng do con ngudi tfch lUy dugc
nhd vao vide hge tap, dgc sach bao, thu lugm qua cac phuong tidn thdng tin
dai chung va rut tia dugc tir trong eac cude giao tid'p hdng ngay. Dd'i vdi con
213
ngudi ndi chung, day la loai vd'n sd'ng vo tan, khdng cd kd't thuc; cdn ddi voi
hge sinh, day la cai "dau vao" cue ki quan trgng de cd y vid't van. Trong cai
"ddu vao" ndi chung ay thi vide dgc sach la ydu cdu hang ddu, sd mgt va ed
tfnh bat budc.
2. De bd sung cho su han chd' cua vd'n sd'ng true tid'p, hien nhidn la chdng
ta phai dgc sach; nhung each dgc sach mdi thue su la dieu quan trgng.
a) Cach dgc sach dung ddn la:
"Hge van khdng chi la chuydn dgc sach, nhung dgc sach vdn la mdt eon
dudng quan trgng cua hge van [...].
Dgc sach khdng cdt la'y nhidu, quan trgng nhat la phai chgn cho tinh, dgc
cho kT. Nd'u dgc dugc 10 quyen sach khdng quan trgng, khdng bdng dem thdi
gian, sue luc dgc 10 quyen ay ma dgc 1 quyen that sir cd gia tri. Nd'u dgc dugc
10 quyen sach ma chi ludt qua, khdng bdng chi lay 1 quyen ma dgc 10 ldn.
"Sach cu tram ldn xem chang chan - Thudc ldng, ngdm kT mdt minh hay", hai
cau tho dd dang lam ldi ran cho mdi ngudi dgc sach."
(Chu Quang Tidm, Bdn ve dgc sdeh)
b) Cach dgc sach khdng dung ddn la:
"Thd' gian cd bid't bao ngudi dgc sach chi de trang trf bd mat, nhu ke trge
phu khoe eua, chi bid't lay nhieu lam quy. Dd'i vdi vide hge tap, each dd ehi
lira minh dd'i ngudi, dd'i vdi vide lam ngudi thi each 66 the hidn su tam
thudng, tha'p kem."
(Chu Quang Tiem, Bdn vi dgc sdeh)
* Thao tac 2:
1. Tai sao phai lua chgn sach de dgc?
2. Mud'n dgc cd hidu qua phai lam gi?
3. Sau khi dgc phai lam gi?
• - HS trao doi, thao luan va tra ldi:
1. Phai lua chgn vi cd nhidu loai sach, chi dgc nhung cudn sach nghidm
tdc, cdn thid't va bd fch cho vide hge tap va phat trien nhan each.
2. Mud'n dgc cd hidu qua phai tid'n hanh tung budc nhu dgc ludt, dgc hieu,
dgc cd ghi chep,...
3. Sau khi dgc xong can tid'p tuc suy nghT ve nhung van de da tid'p thu
dugc, sau dd ghi tdm tdt lai nhu'ng thu hoach cua minh.
214 .

Hoat dgng 2
naC^JNG DAN LUYEN TAP
1. Bai tap 1
a) Cai mdi trong doan van cua Nguydn Tuan la d chd: nhidu ngudi deu
hieu "ngu, tidu, canh, muc" la mdt sao ngu', mdt cdng thiic khd khan cua mT
hge trung dai. Nhung do lidn he vdi rung ma nha van phat hidn ra y nghTa
trong thu" tu cua may chd' dd va dng phan tfch cd sue thuyd't phuc.
b) Cai hay trong doan van cua Ld Tan la dua vao an tugng thdi tho au ma
ndu ra mdt y mdi ngugc lai vdi tap sach Nhi thdp tu hiiu. Ong vach ra su gia
dd'i cua cac bai hge dao due cd xua qua hai trudng hgp: Lao Lai lam vui cho
cha me va Quach Cu chdn con, ca hai trudng hgp deu gia tao va khdng cd
tfnh ngudi.
c) Kd't luan rut ra tir hai vf du trdn la: khi dgc phai ddng nao suy nghT de
phat hidn ra cai dung, cai sai, cai cdn tid'p thu va cai cdn loai bd.
2. Bai tap 2
Y chung cua cac cau tho la "U"dc mo vua sang tdi hidn, thidn ha thai binh
thinh tri".
3. Bai tap 3
Bai van cua Chu Ddn Di va bai ca dao cd mdt luan diem gid'ng nhau la:
-I- Bai van: Tdi chi ydu sen mgc d trong bun, ma khdng vay bun.
-I- Bai ca dao: Gdn biin md chdng hdi tanh mui bun.
215
TUAIV 1 2
Tiet 45 - 46
VAN HOC
•
KHAI QUAT VAN HOC VIET NAM

Tir THE KI X DEN HET THE KI XIX
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

1. Kid'n thiic - tu tudng: Ndm dugc mdt each khai quat nhiing kid'n thuc
CO ban ve: cac bd phan van hge chu yd'u, cac giai doan van hge, nhiing dae
diem ldn ve ndi dung va nghd thuat cua van hge Viet Nam trung dai tir thd' ki
X dd'n hd't thd' ki XIX; tir dd thdm ydu men, tran trgng, giir gin va phat huy di
san van hge dan tdc.
2. Tfch hgp vdi bai On tap vdn hge trung dgi a THCS, vdi Tid'ng Viet d
bai Phong cdch ngdn ngif sinh hogt.
3. Ren kT nang phan tfch, tdng hqfp, phat hidn va chung minh cae luan
diem van hge sir mdt each he thd'ng, kT nang sir dung SGK kd't hgp vdi Idi giai
thfch, phan tfch cua GV.
B. Ctiudn bj cua thdy va tro

Ngif vdn 9, tap hai; cac bang bieu he thd'ng hoa.
Hoat dgng 1
TO C H Q C KIEM TRA BAI CU
(Hinh thde: van dap)
Kidm tra su chudn bi cua HS: bang, bidu, tra ldi cau hdi chudn bi bai.
Hoat dgng 2
DAN VAO BAI Mdi
GV ndi cham: Khdng phai dd'n bay gid chdng ta mdi lam quen vdi van
hge phong kid'n trung dai Viet Nam. Bai dn tap van hge trung dai Vidt Nam d
216
ldp 9 THCS da phan nao giup eac em hinh dung mdt each khai quat, he thd'ng
mdt so van de co ban ve thdi ki van hge nay. Chuong trinh Ngu' van ldp 10
THPT tid'p tuc hge sau hon, he thd'ng hon, lidn tuc va lien mach nhung tac gia,
tac phdm tidu bieu cua 10 the' ki van hge trung dai Viet Nam ma md dau la bai
khai quat van hge su - bai khai quat thu' 3 (sau cac bai khai quat chung vd van
hge Viet Nam va khai quat ve van hge dan gian Viet Nam).
Hoat dgng 3
HUCING DAN TIM HIEU N Q I DUNG BAI HOC
* Cung CO mdt so khai nidm:
- HS dgc 5 ddng dau trong SGK, tr. 142, tu giai thfch khai nidm:
+ Van hge trung dai Viet Nam
-I- Van hge phong kid'n Viet Nam
+ Van hge phong kid'n trung dai Viet Nam.
Dinh hudng:
Van hge trung dai Viet Nam la khai nidm chi thdi ki van hge Viet Nam td
thd'ki X dd'n hd't thd'ki XIX, ra ddi cung vdi qud'c gia Dai Viet, tdn tai va phat
trien trong xa hdi phong kid'n Viet Nam. Van hge vid't Viet Nam ludn gan bd
vdi lich sir dung nude va giir nude cua dan tdc Viet Nam.
-GVhdi:
-I- Em cdn nhd trong chuong trinh Ngir van THCS, van hge trung dai Viet
Nam cd cac bd phan van hge nao?
-I- Tai sao ndi chii qud'c ngu xuat hidn d Viet Nam tir thd' ki XVII, dd'n cud'i
thd' ki XIX da cd mdt so tac gia, tac pham van hge vid't bdng chu qud'c ngu,
nhung khdng the ndi da cd mdt bd phan van hge qud'c ngii trong giai doan nay?
+ Em hieu thd' nao la van hge chit Han? Ndu tdn mdt so tac gia, tac pham
da hge tidu bieu da hge.
- HS ldn lugt tra ldi, phat bieu.
Dinh hudng:
Vdn hge eluf Hdn
+ Khai nidm: la cac sang tac van hge cua ngudi Viet vid't bdng chu' Flan;
ra ddi, tdn tai va phat trien cung vdi qua trinh phat trien cua van hge trung dai.
+ The loai: tho, van xudi tid'p thu tu cac the loai cua van hge trung dai
Trung Hoa: chieu (Thiin dd chiiu), bieu (Ludn vi phep hge), hich (Hich
tudng si), cao (Dgi cdo binh Ngd), truydn truyen ki (Truyin ki mgn lue), kf su
217
(Vu trung tuy but, Thugng kinh ki sU), tieu thuye't chuong hdi (Hodng Li nhdt
thdng ehi), phu (Phu ndi Chi Linh), tho co phong, tho Dudng luat (Nguydn
Trai, Nguydn Khuyen, Nguydn Binh Khidm...).
+ Cd nhidu thanh tuu nghd thuat to ldn.
Luu y: Viet chd" Han nhung dgc theo am Viet (Han Viet).
Vdn hge ehu Ndm
- GV hdi: Giai thfch khai nidm chd Ndm. Dac diem cua cac the loai van
hge chu Ndm Viet Nam khac vdi van hge chu Han nhu the nao? Ndu tdn mdt
vai tac gia, tac pham van hge chu Ndm tidu bieu da hge. Tai sao td: dau thd'ki
XX trd di, ngudi Viet khdng cdn sang tac van hge bdng chii Ndm?
- HS thao luan, giai thfch, tra ldi.
Dinh hudng:
+ Khai nidm: Chif Ndm la thd dhu' Viet cd do ngudi Viet dua vao chu Han
sang tao ra de ghi dm tid'ng Viet (truydn thuyd't Nguydn Thuydn (Han Thuydn)
lam van te bdng chir Ndm dudi ca sau d sdng Hdng vao ddu thd' ki XIII. Dd la
van ban chu Ndm ddu tidn trong lich sir Viet Nam).
Van hge chu Ndm la cac sang tac van hge bdng chu Ndm cua ngudi Viet.
-I- Van hge chd' Ndm tdn tai va phat trien cung van hge chu' Han; phat
trien manh nhat vao cac thd' ki XVII, XIX; dd'n ddu thd' ki XX, khi van hge
chu' qud'c ngu phat trien thi ca van hge chu Han va van hge chu Ndm kd't thde
vai trd lich su cua nd.
+ Dac diem thd loai (khac vdi van hge chu Han): Chu yd'u la tho. Mdt sd
the loai tiep thu tu van hge Trung Qud'c: phd, van td' (Vdn ti n'gliia si Cdn
Giude). Cac the loai van hge dan tdc: ngam khdc (Chinh phu ngdm), hat ndi
(Bdi ea ngd't ngudng, Chi ldm trai); truydn tho (Truyin Kiiu, Truyin Lue Vdn
Tiin), tho Ndm Dudng luat, song that luc bat, luc bat,...
Luu y: Hidn tugng song ngu (hai ngdn ngii cung dugc sir dung de sang tac
van hge) trong van hge trung dai Viet Nam, khdng ddi lap ma bd sung cho
nhau trong qua trinh phat trien.
- GV chuyen: Phan loai nhu trdn la tren binh didn chu vid't. Phan ki theo
thdi gian phat trien cua van hge trung dai Viet Nam, cho dd'n nay, theo quan
diem mdi nhat, cd thd chia thanh 4 giai doan:
I - Cac giai doan phat trien ciia van hoc trung dai Viet Nam
1. Van hoc Viet Nam tu the ki X dd'n hd't the ki XIV
218
a) Hoan canh lich su - xa hdi

HS dua vao SGK, tdm tdt nhiing dac diem chfnh ve hoan canh lich sir - xa
hdi Viet Nam trong giai doan nay.
Dinh hudng:
+ Dan tdc gianh quyen ddc lap tu chu tir phong kid'n xam luge Trung
Qud'c (chid'n thdng Bach Ddng nam 938, vdi tridu dai Ngd Quydn).
+ Cac trieu dai: Dinh, Ld (tidn), Lf, Trdn lap nhieu chid'n cdng chid'n
thdng giac ngoai xam bao vd To qud'c (chdng Td'ng, Mdng - Nguyen).
-f- Xay dung dat nudc hoa binh vung manh; chd' do phong kid'n Viet Nam
phat trien.
b) Cac bd phan van hge
- HS trinh bay theo SGK.
- GV hdi: Tai sao ndi dd'n giai doan nay, van hge Viet Nam da tao ra mdt
budc ngoat ldn?
Dinh hudng: Budc ngoat ldn cua van hge Viet Nam:
+ Van hge vid't hinh thanh (van hge chu' Han va van hge chii Ndm).
+ Van hge dan gian tid'p tuc song song cung tdn tai va phat trien.
c) Ndi dung
GV hdi: Ndu tdn mdt sd tac pham van hge chu' Han tidu bieu da hge. Chu
de, am hudng, cam hiing chu dao cua cac tac pham ay la gi? Giai thfch khai
nidm hao khf Ddng A.
Dinh hudng:
Chu de ydu nude, am hudng hao hung, hao khf Ddng A (Trdn);
Cac tac pham, tac gia tidu bieu: Thiin dd chiiu (Lf Cdng Udn), Qudc to
(Van nude - Do Phap Thuan), Nam qudc son hd (Lf Thudng Kiet?), Du ehu ti
tudng hich vdn (Trdn Qud'c Tuan), Tung gid hodn kinh sif (Trdn Quang khai),
Thudt hodi (Pham Ngu Lao), Bgch Ddng giang phu (Truong Han Sidu),...
d) Nghd thuat
+ Nhung thanh tuu ldn ddu tidn eua van hge chu Han: van nghi luan
(chidu, hich), van xudi ve lich sir : Dgi Viet sU ki (Ld Van Huu), \'iit diin u
linh (Lf Td' Xuydn); tho cua cac thien su ddi Lf, cac vua, tudng ddi Trdn,...
+ Hidn tugng van - sir - trid't bat phan.
+ Van hge chii Han la chu dao
+ Chu: Ndm va van hge chu Ndm ra ddi.
219
2. Van hge Viet Nam tu the ki XV de'n he't the ki XVII

a) Hoan canh lich sd - xa hgi
GV dinh hudng nhanh: Chie'n thdng giac Minh, trieu Hau Ld thanh lap.
Chd' do phong kie'n cue thinh d cud'i the' ki XV. Ndi chid'n (Mac - Ld, Trinh -
Nguydn) chia cdt dat nude (thd' ki XVI - XVII), nhung nhin chung, tinh hinh
xa hdi vdn on dinh.
b) Cac bd phan van hge
GV trinh bay nhanh:
+ Hai bg phan chfnh cua van hge vid't: van hge chu' Han va van hge ehu
Ndm deu phat trien dat nhieu thanh tuu.
-I- Hidn tugng van - sir - trid't bat phan nhat dan bdng su xua't hidn cang
nhidu tac phdm giau chat van chuong, hinh tugng.
b) Ndi dung
- GV hdi: Ndi dung chu de, cam hiing cua van hge giai doan nay cd gi
khac, cd gi tid'p tuc so vdi giai doan van hge trudc dd? Tai sao? Ndu tdn hai
tac gia, tac phdm tidu bieu nhat de chdng minh.
- HS theo SGK, tra ldi.
Dinh hudng:
+ Chu dd va cam hung, am hudng: Tid'p tuc phat trien chu de ydu nudc va
cam hdng hao hung cua giai doan trudc trong tho van Nguydn Trai, Ld Thanh
Tdng.
+ Vdi cac tac pham tho cua Nguydn Binh Khidm, van xudi cua Nguydn
Dd' (Truyin ki mgn lue) da thay xuat hidn chu de phd phan td lau xa hdi, suy
thoai dao due, phan anh hidn thuc xa hdi duong thdi.
d) Nghd thuat
Thanh tuu vugt bac cua van chfnh luan (Do/ cdo binh Ngd, Qudn trung tit
minh tap (cd sue manh bdng mUdi van quan - Phan Huy Chu), van xudi tu sir
(Thdnh Tdng di thdo, Truyin ki mgn lue).
Tho Ndm cua Nguydn Trai, Ld Thanh Tdng, Nguydn Binh Khidm (Qudc
dm thi tap, Hdng Dife qudc dm thi tap, Bgch Vdn qudc ngif thi...).
Cac khuc ngam, vinh, didn ca lich su bdng tho luc bat va song that luc bat
(Thiin Nam ngU lue)...
3. Van hge Viet Nam tir the ki XVIII dd'n nua ddu the ki XIX
a) Hoan canh lich sir - xa hdi
220
GV trinh bay nhanh theo SGK: Ndi chid'n phong kid'n tid'p tuc gay gdt, keo
dai; phong trao ndng dan khdi nghTa sdi sue, dinh cao la khdi nghTa Tay Son,
diet Trinh - Nguydn, diet Xidm, Thanh, thd'ng nhat dat nu'dc.
Tay Son that bai, nha Nguydn khdi phuc vuong tridu phong kid'n chuydn
che. Da't nudc trudc hiem hoa xam luge cda thuc dan Phap.
Van hge phat trien vugt bac, rue rd - van hge cd dien.
b) Ndi dung ;
- GV hdi: Ndu tdn mdt so tac gia, tac phdm tidu bieu cho giai doan nay.
Td dd khai quat chu de va cam hung chu dao cua van hge. Nhirng ndi dung cu
thd eua chu dd ay? Dinh cao nhat cua van hge cd dien trung dai Viet Nam giai
doan nay la gi?
- HS lira chgn, phat bieu.
Dinh hudng: Chu nghTa nhan dao, cam hung nhdn dao - nhan van: Tid'ng
ndi ddi quydn sd'ng, quydn hanh phdc, dau tranh ddi giai phdng con ngudi ca
nhan: Chinh phu ngdm, Cung odn ngdm, Hodng Li nhd't thdng ehi, Truyin
Kiiu, tho Cao Ba Quat, Nguydn Cdng Tru,...
c) Nghd thuat
Phat trien manh va kha toan didn ca chu' Han, chu Ndm, ca van vdn, van
xudi. Dac bidt van hge chu: Ndm cang dugc khdng dinh va dat tdi dinh cao:
+ Tho Ndm, ngam khuc, truydn tho cd danh va khuydt danh: tho Ndm
Dudng luat (Hd Xuan Huong, Ba Huydn Thanh Quan); tho chir Han (Nguydn
Du, Cao Ba Quat); truydn Ndm va ngam khdc nd rd: Hoa Tiin (Nguydn Huy
Tu), So Kinh tdn trang (Pham Thai) Chinh phu ngdm (Dang Tran Cdn, dich
Ndm: Doan Thi Diem), Cung odn ngdm (Nguydn Gia Thieu);
+ Hat ndi - ca tru (Cao Ba Quat, Nguydn Cdng Trii),...
+ Tieu thuyd't chuong hdi: Nam triiu cdng nghiep diin ehi (Nguydn Khoa
Chidm), Hodng Li nhd't thdng ehi (Ngd gia van phai).
+ Kf: Vu trung tuy but (Pham Dinh Hd), 'Thugng kinh ki su (Le Ruu Trac).
+ Dinh cao nh^'t la Nguydn Du vdi Truyen Kiiu.
4. Van hge Viet Nam nufa cud'i thd' ki XIX
a) Hoan canh lich sir - xa hdi
- Thuc dan Phap xam luge Viet Nam; trieu Nguydn ddu hang tdng budc;
nhan dan cd nude kidn cudng chdng giac.
221
- Xa hdi chuyen thanh xa hdi thuc dan nua phong kie'n.

- Van hoa phuong Tay bdt ddu anh hudng tdi ddi sdng xa hgi.
b) Van hge
- GV neu van de: Chu dd va cam hung ydu nude la chu dao trong giai
doan van hge nay nhu'ng cd dac diem gi khac vdi giai doan tu the ki X dd'n
XV? Vi sao?
Tdc gia tidu bieu nhat cua giai doan nay? Vai trd cua Nguydn Khuyd'n, Td
Xuong, dac biet la vai trd cua Nguydn Dinh Chidu trong giai doan van hoc
trung dai cud'i cung?
- HS ban luan, phat bieu.
Dinh hudng:
Chu de ydu nude chdng xam lang, cam hdng bi trang (ghi lai mdt thdi
kho nhuc nhung vT dai, that bai nhung vdn hidn ngang).
Nggn cd ddu cua tho ca ydu nude: Nguydn Dinh Chidu vdi Truyen Luc
Vdn Tiin va Vdn fi nghia si Cdn Giude.
Tho van ydu nudc cua Nguydn Thdng, Nguydn Quang Bfch, Phan Van
Tri, Nguydn Xuan On, Nguydn Thugng Hien...
Tho van tru tinh - trao phung cua hai nha tho ldn Nguydn Khuyd'n,
Td Xuong.
c) Nghd thuat
+ Van tho chu Han, chu Ndm cua Nguydn Dinh Chieu, Nguydn Khuyd'n,
Td Xuong.
+ Xuat hidn mdt so tac pham van xudi vid't bdng chir qud'c ngu' eua
Truong VTnh Kf, Huynh Tinh Cua, dem dd'n nhu'ng ddi mdi budc dau theo
hudng hidn dai hoa.
II - Mgt sd dac diem co ban ciia van hoc Trung dai Viet Nam
- GV ndu van de: Van hge trung dai Viet Nam phat tridn dudi su tac ddng
cua nhung yeu td nao? Nhung ndi dung cam hdng xuydn sudt va chu dao cua
van hge trung dai la gi va dugc cu the hoa nhu the nao?
Dinh hudng: Truyen thd'ng dan tdc; Tinh thdn thdi dai; Anh hudng td
Trung Qudc.
1. Gdn bd vdi van mdnh dat nudc va so phan con ngudi Viet Nam
222
- GV hdi:
+ Cam hung ydu nude trong van hge trung dai gdn lien vdi tu tudng gi?
+ Trong cac giai doan khac nhau cua lich su, tu tudng ay cd su khac nhau
nhu thd' nao? Tim va phan tfch mdt vai tac pham minh hoa.
- HS lam vide theo nhdm, dai didn nhdm phat bieu y kid'n.
Dinh hudng:
+ Cdm hifng yiu nifde la cam hung chu dao, xuydn sudt ca qua trinh ton
tai va phat trien cua van hge trung'dai Viet Nam, nhu'ng trong mdi giai doan
khac nhau cung cd nhung bieu hidn khac nhau.
Gdn lien vdi tu tudng trung quan nhu mdt tat ye'u lich su trong xa hdi
phong kid'n: Ydu nudc la trung vdi vua va ngugc lai trung vdi vua la ydu nudc.
Nudc la vua vua la nudc.
Cam hiing phong phd, da dang: hao hung khi chid'n dau va chid'n thdng
(Hich tifdng si, Dgi cdo binh Ngd); bi trang khi nude mat nha tan (cud'i the' ki
XIX) the hidn d y thuc ddc lap tu chu, tu cudng, tu hao dan tdc, tinh than cam
thd giac va quyd't chid'n quyd't thdng, tinh ydu que huong, ydu thidn nhidn dat
nudc, tu hao ve truyen thd'ng lich su, ve nha vua anh hung...
Van hge trung dai ludn bam sat lich su dan tdc, phan anh nhu'ng su kidn
trgng dai lidn quan dd'n van mdnh dat nude va con ngudi Viet Nam.
Nhu'ng bai ca ydu nude, nhu'ng ang van the hidn ndi ban khoan, day diit
trudc so phan con ngudi. Chu de noi bat la chd nghia yiu nifde, tu tudng nhdn
dgo vd chd nghia anh hung.
(Mdi y cd the ndu vai ddn chiing ndi bat.)
+ Tu tifdng nhdn dgo la cam hung ldn, xuydn s'Jdt.
Chiu anh hudng va phat trien tu tudng nhan dao, nhan van trong truyen
thd'ng cua ngudi Viet Nam the hidn trong van hge dan gian, trong nhiing diem
tfch cue cua cac tdn giao Nho, Phat, Lao: Thuong ngudi nhu thi thuong thdn;
Ld ldnh dum Id rdch, td bi bde di, nhdn nghia li tri tin, thudn theo tif nhiin,
hod hop vdi tUnhiin,...
The hidn phong phd, da dang: Ldng thuong ngudi, td cao, ldn an nhung
thd' lire va chd' do tan bao cha dap ldn con ngudi, khdng dinh, de cao con ngudi
tu do vdi cac phdm chat, tai nang, khat vgng chan chi'nh ve quyen sdng, hanh
phdc, khat vgng cdng If, chfnh nghTa, de cao nhung quan nidm dao due, dao If
td't dep.
223
Trao luu van hge vid't ve tinh ydu Ida ddi va hanh phuc gia dinh (thd'ki
XVIII). Mo udc doan tu vdi chdng cua chinh phu, khat khao thdm kfn cua
cung nu, ndi dau xe long trude sd phan nhung ngudi phu nU hdng nhan da
truan, ndi buc xdc vd quydn sd'ng con ngudi, su bung no manh liet cua ca tfnh
la ndi dung tho cua Dang Trdn Cdn, Nguydn Gia Thieu, Nguydn Du, Hd Xuan
Huong,...
-Anh hung tii'ng da ggi rang,
Giifa difdng thd'y sU bd't bang md tha.
{Truyen Ltic \ an Tien)
-Ghet thdi mgi nhu nhd ndng ghit ed.
(Van te nghia sTCdn Giugc)
-Dau ddn thay phdn ddn bd,
Loi rdng bgc minh cung Id ldi chung.
{Truyen Kieu)
-Viec nhdn nghia cdt dyin ddn
Qudn dii'u phgt trude lo trd bgo.
(Nguydn Trai)
- Ldm trai dung d trong trdi ddt
Phdi ed danh gi vdi nui sdng!
(Nguydn Cong Tni)
- Rdn ndt mac ddu tay ke nan
Md em vdn giif tdm long son.
(Ho Xuan Huong)
- Ai bdo xudn tdn hoa rung hit
Trude sdn vdn nd mot nhdnh mai.
(Man Giac thien su)
Gigng didu vda hung trang vu:a cam thuong (vua lay ddng dat trdi vda
nggt ngao, tha thid't nhu ldi me ru (To Hun).
+ Gdn lien vdi edm hifng thi sif:
Ndi dung: phan anh hidn thuc xa hdi, cude sd'ng dau khd cua nhan dan.
Cam hdng ldn trong nhung bai tho vid't ve thdi ddi cua Nguydn Binh
Khidm: (Thigian bii'n edi vung nin ddi -Man nhgt chua cay ldn nggt bui -
Cdn bgc, cdn tiin, cdn di tif -Hit com, hit rugu, hit dng fdi); trong Thugng
224

kinh ki Slf, Vu trung tuy bdt; irong tho cua nha tho ve lang canh ndng thdn
Vidt Nam - Nguydn Khuyd'n (Ndm nay edy edy vdn chdn thua - Chiem md't
ddng chiim, mua md't mua),...
2. Ludn ha'p thu mach ngudn van hge dan gian
- GV hdi: Nhu'ng tac phdm truyen ki da hge da hap thu anh hudng cua
van hge dan gian nhu the nao? Ngoai ra, nhung tac phdm van xudi nao khac
(da hge) cung cd phdn chju anh hudng cua van hge dan gian?
- HS tim kid'm, so sanh, phan tfch, tra ldi.
Dinh hudng: Cac tac pham truyen ki chu' Han (Truyin ki mgn lue -
Chuyen ngudi con gdi Nam Xfong, Viit diin u linh, Linh Nam chich qudi,...)
ghi chep, suu tdm, vid't lai cac truydn truydn thuyd't, co tfch: Thanh Gidng, An
Duong Vuong; nu cudi hdm hinh, gigng didu trao long ben canh gigng su thi
trong Hodng Li nhdt thd'ng ehi.
- GV hdi: Trong cac the loai van vdn, tho va truydn tho trung dai da tid'p
thu anh hudng cua van hge dan gian nhu thd' nao? Ndu mdt vai vf du.
- HS tra ldi.
Dinh hudng:
+ Cac the tho luc bat, song that luc bat cd ngudn gd'c tir ca dao, dan ca
duge van diing va nang cao trong cac truydn tho Ndm, cac bai didn ca.
+ Cac tac gia thanh cdng trong vide van dung van hge dan gian vao tac
phdm cua minh: Nguydn Trai, Hd Xuan Huong, Doan Thi Didm, Nguydn Du,
Nguydn Khuyd'n, Tu Xuong, Nguydn Dinh Chieu,...
3. Tid'p thu tinh hoa van hge Trung Hoa trdn tinh thdn dan tdc, tao ndn
nhiing gia tri van hge dam da ban sdc Viet Nam.
-GVhdi:
+ Vi sao ndi day la dac diem rat quan trgng eua van hge trung dai
Viet Nam?
+ Cac tac gia VN da tid'p thu va sang tao tinh hoa van hge Trung Hoa trdn
nhung mat nao? Dat dugc nhu'ng thanh tuu gi noi bat? Ddn chung minh hoa.
- HS phan tich, chung minh.
Dinh hudng:
+ Day la dac diem vd cung quan trgng cua van hge trung dai Viet Nam.
Bdi trong hoan canh lich sir - dia If va van hoa tut the ki X dd'n hd't the ki XIX,
vide tid'p xuc va chiu anh hudng nen van hoa, van hge ldn Trung Hoa la
ta't yd'u.
15.TKBGNGavAN10/1(NC)-A 225

+ Tie'p thu vira cudng bde (thdi Bde thudc) vCra tu nguydn (tir thd ki X)
toan didn va chgn lgc, khdng bi Han hod, khdng bi ddng hoa ma trai lai da
Viet hod nhung tinh hoa cua van hod, van hoc Trung Hoa de phat tridn van
hoc Viet Nam.
-I- Dung chd Ihin vdi each dgc theo dm Han Viet.
+ Tiep thu he thdng the loai td tru tinh dd'n tu su cua van hge Trung Hoa
vdi nhidu sang tao (tho Ndm Dudng luat, song that luc bat, hat ndi, ngam
khdc,...).
+ Tu chir Han, tao ra chii Ndm, truydn tho Ndm, tho Ndm.
-t- Mugn ed't truydn, chuyd'n the loai, tao ndn tac phdm mdi vdi cha't lugng
va gia tri mdi, cao hon hdn (Truyen Kieu).
4. Trong khudn khd thi phap trung dai, van hge Vidt Nam ludn van ddng
theo hudng dan tdc hoa va dan chu hod.
- GV trinh bay ngdn ggn vd mdt vai dac diem thi phap van hge trung dai
Viet Nam:
-I- Tfnh quy pham khdt khe ve the loai.
+ Su dd'i lap nha va tue.
+ Van - su - trie't bat phan.
+ Dd cao mdu muc cd xua.
+ Thdi quen su dung dien tfch, udc Id, tugng trung.
+ Su uu tidn muc dfch giao due: van di tdi dgo, thi di ngdn ehi.
+ Coi nhe bieu hidn ca tfnh con ngudi...
- GV hdi: Nhung van hge trung dai Viet Nam cd hoan toan rap khudn
theo nhung dac diem dd hay khdng? 0 cac tac gia va tac phdm uu tu da cd sir
pha vd quy pham, pha each, vugt thoat ve mat nay hay mat khac nhu thd' nao?
Tim mdt vai vf du minh hoa.
- l i s lam vide theo nhdm 2 ngudi.
Dinh hudng: Van hge trung dai Viet Nam tu ddi mdi trong khudn kho thi
phap trung dai the hidn d cac mat:
+ Md rdng ndi dung phan anh, bam sat hidn thuc cugc sd'ng va con ngUdi
Viet Nam: rau mudng, ao sen, con dc, qua mft... trong tho Nguydn Trai, Hd
Xuan Huong, lich sd duong thdi Viet Nam trong Hodng Li nhd't thdng ehi...
+ Tu ngdn ngu dd'n the loai va cac phuong thdc bieu hidn deu cd sir ddi
mdi theo tinh than Viet hoa: vf du: tho Ndm Dudng luat cua Nguydn Trai,
Nguydn Khuye'n, Tu Xuong, Hd Xuan Huong; ngam khdc, truydn tho Ndm,...
226 15-TKBGNGavAN10/1(NC)-B

Hoat dgng 4
HaCfNG DAN T O N G KET VA LUYEN TAP
1. Tdm tdt: van hge trung dai Viet Nam phat trien qua 4 giai doan, trai 10
thd' ki khdng ngung sang tao, tid'p thu, kd' thua tinh hoa van hge dan gian, van
hge Trung Hoa tdng budc tu ddi mdi theo hudng dan tdc hod va dan chu hoa.
2. Kd't thdc vai trd lich su cua minh d cud'i thd' ki XIX, van hge trung dai
Viet Nam da de lai kho tang van hge trung dai quy gia. Ve ndi dung, nd phdn
anh chan that, sinh ddng ddi sd'ng va tinh thdn cua ngudi Viet Nam trong 10
thd'ki. Ve hinh thuc, nd de lai nhung kinh nghidm quy, dac bidt la cac the loai
van hge chu Ndm.
3. Lap bang he thd'ng ve tinh hinh phat trien cua van hge tir thd' ki X dd'n
hd't the ki XIX, so dd he thd'ng van hge trung dai Viet Nam:
Sir kien, tac gia tac pham

Giai doan van hoc Noi dung Nghe thuat
van hoc
4. Bdi tap ndng cao

Md'i quan he giua ljch sir xa hdi va ljch sir van hge trung dai Viet Nam.
(Ljch suf xa hdi Vidt Nam la ngudn de tai, chu de, cam hiing de cac tac
gia van hge trung dai Viet Nam sang tac van hge. Van hge trung dai Viet
Nam bam sat hidn thuc cude sd'ng, thay ddi hinh thuc de phd hgp vdi ndi dung
phan anh. Dieu dd lam cho van hge trung dai Viet Nam phat trien trdn ca 2
mat: ndi dung va hinh thdc.
Cac sang tac tidu bid'u cd gia trj cao, khi ra ddi da cd tac dung nhat djnh
dd'n su phat trien cua ljch sir - xa hdi: 'Thien dd chiiu, Hich tudng si, Dgi cdo
binh Ngd, Truyen Kiiu, tho Nguydn Dinh Chieu, Nguydn Khuyd'n, Tu
Xuong,...)
5. Soan bai Thudt hodi, Cdm hodi.
227
Tiet 47
V A N HOC
TO LONG
(Thudt hodi)
PHAIVl NGU LAO (I2.'i5 - 1320)
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

1. Kid'n thuc - tu tudng: Cam nhan dugc ve dep cua con ngudi va thdi dai
thdi Tran thd' ki XIII qua hinh tugng trang nam nhi vdi If tudng va nhan each
ldn lao, sue manh va khf the hao hung: su nghidp cdng danh cua ca nhan
thd'ng nha't vdi su nghidp chung, su nghidp cdu nudc, cuu dan, quyd't chid'n
quyd't thdng. Dd chfnh la tinh thdn, khf phach cua hdo khi Ddng A. Nghd thuat
tho td chf ham sue, day sdc ggi, xay dung hinh tugng nhan vat tru tinh ldn lao,
hoanh trang mang tdm vdc sir thi.
2. Ren kT nang dgc - hieu tho td tuydt Dudng luat theo each phan tfch hai
nira tidn giai, hau giai cua Kim Thanh Than.
B. Ctiudn bj cua ttidy tro

Phdng to bai tho chir Han, phidn am, djch nghTa va djch tho ldn man hinh.
C. Thiet ke bai dqy tiqc
Hoat dgng 1
TO CHQC KIEM T R A BAI CO
1. O ldp 7 THCS, vd thdi Tran, em da hge bai tho tii tuydt nao, cua ai?
Dgc thudc long bai tho dd (ban djch, nd'u cd the dgc ca phidn am chu' Han).
2. Bai tho thudc loai tho nao ve ndi dung, ve hinh thdc the loai?
3. Em hieu thd' nao la hdo khi Ddng A?
Hoat dgng 2
DAN VAO BAI MCfl
Tho van dau thdi Trdn cua cae vua quan tudng sT deu toat ldn hdo khi
Ddng A: Trdn Thanh Tdng, Trdn Nhan Tdng, Trdn Hung Dao, Tran Quang
228

Khai... Thudt hodi cua tudng quan Pham Ngu Lao - con re Tran Hung Dao la
mdt trong nhung bai tho nhu the.
Tho trung dai cd mdt loai (phan loai theo chu dd) la tho ndi chf (td chf -
thi di ngdn chi): Nam qudc son hd, Tung gid hodn kinh su, Thudt hodi deu
thudc loai nay. Vay cai chf trong Thudt hodi cua Pham Ngu Lao la y chf gi va
dugc thd hidn ra sao?
Hoat dgng 3
HLTCJNG DAN DOC, TIM HIEU THE THO, GIAI THICH T Q KHO
1. Dgc
- Ydu cdu dgc ca ban phidn am, djch nghTa, djch tho. Gigng hung trang,
cham rai, ngdt nhjp 4/3.
- 3 - 4 HS dgc; GV nhan xet each dgc.
2. The tho va bd cue (HS nhan xet the tho, bd cue)
Dinh hudng:
+ The tho that ngdn tii tuydt Dudng luat chu Han.
+ Ban djch cung theo thd tho ay.
+ Bdcuc:
* Chia theo tirng cau:
Cau 1 - khai: hinh tugng con ngudi thdi Trdn
Cau 2 - thira: hinh tugng quan ddi nha Tran
Cau 3 - chuyen: tam tinh cua tac gia - mdn ng cdng danh.
Cau 4 - hgp: ndi ho then cua tac gia.
* Chia theo 2 nu'a - tiin gidi, hdu gidi:
Hai cau dau (tidn giai): ve dep hao hung cua con ngudi thdi Tran
Hai cau sau (hau giai): ve dep cua tam hdn, nhan each. If tudng cua tac gia.
+ Chu de: chi lam trai vdi If tudng trung quan ai qud'c.
3. Giai thfch tir khd (kd't hgp trong qua trinh dgc - hieu chi tid't, theo cac
chd thfch trong SGK)
Hoat dgng 4
1. Hinh tugng con ngudi thdi Tran (2 cau ddu)
229
- HS dgc lai hai cau ddu.

- GV hdi: So sanh vdi nguyen tac, qua ban phien am va ban djch nghTa,
nhan xet: cum tu mda gido va hodnh sdc; khi thdn ngUu va nudt trdi trdu, dl
sao ngUii.
- HS lam vide ca nhan, phat bieu.
Dinh hudng:
+ Cach djch chua that hoan toan chuan xac: hodnh sdc khdng phai la mua
giao ma la cam ngang nggn giao, cd ban djch la cap gido. Cd le ngudi djch
mda giao cho hgp vdi luat tho that ngdn chang?
+ c a u thu hai cd hai each hieu. Vi ngifu cd the hieu la trdu (con) hoac la
sao nguu (tdn mdt vi sao theo truyen thuyd't phuong Ddng); dgc chech la
ngdu. Hieu theo each nao cung deu cd If:
Khf thd' hao hung cua ba qudn xdng ldn dd'n tan trdi, lam at, lam md ea
sao nguu / Khf thd' hung manh cua ba quan nhu ho bao cd the nud't trdi ca
eon trau.
- GV hdi: Ve dep cua vidn tudng anh hung thdi Trdn (cd the chfnh la
chan dung tu hoa cua Pham Ngu Lao) dugc the hidn nhu the nao d cau tho
ddu?
Dinh hudng:
-I- O tu the, tdm vdc ldn lao, ki vT, mang tam vu tru.
+ Hinh anh dung tudng oai phong ldm liet, cdm ngang nggn giao bao ve
non sdng dat nude. Do dai nggn giao do bdng kfch thudc ndi sdng. Con ngudi
xuat hidn vdi tu the hidn ngang, hao hung, mang tdm vdc vu tru ki vT nhu at ca
khdng gian bat ngat. Khdng gian md ra ca hai chieu: rdng (non sdng dat
nude); cao (ldn dd'n tan sao Ngifii trdn trdi). Thdi gian khdng phai la mot
thang, mdt nam ma da may mua thu, da may nam rdi.
- GV hdi: Giai thfch tu ba qudn. Md'i quan he giua cau 1 va cau 2 nhu
thd' nao?
- HS tap phan tfch.
Dinh hudng:
Ba qudn: ba dao quan (Ba qudn ehi nggn ed ddo — Truyin Kiiu) gdm:
trung quan, tidn quan, hau quan; nghTa rdng chi quan sT, quan dgi nha Trdn.
Siic manh cua ba quan - quan ddi nha Trdn cung la sue manh cua toan
dan va da't nudc. Vdi thu phap phdng dai, so sanh khai quat hoa sue manh vat
230
cha't va tinh than eua ddi quan mang hdo khi Ddng A. Hidn thuc khach quan
va cam nhan chu quan, hidn thuc va lang man kd't hgp trong hai cau nay.
Tir ve dep kidu hung, ki vT cua mgt vj dai tirdng quan chi huy ca doan
quan ddng dao, hung trang, manh me.
Kd't hgp quan - tudng chfnh la ve dep eua sue manh va khf the' cua hao
khf Ddng A.
2. Hai cau tid'p: Chf lam trai - tam tinh cua tac gia
- IIS dgc 2 cau cud'i.
- GV ndu van de: Giai thfch cum tu cdng danh nam tu, cdng danh trdi;
dgc lai nhirng cau tho cua Nguydn Cdng Trd da hge ndi ve chf lam trai.
Dinh hudng:
Cdng danh nam ti'f: sir nghidp cua ngirdi dan dng; cdng danh trdi: mdn ng
cdng danh.
Quan nidm tfch cue cua ngudi xua, thdi phong kid'n: Ldm trai difng d
trong trdi ddt - Phdi cd danh gi vdi ndi sdng (Nguydn Cdng Trir); Ldm trai
cho ddng nin trai -Xudng ddng ddng tinh, lin dodi dodi yin (Phd Xudn dd
trdi, Ddng Nai cung tifng) - (Ca dao).
Cdng danh va su nghidp dugc coi la mdn ng ddi phai tra cua ngudi dan
dng; nghTa la phai lap cdng, giuong danh, de lai su nghidp tid'ng thom cho ddi,
eho dan cho nude. Chf lam trai cd tac dung cd vu con ngudi tu bd ldi sd'ng tdm
thudng, fch ki va ca nhan, sdn sang hi sinh, chid'n dau cho su nghidp cdu nude,
trung quan de cung trdi dat mudn ddi bat hu.
Trong hoan canh ljch sir ay, chf lam trai trd thanh If tudng tfch cue cd tac
dung lo ldn dd'i vdi con ngudi va xa hdi.
- GV ndu tid'p van de: Nhu'ng tai sao tac gia lai then (tu) khi nghe dan
gian ke chuydn Vu hau? Su hd then ay cd y nghTa gi?
- IIS suy luan, lidn he, trinh bay y kid'n.
Dinh hudng:
Ke vdn tdt chuydn Vu hau Khdng Minh Gia Cat Lugng, bac ki tai, hien
thdn, va dai quan su ndi tid'ng tai - due thdi Tam qud'c (Trung Qudc), tir mdt
trai cay dat Nam Duong, gidp Luu Bj lap ndn su nghidp ldn.
Tu tha'y hd then trudc tam guong tai - ddc ldn lao ay vi chua tra dugc ng
cdng danh cho nude, cho ddi.
231
D6 la cai tam chan thanh va trong sang cua ngudi anh hung. Dd la ndi ho
then ddy khidm ton va cao ca, gid'ng nhu ndi then cua Nguydn Khuyen sau
nay trong Thu vinh (Nhdn hung cung vifa toan cdt but - Nghi ra lgi then vdi
dng Ddo).
Hoat dgng 5
HUdNG DAN TONG KET VA LUYEN TAP
1. Nhan xet y kid'n: Thudt hodi la chan dung tinh than cua tac gia ddng
thdi la chan dung tinh than cua thdi dai nha Tran, rue ngdi hdo khi Ddng A.
2. Dac sdc nghd thuat cua bai tho la gi? La tho td ehi, ndi chf, td Idng
nhung khdng he khd khan, cdng nhae; Vi sao?
3. Bdi tap ndng cao: So sanh If tudng cdng danh cua Pham Ngu Lao va
Nguydn Cdng Trii:
(- Gid'ng nhau: Chf lam trai phai tra ng cdng danh, trung qudn ai qud'c la
le sd'ng vdi udc mo lap cdng de dugc nha vua phong hdu, phong tudc.
- Khac nhau: Pham Ngu Lao ndi ngan ggn, lay guong Vu hau dd noi
theo. Nguydn Cdng Trii ndi rd, ndi cu the cai chf tang bdng hd thi - nam nhi
trai - cdng danh trai dd. Ong khdng dua vao tam guong cd nhan nao, tu tin
vao tai trf cua minh se thuc hidn duge giac mo cdng danh dd.)
4. Hge thudc long ban phidn am Han Viet va ban djch tho.
5. Soan bai Ndi long va bai Cdnh ngdy he.
Tiet 48
LAM VAN
TRA BAI VIET SO 2
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

Gidp HS:
- Tha'y dugc nhung uu diem va han chd' ve ndi dung cung nhu hinh thdc
cua bai vid't, nhat la kha nang chgn su vide, chi tid't tidu bieu de ke lai chuydn
mdt each sang tao.
- Tfch luy kinh nghidm vid't van de vid't td't nhifng bai sau va phat trien kT
nang giao tid'p xa hdi trong cude sd'ng hdng ngay.
232
B. Ttiiet ke bai d q y tiqc
Hoat dgng 1
NHAC LAI YEU CAU CUA BAI VIET
- GV ndu eau hdi:
1. Hay nhdc lai nhu'ng ydu cau cua bai vid't so 2.
2. Trong qua trinh vie't, em da van dung nhirng kid'n thiic va kT nang nao?
Cd gi thuan lgi, khd khan?
- GV ggi ddn de HS tra ldi:
1. Nhdc lai ydu cdu:
+ Ke lai Truyen An Duong Vuong vd Mi Chdu -Trgng Thuy.
+ Vid't mdt cai kd't sang tao, nhung phd hgp vdi Id-gic cua cau chuydn
2. a) Phai van dung nhu'ng kid'n thdc va kT nang:
- Tdm tdt van ban tu sir.
- Chgn su vide, chi tid't tidu bieu.
- Ke chuydn tudng tugng.
b) Thuan lgi va khd khan:
- Thuan lgi:
+ Kieu van ban quen thudc va thdng dung.
+ Ke chuydn tuong dd'i tu do.
- Khd khan:
+ Vd'n sd'ng va trf tudng tugng cd han.
+ Vd'n tir ngir cd han.
Hoat dgng 2
NHAN XET, D A N H G I A BAI L A M CUA HOC SINH
- GV nhan xet, danh gia chung bai lam cua HS:
1. Can cii vao ydu cdu cua bai vid't de nhan xet, danh gia:
a) Bai vid't ydu cdu kd't hgp ke trung thuc va ke tirdng tugng, cu the:
- Ke Iai cdu chuydn la ke trung thirc
- Ke lai cai kd't la ke tudng tugng
b) Bai vid't ke lai mdt tac phdm van hge (tri thuc la chu yd'u) hay ke lai
mdt ki nidm sau sdc (vd'n sdng la ehu yd'u) ve tinh cam gia dinh, ban be, thdy
trd, cu the:
233
- Ke lai Truyin An Duong Vucrng vd Mi Chdu - Trgng Thuy la kd bang

tri thuc da hge, kd't hgp vdi trf tudng tugng.
- Kd lai mgt ki niem la ke bang vd'n sd'ng thuc te.
2. Can cd vao ke't qua cu thd cda bai de danh gia
3. Cho HS dgc 3 bai cu the thudc 3 loai: td't, kha. kem. Sau khi HS doe
xong, GV hudng ddn IIS nhan xet, danh gia.
Hoat dgng 3
TRA BAI VA DAN DO
- GV tra bai cho IIS va ydu cdu:
1. Xem lai bai va dgc kT ldi phd cua giao vidn
2. Tu sira ve cac ldi dung tu, dat cau, bd cue, lidn ke't
3. Trao doi bai cho ban de cung nhau rut kinh nghidm
- GV dan dd HS cdng vide chudn bj cho bai vid't tid'p theo.
* BAI VIET SO 3
(Van bieu cam - Bai lam d nha)
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

- On tap va cung cd kid'n thdc ve van bieu cam.
- Tfch hgp vdi cac kid'n thiic ve van hge, tid'ng Viet va vd'n sd'ng thuc te.
- Ren luydn kT nang hanh van, dung td cd gia trj bieu cam.
Hoat dgng 1
PHAN TICH DE BAI
- GV ggi ddn IIS tim hieu, phan tfch cac dd bai trong SGK:
Dd 1. Tir mdt so bai ca dao than than da hge hoac da dgc, hay phat bieu
cam nghT cda anh (chj) ve so phan ngudi phu nu trong xa hgi cu.
De 2. Cam nghT vd mgt bai ca dao ma anh (chj) ydu thfch.
De 3. Cam tudng cua anh (chj) ve bai tho7V) long cua Pham Ngu Lao.
De 4. Nhung cam xdc, suy nghT cua anh (chj) khi dung trudc mdt canh
ddng Ida chfn hoac mdt khu nha cao tdng dang xay.
234

De 5. Suy nghT cua anh (chj) khi nhin nhung em be khdng noi nuong tua.
- Nhan xet: Ca 5 de bai deu yeu cdu ngudi vie't phai true liep bay td thai
do, tinh cam cua minh dd'i vdi dd'i tugng dugc lua chgn, do dd ndn chgn mdt
dd'i tugng ma minh "thudc" nhat (sd trudng nhat) thi bai van mdi cd kha nang
gay xuc ddng cho ngudi dgc.
Hoat dgng 2
LLTA CHON DE B A I
* Gid dinh chgn di 2: Cam nghT ve mdt bai ca dao ma anh (chj) ydu thfch.
* Ggi y:
1. Cdn phai xac djnh: Tdn bai ca dao; Lf do ydu thfch; Cach thdc vid't:
2. Phat bid'u true tid'p cda minh khi dgc bai ca dao dd:
- Thi'ch thu vi ndi dung sau sdc hay nghd thuat dde dao?
- Ve ndi dung, van de cd lidn quan gi dd'n cugc sd'ng hdm nay ndi chung,
ban than ndi ridng?
- Ve nghd thuat, hge tap dugc gi trong each didn dat, dung hinh anh, sir
dung thu phap nghd thuat...?
3. Bai hoc rut ra khi doc bai ca dao dd.
235
TUA]\ 13
Tiet 49
VAN HOC
N6ILONG
(Cam hoai)
DANG DUNG (? - 1414)
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

Giup HS:
- Hieu dugc tdm trang bi trang cua ngudi anh hung; cam nhan duge
nhung hinh dnh ki vT cd siic didn ta manh me tinh cam, khat vgng cua tac gia.
- Dgc didn cam va phan tfch tho that ngdn bat cu Dudng luat trdn eo sd
dd'i chidu ban djch tho - ban djch nghTa va phidn am chu Han.
Hoat dgng 1
(Hinh thdc: van dap)
1. Dgc thudc Idng va didn cam ban phidn am chu Han, ban djch tho bai
Thudt hodi (Td long) ciia Pham Ngu Lao.
2. So sanh each bieu hidn tu tudng cdng danh trai cua Pham Ngu Lao va
Nguydn Cdng Tru qua bai No nam nhi.
Hoat dgng 2
DAN VAO BAI
Dang Dung, con trai Dang Tat, la mdt trong nhu'ng anh hung chdng giac
Minh trudc cude khdi nghTa Lam Son cua Ld Lgi - Nguydn Trai. Ndi tid'ng
dung manh, thidn chid'n, bj giac bdt, giai ve Trung Qud'c, dng cung vua Trdn
Trung Quang tu tu, de lai bai tho duy nhat Cdm hodi ddy bi trang.
236
Hoat dgng 3
HLTCJNG DAN DOC - HIEU BAI THO
1. Dgc didn cam ban phidn am chir Han, ban djch nghTa va ban djch tho,
gigng dgc trdm vang, budn bi trang, nhan manh d cac cau 3 - 4, 5 - 6, ha
gigng va cham d cau 7 - 8 .
- GV cung 3 - 4 HS dgc.
- GV nhan xet each dgc.
2. Giai thfch tir khd (theo cac chd thfch chan trang; chgn hdi mdt vai tu:
dd diiu, thdi, van...)
3. The loai va bd cue: tho that ngdn bat cd luat Dudng, tuan thu nghidm
chinh bd cue: de - thuc - luan - kd't.
4. Dgc - hieu chi tid't
* Hai cau de
- HS dgc lai.
- GV hdi: Theo em, y cua hai cau ddu ndn hieu nhu the' nao? Ban djch tho
ehua rd chu nao trong nguydn tac? Cau tho ddu ndu ldn tinh hud'ng gi? Cau
thd hai the hidn tam trang gi? Cua ai? Vi sao cd tam trang dd?
- HS lan lugt tra ldi.
Dinh hudng:
Hai cau ddu the hidn hoan canh va tam trang cua tac gia - nha tho - vj
tudng. Thi Slf du du la vide ddi ddng dac, rdi bdi. Vide ddi la vide gi? Can cii
vao cugc ddi va hoan canh sang tac cua bai tho, thi dd la cdng cugc chdng
qudn Ngd (Minh), gianh lai non sdng xa tdc - mdt cdng vide vd cdng ldn lao,
khd khan vi nudc da mat, quan thd dang manh va tan bao, xao quydt, ta thi luc
ft, quan mdng. Vdi ban than vj tudng thi da ngi ldo hd - gia mat rdi. Cau tho
nhu ldi than, nhu ndi ban khoan lai nhu tid'ng thd dai cd phdn luc bat tdng tam.
Ban dich thanh tudi tdc ndy, lam md chu' ldo vd'n rat quan trgng, la
nguydn nhan cua tam trang. Nha tho - vj tudng cam tha'y bdi rdi vi tinh thd'
hiem ngheo, vi thdi gian eo hep cua minh, lam sao ldy mgt edy go chdng giif
ngdi nhd ldn dd xiiu? (Ngd ST Lidn, Dgi Viet su ki todn thu). Chfnh vi thd' ma
cdn each nao khac hon de giai toa ndi budn ldn bdng ca hat va say sua trong
chen rugu, tid'ng dan?
* Hai cau thuc.
- HS doc.
237
- GV hdi; Tai sao nha tho lai ddi lap dd diiu vdi anh hung, thdnh cimg di
vdi dm hdn da? Chu thin va chu van ndn hidu nhu the nao? Cd tdm quan trgng
ra sao vdi su nghiep cua mdi ngudi cung nhu thdi van cua dat nude, dan tdc?
- HS giai thfch.
Dinh hudng:
+ Ilai cau thuc khdng chi la sir dd'i lap gay gat giiia hai su that vdi ldi binh
luan cua tac gia ma cdn tfch chua tam trang oan han cay ddng trudc su that
phu phang, trudc thdi van cua nhung ca nhan anh hung va ca dat nudc, ca dan
tdc da trdi qua, da bj bd 16. Khdng phai la su coi re, khinh thudng nhung do
dii'u ma la su nudi tide an han cho ke anh hung tai cao, chf Id'n ma Id budc,
khdng gap van.
Cach sir dung didn tfch tuy kfn dao nhung vdn Id rd (do: hang thjt, ehi
Phan Khoai; dii'u: ngudi di cau, chi Han Tfn... ca hai deu xuat th-iin nghe
nghidp rat binh thudng, nhd tai la, nhd thdi van ma lam ndn dai tudng, gidp
Luu Bang lap ndn nha Han).
+ Thdi: thdi co; van: so may, co hdi. Gap thdi, cd thd' thi nhd hoa ldn, yd'u
hod manh. Thdnh cdng di: khac thudng, ngoai siic tudng tugng. Ngugc lai,
mat thdi, mat the thi manh thanh yd'u, cd tai, cd sue cung khdng sao thi
thd dugc.
-I- Vai trd vd cung quan trgng cua thdi va the dd'i vdi mdi ca nhdn con
ngudi va dd'i vdi dat nudc, dan tdc.
* Hai cau luan
- HS dgc.
- GV ndu van de: Nhan xet cac hinh anh dd'i xung trong hai cdu. Nhung
cum tu hilu hodi (nhung mud'n), vd Id (khdng dudng) ndi ldn tam trang va tinh
thd'gi cua tac gia?
- HS suy nghT, thao luan va phat bidu.
Dinh hudng:
Cach ndi khoa truong bdng nhung hinh anh ki vT, to ldn, nhung hanh ddng
phi thudng vi muc dfch trung quan ai qud'c: phu dia triie, vdn thiin hd cua tac
gia gid day, trong tinh the hidn tai chi cd thd la hifu hodi, vd Id. NghTa la chi
cdn trong y tudng, mong mud'n va be tdc ma thdi!
Hai cau tho td dam tam trang bi hung cua tac gia - ngudi anh hung khdng
gap thdi ma vdn sue sdi nhiet huyet.
238
* Hai cau kei

- HS dgc.
- GV hdi: Cau tho thu bay nhdc lai va cd gi khac vdi cau tho ddu tidn?
Hinh anh mai guom dudi bdng trang (long tuyin ddi nguyet) ggi cho em cam
xdc gi?
- HS suy nghT, lidn tudng, phat bid'u cam nhan.
Dinh hudng:
Nhdc lai y tho d cau ddu, nhung d cau nay cang thdm dam ndi budn
khang khai, sau nang vi thu ldn chua trd ma da bac xoa mai dau.
Dac bidt, hinh anh ddi nguyet long tuyin gdn vdi lao anh hung tdc bac ggi
eho ngudi dgc ve dep bi trang, day khf phach.
Hoat dgng 4
HLTC^JNG DAN TONG KET VA LUYEN TAP
1. Ve dep cua bai Cdm hodi so vdi bai Thudt hodi? Lf giai nguyen nhan
sir khac nhau dd?
(Thudt hodi: vc dep hung trang cua ngudi anh hung gap thdi, ldc trieu dai
dang thjnh, dang ldn. Cdm hodi: ve dep bi trang eua ngudi anh hung Id van,
khdng gap thdi, khi dat nudc bj xam lang, nudc mat nha tan.)
2. Nhu'ng hinh anh dep va hung d tdng bai, phan tfch y nghTa thdm mT.
(- Hodnh sdc giang son khdp ki thu
Ba qudn ti hd khi thdn ngifu.
-Qudc thu vi bdo ddu tiin bgch
Ki do long tuyin ddi nguyet ma.)
3. Bdi tap ndng cao: So sanh nguydn tac phidn am chir Han va ban djch
tho vdi ban djch nghTa.
(Muc dfch so sanh: Thay dugc sir ham sue cua chd: Han, khd khan cua
ngudi djch.
Cach thdc so sanh: td'ng cdu, tiing y, tdng chu'; IIS trinh bay nhan thdc
eua ban than.)
4. Dgc tham khao doan van trong Dgi Viet su ki todn thu(SG'V, tr. 196).
5. Hge thudc long bai tho.
6. Vid't cam nhan cua em vd hinh anh long tuyin ddi nguyet va hinh anh
hodnh sdc giang son.
7. Soan bai Cdnh ngdy he.
239
Tiet 50
VAN HOC
>
CANH NGAY HE
(BAO KINH CANH GI61 - BAI SO 43)
NGUYEN TRAI
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

1. Kid'n thuc - tu tudng: Cam nhan dugc ve dep dgc dao cua biic tranh
ngay he va ve dep tdm hdn Nguydn Trai vdi tinh ydu thidn nhidn, ydu cude
sd'ng; nang long vdi nhan dan, dat nude. Ve dep cua tho Ndm Nguydn Trai:
binh dj, tu nhidn, mdi me, dan xen cau sau tid'ng (luc ngdn) trong bai tho that
ngdn (bay tid'ng).
2. Tfch hgp vdi cac tac phdm cua Nguydn Trai da hge 0 THCS, vdi van
ban midu ta canh thidn nhidn.
3. Ren kT nang dgc - hieu tho Ndm (Nguydn Trai), nghd thuat ta canh
ngu tinh.

Chan dung Nguydn Trai.
Hoat dgng 1
TO C H Q C KIEM TRA BAI C O
1. Dgc thudc ldng ban phidn am va ban djch tho bai Cdm hodi. Phan tfch
edm hifng bi trdng trong bai tho dd.
2. Hinh anh hai ngudi anh hung trong hai bai'tho Thudt hodi va Cdm hodi
cd gi gidng nhau, khac nhau? Tai sao?
3. Nd'u phai chgn mdt hinh anh dep nhat trong hai bai tho, em se chon
hinh anh nao? Tai sao?
240

Hoat dgng 2
DAN VAO BAI MO\
Nguydn Trai khdng chi la tac gia cua thidn cd hung van Dgi cdo binh
Ngd, cua Cdn Son ea, Phd nui Chi Linh vid't bdng chu Han ma cdn la mdt
trong nhiing ngudi Viet Nam ddu tidn lam tho bdng chu Ndm. Chung tfch cdn
lai cho dd'n nay la Qudc dm thi tap.
- HS dgc muc Tieu ddn gidi thidu Qud'c dm thi tap.
- GV nha'n manh:
Tuy ndm trong phan tho Bdo kinh cdnh gidi (Guong bdu ran minh) nhung
nhieu bai tho lai khdng hd ran day ai ma chi la nhung khdc tam tinh, nhung
tam su cua nha tho vd con ngudi, cude sdng va ban than. Bai Bdo kinh cdnh
gidi - so 43/61 nay la nhu thd' (nhan dd Cdnh ngdy he do ngudi soan SGK dat).
Cho dd'n nay, chua bid't rd tac gia sang tac bai tho d dau va vao thdi gian nao.
Hoat dgng 3
HaCfNG DAN DOC - HIEU K H A I Q U A T
1. Dgc
- Ydu cdu ngdt nhip dung nhu:ng cau luc ngdn xen ke (3 - 3), gigng hd
hdi, thanh than, vui tuoi.
- HS cung GV dgc 3 - 4 ldn bai tho.
2. The loai va bd cue:
That ngdn bat cd Dudng luat (Nguydn Trai cd dung y khi xen ke mdt hai
eau sau tid'ng vao bai tho - mdt each Viet hod tho that ngdn bat cd Dudng luat
eua ridng dng.)
+ Bdn cau ddu: canh thidn nhidn ngay he.
+ Bd'n cau cud'i: canh sinh hoat cua nhan dan va udc mong'cua nha tho.
3. Tu: khd (theo cac chd thfch trong SGK, kd't hgp giai thi'ch trong qua
trinh dgc - hieu chi tid't)
Hoat dgng 4
HUCJNG D A N DOC - HIEU CHI TIET
1. Phong canh thidn nhidn va cude sd'ng ngay he
- HS dgc didn cam toan bai tho.
- GV hdi: Canh trong bai tho la canh cu the nao? O dau? Vi sao ta bid't
dugc 6iiu 66?
- HS tim chi tid't trong bai de xac nhan y kid'n.
H-TKBGNGO VAN 10/1 (NC)-A 241

Dinh hudng: Canh ngay he (nhan de); canh chieu he (tjch duong) d mot
lang chai (danh cd) ben bd sdng (hoac bien: lang ngu phu).
-GVhdi:
-t- Nhan xet nhjp cua hai cau tho 2 - 3 cd gi khac la so vdi nhjp tho that
ngdn bat cu Dudng luat thdng thudng?
-I- Nhjp didu a'y cd dung y gi?
+ Nhan xet each sir dung cac dgng tir, tinh tuf trong cac pau 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
Hidu qua nghd thuat cua cac tir ay?
Tdm lai cd the nhan xet gi vd biic tranh phong canh thidn nhidn va cugc
sdng qua cam nhan cud nha tho luc ngdi hdng mat buoi chidu he?
- HS ldn lugt ban luan, phat bidu.
Dinh hudng:
- Mau xanh cua tan la hoe cu dun dun tudn ra, hinh nhu lan rdng mai ra
thanh bdng mdt che rgp mdt khoang sdn rdng. Hoa sen hdng trong ao mui
huong da ngat. Mau sdc (xanh, hdng) hoa vdi mui huong, vdi am thanh (lao
xao, ddng ddi) tid'ng ngudi chuydn trd xa xa khdng rd tid'ng, tid'ng ve ran ran:
eon ngudi va canh vat, birc tranh chieu he d mdt lang danh ca hidn ldn that
chan thuc va sinh ddng qua cam nhan thanh than cua mdt dng gia dang roi
thdi gian (d an).
Tuy la buoi chieu nhung cugc sd'ng vdn chua ngirng lai. Cd mdt cai gi thoi
thdc tir bdn trong, lia cang, tran ddy, khdng kim lai dugc, phdi truong ldn
(giuong), dun ra... phun ra, hd't ldp nay dd'n ldp khac.
Nd'u trong Truyin Kiiu, Nguydn Du vid't: Ddu tudng Ufa lifu lap loe ddm
bdng la thidn vd mau sdc, thi cau tho ta sen hdng, hoe xanh cua Nguydn Trai
lai thidn ve sue sdng cua canh vat thidn nhidn.
Cdch ngdt nhjp 3 - 4 kha mdi me (nhjp binh thudng, phd bid'n cua tho
that ngdn luat dirdng la 4 - 3) da gay an tugng va su chu y cho ngudi dgc lam
ndi bat canh vat chieu he.
- Nhung cau tho cung ta canh ngay he: ,
Nude ndng sue sue ddu rd trdi
Ngdy ndng chang chang ludi chd le.
{Hong Due qudc dm thi tap)
Ai xui eon qudc ggi vdo he
Cdi ndng nung ngUdi ndng ndng ghi!
{Tif Diin Dong)
242 16- TKBGNGQ VAN 10/1 (NC)-B

- Dac sdc cua buc tranh thidn nhidn chieu he cdn the hidn sir ddng cam,
giao cam giu'a con ngudi va canh vat. Qua day, cdn the hidn ve dep cua tam
hdn Nguydn Trai.
2. Ve dep tam hdn Uc Trai
- GV hdi: Ve dep tam hdn nha tho dugc the hidn nhu the nao trong bai tho?
- HS phan tfch, ndu y kid'n giai thfch.
Dinh hudng:
+ Dd la thdi gian rdi rai (kha nhieu) khi nha tho vd d an. Nhung dd khdng
phai la tu nguydn, la toan tam toan y. Trong long Nguydn Trai, vdn ludn ludn
canh canhr Bui mot td'm long Uu di eu; Mdi chdng khuyit, nhugm chdng den;
Tdm Idng cudn cudn nifde triiu ddng.
Bdi vay, ngay ca trong thdi gian budc phai vd nhan tan tai qud ngoai (Cdn
Son), long Nguydn Trai dau cd ydn. Ong vdn canh canh nghT de'n dan, dd'n
nudc. Ong vdn quan sat va suy nghT khdng ngirng nghi.
-I- Tinh ydu cude sd'ng, ydu nhan dan lao ddng the hidn d each midu ta
canh vat va cugc sd'ng cua nha tho. Tid'ng lao xao cua lang chai hod vdi Ui'ng
ve ddng ddi lam dng thay vui vdi cude sd'ng thanh binh cua mudn dan noi
xdm mac. Ong mo udc cd dugc chid'c dan cua vua Thuan de gay khdc Nam
phong ca nggi canh ddn giau, du, khdp bd'n phuong trdi... Dan giau nudc
manh chfnh la muc dich sd'ng sudt ddi cua anh hung Nguydn Trai.
Hoat dgng 5
Hac^NG DAN TONG KET VA LUYEN TAP
1. Ve dep thi^dn nhidn va tdm hdn tac gia trong bai tho dugc bieu hidn d
nhung dac diem gi?
(-1- Ve dep thidn nhidn: gian dj, thanh cao, tran ddy siic sd'ng.
+ Ve dep tdm hdn: ydu thidn nhidn, ydu cude sdng, chan hoa- vdi thidn
nhidn, canh canh ndi niem uu ai vdi dan, vdi nude.)
2. Mdt trong nhu'ng sang tao cua Nguydn Trai khi sir dung the tho that
ngdn dudng luat la gi? Tac dung?
(Chen vao mdt so cau luc ngdn (cau 1, 8) lam cho y tho chdc khoe, dd'i
can, gdp phdn Viet hoa thi tho co Trung Hoa.)
3. Hge thudc ldng bai tho.
4. Dgc them mdt so bai tho cua Nguydn Trai trong Qudc dm thi tap
(Cdy chudi).
243
5. Bdi tap ndng cao: Quan hd giua canh va tinh trong bai Cdnh ngdy he:
(* Nhan xet chung: canh va tinh rat hai hod, cdng hudng.
+ Cdnh ngay he bung bung sue sd'ng tieng ve, mui liUOng, lao xao ehged,
hoe lue dun dun...
+ Tinh cam yeu thidn nhidn, ydu cugc sd'ng va mong udc cho dan no du,
nudc manh giau.
+ Khdng chi ta canh ngu tinh ma canh - tinh cung rung ddng trai tim
nghd sT - anh hung.)
6. Soan cac bai dgc thdm: Van nUde (Qudc to), Cdo binh, bdo mgi ngudi
(Cdo tdt thi chdng); Hifng trd vi (Quy hdng).
7. Dgc tham khao:
THOAT HUNG - bai 3
Mdt cay, mdt eud'c, thd nha qud.
Dam cue lan xen vai dau kd.
Khach dd'n chim mirng, hoa xdy rung;
Che tidn nudc ghfn (ganh), nguyet deo ve,
Bd Di ngudi rdng (bao rdng) thanh la thu.
Nhan Tir ta xem ngat ay le.
Hai tid'ng dii lanh tai quan ddp,
Cdu ai khen lidn (ldn) Id (sg) ai chd.
NGON C H I - b a i 13
Que cu nha ta thid'u cua nao,
Rau trong ndi, ca trong ao,
Cach song mai tinh hdn Cd-djeh
Ke nudc cam dua tid'ng Cu-u cao,
Khach dd'n, vudn cdn hoa lac
To ndn, cua thay nguyet vao.
Canh thanh dudng ay chang ve nghi,
Lan than lam chi dng man dao.
244
BINH CHU BAG KINH CANH Gidl

La ta'm guong bau ran minh nhung qua 66 lai tha'y dam net hon ca la cude
sd'ng, tam su cua tac gia, thay ngdi sang hon ca la tam hdn va If tudng cua nha
tho Uc Trai.
Trudc hd't, bai tho cho thay sir giao cam vdi thidn nhidn, tao vat cua hdn
tho Nguydn Trai.
Non nude cung ta dd ed duyin.
Nguydn Trai la nha tho cua thidn nhidn. Ong dd'n vdi thidn nhidn trong
mgi hoan canh: thdi chie'n, thdi binh, ldc budn, ldc vui, khi ban rdn, khi thu
gian. Trong hoan cdnh nao nha tho cung md rdng tam hdn ddn ban thidn
nhidn: tui tho chiia hd't mgi giang san.
That hid'm hoi va cd phdn dac bidt khi ta gap trong tho dng mdt hoan canh:
Rdi hdng mdt thud ngdy trUdng.
Thdi gian ranh rdi, tam hon thu thai, thanh than, khf trdi mat me, trong
xanh... mdt ngay nhu thd' trong ddi dng... dau nhieu. Thdn nhan, tdm khdng
nhan. Vay cai phut rdi hdng mdt thud ngdy trifdng ay quy hid'm bid't bao - de
lam tho, de ydu say canh dep.
Khdng thidn ve vjnh ma thidn ta. Hidn ldn trudc mdt ngudi dgc buc tranh
cud'i h^ sinh dgng, ddy siic sd'ng.
Sinh ddng bdi su kd't hgp cua dudng net, mau sdc, am thanh, tid'ng ddng,
eon ngudi, canh vat. Mau luc (xanh) cua la hoe lam noi bat mau dd cua hoa
thach luu; anh mat trdi budi chieu nhu dat vang ldn nnhu'ng tan la hoe xanh.
Tid'ng ve inh di - dac trung cua mda he, hod cdng tid'ng lao xao chg ca - am
thanh dac trung cua lang chai.
Thdi diem cud'i mua, cudi ngay nhung su sd'ng khdng dirng lai. Cach dung
cac ddng tir "dun dun", "truong", "phun"... Cd mdt cai gi thdi thdc tu bdn
trong, dang lia cang, tran day, khdng kim lai dugc, phai truong ldn, phai phun
ra, dun dun ra, hd't ldp nay dd'n ldp khac. So sanh vdi cdji- tho ta canh ddm he
eua Nguydn Du trong Truyin Kiiu mdi thay dugc su khac nhau giu'a hai tai
hoa thi sT.
Canh vat cud'i he dugc midu td vdi hinh anh dac trung: sen da tan da hd't
mdi huong. Cach ngdt nhjp 3 - 4 tap trung su chd y cua ngudi dgc, lam ndi
bat hon canh vat.
Thi nhan ddn nhan va giao cam vdi canh vat bdng tat ca cac giac quan thj
giac, thinh giac, khiiu giac va ca su lidn tudng, tudng tugng. So sanh vdi mdt
tac gia thdi Hdng Due se thay sir bgc true, thd thap, mdc mac cua canh he:
245
Nudc ndng sue sue ddu rd trdi,

Ngdy ndng chang chang ludi chd le.
Nguydn Trai biet hod sdc, hod thanh theo quy luat cua cai dep trong hoi
hoa, trong am nhae lam cho bde tranh phong canh vira cd tinh viracd hdn vda
ggi ta vua sau ldng. Su kd't hcrp giua phun va thifc thi khdng phai chi la su ke't
hgp' cua mdu sdc ma la mau ve, dang ve, nghidng ve didn ta trang thai tinh
thdn cua canh vat.
Thidn nhidn qua cam xuc thi sT trd ndn sinh ddng, dang ydu, ddy sdc
sd'ng, cdi ngudn cua long thid't tha ydu ddi, ydu cude sd'ng cua tac gia. Canh
vat thanh binh, ydn vui bdi su thanh than dang xdm chiem tam hdn. Am thanh
lao xao ddi tdi td chg cd lang chai hay tac gia dang rdn ra niem vui trudc canh
dan giau du? Va tid'ng cdm ve ddng ddi phai chang ia khuc nhae long dang tdu
ldn?
Nguydn Trai ydu thidn nhidn, nhung trdn hd't vdn la tam long cua dng
thid't tha vdi con ngudi, vdi dan, vdi nude. Ong lai cd ca mdt ngay trudng
thudng thuc thidn nhidn vdi tam trang lang lang sang khoai. Nhin canh sd'ng
cua dan, dac bidt cua ngudi lao dgng - nhiing ddn lang chai lam lu - dugc yen
vui, no du, Nguydn Trai udc cd chid'c dan vua Thuan de gay khuc Nam phong,
ca nggi cdnh dan giau du, khdp ddi phuong.
Cau kd't 6 tid'ng tho nen cam xuc cua ca bai. Diem kd't tu cua hdn tho
khdng phai la thidn nhidn, tao vat ma la d con ngudi, d ngudi dan. Nguydn
Trai mong cho dan khdp noi noi dugc hudng canh giau cd, sung tuc.
Thdng thudng, khi ndi dd'n ngudi dan, tho Nguydn Trai thudng the hidn
ndi au lo, tran trd, ddn vat. Bdi le Uc Trai budn, bdi dan la mdn ng ma sudt
ddi dng chua tra. Chi cd 2 trudng hgp dng ndi dd'n dan vdi niem han hoan,
man nguydn: khi chie'n thdng ngoai xam, nhan dan dugc giai phdng va khi
chid'n thdng ddi ngheo, nhan dan dugc ydn hudng thai binh, hanh phuc, am no.
Vdi Nguydn Trai, vui hay budn, lo au hay thanh than deu xuat phat td: cude
sd'ng cua nhdn dan:
Sdeh mgt hai phiin ldm bdu bgn
Rugu ndm ba chin ddi cdng danh.
Ngodi nhifng phdn dy edu ddu nifa
Cdu mdt: ngdi coi ddi thdi binh.
Bai tho thudc nhdm Bdo kinh cdnh gidi nhung lai giau chat tho, giau cam
xdc. Mdt sd tu cd: tin, ddng ddi, de. D6 khdng phdi la nhugc diem. D6 la
nhung tu ngd dang dung cua thdi dai dng. Tie'ng Viet trong tho Ndm Nguydn
246
Trai da each chung ta hon 600 nam ma dd'n nay vdn mdi, vdn hidn dai. Va lai,
lam ndn cai gd'c cua ngdn td vdn la tam ldng.
Lf tudng cua Nguydn Trai vdi ngay hdm nay vdn mang y nghTa thdm mT
va nhan van sau sdc.
(La Nham Thin, Tho Ndm Dudng ludt -Chuyen lugn,
NXB Giao due, 1997. tr. 370 - 374)
VE BAI THO BAO KINH CANH GlOl - SO 43
Cau tho md ddu nghe rat la:

Rdi, hdng mdt thud ngdy trudng.
La dm didu, nhjp didu: 1 - 2 - 3. cau tho sdu chu ngang ngang buong
budng. Chd' rdi (rdi), ridng mdt minh, mdt nhjp khdng phai vd cd. D6 la each
sd'ng, la tam trang cua dng. Cd gi nhu cudi mim, ydn ma khdng ydn! Nhu mat
nudc phang sdng ggn ldn mdt tf rdi .ydn trd lai. Dd la tam trang Nguydn Trai
trong nhirng nam dng phai ve nghi d Cdn Son. Cai rdi cua dng sau dam cdng
vide, ngay trong cdng vide chii dau phai la cai rdi trdng khdng hoan toan, chi
sudt ngay hdng mat dai dai. Mdt cai la khac: Xua thfch tho xuan, thu, may ai
thfch canh ngay he!
Qua nhidn canh he cua tac gia cung dep va lanh manh. Lai cd cai nhin
tinh, sdc, cai nhin kha hidn dai, ra ngoai phep tdc co dien.
Hoe luc, tan rgp la trong le ldi, dun dun la vugt ra ngoai. Nghe nhu sdc
manh trong cay dang dun dun nhau ma phun ldn, phut ldn tirng lan, tirng khdi;
nghTa va am thanh deu du ddi nhu nhau. Vdi ngay nay thi dun dun la hidn dai,
ngang, thd nhung chfnh xac, ddy chdt sd'ng.
Thde dd la cua hoa luu, thach luu la trdng d hidn. Nhung de cai hidn nd
phun thi cd mdt gi? Hidn vdn la hidn trdng thach luu. Hidn va luu nhap vao
nhau thanh mdt chat thi hidn vdi trdng ma phun ra thirc dd, gach da ma nd
hoa. Canh dd vdn hgp vdi thuc td' va tho bao nhidu! Hidn phun nhu thd' thi tri
tjn (tidn) cung chang khac. Cung mach tho khdng tranh cai ddi thudng, cai
thd, trai vdi khudn phep tho.
Hai cau dudi, ngdi but cang chang tranh mui chg ca; mdi cd va mdi ngudi
danh ca, ban ca; cung chang ke cai diec tai, ra ra eua tid'ng ve sdu. Trai lai,
tha'y vui thfch cai lao xao d chg, lao xao chen chdc, tra gia, chju gia, lao xao
trong tanh tudi. Dan chai ludi trd thanh ldp ngudi bac trdn: ngu phu - mdt
danh tir tho, ddy tran trgng. Cung vui thfch vdi cai dang ddi cua tie'ng ve kim
247

rft ldn tung hdi khdng ddt. Khdng phai vd noi gdc bui, bd giau ma noi ldu cao
nhat nang.
Khdng phdi quy tgc hod cd dien. Dd la cai tran trgng, cai duge, thoang
thoang mdt chat vui nhan hau, xudt phdt td cdi tam ldn cua nha tho quy men
cai dan da, que mda.
Khdng phdi chi cd nhan hau. Ta khdng qudn ngU phu d day ma chd khac
dng ggi la thdng chai cung nhu nhu'ng nd bde tirng cd mat trong hang ngu
manh Id bd'n phuong tu hgp lam ndn nhung Bd Ddng, Tra Lan, Ninh Kidu, Td't
Ddng... ma mgi ke an ldc ngay nay phai den on. Tid'ng ve kia cd gi ma dang
tran trgng? Chdng td Id tai dm nhae cua Nguydn Trai cd phdn tinh vi va ddc dao:
Thien thanh cung chuy tdu Ngu edm
(Tid'ng ve tdu phfm cung chuy trdn dan vua Thudn ddi Ngu)
Rdi khdng phai chd ddc y, nhung nha tho vdn hoa minh vdi cdy cd, ngudi,
vat mua he d ndng thdn va tim thay cai vui. Nhung cd cai vui ma dng tha thie't
gay bao ldn, cai vui lam cho su sd'ng thdm kfn d mau sdc, am thanh rdn ra cua
luu, sen, cua chg, cua ve dy dugc hod vao mdt ban dan mdi bao la hon, vui
tuoi hon la ban nhae mdt ddi sd'ng am no, hanh phuc cua dan giau du khdp doi
phuong tir su cham lo cua be trdn dd'i vdi hang dan mgn xdm lang noi hang
cdng ngd hem.
Su lap lai cau luc ngdn d ddu va cud'i bai tho cd lidn quan gi dd'n cai ranh
rdi dai dai va niem rriong udc giau du cho dan chung khdp noi? Chdc khdng
ngoai edi tdm, edi ehi mdt ddi cua nha tho - ngudi lo cho dan, cho nude
nhung lai khdng dugc nhu nguydn. Nghe nhu cd chut gi tide han d chu deed.
Le ra phdi cd nhu thd' nhung lai khdng dugc!
(Le Trf Vidn, Din vdi tho hay, tap 2,
NXB Giao due, 1997; tr. 21 - 24)
248
Tiet 51
VAN HOC
HI/ONG DAN DOC THEM

Van nudc (Qudc to ciia Phap Thuan thi^n sir)
Cdo benh, bdo mgi ngudi (Cdo tdt thi chung cua Man
Giac thi6n su")
* Hifng mudn trd vi (Quy hiing ciia. Nguydn Trung Ngan)
A. Kd't qud cdn dqt

1. Theo hd thd'ng cau hdi trong SGK, hudng ddn HS tu dgc - hilu d nha
ba bai tho chii Han thdi Lf - Trdn, qua dd HS tu hid'u dugc mgt phdn cai sau
sdc, tham thuy cua the loai tho thien, kd.
2. Tich hgp vdi nhu'ng bai tho chu' Han thdi Lf - Tran da hge (ke ca
THCS): Nam qudc son hd, Tung gid hodn kinh su, Thudt hodi, Thien Trudng
vdn vgng, Cdm hodi, Bdo kinh cdnh gidi — bai so 43...),
3. Tid'p tuc ren kT nang dgc - hieu va phan tfch tho Dudng luat.
Phuomg phap, bien phap tien hanh:
Cd the chgn mdt trong 2 phuong an:
+ Hudng ddn ca ba bai, HS tu dgc - hieu d nha, kiem tra kd't qua d tid't
tid'p theo.
+ Hudng ddn trudc cd ba bai. HS tu dgc - hieu d nha. Trdn ldp, tap trung
kiem tra kT mdt bai, kiem tra ludt hai bai'cdn lai.
Dudi day, ggi y kd't hgp ca 2 each.
Hoat dgng 1
TO CHQC KIEM TRA BAI CO
1. Dgc thudc long bai Bdo kinh cdnh gidi - sd 43 cua Nguydn Trai.
2. Phan tfch mdi quan he giiia cdnh va tinh trong bai tho vira dgc.
249
Hoat dgng 2
DAN V A O BAI MOI
- Ndu ten va tac gid nhung bai tho chir Han dugc sang tac tu thdi Lf -
Tran.
- Dgc thudc long mdt bai ma em cdn nhd.
- GV nhan xet va chuyen ddn vao bai: Nhu'ng bai tho chu' Han thdi Lf -
Trdn la nhu:ng bai tho ddu tidn gdp phdn xay dung nen mdng lam n^n nen van
hge vid't trung dai Viet Nam. Dd la nhd'ng bai tho Thien (thdi Lf) va nhu'ng bai
tho mang hao khf Ddng A (thdi Trdn).
HOATDONG 3
HLTCING DAN T U D O C - HIEU BA BAI THO
I. Van nifde (Qudc to)
1. Tim hieu vai net ve tac gia (Thien su Dd Phap Thuan 915 - 990).
- GV ydu cdu: HS dgc kT Tieu ddn trong SGK, rut ra nhuhg diem chfnh:
nha su, tung giu chuc vu cd van trong trieu dinh Tien Ld (Ld Hoan -
Dai Hanh).
- HS cd the tra ldi cau hdi: Tac gia la ai? Sd'ng d thdi nao?
- Nhan dd bai tho do ngudi ddi sau dat; trfch ldi tu Thiin uyen tap anh:
Vua (Ld Hoan) thudng hdi su (Phap Thuan) van nUdc ngdn dai nhu the nao?
Su ndi: Qudc to nhu ddng lgc (Van nude nhu mdy qudn...)
2. Dgc - hieu bai tho
- GV ydu cdu: Dgc thudc ldng ban djch tho, dgc kT ban phidn am va ban
dieh nghTa.
- HS tra ldi cac cau hdi trong SGK, vid't tdm tdt trong vd soan.
Dinh hudng:
+ Chu de bai tho: Y thuc trach nhidm va niem lac quan tin tudng vao
tuong lai dat nudc, khat vgng hoa binh va truyen thd'ng ydu hoa binh cua con
ngudi Viet Nam.
+ Hoan canh da't nudc: Dat nudc Dai Cd Viet sau nhirng nam chid'n tranh
cat cu thdi Dinh Bd IJnh, chid'n thdng giac Td'ng xam luge, bdt ddu hu^c vao
thdi gian dn dinh thai binh. Le Dai Hanh mudn xay dung mdt vudng tridu
phong kien vung manh. Trong khf the di ldn cua dan tgc, mdt van hgi mdi da
bat dau md ra.
250
- HS xem giai nghTa chu to 6e hieu nhan de: qudc to: van may, thdi co
thuan lgi cua dat nudc.
* Hai cau ddu
Mugn hinh anh thidn nhidn de ndi vd van mdnh cda dat nudc. So sanh van
nudc nhu day may leo quan quyt vira ndi ldn sir ben chat, vira ndi ldn su dai
lau va phat trien thjnh vugng. Dd cung la niem tin cua thien su vao van nude
trong tam trang phoi phdi nidm vui tin, niem tu hao vd dat nudc.
Mgt thdi ki ljch sd' mdi da dugc md ra - thdi ki ddt nudc thai binh, nhan
dan an lac.
* Hai cau cud'i
Ndi ve dudng ldi cai trj, xay dung ddt nudc (vi day la y kid'n bdng tho cua
CO van Phap Thuan tra ldi cau hdi cua nha vua).
Giai thfch cac tir vd vi, diin cdc, eU:
Vd vi; khdng hanh ddng, khdng lam gi. Mdt trong nhu'ng khai nidm trie't
hge quan trgng cua Dao Lao: chi mdt thai do sd'ng thuan theo tu nhidn, khdng
lam gi trai vdi quy luat cua tu nhidn. Vd vi theo Nho giao la dudng ldi ddc trj,
ddng dao diic de cai trj nhan dan cua cac vua chda thi tu nhidn dat nudc dugc
thai binh. Nha vua vd diic, hung bao hoac hdn am thi dat nude se suy vi, nhan
dan se didu linh, khdn kho. Diin ede: cung didn, didn gac... hinh anh hoan du
ehi noi d va lam vide cua vua chua. Cu; nghTa la d, ngir va cung chi each dfng
xu, cu xir, dd'i xir, didu hanh, cai trj. (Nam qudc son hd Nam dicu).
Hai cdu tho cd y sau xa khuydn nha vua ndn sira diic lam guong de quan
dan tin phuc, de cam hoa dan. Nd'u dugc nhu thd' thidn ha se thai binh, khdng
eon canh chid'n tranh loan lac.
Chu thdi binh rat quan trgng: van nude chfnh la day; dudng ldi trj nudc
cung phai hudng dd'n day. Nguydn vgng cua toan ddn, toan nude Viet ta thdi
a'y va ca mudn ddi cung deu hudng ve day: thai binh - hoa binh. Chii thdi
binh nhu cai cdu nd'i hai phdn cua bai tho va diem quy tu ngi dung tu tudng
eua tac pham.
II. Cdo binh, bdo mgi ngudi (Cdo tdt thi ehiing)
1. Tac gia (Man Giac thien su tue Lf Trudng 1052 - 1096) va the kd
HS dgc - hieu theo Tieu ddn trong SGK.
Luu y: kd thudng dugc sang tac bdng tho 4 tid'ng, 5 tid'ng, hoac 7 itd'ng
cung cd khi luc bat hoac hgp the. Nhan de do ngudi ddi sau dat, lay ldi chep
tir Thiin uyen tap anh: Ngay 30 - 11 - 1096, su cao bdnh, bao moj ngudi, kd
rang: Xudn qua trdm hoa rung...
251

- HS tu dgc cdc ban phidn am, djch nghTa va djch tho, tU hge thudc ldng
ban djch tho.
- Nhan xet the tho cua bai ke: hgp the: bd'n cau ddu - ngu ngdn, hai eau
cudi - that ngdn.
- HS tra ldi cac cau hdi trong SGK, ghi tdm tdt vao vd soan bai; tra ldi b6
sung mdt so cau hdi sau:
+ Hai cau ddu cd phdi dung de ta mda xudn hay khdng? Vi sao?
+ Giu:a hai cau 3 - "4 va hai cau 5 - 6, y td: cd gi mau thudn khdng?
Vi sao?
+ Mdt canh mai (nhdt chi mai) cd phai Id hinh anh thuc khdng? Hinh anh
nay ggi cho em lidn tudng, suy nghT gi?
Dinh hudng:
+ Bd'n cau ddu gidi thfch mdt trong nhu'ng trid't If co ban, quan trgng va
sau sdc nha't cua dao Phat: sinh hod - ludn hdi: cd sinh cd tir, hd't sinh rdi tu,
kid'p nay qua kid'p khac thanh vdng luan hdi bdt tan cua thidn nhidn va eon
ngudi. Trid't If dy dugc cu the hod, nghd thuat hinh anh hod trong bd'n eau
tho nay.
Hai cau dau ed ndi tdi tram hoa nd, tram hoa rung nhung khdng phai de ta
mda xuan dd'n rdi di, di rdi dd'n. Ta khdng bid't rd la nhu'ng loai hoa gi, rung,
nd nhu thd' nao. Chi bid't 66 la quy luat van ddng, phat trien, tudn hoan eua
thidn nhidn.
Didu dang luu y la khdng the dao trat tu hai cau. Nd'u dao thi y nghTa se
khac: Dung hinh anh hoa tdn hoa nd 6e ndi sir sd'ng thidn nhidn tuan hoan,
quay vdng nhu cai banh xe luan hdi, khdng ngu-ng chuyen ddng. Dd la vdng
sau tid'p vdng trudc. Nd'u ndi hoa nd hoa tan thi chi mdi ndi dugc mdt kid'p
trong mdt vdng.
Tdm lai dd la phat hidn va tong kd't ve quy luat luan hdi sinh hod cua tu
nhidn, thidn nhidn.
Hai cau 3 - 4 la quy luat cua cugc ddi con ngudi. Cd sir dd'i nghjch cua
cude sd'ng vd tan di mai, khdng ngirng. Cdn con ngudi, ai cung phai trdi qua
vdng sinh - lao - bdnh -tir.
Tam trang cua nha tho hinh nhu cd phdn ngd ngang, luydn tide, mdt net
ggn budn thoang qua vi cude ddi qua nhanh, thdi gian trdi nhanh, chua lam
dugc vide gi cd y nghTa ma tudi gia da dd'n, da ldo lai tdi tan, life bd't tdng tdm.
252
cau tho cdn chung td tinh than nhap cude, nhap thd' rat tfch cue cua thien
SU: mudn lam vide co y nghTa cho ddi. Ngudi chua he mud'n ldo gid an ehii
Hai cau cudi nhu la mdt ldi tranh luan, chdng lai cai quy luat nghiet nga
kia. Ve dao If nha Phat la the hidn quan nidm trid't If: khi con ngudi da ngd
dao, da hieu dugc quy luat thi se cd siic manh ldn lao, vugt ldn su hoa sinh
thdng thudng. Thidn su ddc dao thanh Phat la dat tdi ban the vTnh hdng, khdng
sinh, khdng diet, dd'n ngd nhu nhanh mai tuoi bat chap xuan tan.
Hinh anh nhanh mai giu'a budi xuan tan vdn tuoi tdn khdng chi la hinh
anh thuc ma nghidng ye phfa trugng trung an du cho ve dep thanh cao, tinh
khid't vugt ldn hoan cdnh khdc nghiet, pham tuc. Tac gia da mugn hinh dnh
thidn nhidn de bieu tugng cho niem tin vd su sdng, sue sd'ng bat diet cua thidn
nhidn, cua con ngudi.
Tmh ydu cude sd'ng, ydu thidn nhidn, mud'n sdng cho cd y nghTa, sd'ng
trong nidm tin trong treo va manh liet vdo chfnh thidn nhidn vd cugc sd'ng; dd
la ve dep va chieu sau tu tudng cua bai tho da phdn ndo vugt ra, vugt ldn khdi
giao If dao Phat vd'n kho hanh u huydn.
Mdt tam hdn tu hanh tuoi tre, lac quan trong khi tuoi gia, than bdnh. '
III. Hifng mudn trd vi (Quy hung)
1. Tac gia Nguydn Trung Ngan (1289 - 1370) va hoan canh sang tac
(theo Tieu ddn trong SGK)
- - HS dgc phidn am chu' Han, djch nghTa, hge thudc long ban djch tho.
- Trd ldi cac cau hdi trong SGK, ghi tdm tdt vao vd soan.
Dinh hudng:
+ Sang tac trdn dudng di sii tir Trung Hoa trd ve (cud'i 1314, cung Pham
Mai di Ydn Kinh - Bde Kinh dd dap Id nhan djp Trdn Minh Tdng ldn rigdi va
giai quyd't van de bidn gidi giu'a hai nude).
+ Ldng ydu nude va niem tu hao dan tdc cua tac gia dugc the hidn qua:
Ndi nhd qud huong, gdn bd vdi cude sd'ng binh dj d qud nha: dau, tdm, huong
Ida, ddng ndi, cua ddng beo ngay; Tu hao ve qud huong ngheo ma td't. Khdng
ni^m vui nao dugc bdng niem vui trd ve qud nha.
+ Cach ndi tu nhidn, khang djnh.
Xa qud thi nhd. Ndi nhd d day binh dj, than thudc, nhu:ng hinh anh than
quen, mdc mac d qud huong ddt nude hidn ldn trong tam tri vidn quan di sii
trdn da't Giang Nam xinh dep.
253
Cugc sdng sung sudng khdng lam tac gia quen, ngugc lai hinh anh phon
hoa cang lam nha tho nhd que ngheo khd.
Ndi mong nhd sdm dugc trd vd que huong.
Bai tho khdng hudng tdi nhung hinh anh tao nha mT Id nhu thudng thay
trong tho trung dai. Nhung d day, cdi ddi thudng binh dj cung trd thanh dd'i
tugng cua nghd thuat, cung lam sang ldn ve dep tinh thdn.
-I- Lidn he dd'n bai Tinh dg tu da hge cua Lf Bach.
Hoat dgng 4
HUCING DAN TONG KET CHUNG VA LUYEN TAP
1. Tap khai quat gia trj cua mdi bai tho bang mdt cau ngdn ggn.
- Van nude trong hidn tai va tuong lai la nen thai binh mudn thud duge
tao nen bdi dudng ldi vd vi ddc trj cho nhan dan dugc thdi binh (Qudc to).
- Trong ldc tuoi gia, than bdnh vdn thanh than va vui tin nhu nhanh mai
ldc xuan tan (Cdo tdf thi chdng).
- Khdng dau bdng ddt nudc qud huong. Vd qud la nidm cam hung thudng
true cua nhung ngudi xa que. (Quy hifng)
2. Net dac sdc chung ve nghd thuat cua ba bai tho
(Hinh anh vua mang y nghTa ta thuc nhung chu yd'u la nghTa tugng trung,
curtg cd khi binh dj, dan da. Cach bieu hidn sau xa, kfn dao hoac ndng nhiet
tha thid't.)
3. Dua vao hai bai tho Quy hdng va Tinh dg tu, vid't mgt bai van bieu cam
ve ndi long mdt ngudi xa que du la Trung Qudc hay Viet Nam.
4. Dgc tham khao:
VE BA CHIJ "NHAT CHI MAI" TRONG BAI THO

"CAO TAT THI CHUNG" CUA MAN GIAC THIEN SU
Cd y kid'n cho rdng djch nhdt ehi mai thanh mdt nhdnh mai la sai...
Nhd't ehi mai la mdt cum td dugc su dung khd phd bid'n trong tho ca ed
dien phuong Ddng. Lay each hidu cue bd vira dugc phat hidn ve mdt cum td
van vao mdt ddng tho da tdn tai gdn nghin nam la chuydn mao hiem. Trong
tho cd, vide tim hieu md'i quan hd mgi mat, dac bidt la mat y nghTa giira hai
cau tho chdn le trong mdt lien (cap) tho la dieu rat quan trgng. Mdi cau thO
tir thay hinh bdng cua minh trong cau tho dd'i didn. Vay, mud'n xdc djnh cdu
tho: Dinh tiin tgc dg nhdt ehi mai thi phdi dat nd trong tuong quan vdi cau
trdn: Mgc vi xudn tdn hoa lgc fan.
254
Cau sau la sir phat trien lidn mach cua cau trudc. 0 day, cdn la su dd'i
thoai vdi quan diem xudn fan hoa rung hit dugc cau trudc ndu ra vdi thai do
phd phan. Nd'u da khdng rung hd't, dt han cdn mdt phdn nao 66 tdn tai. Bdi vdy
xudt hidn mdt so tu d cau sau la dieu tat ye'u.
Do dd chi cd the hieu nhd't la mdt. Cdn tai sao la mai ma khdng phai la
bat cu loai nao khac? Can thay van hge trung dai Viet Nam da chap nhan mdt
sd hinh anh tirgng trung trong van hoc cd dien Trung Qud'c nhu tung, cdc,
trde, mai... la chuydn binh thudng. Van de la xem cha dng ta da dung chdng
mdt each sang tao, linh hoat nhu the nao? Mai thu'dng nd vao ddu xuan. Mai
trong tho cd thudng dugc xem la sd gia bao tin xuan. Hoa mai gdn lien vdi
mda xuan. Nhieu chd, chu mai thay thd' chu xudn: Nhd't ehi xudn; Tgm fang
mdt nhdnh xudn.
Vi nd trudc ndn mai phai chdng chgi vdi thdi tid't khdc nghiet cudi ddng -
dau xuan. Song thir thach chi lam mai cang thdm sang gia. Luc Du tung viet
hon tram bai tho ndi ve hoa mai.
Hoa mai ludn dugc ca nggi: hoa mai nd sdm: tao mai: tgc dg nhdt ehi
khai - mdt nhanh mai nd sdm ddm qua (Te Ki).
0 Man Giac, sir tdn tai cUa chd' mai rat quan trgng. Phan vi dd tho khdng
ed, phdn vi y nghTa tugng trung cua nd. Nd'u doi thanh lan, hoac dao, hdng,...
thi cau tho deu mat hd't y nghTa. Djch cau nay thdm chu nd Iai lam cho nd bdt
di y nghTa ham sdc. Nhd't chi mai la mdt cum danh tir. Trong tho co, khi mud'n
ggi ldn mdt du am lan toa, su trudng tdn, cdc nha tho thudng kd't thuc bai tho
bdng mdt cum danh td.
Mai tugng trung cho mda xudn, cho su sd'ng vTnh hdng, bat diet... Mai cdn
ed vdn mai - mai no mudn. Mai trong tho Man Giac la loai mai nay. Cd khi
dd'i lap giua canh mai nd vdi hoa khac rung hd't de ndi ldn su nhd qud (Udng
Trung: Vudn xifa hoa rung hit -Trin sdng nhd't chi mai).
Cang dgc nhidu tho ve hoa mai cua Trung Qudc, cang thay rd tdm cao tu
tudng cung nhu sang tao nghd thuat ddc dao cua Man Giac thien su.
Lai nhd ddn bai thO Thudng son cua Hd Chf Minh.
Chang le nhd't chi mai d day cdng la tdn mdt loai hoa - hoa nhat chi mai
hay sao?'
(Nguydn Khdc Phi, Mdi quan he giua vdn hge Viet Nam
vd vdn hge Trung Qud'c qua cdi nhin so sdnh,
• NXB Giao due, 2004. tr. 1 9 - 2 3 )
5. Soan bai Tgi Idu Hodng Hge, fiin Mgnh Hgo Nhien di Qudng Ldng.
255
Tiet 52
TIENG VIET
DAC DIEM
CUA VAN BAN NOI VA VAN BAN VIET
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

1. Kid'n thd:c: Phdn bidt dugc van ban ndi va van ban vid't.
2. Tfch hgp vdi Van hge va Lam van qua cac bai da hge.
3. KT nang: Ren luydn kT nang sir dung cd hidu qua van ban ndi va van
ban vid't.

«
Hoat dgng 1
HINH CHUNG
T H A N H KHAI NIEM
VE VAN BAN NOI VA VAN BAN VIET
GV ddn vdo bdi:
1. Theo cdc nha ngdn ngu' hge thi hinh thufc giao tid'p ddu tidn cua xa hdi
loai ngudi la giao tid'p bdng ldi ndi va hinh thdc giao tid'p nay se tdn tai vTnh
cim cung vdi su tdn tai cua xa hdi loai ngudi, nghTa la cho du sau nay cd chir
vid't thi con ngudi vdn ludn cd nhu cdu giao tid'p bang ldi ndi. Ddng thdi, giao
tid'p bang ldi ndi cung la hinh thdc giao tid'p mang tfnh phd cap cao nhat, tdc
la ca ngudi md chu Mn ngudi cd chu ddu cd the giao tid'p mdt each cd hidu
qua bdng hinh thdc giao tid'p nay.
2.Tuong ling vdi hinh thuc giao tid'p bdng ldi ndi, chdng ta cd van ban ndi
va tuong dfng vdi hinh thiic giao tid'p bdng van ban, chung ta cd van ban vid't.
A-mi-si, nha ngdn ngu' ngudi Y cho rdng: "Su khac nhau giu'a vid't va ndi nhde
ta nhd dd'n su khac nhau giu'a di va chay", nghTa la giu'a hai hinh thiic van ban
nay se cd nhu'ng diem, chung. co ban va mdt so diem khac bidt nha't djnh. Vide
phan bidt chdng chi cd y nghTa tuong dd'i, khdng ndn tuydt dd'i hod ranh gidi
giua chdng mdt each cue doan. Cd the giai thfch nhu sau:
a) Phan bidt di va ehgy:
- "di": hoat ddng rdi chd, bdng chan, td'e do binh thudng, tu the binh
thudng, hai ban chan khdng ddng thdi nhdc khdi mat ddt...
256
- "chay": hoat ddng rdi chd, bdng chan, tdc do khdng binh thudng, tu the
khdng binh thudng, hai ban chan cd thd' dong thdi nhdc khdi mat dat...
* Nhan xet:
- Gid'ng nhau (co bdn): hoat ddng rdi chd, bdng chan
- Khac nhau: td'e do va tu thd'
b) Phan bidt giua van ban ndi va van ban vid't:
- Van ban ndi: su dung vd'n ngdn ngu chung cua cgng ddng vdi ba thugc
tfnh CO ban (tfnh quy udc, tfnh san cd, tfnh bdt budc); dugc hidn thuc hod
trong giao tid'p dudi dang cac bid'n the ve tuf vung, cd phap, phong each; cd su
hd trg cua cac yd'u td phi ngdn ngu (didu bd, cu chi, net mat, ngu dieu...)...
- Van ban vid't: su dung vd'n ngdn ngu' chung cua cdng ddng vdi ba thudc
tfnh CO ban (...); dugc hidn thuc hod trong giao tid'p dudi dang cac van ban
chuan muc vd td' vung, cd phap, phong each; khdng cd su hd trg cua cac yd'u
tophi ngdn ngu...
* Nhan xet:
- Gidng nhau: su dung vdn ngdn ngii chung cua cdng ddng vdi ba thugc
tfnh CO ban
- Khde nhau: bid'n the va chuan muc
O phuong Ddng ndi chung, Viet Nam ndi ridng, cac bac tdc nho xua cho
rang dang nam nhi sd'ng trong trdi dat phai khd luydn 6e dat cho ki dugc hai
cai tdi quan trgng la "lap ngdn" (ndi) va "trirdc tac" (vid't), trong dd "trudc
tac" khd hon "lap ngdn" mgt bac. "Lap ngdn" la ndi cho cd ddu cd dudi, ndi
cho cd "sinh khf" va quan trgng nhat la ndi cho ngudi ta hieu dugc minh, chju
nghe minh; cdn "trirdc tac" la vid't cho bai ban, chat che, sau sac, kfn dao de
ngudi khac hidu nhung ke xdu khdng the xuydn tac, bdp meo dugc. Ndi va
vid't deu khd bdi ndi thi "Ldi ndi dgi mau", cdn vid't thi "But sa ga chd't"! "Hid'
cho ndn, ca ndi va vid't deu phai than trgng nhu nhau.
3. Phan loai van ban ndi Va van ban vid't:
a) Van ban ndi:
- Ngdn ngii ndi khau ngii
- Ngdn ngd' ndi van hoa hdi tho'ai
b) Van ban vid't:
- Vid't van ban khoa hge
- Vid't van ban chinh luan
- Vid't van ban hanh chfnh
- Vid't van ban nghd thuat.
17- TKBGNCa VAN 10/1 (NC).A 257

Hoat dgng 2
XAC DINH DAC DIEM QUA V A N BAN NO!
- GV veu cau HS dgc kT muc I trong SGK va tra ldi cac cau hdi:
1. Phuong tien chu yeu dung de ndi la gi?
2. Khi ndi, ngudi ndi va ngirdi nghe cd quan he vdi nhau nhuthd'nao?
3. Td ngd vd cau dugc sir dung dd ndi cd gi dang chd y?
- GV ggi ddn HS trao doi, thao luan va tra ldi:
1. Phuong tidn chu ye'u dung dd ndi la "ldi ndi", tdc la chudi am thanh
ngdn ngu ma con ngudi cd the nhan bid't bang thfnh giac. Ngoai ldi ndi, con
cd cac phuong tidn hd trg nhu didu bd, cir chi, anh mdt, gat hoac lac ddu,...
2. Khi ndi, ngudi ndi va ngudi nghe thudng cd quan he true tid'p vdi nhau,
cu the:
- Cdng cd mat trong mdt khdng gian, thdi gian (nhin thay mat nhau d
nhirng cu li xa hoac gdn nhat djnh).
- Luan phidn ddi vai cho nhau 6i vira ndi, vua nghe va cd the dieu chinh
bdng nhu'ng cau hdi phu nhu: "Ban cd hieu khdng nhi?", "Ban nhdc lai xem,
minh nghe chua rd ldm!", "Sao ban to tid'ng the?"...
3. Tu ngu' va cau ndi chung thoat li cac chuan muc ngdn ngu', tdc la kha tir
do thoai mai, khdng ban tam lam ve su dung sai.
Vf du:
Tir ngur chuan mUc TlT ngur trong ngon ngffnoi
+ Xung ho: anh - toi, anh - em, ban - minh.., + may - tao, dai ca - tieu de, on con - tao...
+ Khang dinh, phu dinh: cd - khong + xong - dech
+ Goi ten: quan, nha, tram nghin, hai, bi thua + vdm, can (Ift), ngong, mdm,...
16...
+ Hanh dpng: di, chay, trdn, an... + te, phan, lui, ddp...
+ Trang thai: thich lam, cam uat, ndi khiing, rat
+ mau lam, tdc sac tiet, dien mau, dong oi la
dong, dieu qua...
dong, di6u rai dieu rung,...
+ Cau chudn muc:
- Te chd?
- Anh cd di dugc khong?
- Ngon khdng'?
- Em cd thay ngon khong?
- Giao tudt!
- Bd me em deu ia giao vien.
258
17-TKBGNGCrvANlO/1(NC).B
Hoat dgng 3
XAC DINH DAC DIEM CUA VAN BAN VIET
- GV ydu cdu HS dgc kT muc 11 trong SGK va tra ldi cac cau hdi:
1. Phuong tidn chu yd'u de vid't la gi?
2. Dieu kidn de giao tid'p bang ngdn ngu vid't?
3. Tir ngu va cau trong ngdn ngu' vid't cd gi dang chd y?
- GV ggi ddn IIS tra ldi:
1. Phuong tidn chu yd'u de vid't la "chu vid't", tdc la he thd'ng kf hidu cua
ngdn ngu', nd dugc ngudi dgc nhan bid't bdng thj giac.
2. Didu kidn la ca ngudi vid't ldn ngudi dgc ddu phdi bid't chu, tdc la cd di
hge, khdng thudc didn md chu'; tham chf phdi rat tinh thdng ve ngdn ngu cua
cdng ddng. Ndi cu the hon:
- Ca ngudi vid't va ngudi dgc deu phai ed mgt trinh do chuyen mdn nhat
djnh ve mdt ITnh vuc nao 66 cua ddi sd'ng hoac khoa hge, trinh do nay lam ndn
"ndi dung giao tid'p".
- Ngudi vid't phai bid't to chdc van ban, dung tir, dat cau theo nhirng
nguydn tdc ngu phap va chi'nh ta nhat djnh.
- Ngudi dgc phai bid't luan giai y nghTa cua van ban theo nhu'ng dac diem
eua tung loai van ban nhdt djnh, chdng han dgc van ban khoa hge se khac vdi
dgc tdc phdm van hge.
3. Td ngir va cau phai bam sat cac chuan muc cua ngdn ngU cdng ddng.
* GV luu y HS phan bidt:
Ngon ngi? noi dUdc ghi lai Ngon ngir vie't trong van ban dUcfc trinh bay
bang chC viet trong van ban lai bang tdi noi mieng
- Od la cac cugc phong van - Dd la cac dien van, cac bao cao tdng ket, cac tham luan hgi
dirge ghi lai de dang bao, bien thao,... da dugc chuan bi dudi dang van ban viet va dirge chuyen
ban cac cugc hgp hoac hgi thanh Idi ndi mieng trong thuc te.
thao khoa hge dugc cong bd, - Trong trudng hgp nay, van phong cua "ban noi" bam sat cac
nhirng ban ghi tdc kf cac cugc chua'n muc cda "ban viet sdn"; ngudi trinh bay cd the sd dung mdt
dam phan... each hgp li cac yeu td phi ngdn ngd nhu dieu bg, cd chi, net mat,
- Trong tn/dng hgp nay, "ban ngd dif u.
ndi" thudng da dugc sda - Ngdn ngO viet trong van ban dugc dgc thanh tieng, tdc la phat
chi/a, ggt giua (bien tap) gan thanh chudi am thanh cd the tie'p nhan bang thinh giac.
vdi van phong cija "ban vie't". - Ngudi dgc phai trung thanh vdi ngi dung, tham chi la tdng dau
cham dau pha'y ciia van ban vi^t; nhung cd the sd dung cao dd,
trudng dd,... de thd hi6n cam xuc cua minh khi dgc mdt van ban
vi^t nao dd.
259
Hoat dgng 4
n a O N G DAN LUYEN T A P
1. Bai tap 1
Van ban noi Van ban viet
Ve dieu kien Ngudi nghe cd mat true tiep Ngudi nhan khdng cd mat true tiep (ngudi viet va
sddung (ngudi ndi va ngudi nghe ngudi dgc cd the sudt ddi khdng bie't mat nhau,
ddng hidn trong mgt don vj tham chf thugc nhdng the he rat xa nhau ve khdng
khong gian, thdi gian). gian, thdi gian ljch sd; chang han ngay nay chung
ta dgc Chieu doi dd cua Li Cdng Uan hoac Dai cao
. binh Ngd cua Nguyen Trai,...).
Ve phuong Dung am thanh va ngd dieu, Dung ki tu, dau gigng, dau cau; khdng sir dung
tien vat chat thudng sd dung kem cac kem cac yeu td phi ngdn ngd (van ban viet dirge
ye'u td phi ngdn ngir nhu "triiu tugng hoa" khdi khdng gian, thdi gian va
dieu bg, cd chi, gat dau, lac "triru tugng hoa" khdi ca tac gia cua nd; chang han
dau, anh mat, nu cudi, vung cac van ban each chung ta hang the ki thi dirdng
tay... nhu Chung ta "vo cam" vdi ngudi viet - day la diem
khac biet co ban va thu vi giOa van ban viet va van
ban ndi! Ndi each khac, mdt khi van ban viet da trd
thanh san pham khach quan cua xa hdi thi ngay
ca tac gia cung khong cdn cai "quyen" can thiep
vao nd nda! Sd phan hay gia tri cua nd hoan toan
phu thugc vao ngudi dgc va du luan xa hgi).
Ve dac diem Trong khau ngO, cd the sd Dung td, dat cau, di§n dat,... phai bam sat cac
ngon ngO dung cac yeu td du thda, chuan muc ngdn ngi; cua cgng ddng de dam bao
lap, thu phap tinh luge, cd tinh chmh xac, ti'nh nghiem tuc va tfnh trau chudt
the sd dung cac biet ngd, cda "trudc tac".
tieng Idng, cac td ngd chem
xen thdng tuc, dan da, than
mat,... Trong van hoa hgi
thoai thi ngon ngi; gan vdi
cac chuan muc hon.
2. Bai tap 2
Cac van ban ndi dugc ghi lai d dang vid't thudng gap la:
- Cac doan dd'i thoai trong cac tac phdm van hge.
- Ldi phat bieu cua nguydn thu qud'c gia dugc ghi lai de dang bao.
260

- Nhung ldi tranh luan, dd'i thoai trong cac hdi thao khoa hge hoac cac
cude hgp dugc ghi lai dudi dang ki yd'u, bidn ban,...
Khi dugc ghi lai dudi dang van ban vid't de luu giu, dang bao, in sach,...
eac van ban ndi cd the dugc "bidn tap" lai de dam bao tfnh nghidm tuc nhdt djnh.
3. Bai tap 3
Cac van ban vid't khi dugc trinh bdy d dang ndi thudng gap la:
- Cae bai didn van cua nguydn thu qud'c gia hoac cac cap lanh dao.
- Cac tham luan trong hdi thao khoa hge.
- Cac bai da dang bao, in sach dugc chuyen thanh ban tin phat thanh,
truyen hinh,...
Khi chuyen tur dang vid't sang dang ndi, van ban vid't cung dugc "gia cd"
nhdng yd'u to hd trg phi ngdn ngu nhat djnh.
4. Bai tap 4
- Muc a, b mang nhu'ng thudc tfnh cua van ban vid't: nghidm tdc, chat
che, chudn muc.
- Muc c gan vdi van ban ndi: su dung thu phap tinh luge, each ndi khau ngu'
5. Tham khao
Gdn li^n vdi su phan bidt ndi dung hai tdn ggi "didn ngdn" va "van ban"
la sir phan bidt "ngdn ngu" ndi" va "ngdn ngir vid't" (ldi midng va ldi vid't, san
pham ngdn ngir ndi va san phdm ngdn ngu' vid't).
Cd the ndi rdng chfnh su khd phan bidt giua ngdn ngu' ndi vdi ngdn ngu
vid't da keo theo each hieu va each dung khdng phai bao gid cung phdn minh
hai tdn ggi "didn ngdn" (hieu la ndi) va "van ban" (hieu la vid't).
Ve kinh nghidm thuc tidn thi mdt each so bd va dd nhan bid't, vdn de phan
bidt ngdn ngu' ndi vdi ngdn ngir vid't cd the dugc xem xet d ba phuong didn:
- Phuong didn chat lieu.
- Phuong didn hoan canh su dung.
- Phuong didn bdn trong he thdng ngdn ngii.
Nd'u hieu ngdn ngd' ndi theo nghTa hep la ngdn ngu: am thanh dung trong
hdi thoai tu nhidn, cdn ngdn ngir vid't dugc hieu rdng, bao gdm cd nhu'ng ldi
phat bieu trdn co sd mdt bai vid't sdn, thi cd the tdm luge cac diem phan bidt d
ba phuong didn trdn nhu trong bang dd'i chidu sau day:
261
Van ban noi Van ban viet
1. Ve chat lieu
Am thanh cua ngon ngur trai ra trong thoi gian Chir Viet, trai ra trong khdng gian (phan anh tinh
mgt hudng va mgt chieu. Sd dung ngu dieu. Cd tuyen thdi gian). Cd he thd'ng dau cau dac thu.
the dung cac phuong tien kem ngon ngd.
2. Ve hoan canh sddung
Cd tinh chat tdc thdi, khdng dugc dan dung Cd didu kien dan dung, cd co hdi ggt giua, kiem
trudc, khong cd ca hgi ggt giua, kiem tra. Cd tra. Thudng khdng cd ngudi nghe trirc tie'p.
ngudi nghe true tiep (mat dd'i mat).
3. Mat ben trong he thdng ngdn ngO:
a) V6 ngd am a) Ve chd viet
Sd dung dung va tdt he thd'ng ngd am cu the Viet dung chuan chinh ta thd'ng nhat toan dan
(cd gang tranh dac thu ngi; am dia phuong hep (tranh phan anh dac thu ngd am cua dia
- dugc coi la "nggng" khi khong can thiet). Diing phuong hep, neu khong can thiet). Viet dung
tdt ngii'dieu. quy each con chtr, dung td't dau cdu.
Tuan thd nghiem ngat nhdng quy dinh hinh thCrc
cua cac van ban phap quy,
b) Ve td ngd
b) Vd td ngur
Tranh dung nhdng td ngd cija rieng phong each
Cho phep sd dung chung nhurng tCr ngd ciia
hgi thoai, khi khdng can thiet.
rifeng phong each hgi thoai thudng gap nhu
"nghi xa hoi", "tam mgt cai da", "dep het say"... Can chgn dung cac td ngd phu hgp vdi phong
each chdc nang cua van ban dugc tao lap
(tranh dung td ngd lac phong each chdc nang).
c) Ve cau c) Ve cau
Thudng dung cau ngan ggn, Cd the dung cau Cd the dung cau ghep dai, nhieu bac. Cd the
tmh luge nhieu bg phan, ke ca viec tinh luge dung cau tmh luge chu ngd va bd' ngd. Tranh
dong thdi ca chu ngur lin vi ngu. dung cau tinh luge ddng thdi ca chu ngd va vi
ngCf ma khdng cd tac dung tu td hge.
Nhieu khi cung diing ti; ngd lap thda trong cau
ma khdng nham muc dich diin dat sac thai tu td.
Trong thuc te, ndi va vie't la hai dang tdn tai cua ngdn ngii, trong dd dang
ndi la dang nguydn cap, dang vid't la dang thd cap. Chdng ta ndi rdng chu vid't
dugc dung de ghi lai ldi ndi, dieu dd khdng sai. Tuy nhien, cdn xac nhan thdm
rdng, trong qua trinh phat trien cua ridng minh, chd vie't da ddn dan hinh
thanh cho minh mgt he thdng ridng, cd phdn khac bidt vdi ngdn ngu ndi,
262
khidn cho dang vid't cd dugc cdi ed't each (phong each) ridng so vdi dang ndi
va anh hudng tfch cue ldn dang ndi. Trong 66, xu thd'chung la nang ngdn ngu
ndi ldn cao ddn trdn cai thang cua trinh do ngdn ngd cd van hoa. Mat khac,
didu vda ndi khdng ddn dd'n tinh trang ngdn ngU vid't "xam thuc" ngdn ngu
ndi, trai lai, ngdn ngu ndi vdn sd'ng ddng va phat trien, vdn la ngudn sinh luc
ddi dao cung cap "nang lugng" sd'ng va sang tao cua nhan dan cho ngdn ngu
vid't phat trien.
Nd'u chdng ta thua nhan - va cd co sd de thu'a nhan nhu vay rdng ngdn
ngu vid't phan anh rd net hon tfnh he thd'ng eua ngdn ngu, cdn ngdn ngd ndi
phan anh rd net hon su hoat ddng cda ngdn ngu trong tuong tac (ndi nhu the
khdng cd nghTa la ngdn ngu ndi cd cau true kem hon ngdn ngu vid't), thi md'i
quan he giua chung cd the thdy rd trong each ndi cua F. de Saussure: "... ve
phuong didn ljch su, su kidn cua ldi ndi bao gid cung di trudc".
Vd sir phan bidt ngdn ngu' ndi vdi ngdn ngu vid't cdn luu y la mdc do phan
bidt giua chdng khdng ngang nhau trong nhu'ng ngdn ngu' khac nhau (gid djnh
rdng nhu'ng ngdn ngu dang ndi dd'n d day cdng thudc ve mdt trinh do phat
trien chung): ton tai nhiing ngdn ngu trong dd su khdc biet nay ldn hon hoac
ed nhdng quy djnh nghidm ngat hon, cdn d nhu'ng ngdn ngu khac thi su khac
bidt nhd hon, ft tfnh quy djnh vd hinh thdc, ft ra la d cai thdi ki ngdn ngu ndi
va ngdn ngu vid't xa nhau nhdt.
Trong cdng vide tim kid'm nhung dau hidu khac bidt giua ngdn ngd ndi va
ngdn ngu' vid't, mdt nha ngdn ngii hge da dua ra nhu'ng each thiic lam vide va
da ghi lai mdt so kd't qua...
(Theo Diep Quang Ban, Vdn bdn vd liin kii trong tiing Viet
NXB Giao due. Ha Ndi, 1998)
263

/v^
TUAM 1 4
Tiet 53
VAN HOC
NHAN
NGUYfiN BINH KHIEM
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

L Kid'n thuc - tu tudng:
- Cam nhan dugc ve dep cude sd'ng, nhan each cua Nguydn Binh Khidm:
dd la cude sd'ng dam bac, nhan each thanh cao, trf tud sang sudt, uydn tham.
Td dd hieu dung quan nidm sd'ng "nhan" cua dng, thdm ydu md'n, kfnh
trgng dng.
- Hieu nhu'ng cau tho cd each ndi an y, each ndi ngugc nghTa tham trdm,
sau sdc; ve dep ngdn ngd tid'ng Viet: mdc mac, tu nhidn, y vj.
2. Tfch hgp vdi bai Cdn Son ea da hge d THCS, bai Doe Tii'u Thanh ki.
3. Ren kT nang dgc - hieu tho tru' tinh - trid't If that ngdn bat cu Dudng
luat chd' Ndm cua Nguydn Binh Khidm.
B. Ctiudn bj cua ttidy vd tro

-Nguyin Binh Khiim - vi tdc gia, tdc phdm, NXB Giao due. Ha Ndi,
2001.
- La Nham Thin, Binh gidng tho Ndm trung dgi, NXB Giao due. Ha Ndi,
2002.
C. Ttiiet ke bdi dqy tipc
Hoat dgng 1
TO C H Q C KIEM TRA BAI C G
I. Bai tho Thudt hodi thudc loai tho gi?
A. Ta canh ngu tinh
264
B. Ndi chf
C. Td long
D. Trid't ll
2. Dgc thudc long vd didn cam bai tho trdn: ban phidn am chu' Han va ban
djch tho.
3. The tho cua bai Tung gid hodn kinh sii!
A. Co phong
B. Ngu ngdn
C. Ngu ngdn tu tuydt.
4. Giai thi'ch va chung minh hdo khi Ddng A qua hai bai tho trdn.
Hoat dgng 2
DAN VAG BAI MCJI
- HS dgc thdm Tidu ddn trong SGK, sau dd tdm tdt su nghidp cua Trang
Trinh Nguydn Binh Khidm (1491 - 1585).
- GV nhdn manh mdt vai diem chfnh:
+ Hidu Bgch Vdn eif si, qud Hai Phdng, cao quan nha Mac ve huu; noi
tid'ng day gidi (Nguydn Dd', Phung Khdc Khoan - Trang Bung deu la hge trd).
Cd uy tfn va anh hudng ldn dd'n cac vua, chda nha Mac, Trjnh, Nguydn. Nha
tho ldn, ngudi cd hge van uydn bac, cd tai doan djnh tuong lai. Nhiing ldi
khuydn tham thuy vdi hg Trjnh: (J ehua thd Phdt thi dn odn; hoac khuydn hg
Nguydn: Hodnh Son nhd't ddi vgn dgi dung thdn... (Mdt dai Hoanh Son cd the
sd'ng ydn dn lau dai.)
+ Ong la tac gia cua Bgch Vdn am thi tap (chu Han) va Bgch Vdn qudc
ngif thi tap (chu Ndm).
- GV hdi: Cd the tdm tat ndi dung Cdn Son ca cua Nguydn Trai bdng mot
chd gi? (nhdn). Chu ay hon mdt tram nam sau lai trd thanh mdt phuong cham,
mdt le sd'ng, mdt thi de cua mgt ldp nha nho ma Nguydn Binh Khidm la mdt
dai bieu tidu bieu.
Hoat dgng 3
HaCJNG DAN DOC - HIEU K H A I Q U A T
L Dgc
- Ydu cdu: nhjp 2 - 2 - 3, 4 - 3, cham rai, ung dung, thanh than, ve hai long.
- GV va HS dgc nd'i nhau vai ldn. GV nhan xet each dgc.
265
2. Giai thfch tu khd (theo 4 chu thfch trong SGK) ^

3. The loai: tho that ngdn bat cd Dudng luat chu Nom.
4. Chu de: Ngoi ca chu nhdn trong cugc sdng an dai noi rirng nui khi chan
canh quan truong, trieu dinh rdi ren.
Hoat dgng 4
HaCiNG DAN DOC - HIEU CHI TIET
(theo cac van de chu yd'u, khdng theo kd't cau dd, thuc, luan, kd't)
L Ve dep cugc sd'ng d Bach Van am cua Nguydn Binh Khidm.
- HS dgc lai hai cau tho ddu va hai cau 5 - 6 .
- GV hdi:
+ Nhan xet cugc sdng khi cao quan vd d an cua Nguydn Binh Khidm.
+ Diep tir - sd td "mgt" cd ham y gi? So sanh vdi cude sd'ng d Cdn Son
cua Nguydn Trai, ta thay cd diem gi chung?
+ Cd y kid'n cho rdng cugc sd'ngvay that khdc kho, ep xac. Y kid'n cua em
nhu the' nao?
- HS suy nghT, thao luan tung cau hdi, tra ldi.
Dinh hudng:
+ Dd la cugc sdng lao dgng nhu mgt lao ndng tri diin d ndng thdn, mgt
dng tieu noi rung ndi vdi nhu'ng cdng cu lao ddng: dao dat, chid'c eud'c de
cude, xdi vudn, chid'c can cau ca. Diep sd tu mgt cho thay tat ca da sdn sang,
chu dao; cdn cho thay su ung dung, thanh than cua con ngu'di.
+ Vd'n la mdt quan ldn trieu Mac, dugc phong tdi tudc Trinh Qud'c cdng,
vay ma bay gid vd d noi nui rung cay rudng ma an, dao gid'ng ma udng, cau ca
de nhdm rugu, day hge lam vui. Nhu thd' chang ban ITnh ldm sao? Dd la cugc
sdng thudn hau, tu cung tu cap tir thdi ban so dng cha cdn truyen lai. Dd la cai
vui thd tu nhien, tu trong long, mac kd ngudi ddi, tu do tuy thfch. Ttr ai ehi
chung mgi ngudi.
+ Cugc sd'ng nay ggi nhd cugc sdng cua Nguyen Trai d Cdn Son. Hai nha
nho - nha tho Id'n d hai the' ki nhung lai cd hoan cdnh mgt quang ddi gdn nhau
va mgt tam Idng, mgt le nhan sinh rat gdn nhau.
Dd la cugc sdng dam bac, thanh cao. Dam bac la nhung thdc an qud mda,
dan da nhu mang true, gia dd. Dd la cay nha la vudn, la kd't qua cdng sue lao
dgng gieo trdng, cham bdn cua chfnh ban than minh. Sinh hoat cung binh
thudng, dan da nhu mgi ngudi tam hd, tam ao.
266
Nhung dam bac ma khdng khdc khd. Dam bac ma thanh nha, thanh than,
thanh cao. Dd la cugc sdng chan hoa vdi tu nhidn, vdi thidn nhidn.
Hai cau tho nhu ve bd tu binh bd'n mda xuan, ha, thu, ddng vdi cac canh
sinh hoat mua nao thdc ay, cd mdi vj, cd sdc huong, nhe nhang, trong sang.
Vda cd nudc trong vira cd huong thom thanh quy.
2. Ve dep nhan each
- HS dgc didn cam hai cau 3 - 4, 7 - 8.
-GVhdi:
+ Tac gia quan nidm nhu thd' nao vd le sdng ma chgn cugc sdng nhu the'?
+ Em hieu cac tir dgi, khdn theo nghia nao? Trong bai tho, cac tu nay cd
ndn hieu theo dung nghTa den cda chdng khdng? Nc/i vang ve la noi nao?
Chdn lao xao la chdn nao? Vay ta phai hieu thuc chat quan nidm sdng cua tac
gia nhu thd' nao?
- HS thao luan, phan tfch, tra ldi
Dinh hudng:
Ve noi nui rung qud huong la ve vdi thidn nhidn, thuan theo tu nhidn,
thodt ra ngoai vdng ganh dua cua thdi tuc, khdng bj cudn hut ldi keo cua tidn
tai, chdc tudc, danh vgng, dja vj,... de tam hdn an nhidn, khoang dat.
Do la le xuat xu, hanh tang cda nha nho thdc thdi, uu thdi mdn the.
Tac gia tam su vdi minh ma nhu nhan vdi ddi, ddi lap fa vdi ngifdi, dgi
vdi khdn, noi vdng ve vdi chdn lao xao.
Ta tim noi vdng ve la noi ft ngudi, chang cd ai cau canh ta, ta cung chang
cdn cdu canh ai. D6 la noi tTnh lang cua thidn nhidn trong sach va noi thanh
thoi ngoi nghi cua tam hdn.
Ngifdi din chdn lao xao la tim dd'n chdn cdng quyen, noi quan trudng, noi
dd hdi. Chdti lao xao dn ao, sang trgng, quyen thd' thi ngua xe tap nap, ke hdu
ngudi ha, bac vang nhu nudc, thd doan bon chen, luon lgt, co muu, sat phat,
hiem ddc, chd't ngudi, mat tfnh ngudi, tinh ngu'di.
Tim noi vang vi la tim thay sir thu thai cda tam hdn. Niem vui cat thanh
ldi, nhu hidn ldn trong budc di ung dung, tho than, nhe lang lang, thoai mai
vd cung.
- GV ndu van de:
+ Nhu vay, thuc chat cd phai Nguydn Binh Khiem dgi that? Nhieu ngudi
ddi khdn that?
+ Cach sd'ng ay cdn chdng td dieu gi cda Bach Van cU sT?
- IIS ban luan, phat bieu.
267
Dinh hudng:
Trang Trinh vua thdng tue vua tinh tao, tinh tdo va thdng tud thi hidn
trong thai dd xudt xir, trong each chgn lua le sd'ng. Ong tu nguydn lam ngUdi
"dai", mac kd nhung ai "khdn". Trong cau tho da loe ldn cai hdm hinh dua vui
trong each ndi ngugc. Dgi nhung thuc chat lai la khdn va ngugc lai.
Nguydn Binh Khidm tdng vid't:
Khdn md hiem doe Id khdn dgi
Dgi vdn hiin ldnh d'y dgi khdn.
Khdn, dgi noi dng deu xuat phat tu trf tud, td trid't If dan gian: d hien gap
lanh, d ac gap ac. Va cao hon the, la y thdc chu ddng, bid't trudc tinh thd' xa
hdi de chgn each drug xir dung ddn, sang sudt. Bdi dng cdn la nha Li hge ldn,
hieu sau cac quy luat bid'n chuyen tudn hoan cua vu tru: thjnh - suy, bT - thai,
cung - thdng, hoa - phdc... Do cdng la each ndi ngugc hdm hinh, tinh quai
cua dan gian.
- GV ndu tid'p van dd: Cdi say va giac chidm bao cua tac gia the hidn y
nghTa gi, quan nidm gi?
- HS suy luan, phat bieu.
Dinh hudng:
+ Nha tho tim dd'n rugu, udng say, de chidm bao, de nhan ra le sd'ng, nhan
each, trf tud. Cdng danh, phu quy, cua cai trdn ddi chi nhu mdt giac mo dudi
gdc cay hoe thoang qua, chang cd y nghTa gi. Cai tdn tai mai, cai vTnh hdng
chfnh la thidn nhidn va nhan each con ngudi.
Tuy nhidn, tu tudng nay, Nguydn Binh Khidm cung da chju anh hudng
kha sau sdc tu tudng Lao Trang, d cai "vd vi" cua nd. Mat khac, trong hoan
canh ljch sir cu the cua cugc ddi dng, thi quan nidm sd'ng ay cung la mdt each
phdn ddi lai chd' do duong thdi phd hgp vdi tfnh each cua Nguydn Binh Khidm.
Hoat dgng 5
HUONG DAN TONG KET VA LUYEN TAP
L Cd ngudi cho rdng chu nhdn trong quan nidm sd'ng cua Nguydn Binh
Khidm la fch ki, tidu cue, chi lo cho minh: dgc thiin ki thdn. Theo em, ed
ddng khdng?
2. Lai cd y kien cho rang quan nidm nhdn cua Trang Trinh la nd'i mach tu
tudng tu Chu Van An, Nguydn Trai: thdn nhdn, tdm khdng nhdn. Ve d an
nhung vdn canh canh mgt long lo cho dan, cho nudc (ai qudc uu dan). Em cd
tan thanh vdi y kid'n nay khdng?
268
3. GV chd't lam rd tfnh tfch cue, trf tud va sau sac trong quan niem sdng
nhdn cua Nguydn Binh Khidm, nhan manh ldi tho tru tinh - trid't If ma vdn tu
nhidn, hdm hinh, nhe nhang ma sau sdc bdi each ndi ngugc cua tac gia.
4. HS dgc tham khao triet If nhan dat cua Nguydn Binh Khidm (SGV, tr.
216; trfch doan van cua Trdn Dinh Hugu)
5. Hudng ddn HS lam bai tap nang cao.
(* Ndi dung nhdn ddt (nhdn):
- Chu de pho bid'n trong tho van trung dai.
- Net tu tudng - van hod rat sau sdc cua tdng ldp trf thdc phong kid'n xua.
- Lf tudng sd'ng khdng cdu danh lgi, hod hgp, gdn gui vdi thidn nhidn,
sd'ng thanh cao, lanh manh, tu tam duong tfnh, thu thai tinh thdn.
- Nhdn trong ldi sdng: chgn noi an, d, lam vide, ngdm trang, xem hoa,
choi dan, danh cd, di bd, cau ca, dgc sach, lam tho, udng rugu, udng tra,...
- Ldi sd'ng dep nhung khdng phai hoan toan thoat li cugc sdng ma dd la
theo le hanh tang xuat xU cua nha nho - ngu'di quan tu).
6. Dgc tham khao cdc bdi tho va bai vid't sau:
BAI 29
Tdc da thua, rang da mdn
Vide nha da phd mac dau con
Ban cd, cugc rugu, vdy hoa true,
Bd cui, can cau, trdn nudc non;
Nhan dugc thd vui hay nan na
Bu'a nhieu mudi be chda tuoi ngon
Chfn muoi thi ke xuan da mudn,
Xuan a'y qua thi xuan khdc cdn.
BAI 38
Thdc day, tay cdn sach chira budng
Khach nao tham hdi su phao fudng'^^
Bd'p tra ham da, xdi mang trde,
Nuong cd cay thdi, vai hat mudng.
Cira vdng ngua xe khdng quyt rfu
'" Bay dat ra khdng diing sir that.
269
Com no tdm ca, keo them thudng.

Son tang treu khach xui ngudi bay.
So nguyet kinh kinh da gidng chudng.
BAI 48
Lam ngudi chen chdc, nhgc dua hoi,
Chdng khac nhan sinh d giri choi.
1 hoi nhat nguyet dua tham thoat,
Ang phdn hoa kha lat phai.
Hoa cang khoe nd, hoa ndn rua,
Nudc chiia cho ddy, nude at vOi.
Mdi bid't danh hu la cd so,
Ai tirng ddi dugc dao trdi.
BA153
Vung, kheo nao ai chdng cd nghe?

Khd khan phai luy dd'n the nhi.
Ddc thdi, than thfch chen chan de'n.
That the', hirong lan ngoanh mat di.
Thdt cd tanh tao rudi dd dd'n
Gang khdng mat mo, kie'n bd chi?
Thdi nay nhdng trgng ngudi nhieu cua,
Lang dd'n tay khdng ai ke vi?
BAI 60
Lam ngudi hay mdt, hoa hay hai,
Chd cay rdng hon, chd cay tai.
True tid't cho ben bdng sdt da
Di dudng sa lanh chdn chdng gai.
Midng ngudi tua mat, mui cang nggt,
Dao thanh bdng to, md'i hay dai.
O the ca ydu la cua kha
Ddi CO, ai dd kid'm chi ai?
270
BAI 83
Nep minh qua trudc chdn xdn xao
May sir bdn tai gid thdi phao.
Cira trde vd tay cudi khdc khfch,
Hidn mai vdt cdng hat ngha^ iLiao.
So le da vay thi ddu vay.
Vat vanh mdng bao, sa quan bao?
Chang bid't trung can hai chu ay,
Nhd on da't rdng, cay trdi cao.
(La Nham Thin,
Tho Nom Dudng Ingt, sdd, tr. 299 - 320)
VUI N H A N
Bai tho xem chirng chang cd gi hay ma sao hge td nhd dd'n gia nay vdn
cdn thudc, mudn qudn cung khdng qudn dugc?
Hge tho cu Trang thay cu khoe qua, chdng lo dieu gi. Cu ndi sdng nhu
vay la sd'ng nhdn. Nhdn la gi? Cd le khdng phai lam gi hd't hoac lam choi lam
bdi, lai cd rugu udng, lai nhdp mdt minh dudi gdc cay ngoai ddng chd chdng
phai trong nha... cai nhdn ay khdng phai la trdn ddi, lo td't cho ridng minh
(dde thidn ki than) ma nd la ca mdt ca'u true tam tu khdng don gian. Phang
pha't Dao, Phat, dam nhdt vdn la Nho, nhung la Nho da Viet hoa, nhan dan
hoa cd tfnh dac thu. Mgt nhan each lam ngudi cd dao due, lo dao hon lo
ngheo, khdng ham phd quy, trgng nghTa quy nhan. Mdt nhan each trf thuc cao
hon, mdt nhan each trid't nhan thau sudt mgi le bid'n chuyen cua tao vat cd tfnh
bidn chdng thd so nhung hidu qua cua nhan tinh thd' thai, xa hdi hung suy, non
sdng bid'n doi, ndn chdng nao dat dd'n niem thfch thang cua bac dai giao. Mdt
nhan each chfnh trj bid't danh gia ddng chd sang phai theo, chd tdi phai bd,
lam quan thi hd't minh cho nudc, cho dan, d an thi nhe nhdm, thanh nhu nude,
nhe nhu may. Tir Td Hidn Thanh, Chu Van An, Nguydn Trai, mdi ngudi mdt
hoac hai each sd'ng ay deu dudng nhu chung ddc lai noi cu Trang, va cung
truyen mai cho tdi Bac Hd vdi thdi dai mdi.
Tho cu Trang cd chu" nhdn tdi ca tram bai ca Han, ca Ndm. Bai nay khdng
ed ehii nhdn nhung cai "nhan" lai hidn ra ddy du 15 cap td dd'i lap trong Chu
Dieh: cat / hung, phdc / hoa, dai / tieu, xudt / nhap, vang / lai, tid'n / thoai, sinh
/ tir, dae / tang, thai / bT, am / duong, cung / thdng... vao tho cu Trang thd' gidi
271
mau thudn ay md ra rat rdng: dai / khdn, vung / kheo, mdt / dugc, chd / khen,
gidu / hen, meo dudi chudt / kid'n tha bd... Bd phia tudn hodn sai lac, mau
thudn dy la hidn thuc. Ndm lay cdi chfnh, gat di cdi ta, giu' lay cai chinh lam
ndn ta, vdt cai ta ra ngoai ta, dd la cdi dao cua "nhan" vay.
Hai cau md ddu cd ve nhu lap lai kieu ngu, tidu canh, muc cdng thde.
Nhung nha'n manh diep tu mat nhu dd'm duyet trudc khi lam. Ridng dm thanh
a'y khdng phai cua sach vd, cdng thiic tir ke ngdi trdn ldu cao ban xud'ng rna la
gigng didu lao ddng - du chua that luc nhu ndng dan thuc thu. Khdng ai doi
cu Trang phai vac cay, mang bua, cam roi budc theo trau. Nhung ra ddng
tham rudng, d nha soat lai dung cu cay bira cho con chau, hoac ke an ngudi d
thi cai mau ndng tang chua phai la da nhat. Cho ndn vide lam cd the la tho
than nhung that thd vj va tu thudng cho minh cai thu vui ay.
Khdng djnh cai mat bdng vu'ng chai rdi giu chat cai "dai" cho minh, ddy
cai khdn cho ngudi. "Tim noi vdng ve", mac ngudi tdi "chdn lao xao". Cap ddi
lap nay nghe tudng nhu trai nhau d am thanh, tid'ng dgng, noi cd noi khdng,
nang tdi miic triet If: hu va thuc, sdc va khdng, hanh va tang, hien va mac...
TTnh cao hon ddng. Dd'n tjch tTnh thi tam hu than sang. Dat tdi cai khdng thi
cai sdc chi la huydn la vd. Ong Quan trong Lue Vdn Tiin ngdi im, tinh rui,
nhd'eh mep, vdng ve ma khi ldn tie'ng thi ca mdt kho tang kinh luan. Dd la cai
vdng ve cua ke nhan minh la dai, mudn lam dai, cai dai cua bac hidn, giac,
hieu ddi va tu bid't m.inh. Dd la cai vung (chuyd't), cai ngu khidm ton ma tu hao
cua bac thiic gia.
Cdn lao xao va khdn?
Am thanh lao xao tu nd phu nhan cai chat tu' ton, hien lanh, chan chat. Nd
la tid'ng giiia chg, tid'ng thay trd Ma Giam Sinh tranh gianh, cai eg, chiri bdi
quanh cdi lgi, cai ldc. Cdn chfnh hay bat chfnh, chang can. Nd phoi bay bg
mat that xdu xa cua con ngudi d dd. Day khdng phai la cai chg ma la chdn lgi
danh, cu'a man dao, noi ldu son gac tfa, quydn cao chuc trgng, cung didn, quan
trudng... danh ddng thanh am thanh hdn tap: lao xao. Lao xao dd'n chu-ng dy
thi dan chung kho dd'n chdng nao? Rdi lai mia la khdn. Chdng phai thd khdn
dai bac thap:
Khdn nghi ed bgc Id khdn dgi,
Dgi chdn vdn chuong d'y dgi khdn.
Khdn day la loai ha ngdi bdt quyd't djnh tfnh mang ngudi ta hoac tu tdi ba
ddi chfn kid'p...
^.11 Trang kd't luan hien lanh, la cai khdn, cdi lao xao dy danh cho ngudi. Cu
ed: xin tru d cai "dai" vdng ve, cdn vai cho xa cai khdn lao xao. Am didu cdu
272
tho nghe cd lanh va khidm lam sao! Y nhu ldi dan di dan lai minh rdi ta, "ta
dai" rdi "ta tim", dudng nhu cd ldc khdng tim ndn thanh dai that!
Tim dd'n noi vang ve ay thi dugc gi?
Dugc chi bay nhidu: dn vd tdm. Noi vdng ve ay la hidn thuc ndng thdn, la
cay rudng, chai ludi, la sinh hoat. Rd la khdng sang trgng nhung cung may
du. Quan trgng hon la tat ca deu la cua minh, ket qua lao dgng cua nha. Mang
true hang rao, gia dd u gid cat, hd sen ao nudc trudc vudn, canh nha. Gdn gui,
sdn sang, can dau cd dd. Mgi thu deu cd gdc td thien nhien. Sinh hoat con
ngudi khang khft vdi thidn nhidn. Khdng phai ngdu nhien, mdt ddi ldn ma
quanh nam, bd'n mua nhu da an bai tu dau dd trdn cao, an nhidn tu tai, thanh
than, thoai mai ki la. Dau kho,To toan, met mdi, chan nan... trdt sach sdnh
sanh. Hai cdu tho phan thanh bd'n doan, tao ra the' dd'i ngdu virng ben, mat
bdng ydn nhu ban da, ydn ma hgp nhu mat nudc gid'ng khdng xao, ydn ma
trong sudt, khdng gi lay chuyen, vdn diic dugc.
Tim noi vang ve la de dugc cai yen vung ay. Ydn viing cua tam hdn, nhan
each, quy luat. Hai cau tho nhu cat ldn thanh gigng hat, tu hao, ca nggi, cao
vdt nhu tid'ng hac rirng thdng.
Cai dugc dd dang dugc dn thudng, chia vui.
Nd'u cd luc, cu Trang lam dugc cd vide chg bua thay vg nhu ca tdm ddi
chac tdr bdn kia dd'n. Mdt bu'a nao dd, Ida chat lai rdi, cu ggi ngudi nha turn lai
dudi gd'c da ngoai ddng, bd be rugu trong tui ra, ca cai chen hat mft dem theo,
rdt thudng nhung tay liem can man mdi ngudi mot chen va cu cung nhap ludn
cdng nhau hoan hi. Ngirdi lam vui mua, cu Trang vui ddi, vui tam hdn: nga
nga nhin trdi thdy'dam may trang dang ttr bdng tan dan va bid'n mat. Dd chdng
phai la cai phd quy ma ngudi ddi, nhiing ke khdn, tranh nhau vao chd lao xao
ma cudi khdc.
Bdi the, cai nhdn cua cu Trang khdng he,tidu cue.
(Le Tri Vien, Din vdi tho hay.
tap 1, NXB Giao diic. 1997, tr. 84 - 88)
7. Soan bai Doe Tii'u Thanh ki.
18. TKBGNOa VAN 10/1 (NC)-A 273

Tiet 54
V A N HOC
DOC TIEU THANH KI

(DOC TRUYEN TIEU THANH)
NGUYEN DU
A. Ket qud cdn dqt

L Kid'n thuc - tu tudng:
- Hieu dugc: So phan bat hanh cua ngudi phu nu' tai sac Tieu Thanh qua
cai nhin va cam nhan cua thidn tai Nguydn Du (Nha tho da md rgng ndi dung
cua chu nghTa nhan ban trong van hge trung dai: khdng chi quan tam de'n
nhu'ng ngudi dan khdn khd, ddi com rach do ma da quan tam dd'n than phan
cua nhirng ngudi lam ra nhung gia trj van hoa tinh thdn cao dep nhung bj xa
hdi dd'i xu bat cdng, tan td; gian tid'p ndu van dd su cdn thid't phai tdn vinh,
tran trgng nhirng ngudi lam ndn gia trj van hoa tinh than). Quan nidm ve eon
ngudi trong sang tdc cua Nguydn Du toan didn hon. Thanh cdng nghd thuat
cua bai tho ve kd't cau, tir ngu...
- Giao due thai do tran trgng nhu'ng gia trj van hoa tinh thdn va nhung
ngudi sang tao ra chdng.
2. Ren kT nang dgc va phan tfch tho thdt ngdn bat cu Dudng luat.
^
B. Ctiuan bi cua ttiay vd trd
Truyen Kiiu, Tho ehu Hdn cua Nguydn Du.
C. Thiet l<e bdi dqy tiqc
Hoat dgng 1 .
1. Dgc thudc long bai tho Nhdn; phan tfch ndi dung chd' nhdn trong bai
tho Ndm cua Nguydn Binh Khidm.
2. Phdn tfch quan nidm dgi - khdn ciia tac gi-a. Y nghTa trid't If nhan sinh
tid'n bd va sau sdc lai dugc bidu hidn trong gigng tho gian dj, nhe nhang nhu
the' nao?
274
1»- TKBGNGU VAN 10/1 (NC)-B
3. Cd the lidn he gi dd'n thd ldm tuyen trong tho cua Chu tjch Hd Chf
Minh vid't trong thdi ki khang chid'n chdng Phap d Viet Bde (Cdnh khuya,
Nguyin tiiu, Bdo tiep, Cdnh rdng Viet Bde...).
Hoat dgng 2
DAN VAO BAI Md\
- Vid't Truyin Kiiu, Nguydn Du ndi ldn md'i ddng cam sau xa vdi nhung
ngudi phu nu' hdng nhan da truan, tai hoa bac mdnh. Chu de nay cdn nhieu ldn
trd di trd lai trong tho chu' Han cua dng. Mdt trong nhu'ng bai tho ndi tie'ng
quen bid't la bai Dgc Tiiu Thanh ki.
- Trong tid't Thanh minh, ddng trudc nam md Dam Tidn lanh lung huong
khdi, Thuy Kidu ngam ngdi, ban khoan:
Rdng: Hdng nhan tu thud xua,
Cdi diiu bgc minh ed ehifa ai 'ddu.
Ndi niim tudng din md dau,
Thd'y ngudi nam dd biit sau thi ndo?
D6 cung la ndi niem cua chfnh Nguydn Du vdi nang Tieu Thanh khi dng
dgc t^p truydn kf vid't ve cugc ddi bat hanh" cua nang, thdm mdt ldn cat ldn
thanh bai tho that ngdn bat cd Dudng luat.
(Cho HS xem tap Tho chif Hdn cua Nguydn Du.)
Hoat dgng 3
HUCfNG DAN DOC - HIEU K H A I Q U A T '
1. Ve tac gia
- HS nhdc lai nhu'ng hieu bid't ve Nguydn Du da dugc hge d ldp 9 THCS.
- GV khai quat mdt vai net chu yd'u.
2. Ve hoan canh sang tac cud bai tho
- HS dgc va trinh bay tdm tdt theo Tieu ddn trong SGK.
- GV chd't:
+ Chuydn nang Phung Tieu Thanh (1594 - 1612);
+ Chua rd tac gia sang tac bai tho nay trong hoan canh cu the nao (di sir
sang Trung Qud'c, dd'n Tay Hd, Cd Son tham md Tieu Thanh hay d Viet Nam
(Thang Long, Hue, que nha,...) dgc Phdn du (nhiing bai tho cdt] sdt lai) hay
dgc tap Truyin Tiiu Thanh ma vid't ra?
275
3. Dgc
^ Yeu cdu doc didn cdm ca phidn am chir Han, djch nghTa, ba ban dich
tho vdi gigng budn thuong. cdm thdng da diet. Hai cau cud'i dgc gigng dau
ddn, lo au, thang thdt.
- GV cung 3 - 4 HS dgc. GV nhan xet each dgc.
4. Giai thfch tu khd (kd't hgp trong khi phan tfch tirng cau)
5. Bd cLic: Cd the cd each chia:
+ Sau cau ddu: Nguydn Du thuong xdt Tieu Thanh.
+ Hai cau cudi: Td Nhu ban khoan sau nay khdng bid't cd ai thuong khde
minh chang.
Cung cd the dgc - hieu bai tho theo ke't cau de - thuc - luan - kd't.
Hoat dgng 4
* Chgn each dgc - hieu theo kd't cau de - thuc - luan - kd't.
1. Hai cau de ( 1 - 2 )
- . H S dgc lai 2 cau dau - ca phien am chd' Han, djch nghTa, djch tho.
-GVhdi:
+ Cau tho ddu cho ngudi dgc bid't dieu gi ;•
+ Cdnh ay cd don thudn chf la canh vat cu the d Hd Tay hoac Tay Ho
khdng? Y nghTa trid't If sau \ a va tinh cam gi da hd md d day?
- HS ban luan, suy luan, phat bieu.
Dinh hudng:
Cau tho ddu, trudc he't la mdt cam nhan true tid'p ve canh vat d Hd Tay
(Thang Long) hay Tay Ho (Trung Qud'c)? Cd sir dd'i lap giua qua khu va hidn
tai: qua khd xinh dep, phat trien, tuoi td't (hoa uyin) vudn hoa; bay gid go
hoang, bai hoang... hoang phe, hoang dai, lui tan, budn vdng, thd luong.
Nhu'ng khdng chi han hep nhu the: cau tho nhdi ldn ndi buon thuong nhan
tinh thd' thai, sir bid'n ddi cua canh vat trong ddng chdy thdi gian. Cau tho
nhud'm vj trid't If kinh lich kieu Trang Trinh:
The gian biin edi vung nin ddi,
Man nhgt, chua cay, ldn nggt bui.
Hoac cua chfnh Nguydn Du trdi nghidm:
276
Trdi qua mdt cude bi ddu,

Nhifng diiu trdng thdy md dau ddn long.
(Truyen Kieu)
Vdn cd cdi gi dd budn thuong, ngam ngui, luyd'n tid'c ma bat lire, cam chju.
- GV hdi: Cau tho thu hai ggi cho ta tu the va xdc cam gi cua Nguydn
Du? So sanh nguydn tac vdi cac ban djch nghTa, ba ban djch tho de thay cai
hay, cai khd, cai phan van cua vide chuyen ngu?
- HS tap so sanh, phan tfch, phat bieu, trinh bay y kid'n cua ban than.
Dinh hudng:
Dde dii'u song fiin nhd't ehi thu.
Djch thanh:
*TVIdt minh vid'ng nang qua mgt td gia'y chep truydn (djch nghTa)
Thon thiic bdn song manh giay tan (Vu Tam Tap)
Cira he trang tho chanh didu nang (Quach Tan)
Trudc song gidy muc vid'ng nang (Vu Hoang Chuong).
du tha'y cai hay, cai khd, cai phan van, ban khoan cua nhung nha djch
thuat tai ba trudc ang tho cua ngudi xua.
Nhung dd cdn cd chd dj bidt, ca bd'n ban ddu thd'ng nhat d chd ggi ra tu
thd' va cam xdc cua nha tho khi dgc lai nhd't chi thu (trang tho, giay muc,
manh gidy tan, mdt td giay chep truydn...) bdn cira sd (song tiin). Doe dii'u la
vda dgc vira khdc, la dgc mdt minh. Ngudi nay khdc ngudi xua qua trang sach
ed cung khdng phai la chuydn hid'm la. Vi sao ma thuong, ma khdc? Van de
da dugc ndu ra.
2. Hai cau thuc (3 - 4).
- HS dgc didn cam.
- GV hdi:
+ Giai nghTa cac tir son phdn, phdn dit, vd minh, hifu thdn.
+ Su ddi lap giira cau 3, cau 4 nhu thd' nao va cd y nghTa gi?
- HS tu do tim hieu, suy nghT, trinh bay y kid'n.
Dinh hudng:
+ Cau 3 ndi ve nhan sdc, sdc dep phi thudng cua Tieu Thanh. Son phan la
hinh anh an du tugng trung cho sdc dep phu nu. Ai han? Han ai? Vi sao han?
Tieu Thanh dd'n che't va cd sau khi chd't vdn han chdng, han ngudi vg cd tan
bao ghen tudng phu phang khid'n ndng phdi chd't trong budn kho, bdnh tat?
277
Ndng han trdi cao khdng td ndi oan cua nang? Hay la chfnh Nguydn Du cung
an han, oan han vdi nang, vdi ngudi tri ki cung hgi cung thuydn, ngudi dep
chet tie, chd't oan. Ban than su vide chdng la mgt md'i han ldn hay sao?
+ cau 4 vira ta cai phdn du cdn sdt lai 12 bai tho trong tap tho bj dot dd
dang d Cd Son vda ndi ldn su oan khdc, su bac beo, doan mdnh cua tai tinh,
tai hoa: Clui tdi liin vdi ehif tai mot vdn. Su ddi lap giu'a tai sdc, lai vira thd'ng
nhdt trong con ngudi dep ma bat hanh la Tid'u Thanh da gay xuc dgng ldn
trong tam hdn con ngudi nghd sT Nguydn Du.
3. Hai cau luan (5 - 6) .
- HS dgc didn cam.
- GV ndu van dd: Hai cau tho nay cd y nd'i tid'p va khac vdi hai cau trdn
nhu the nao? Hieu nhu the nao ve tir ngd (dugc djch thanh khdch, ta, chung,
ngudi tho)?
- HS phan tfch, so sanh, lidn tudng, trinh bay.
Dinh hudng:
Td suy ngdm ve mgt sd phan nang Tieu Thanh, tac gia md rdng lidn tudng
dd'n sd phan chung, ndi oan chung tu co kim ddng tay. Ong xem dd la cau hdi
ldn chua cd cau trd ldi: Mot edu hdi Idn khdng ldi ddp - Cho din bdy gid mat
vdn chau (Huy can). Vi sao cd su mau thudn giu'a tai va mdnh tai va sdc?
Thiin dia phong trdn
Hdng nhan da trudn.
(Chinh pint ngdm)
Dd khdng chi la ndi ban khoan va bat luc ldn cua ridng Nguydn Du ma
cua chung ca thdi dai dng, thd' he dng.
Cau 6 la ldi tu giai dap cua dng cho ndi oan cua Tieu Thanh, cua Thuy
Kieu, Dam Tidn va ca cua chfnh dng: Dd la cai an oan phong luu ma chfnh
ngudi mang nd lai la ngudi tu lam ra, gay ra nd. Ngd nghTa la tdi, chi minh,
chi ban than, ban the tu xung.
Su cam thdng cao do dd'n miic, nha tho coi chuydn oan khuat cua Tieu
Thanh cung nhu la, chfnh la chuydn cua ban than minh. Va la chuydn minh da
trdt sinh ra, trdt mang ldy nghidp vao than, trdt cd tai tinh, tai sdc thi danh
phai chju de trdi dat ganh ghen, dda cgt, lam cho khdn kho.
4. Hai cau kd't ( 7 - 8 )
- HS dgc.
- GV ndu van dd:
278
+ Con so 300 nam le d day cd y nghTa nhu thd' nao?

+ Tai sao nha tho lai dung bdt hidu To Nhu ma khdng xung danh kidu
khac?
+ Ca'u true phdn kd't bang cau hdi tuong lai cd tac dung gi?
- HS ban luan, lien he.
Dinh hudng:
- Mach cam xdc td" chuydn Tieu Thanh md rdng ra dd'n chuydn chung
mgi ngudi tai sdc, tai hoa, lai chuyen vd lidn he chuydn ban than nha tho la rat
tu nhidn, hgp li (khdng hdn la hai cau tho khau chidm ghep vao).
- Con so 300 nam le chang dung vdi khoang each thdi gian nao. Cd le chi
la mdt eon so ngdu nhidn chi thdi gian lau dai vi sau chang?
Nha tho khdng dung each xung danh ndo khac ma chgn each xung bdt
hidu To Nhu la phu hgp vdi dung y tai lidn tai, tinh thuong tinh, nghd sT
thuong tai tir, cung hdi cung thuydn. To Nhu khdc Tid'u Thanh, khde Thuy
Kieu va chanh nghT sau nay cd ai ddng cam vdi chfnh minh? Ndi ban khoan,
lo au ddn vat nhu'ng nghd sT chan chfnh.
Xuan Didu djch:
Ba trdm tidm nda mo mdng
Ai trong thien hg khde chdng Td Nhu?
Hoat dgng 5
HUCFNG DAN TONG KET VA LUYEN TAP
L Cd thi khai quat chu de bai tho bdng tir nao trong cac tir sau?
A. Cam thdng
B. Nhd tid'c
C. Khdc
D. Thuong ngudi - thuong minh
2. Mach van ddng cua tii tho trong bai nhu thd' nao?
(Dgc truydn - thuong tide xdt xa ngudi tai sac, tai hoa oan uong mdnh
bac - suy nghT ve so phan ngudi tai hoa - tai tir - thuong, lo cho ban thdn
trong tuong lai cd ai hieu minh?)
3. Bdi tap ndng cao: Vi sao Nguydn Du dac bidt quan tam tdi nhung
ngudi phu nu' tai hoa bac mdnh?
(- Vi ngudi cung hdi cung thuyen, cdng tai hoa, cdng ndi tinh, cdng bac
mdnh: (Ji bd hdnh: Cung mgt Ida bin trdi ldn dan)
- Nguydn Du - mdt trdi tim ldn - mdt nghd sT ldn...)
279
4. Dgc tham khao thiii ki gido an sau:
DOC TIEIJ THANH KI

(DOC TRUYEN TIEU THANH)
(Ngu vdn 10, tap mot, 01 tie't)
L Muc tieu can dat

1. Giup HS hieu rd tam su cua Nguydn Du vd cugc ddi, ve cam hdrng cua
dng khi vid't Truyin Kiiu bat hu, long thuong ngdi, tid'c tai, mong gap dugc
ngifdi ddng diiu, thong cam qua cau chuydn nang Tieu Thanh.
2. Bai tho tie'p tue mgch di tdi vinh nhdn vgt lich su, nhdn vdt fdi hoa bgc
minh vd'n dugc Nguydn Du rat quan tam. Tir sd phan cua mdt ki nu', nha tho
giai bay tam su sau kfn cua ban than trudc ngudi ban dgc tuong lai. Y thdc
nghi si hod quyin vdi td'm long nhdn di sdu sac da gdp phdn tao ndn ve dep
cua bai tho.
3. Cung cd va ren luydn kT nang dgc tho that ngdn bat cu Dudng luat;
phan tfch bai tho theo bd cue di, thifc, ludn, kit, budc ddu so sanh dd'i chie'u
vdi ban phidn am chu Han.
IL Ngi dung va tien trinh day hoc tren ldp
Hoat dgng 1
Gl6l THIEU BAI THO
- GV ydu cau HS dgc va suy nghT thdm ndi dung Tiiu ddn va chu gidi 1
de hidu rd hon vd chuydn nang Tieu Thanh va hoan canh sang tac bai tho.
- Dhili hudng bd sung:
a) Day la mdt bai tho chu Han hay, y tu rat sau sdc nhung khd hieu.
Hoan canh sang tac cua nd cho dd'n nay vdn cdn nhidu dieu chua rd.
Chang han: Bai tho dugc sang tac trong hoan canh cu the nao? Khi trdn dudng
di sir hay khi d Viet Nam, d Thang Long hay d Hue'? Nd'u vid't d Trung Qud'c
thi sao lai dua vao Tap tho Thanh Hiin ma khdng dua vao tap Bac hdnh tgp
lue? Cdn nd'u vid't d Viet Nam thi Tay Hd trong cau ddu la hd nao? Rdi
chuydn hai cau tho cudi cdng, cd y kid'n cho rang dd la hai cau khdu chiim (di
ngdn) ma Nguyen Du dgc trudc khi qua ddi? Va ba trdm nam le la tfnh td bao
gid? Vi Phdng Tieu Thanh vd'n sd'ng d ddi Minh (1594 - 1612) so vdi Nguydn
Du (1765 - 1820), tfnh each nao cdng khdng ra con so ay?!... Lai cdn chuydn
flidf niim d cau 1 va cau 8 nira,v.v...* (2)
280
- Trong tinh hinh tu lieu hidn nay, chdng ta danh chap nhan theo mdt each
hidu tam cho la cd If nhat, cd the dugc xem nhu gdn vdi su that nhat ma thdi!
- NghTa la chung ta tgm gid duih: Nguydn Du vid't bai tho nay d Viet
Nam, khi dng dang lam quan vdi nha Nguydn. Nha tho ngdi vid't bdn cua so,
cam hung khi dgc tap truyin ki ghi chep ve cugc ddi nang Tieu Thanh (Chu
khdng phai la dgc tap tho - phdn du cdo cua Tieu Thanh!).
- Hai cau tho cud'i cdng cung cd the la tho khdu chiim, nhung nd vdn
thd'ng nha't vdi mach cam xdc cua toan bai, khdng phai la tho ghep nd'i tu hai
bai khac nhau.
- Chuydn thdt niim la cd, nhung khdng phai la do nha tho kem ma ngugc
lai, dng khdng he bj luat Id trdi budc, khi can vdn cd the vugt ra ngoai
khudn khd.
- Cdn con so 300 nam le, cd le chi ndn xem la mdt con so ude phdng, udc
le ve thdi gian tucmg lai dai lau ma thdi!
- Chuydn nang Phung Tieu Thanh tai sdc ven toan, 16 tudi lay le ngudi
hg Phdng, bj vg ca ghet ghen, phdi tranh ra d Cd Son, rdi dau budn, lam tho,
ve chdn dung minh, sinh bdnh va chd't giu'a tudi 18, dd lai biic chan dung linh
ddng va 12 bai tho cdn sdt lai sau khi bj vg ca tan bao dot dd dang. That la
hdng nhan bgc minh, nghin ndm dau Idngl Md nang hidn cdn trdn Cd Son,
Trid't Giang.
b) Cung cd the vao bai mdt each don gian, ggn nhe hon:
- Thuong tid'c tai hoa, nhat la thuong tid'c nhu'ng ki nii bac mdnh n6i danh
trong ljch sir va van chuong Trung Hoa trung dai la dd tai phd bid'n va hap ddn
cae nha tho Viet Nam. Nguydn Du, ngoai Truyin Kiiu bat hu cdn khdng ft bai
tho chu' Han dac sdc vid't ve the tai nay ma Dgc truyin Tii'u Thanh la mdt
trudng hgp tidu bieu.
Hoat dgng 2
HLTCJNG D A N D O C , GIAI ThiCH TCJ KHO, TIM HIEU BO QUO
1. - GV dgc ban phidn am chu' Han bdng gigng didu phu hgp: cham,
budn, sau ldng.
- 4 HS dgc ban djch nghTa va ban djch tho.
- GV nhan xet each dgc cua HS.
2. HS dgc cac chd thfch vd td khd trong SGK. GV luu y cac tu: ngd
(khach), tan (hd't) hay tdn * (3) - (mac kd)...
281
3. Bd cue
a) De: Khoi ngudn cam hung vd chuydn nang Tieu Thanh.
b) Thuc: Cam - luan ve sdc dep va tdi nang cua Tidu Thanh.
c) Luan: Cam luan vd phong van ki oan bd't khd gidi.
d) Kd't: Ban khoan vd ban than trong tuong lai sau 300 nam le.
Tdm lgi:
- Sau cau dau chu yd'u ndi ve Tieu Thanh.
- Hai cau cud'i chu yd'u ndi ve Nguydn Du.
Tir ngudi cung hgi cung thuyen, ngudi tri ki ma nghT nggi vi ban than, ve
cdi tdi nghi si trong long ban .dgc hidn tai va tuong lai.
Hoat dgng 3
HUCfNG DAN TIM HIEU CHI TIET BAI THO "
THEO BO c u e DE, THUC, LUAN, KET
l.De
Tdy hd hoa uyin tdn (tan) thdnh khU,
Doe dii'u song tiin nhd't chi thu.
(Hd Tdy cdnh dep hod gd hoang,
Thdn thifc bin song mdnh gidy tdn.)
- GV hdi: Em hieu y hai cau tho nay ndi gi? Y cu thi tdfng cau? Ndi lai
bdng van xudi.
- HS tim each didn y tho thanh van xudi gian dj.
- GV hdi: Nhung cd phai nha tho chi djnh ta canh Hd Tay thanh go
hoang hay khdng? Vi sao?
- HS suy luan, tra ldi.
Dinh hudng:
+ Nghia den ciia cau tho: Tay Hd xinh dep nay thanh hoang phd', vdng ve,
lanh lung.
+ Ngliia rgng: theo thdi gian, canh vat doi thay theo hudng dang budn.
Nd'u hieu rd tir tdn thi cdn cd nghTa mac ke, hay la su ba't luc cua eon
ngudi trudc ddng chay cua thdi gian bat tan vd cung va vd tinh.
+ Cau 2 di vao cu the cam hiing cua bai tho bdt ngudn tir vide dgc tap
truyin ki vi ndng Tii'u Thanh bdn cira sd.
282
Luu y tir dde dii'u djch thanh thdn thifc khdng nhung khdng sai ma cdn
hay vi td ldy thudn Viet khdng chi ta dugc cai xdc dgng cu the cua nha tho
ma vdn ndi dugc cai ed don vd dau ddn dang cdn chia si, du chi la trdn
trang sach.
2. Thuc
Chi phdn hifu than liin tu hdu,
Vdn chuong vd minh luy phdn du.
(Son phdn ed thdn chdn vdn hdn,
Vdn chuong khdng minh ddt eon vitong...)
- HS didn y hai cdu tho thanh van xudi theo ban djch nghTa.
- GV hdi: Phdn du la cai gi? Giai thfch? Nguydn Du diing ve phfa ai dd'
ea nggi sdc, tai cua Tidu Thanh? Em hieu thd' nao ve tir hdn va luy? Ai han?
Han ai? Ai luy? Luy ai?
- HS thao ludn, tra ldi.
Dinh hudng:
+ Cau trdn ndi ve nhan sdc khac thudng, hon ngudi, nhu cd thdn cua nang
Tieu Thanh. Chi phdn la hinh dnh dn du quen thugc de ndi ve sdc dep cua
ngudi phu nd' xua. Sdc dep la bdu vdt cua tu nhidn. Ngudi mang nd da chd't
rdi. Chd't tre cang lam cho ngudi ddi tid'c thuong...
+ Cau dudi ndi ve tai van chuong tho, hoa cua nang Tid'u Thanh. Phdn du
la phdn di cdo gdm 12 bdi tho vd I bife chdn dung cua nang cdn de lai, cdn
edu dugc sau tran ghen tudng tan ddc, djnh dot bd cua ngudi vg ca ddc ac.
Thd' la van chuong khdng cd so mdnh ma vdn de lai lidn luy, thuong tide
eho ngudi ddi sau khi chd't, sau khi dot.
+ Ai han? Tieu Thanh va Nguydn Du cung han. Han ai? Han vg ca, han
chang Phung, han trdi dat, duydn phan ham hiu. Ai luy? Tieu Thanh va
Nguydn Du cung luy. Luy ai? Luy chfnh cai tai, chfnh cai tinh cua van
chuong, cua ngudi nghd sT sang tao ra van chuong!
* Tdm lgi, 66 la sd phan oan trai cua sdc tai ki nu khid'n trdi dat ghen.
- HS dgc nhu'ng cau tho ta Thuy Kidu da hge d ldp 9 cung cdng y nay.
3. Luan
cd kim hdn sif thiin nan vd'n,
Phong van ki oan ngd tu eif.
(Ndi hdn kim ed trdi khdn hdi,
Cdi dn phong luu khdch tif mang.)
283
- GV hdi: Khdch la ai? Hai cau nay, nhat la cau tho thd sau cho ta tha'y
thdm dieu gi trong tinh cam cda Nguydn Du ddi vdi Tieu Thanh?
- HS ban luan, phat bieu tu do.
Dinh hudng:
+ cau tren mud'n rut ra mdt quy luat khai quat: Nhung md'i oan khuat eua
con ngudi xua nay lam sao hd't? Lam sao tranh dugc? Lam sao cd the hdi trdi,
hdi da't dd' mong tim ldi giai dap cho dugc?
Cau tho the hidn su bd't lite, bi tac khdng tim thay cau tra ldi cho nhung
oan khuat cua con ngudi da va dang gap phai trong cude sd'ng. Con ngudi, hoa
ra chi la trd choi, la con rdi trong tay so phan, djnh mdnh vd tinh va ngat ngheo:
Mgt edu hdi ldn khdng ldi ddp^
Cho din bdy gid mat vdn chau!
(Huy Can)
+ Cau dudi, mdt mat khdng djnh ndi oan khuat ldn lao, la lung cua nang
Tieu Thanh - mgt kid'p hdng nhan da trudn, mat khac lai cho rdng ta (ngd),
Nguydn Du cung cung mgt hgi, mot thuyin vdi ngudi bj oan. NghTa la ta cung
bj oan khuat: Ciing mgt Ufa bin trdi ldn dan... (Bach Cu Dj, Ti bd hdnh).
+ Cau tho khdng chi true dip bay td thdi do ddng cam cua nha tho dd'i vdi
Tieu Thanh ma cdn bdo hiiu edi tdi sdp sira dugc tam su true tid'p.
+ Djch la khdch cho hgp luat tho nhung lai lam md cai tdi true tid'p hid'm
hoi a'y trong tho cd.
4. Kd't
Bd't tri tam bdeh du niin hdu,
Thiin hg hd nhdn khdp Td Nhu.
(- Ba trdm ndm nffa ta khdng biit,
Thiin hg ai ngifdi khde TdNhif!^^^
- Ba trdm ndm nifa mo mdng,
Cd ai thiin hg khde chdng TdNhu?'-')
- GV hdi: Nguydn Du lo ldng, ban khoan dieu gi? Vi sao dng lai cd suy
nghT a'y? Dieu ban khoan ay cd chfnh dang khdng va da dugc ngudi ddi sau
tra ldi nhu the nao?
- HS suy luan, lidn he, phat bieu.
'" Vu Tam Tap dich, trong Tho chu Hdn Nguyin Du. NXB Van hoc. Ha Noi, 1978.
'^' Xuan Dieu dich, trong Tho chu Hdn Nguyin Du, NXB Van hoc. Ha Noi, 1978
284
Dinh hudng:
+ Tu vide thuong tide, xdt xa cho Tid'u Thanh, cd gai phong nha, nan nhan
cua phong van ki oan sd'ng each nha tho hon ba trdm ndm ve trudc (con so
udc Id), Nguydn Du chgt lo ldng, ban khoan cho sd phan tuong lai cua chfnh
ban than minh. Nha tho hudng vd ngudi dgc tuong lai xa hon ba the ki ma.hdi,
ma nhdn:
+ Cd ai trong mai hau thuong khdc, ddng cam vdi dng nhu dng da tung
ddng cam, khdc thuong nang Tieu Thanh?
+ Ndi ban khoan, lo ldng hd't sue dac thd cua mdt trai tim nghd .sT dfch
thue, chdn chfnh, lo cho ngudi dgc cac thd' he sau khdng hieu ndi dng cha.
+ Sau Nguydn Du may chuc nam, L. Tdnxtdi cung chi mong hon hai chuc
udm sau khi dng qua ddi vdn cd ngudi dgc dng, la dng da man nguydn lam!
Han hai vj cung chua dam tin chac sue sdng trong chfnh cac tac pharn cua
minh ldu ben dugc dd'n d a u ? ' "
+ Vdi Nguydn Du, su lo ldng ay la thua, vi chua dd'n 300 nam, ca dan tdc
Viet Nam khdc dng qua tid'ng khdc, tid'ng ca cda To Hiiu:
Td Nhu oi, le chdy quanh thdn Kiiu!
Tii'ng tho ai ddng ddt trdi,
Nghe nhu non nude vgng Idi nghin thu,
Nghin ndm sau nhd Nguyin Du,
Tiing thuong nhu tii'ng me ru nhifng ngdy...
+ Hay trong tid'ng ca cua Huy Can, Chd' Lan Vidn nhd Nguydn Du nhung
nam danh MT d thd' ki XX:
Ba trdm ndm tinh ehifa ddy nifa.
Cd cude ddi nay hiiu Nguyen Du.
(Huy Can)
Nguyin Du viit Kiiu ddt nifde hod thdnh vdn.
(Che' Lan Vien)
- GV hdi: Tai sao nha tho khdng xung tdn that Nguydn Du ma lai xung
but hiiu Td Nhu a cau cud'i, tu cud'i bai?
- HS thu tim each If giai.
'" Tran Dinh Su, Nhitng the gidi nghe thudt tho. NXB Giao diic, Ha Noi, 1995, tr.
215-224.
285
Dinh hudng:
+ D6 la vi nha tho dang mud'n ndi vdi ngudi dgc, nhdn gu:i ngUdi doc
tuong lai vdi tu each mdt nhd tho, mgt nghi si, mot edi tdi ed nhdn, edi tdi
bdn thi.
+ Hai cau tho he md ra mdt the gidi con ngudi ma tu trudc dd'n gid khdng
ai de y. Te ra ddng sau Nguydn Du, tac gia Truyen Kiiu, Nguydn Du ong
quan, cdn cd Td Nhu than mat, ridng tu hon, xuc cam hon... Nguydn Du
khdng he ndi dd'n To Nhu, bdng nhidn nhan cau chuydn Tieu Thanh lai tu hoi
mdt cau vd van... To Nhu - mdt tdm long vdn gia'u che, bdng Id ra trong mot
phut giay, chech nhe biic manh... Tu xung cai tin tit cua minh, long tai tu luc
a'y than mat bid't may. Chang mud'n ndi dd'n minh, dd'n cai ca nhan, cai tdi eua
minh chii khdng ndi dd'n tac gid hay dng quan...
To Nhu cdn cd nhieu ngudi khdc ldm chd"!... Khdc day la thuong cam
cung nhau, thau hidu cho nhau, quy hoa lay nhau. Khdc day chua hdn vi tham
sau, ma vi mdt nu cudi cung cd. Khdc day chua han la khde vi, ma cdn la
khde vdi...
Ldi kdu ggi cua mdt trang tai tinh, nghe dm ai, ngam ngui nhu mdt tie'ng
chim cd le ddi giua trdi thu khuya...
Dd la tid'ng giua ddi, tid'ng hgp ban, tid'ng hi vgng, cau tu hdi va cau tu tra
ldi, nhu'ng suy nghT bdi bdi xdt xa tu khdc minh'".
Hoat dgng 4
HUCfNG DAN TONG KET
1. Cam xdc chu dao cua Nguydn Du trong bai tho la gi?
2. Td cam xdc vd Tid'u Thanh, nha tho suy nghT, lo ldng, ban khoan ve
tuong lai cua chfnh minh. Ndi lo ldng ban khoan cud ngudi nghd sT chan
chfnh. Dd la ndi ban khoan gi?
3. Em hieu thdm nhu'ng gi ve con ngudi Nguydn Du qua bai tho nay?
4. GV chd't lai nhung did'm chfnh.
(1)
Xi:3n Dieu, Con ngudi Nguyin Du trong tha chu Hdn, trong Thi hao ddn tpc Nguyen Du,
NXB Van hoc, Ha Noi, 1966.
286
Hoat dgng 5
HUCfNG DAN LUYEN TAP VA L A M BAI TAP 6 N H A
1. HS dgc thudc long va didn cam nguydn van phidn am chir Han hai cau
tho cud'i cung va toan van bai tho djch.
2. HS vid't thanh van xudi ndi dung ca bai tho.
3. Suu tam cac bai tho ndi ve Nguydn Du va Truydn Kidu ma em da dgc
trdn eac sach bao.
4. Soan bai On tap vi tdc gid Nguyin Du.
5. Dgc tham khao mgt vai doan trong bai Kinh gid eu Nguyen Du (Td Hiru):
Nifa dim qua huyin Nghi Xudn,
Bdng khudng nhdCu, thuong thdn ndng Kiiu.
Hdi long fi fdi thuong yiu
Giua ddng trong due, cdnh beo linh dinh
Ngdn ngang bin nghia bin tinh
Trdi dim ddu biit gui minh noi nao?
Ngdn ngo trdng nggn ed ddo
Ddnh nhu thdn gdi sdng xao Tiin Dudng.
Ndi niim xUa nghi md thuOng

Ddu lia ngd y eon vuong to long
Nhdn tinh nhdm mat ehifa .xong
Biit ai hdu thi khde cung Td Nhu
Mai sau du cd bao gid
Cdu tho thud frude ddu ngd hdm nay.
Tii'ng ddn xUa ddt ngang ddy

Hai trdm ndm lgi cdng say long ngifdi
Trdi bao gid dap, sdng ddi,
Tdm long tho vdn tinh ddi thiit tha,
Dau ddn thay phdn ddn bd
Hoi di thdn dy biit Id mdy thdn!
Ngdm xem qua kii'p phong trdn

Ddi vui nay dd nifa phdn vui ddy
287
Song cdn bao ndi ddng cay

Gdm qudn Ung, Khuyin, ghi bdy Sd Khanh
Ciing phudng hd bdo, rudi xanh
Cimg phudng dg thd hdi tanh mat ngUdi...
Tiing tho ai ddng did trdi

Nghe nhu non iiude vgng Idi nghin thu
Ngdn ndm sau nhd Nguyin Du
Tiing thuong nhu ding me ru nhifng ngdy
Hdi ngUdi xifa eua ta nay
Khue vui xin lgi so ddy cung Ngifdi.
Sdng Lam nifde chdy bin ddi

Bdng nghe trdng giuc ba hdi ggi qudn.
1 - 11 - 1965
(Ra tran)
6. Dgc tham khao cac bai vid't sau:
VE BAI "DOC TIEU THANH KI" CUA NGUYEN DU

Bai tho gidp ta hid'u thdm tam su cua Nguyen Du ve cugc ddi, ve cam
hdng cua dng khi vid't Truyen Kiiu.
Day la mdt bai tho khd va cdn nhieu khfa canh gay tranh luan. Vd xua't
xd: Cd y kie'n cho rdng"" Nguydn Du lam bai tho nay vao ldc d qud nha nhan
dgc Truyen Tiiu Thanh. Lai cd y kid'n cho rdng dng lam bai tho nay d Trung
Qudc va dugc chep trong Bde hdnh tgp lue. Vd tfnh toan ven cua bai tho, day
chi la sir ghep ldm hai doan tho khac nhau.
Theo y kid'n cua Bui Van Nguydn, hai cau cud'i trong bai tho chi la hai
cau Nguyen Du dgc khi sap mat, cdn bai tho truyen lai chi cd sau cau. Sau do
cd ai dd thay cdng van, dem ghep vao, nhung ghep nhu vay thi thdt niim. Vi
bai tho md ddu bdng tid'ng bdng, cdn cau ke't thi lam theo the khdi bdng tid'ng
trde. Khd tin Nguydn Du lai kf thac tam su bdng mdt bai tho that nidm. Le thd
hai la con sd 300 nam khdng phu hgp vdi dau ca. Tieu Thanh sinh nam 1594,
mat nam 1612, cdn Nguydn Du sinh nam 1765, mat nam 1820. Tfnh each nao
cung khdng dd con sd 300 nam le.
O o n g hai van de trdn, ve xuat xd, phai cd thdm tu lieu mdi cd thd lam
sang td dugc. Ve van de that nidm thi day khdng phai la trudng hgp duy nhat
trong tho cua Td Nhu (xem Tho ehif Hdn Nguyin Du). Trong tho Dudng cung
288
vay. Hodng Hge ldu ndi tid'ng cung chdng phai la mdt bai tho that nidm dd
sao? Ngudi Trung Qud'c ggi dd la tho bid'n the. Do vay, that nidm khdng the la
If do day du de phu nhan tfnh hoan chinh cua bai tho...
Vide Nguydn Du khdu chiim, budt midng dgc tho ldc sdp mat chdc la cd
that, nhung la vide thudng tinh. Nhung thid't nghT dd cung chua phai la If do
day du de hoai nghi va tach hai cau cud'i ra khdi bai tho. Cud'i cung chi cd If
do dang luu y la con sd 300 ndm le khdng bid't tfnh td dau, ndn xem nhu la
mdt chi tid't tdn nghi cua tac pham.
va'n de thu ba la vide giai thfch, phidn djch va phan tfch bai tho. Day la
van de cdn nhidu diem chUa nhat trf nd'u so sanh cac ban djch. Tmh trang djch
khac nhau phan anh tfnh da nghTa cua cau tho, bai tho, nhung cdng cd trudng
hgp djch khac nhau do chua can nhdc hd't cac nghTa If cua cau tho..
Dau de Dgc Tieu thanh ki nghTa la cam nghT ve dgc truydn ghi chep vd
Tieu Thanh. Kf la mdt thd' loai truydn ghi chep thjnh hanh d ddi Thanh. Didu
nay cho thdy Nguydn Du da dgc mdt cudn truydn Tiiu Thanh ki va cam xdc
lam ra bai tho nay. Khdng ndn hieu bai tho dugc lam khi dgc tap tho cua Tieu
Thanh, hay lam nhan vid't mdt td thu vid'ng Tieu Thanh. Didu nay cd nghTa la
ta ndn tim hieu bai tho trong tuong quan vdi truydn nang Tieu Thanh.
Su tfch Tieu Thanh qua Tinh sif, tap truyen do Phung Mdng Long ddi
Minh suu tap. Tieu Thanh hg Phung, la vg thie'p mdt ngudi hg Phung d Ho
Ldm, nha d Quang Lang, Giang Td. Thud be thdng tud khac thudng, sdm tinh
thdng nhieu nghe, ke ca am luat. 16 tu6i lay chdng, lam le mdt cdng tuf ngdc
nghd'eh. Vg ca dgc ac, hay ghen, bdt cd d ridng trdn ndi Cd Son, khdng cho
tid'p xdc vdi chdng. Budn, khd, uat dc, cd giri ca vao tho td. Tieu Thanh budn
ma sinh bdnh. Nang khdng an com, chi udng nudc qua, chi chu y trang diem
va mac dep, lai cho mdi hoa sT dd'n ve chan dung minh. Ngdm tranh, khdc, rdi
chd't. Nam dd vua 18 tudi. Vg ca bid't chuydn ddi ddt tranh, dot tho. Chi cdn
giu lai dugc 12 bai, ngudi nha chdng cho khdc in, ggi la phdn dif.
Ve phidn am va djch td'ng cau tho:
Cau 1: Tdy hd hoa uyin tan (tdn) thdnh kliU.
NghTa la vudn hoa bdn hd Tay da thanh bai hoang rdi. Khu chi di tfch
hoang phd'. Day ndi canh ddi thay, thdi gian trdi chay.
Cau 2: Doe dii'u song tiin nhdt chi thif.
Cd may each djch khac nhau ve chi tid't:
Trudc song mdt minh vid'ng mdt tap giay (nhdm Bui Ki).
Mdt minh ngdi trude cufa so vid't mdt td thu vid'ng (Dao Duy Anh).

Chi vid'ng nang qua mdt tap sach dgc trudc cira sd (Vii Tam Tap).
Cd le ndn djch: Mdt minh nhd tdi nang qua mdt td giay chep truydn.
(Trdn Dinh Su)
cau 3 - 4 :
Chi phdn hifu thdn liin tu hdu
Vdn chuong vd minh luy phdn du.
Djch:
- Son phan nhu cd than, sau khi chd't, ngudi ta cdn thuong tide. Van
chuong cd so phan gi dau ma lam cho ngudi ta phai ban long dd'n nhiing bai
tho cdn sdt lai sau khi dot? (Bui Ki)
- Son phdn cd thdn ndn de lai niem dau xdt sau khi chd't. Van chuong
khdng cd duydn phan ndn dot rdi ma luy vdn cdn sdt lai (Dao Duy Anh).
Son phan cd than chdc phai xdt xa vi nhiing vide sau khi chd't. Van
chuong khdng cd so mdnh gi ma cung bj dot dd (Vu Tam Tap).
Cd le ndn djch: Van chuong phan hdm, lam ngudi ta ban long tdi phdn sot
lai sau khi dot. Ca hai cau deu ndi tdi so phan oan trai cua sdc tai (Trdn
Dinh Sir).
Cau 5 - 6 :
Cd kim hdn su thiin nan vd'n
Phong van ki oan ngd tif eif.
Nha tho ndi tdi su khd hieu, vd If cua sd phan. Dang chu y la cau 6 nha
tho ndi: Ta cung roi vao cai oan kid'p phong nha cua nang cung gid'ng nhu eua
ta. Hieu nhu trdn thi hdn Nguydn Du phai cd oan trai gi sau sdc ldm. Hieu
theo y dudi thi nha tho hoan toan ddng cam vdi Tid'u Thanh. Cau nay, vdi sut
xuat hidn cua tu ngd (ta) bao hidu sir chuyd'n mach nd'i tdi Td Nhu trong
cau kd't.
Cau kd't:
Bd't tri tam bdeh du niin hdu
Thiin hg hd nhdn khdp Td Nhu.
Hai cau nay chu' nghTa khdng khd hieu. Hidn nay chua cd tai lieu nao giai
thfch tai sao lai 300 le, nhung ta cd thd' hi vgng su lap lai su vide da cd cua
ngudi trung dai. Con ngudi do sinh khf tu ma thanh. khf vu tru van chuyen va
nhung con ngudi ddng khf lai tdi sinh hoac gap nhau. Tu Ma Thidn ndi cii 500
nam lai xuat hidn mdt con ngudi vT dai trong ljch sir. Nguydn Du thucmg khde
290 19-TKBGNGCfVAN10/1(NC).B

Thuy Kieu va. Tid'u Thanh sd'ng giua va cud'i the ki XVI, han dng cung chd
mong sau may tram nam cd ngudi lai xuat hidn de khdc dng?
Bai tho cdn cd nhirng dieu chua rd, nhung tam ldng thuong ngudi, tide tai,
mong dugc gap ngudi ddng didu thdng cam, thi rat rd. Tam long ay duong
thdi cac ban dng da cam phiic va ngay nay, ca dan tdc, ca- nhan loai da
hieu dng.
(Trdn Dinh Sd, Nhung thi gidi nghe thudt tho,
NXB Giao diic, 1995, tr. 215 - 224)
PHUONG PHAP LIEN KHUC TRONG "DOC TIEU THANH KI"

Dugc rut tu phan cud'i cua Thanh Hiin thi tap (1786 - 1804), khdng ndm
trong Bac hdnh tgp lue, cd nghTa la Dgc Tiiu thanh ki dugc sang tao trudc khi
Nguydn Du di sdr Trung Hoa. Hinh tugng nghd thuat Tid'u Thanh khdng chi la
nguydn mdu ma cdn la hinh tugng Nguydn Du tim thdy trong van hge md td
nhung md'i tinh eo le trong ljch su Trung Hoa nhu cudn Tinh sif chang han.
Song tiin la trudc cua so, diing trudc lam djnh ngu cho cum tu nhd't ehi
thu (mdt td sach) de lam rd vj trf cua td sach rdi. Chu luy nghTa la lam cho van
vuong, xao xuyd'n. Chii eU cd nghTa la ganh vac. Ngd tu cif cd nghTa la tu
chude lay vao than.
Cau kd't da lam ro y tdr ngudi khdc la cd, duy chi khdng bid't la ngudi nao
eu the. Lam sao bid't dugc vide va ngudi chua xay ra ndn tac gia dung tir phu
djnh bd't tri.
Nguydn Du dung tdn chu To Nhu la cd y cho minh cung la mdt trong so
nhiing ngudi tai hoa nhung phan bac. Dd la tfnh chat tugng trung cua nhu'ng
hinh anh cu the trong bai tho. Su tuong do giiia sdc va mdnh, tai va mdnh la
quy luat phd bid'n va khdc nghiet trong y tudng am ta cua bai tho.
Phuong phap lidn khuc chu yd'u tim ra md'i lidn he ndi tai trong cau true
nghd thuat cua bai tho, ddng thdi phai thay nhiing tuong lidn, ddng cam giu'a
nha tho va nhan vat trir tinh dd' lam noi bat chu dd tdi menh tuong dd nhu mdt
bieu hidn cua djnh mdnh lam khdn khd bid't bao ngudi.
Vudn hoa da ham y sdc mau rue rd, bieu trung cua ve dep thdm tuoi, ddy
sdc sd'ng. Bdi hoang dac ta cai chd't khd kiet hoan toan chdng cdn dau vet su
sd'ng ngay qua. Dd la su thay doi nhanh chdng, nhdn tien ma con ngudi khdng
ludng ndi, khdng tudng tugng noi. Cau tho dung ldn 2 canh trai ngugc nhung
dugc nhin trdn cung mdt true thdi gian md ta, khid'n cho chdng ddng hidn,
cang lam tang thdm tfnh chat dd'i lap giua sac dep ddi dao va sir sd'ng qua
ngdn ngui.
• 291
c a u tho thu hai Id su tid'p nd'i y tii. NghTa la mdt minh thuong cho mdt td
sdeh roi vuong trudc cua sd. Cd cudn sdeh da mat mat gdn hd't chi cdn lai mot
td lay Idt, vucrng vai trong lang quen. Rd ra cai phan sach chdng ra gi! Ddc
diiu la mdt minh vid'ng tham vd cam thuong cho td sach chan chua tinh ddi va
tai nang cua ngudi tao ra nd. Cau tho bieu hidn tam long trudc mdt tam long.
Cd su dd'i lap giira tai cao va mdnh thap.
Tho ta canh vat nhung vdn rd md'i lidn thdng bdn trong giiia tai cao va
mdnh bac. Mgi sang tao cua con ngudi bdng tai nang cua minh deu la mam
mdng ddn tdi phien luy giira nhiing dua tranh, ghen ghet d ddi.
Hai cau thuc ndi true tid'p tdi tai sdc va mdnh bac cua con ngudi. Cai phan
uu tu, vugt trdi ldn cua tai sdc la cai hid'm hoi khdng dd cd. D6 la cai than khf
cua con ngudi. Sinh ra tir cat bui va trd vd cat bui la le thudng tinh. Nhung
chd't dau phai la hd't. Cai than thai tinh anh trong tai sdc la bdt diet. Cang quy
trgng nd cang thuong xdt nd khi nd bj vui dap phu phang. Dd la thai do biet
nhdn lidn tai cua Nguydn Du.
Dd la djnh mdnh vay ham con ngudi:
Rdng hdng nhan tif thud xifa
Cdi diiu bgc minh ed ehifa ai ddu.
Nhirng cau sau la nhung lidn khdc gdp phdn hoan chinh tu tudng chu de.
Vdn chuong vd minh (khdng mdnh sd'ng) cd gi phai dau xdt khi nd bi
ngudi ddi hdt hui? Vay ma van chuong bj dot cdn sdt lai mdt td vdn lam dau
xdt ldng ngudi. Hdn phai la thu van chuong nhd mau de lam ndn tuydt but.
Tuydt but vi cai hdn ngudi, tinh ddi giri vao van chucmg ay.
Cai tai hoa lam nay sinh long dd kj, ghen ghet cua ngudi ddi, la nguydn
cd cua tai hoa tai sdc, la kd't qua cua bao hidu nd luc ca nhan ndn cay tai cung
la le thudng. Nhung con ngudi cdn cdn phai bid't chTf tdi liin vdi ehif tai
mot vdn.
Mugn mdt cugc ddi cu the de minh chung cho hidn tugng tai mdnh tuong
66 va nguydn nhan ddn tdi tai hoa ay cung bdi chfnh con ngudi tu chude lay
tai hoa, chud'c va vao minh. Day la vide cua cofi ngudi, xuat phat tu ldng
ngudi, thdi ddi ndn trdi bid't giup lam sao. Con ngudi phai tu trach minh, tU
ciiu minh trudc da.
Cd phai dd la dieu ngudi ddi da bid't ma vdn khdng tranh dugc chang?
292
Tai hoa la cua hid'm. Thuong cho than phan tai hoa la bieu hidn cua ldng
nhan ai. Nguydn Du he md cho mgi thdi, mgi ngudi ldi gidi thoat. Ndi oan
udng cua tai sdc khdng phai ldi tu dng trdi va hoan toan do djnh mdnh. Trdi
khdng can du vao vide ngudi mai dugc thi hdi la sao? Phu nhan djnh mdnh de
nudi niem tin cho con ngudi tu vach ra con dudng sd'ng. Tai sdc la thidn phd
nhung bgc Id nd thd' nao lai la chuydn cua mdi ngudi. Nhdc nhd nhu'ng diem
yd'u cua nhung con ngudi tai sdc va thdi ddi. D6 la hudng md de giai thoat han
sir va tu tu duong minh. Khdng nhung thuong ydu ma nha tho cdn chi ra each
giai nan cuu ngudi. Dd mdi la tinh thuong ydu bao la, sau sdc cua con ngudi
ed eon mdt nhin sudt sau cdi, cd tdm ldng nghT sudt nghin ddi, de nhdn manh
vai trd cua nd luc chu quan quyd't djnh sd phan cda mdi ngudi.
Dd tranh nhirng didu oan khuat kia phdi nhd luong tam trong sach va cai
tam, cai diic, tu trau ddi ve dep khidm nhudng, vj tha, bao dung vd tran trgng
tai nang cua ngudi khdc. Dugc the, cai diic cao ca mdi hoa hgp vdi tai sdc trdi
eho va se tao ra cho con ngudi ve dep hoan thidn. Nhu vay, long do kj mdi
giam va su ngudng md, tran trgng con ngudi mdi tang.
Mo udc dieu td't dep cho con ngudi, nhung Nguydn Du vdn tinh tao trudc
hidn thuc ddng cay do tai mdnh tuong do gay ndn va se cdn tdn tai nhu mdt
hidn tugng chdng lai con ngudi.
Nguydn Du hieu rd cau:
Nhd't phiin tdi tinh thiin ed luy.
Bde tranh lidn khdc nhdn sinh ay se ddi kid'p tdn tai nhu nhirng ldi canh
tinh con ngudi. Tir cai da qua dugc chirng kid'n ma suy nghidm nhirng cai se
xay ra, cai se tdi, chiing td Nguydn Du chang nhung la ke da tinh ma cdn giau
trf tud va tri thiic mdi tao ra dugc mdt Dgc Tiiu Thanh ki.
Ndi dau khd va trf tud ay da the hidn mdt phuong didn tu soi sang nhan
tinh rdt tinh tao va hd't sdc bac hge d Nguydn Du.
(Nguydn Thanh Hung, Hiiu vdn -Dgy vdn,
NXB Giao due, 2000. tr. 158 - 163)
293
Tiet 55
TIENG VIET
LiJYEN TAP VE BIEN PHAP TU TlT
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

- On tap va cung cd kid'n" thiic ve cac bidn phap tu tdr: an du, ndi gidm ndi
tranh, ndi qua.
- Tha'y dugc gia trj bieu cam cua cac bidn phap tu tir trdn trong van ban.
- Ren luydn kT nang van dung cac bidn phap tu tir khi vid't van.
B. Thiiet ke bai dqy hqc
PHAN TICH CAC BIEN PHAP TU TQ

GV ggi ddn HS phan tfch tdng ngu canh trong SGK:
1. a) Mgt gigt mdu ddo hon ao nifde Id
- Gigt mdu ddo: la dn du chi nhirng ngudi cd cdng huydt thd'ng.
- Ao nude Id: la an du chi nhiing ngudi khdng cd cung huyd't thd'ng
(ngudi dung).
b) Bdy gid man mdi hdi ddo:
Vudn hdng dd ed ai vdo hay ehifa?
Man hdi thi ddo xin thUa:
Vudn hdng ed ldi nhung chifa ai vdo.
- Man: la an du chi ngudi con trai.
- Ddo: la an du chi ngudi con gai.
- Vudn hdng: la an du chi tinh trang hdn nhdn.
2. - Nd'u can ggi ddng tdn hidn tugng thi phai dung tu "chd't".
- Tac gia da dung cac td ngu dd ndi giam ndi tranh la: thdi, vi, lin tiin,
chdng d.
3. Bidn phdp ndi qua: tat be Ddng cung can, danh chd't cai dep.
4. a) An du:
- Thuyin vi ed nhd bin chdng,
Bin thi mat dg khdng khdng dgi thuyin.
294
- Con cd dn bdi rau rdm,

Ddng cay chiu vdy ddi dang cung ai.
- Gid dua edy edi vi trdi,
Rau rdm d lgi chiu ldi ddng cay.
- Con sdng bin Id bin bdi
Bin Id thi due bin bdi thi trong.
b) Ndi giam ndi tranh:
- Chdng oi gidn thii'p ldm chi
Thiip nhu com ngugi dd khi ddi long.
— Ldm ehi eho dg nggp ngifng,
Dd cd ed cudng xin difng hgt tiiu.
- Trdi mUa udt bui udt bd
Ifdt cdy udt edi ai ngd udt em ?
c) Ndi qua:
- Dim nam lung chdng tdi giudng,
Mong trdi mau sdng ra difdng gap em.
-Gdnh cite md do lin non,
Cdng lung md ehgy cue cdn theo sau.
- Nhd ai bdi hdi bdi hdi,
Nhu ddng ddng lifa nlnf ngdi ddng than.
- Bao gid edy edi ldm dinh,
Gd lim thdi ghim thi minh ldy ta.
Bao gid chgch de nggn da,
Sdo de dudi nifde thi ta ldy minh.
295
Tiet 56
LAM VAN
LIEN Tl/C^NG, TirdNG Tl/ONG
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

- Hieu dugc ndi dung va vai trd cua lidn tudng, tudng tugng trong lam van.
- Tich hgp vdi van, tid'ng Viet va vd'n sd'ng thuc te, dac bidt la kd't qua eua
nhu'ng quan sat, the nghidm.
- Budc ddu cd the van dung lidn tudng, tudng tugng vao lam van.
B. Ttiiet Ice bai dqy tiqc
Hoat dgng 1
DAT VAN DE
GV ed thi ddn vdo bdi:
Trong thuc td', cac su vat, hidn tugng ludn ludn van ddng theo nhu'ng quy
luat tu nhidn hoac xa hdi nhat djnh. Dd la sir van ddng tuong tac dan xen vao
nhau, xuydn tham nhau, tham chf thdm thau nhau mdt each uyen chuyen va
tinh td'. Nhd su van ddng tuong tac ay ma cac su vat, hidn tugng ludn ludn eo
quan he bidn chdng vdi nhau, "cdng sinh" vdi nhau trong khdng gian va thdi
gian vd tan. Nhung quan he ay cd the tudng minh, chang han trdi thi "hd't mua
la ndng", bien cd thi "hd't ddng td la binh ydn", mat trdi mgc rdi lan, mat trang
khuydt lai trdn, nudc cd the chd' ngu dugc lira va lufa lai cd thd xua tan gia
lanh... Nhung ddng thdi cung cd vd so nhiing quan he khdng tudng minh,
huyen didu va bf an van hanh vTnh ciru trong vu tru va trong ddi sd'ng tinh
thdn cua con ngudi. Bao lut, sdng than, ddng dat, ndi lira, chid'n tranh, sd'ng
chd't, quan he giua thd' xac va linh hon, giu'a ngudi sd'ng va ngudi chd't, gida
niem vui va ndi budn, giua hi vgng va tuydt vgng, giiia thidn va ac, giiia lucmg
tam va hanh vi bdn ngoai... Vdi nhiing quan he khdng tudng minh nay, con
ngudi chi cd the nhan thdc bdng true giac, bdng kinh nghidm sd'ng va thudng
tim each If giai nd bang tdn giao va nghd thuat. Ndi each khac, tir su vat hidn
tugng nay "nghT tdi" mdt su vat hidn tugng khac theo quan he "nhan qua"
hoac quan he "di ddi"... chfnh la quy luat lidn tudng cua con ngudi. Nhu Vciy,
lidn tudng vua la nhan thire lai su vat hidn tugng, vira la If giai chi'nh su vat
hidn tugng ay; nd dugc coi la hoat ddng tinh than dac thu cua con ngudi, chi
con ngudi mdi cd.
296
Vf du:
- Tha'y may den, sam chdp la "nghT dd'n" mua ddng, tham chf chi can
chgt cam nhan mdt con gid lanh bat thudng ludt qua, ta cung du bid't la sdp cd
mdt con mua trdng trdi...
- Nhin trdi mua tdm ta, dai dang, ta chgt "nghT tdi" nhung cdng vide phai'
bd dd, nhu'ng cude hen hd khdng thanh, nhung trde trd trong bao nhidu du
djnh... va the la ta bdng cam thay... budn!
Trdi mua, budi chieu, bd'n dd, san ga... thu'dng la nhu'ng "tfn hidu budn"
trong nghd thuat, cho dd ban chat cua cac su vat hidn tugng ay dudng nhu
chang cd "can cd" gi vdi ddi sd'ng tinh thdn cua con ngudi?! The nhung, ndi
nhu Nguydn Bfnh thi: "Ndng mua la vide cua trdi - Tuong tu la vide cda tdi
ydu nang". Tinh ydu dau cd phu thudc vdo thdi tid't? Nhung phdi chang su that
thudng "mua ndng" kia hinh nhu cd cai gi dd tuong ddng vdi su that thudng
trong tfnh khf cua nhiing ke dang ydu? Chgt vui chgt budn. Chgt ha ha lai
chgt bf an. Chgt tin tudng rdi lai nghi ngd, ddn vat... Dirng tudng "ndng mua"
eua trdi vdi "tuong tu" cua con ngudi la "vd can" dau nhe! Day la cdn chua
ndi dd'n vide hd cii hen hd nhau la trdi lai dd mua nhu trdt!
Hoat dgng 2
HINH T H A N H K H A I NIEM
* Thao tac 1
- GV ydu cdu HS tim hieu muc 1 trong SGK va tra ldi cac cdu hdi:
1. Lidn tudng la gi? Cho vf du.
2. Cd may loai lidn tudng? Cho vf du.
3. Trong lam van, lidn tudng cd nhirng each the hidn nhu thd' nao?
1. Lidn tudng la hoat ddng tam If nhdm nhan bid't md'i quan he giiia cac su
vat hidn tugng trong thd' gidi va trong ddi sd'ng cua con ngudi. Vf du:
+ Tu dam may nghT dd'n trdi mua. Td' bien nghT dd'n sdng, bd cat, dao,
thuyen,...
+ Td chid'c do nau nghT dd'ri sir gian dj, tir nu cudi nghT dd'n tinh ydu...
2. Cac loai lidn tudng:
a) Lidn tudng tuong can: la lidn tudng vd nhung sir vat hidn tugng thudng
cd quan he gdn gui nhau. Vf du:
297
+ Thdy dau giay nghT dd'n ngudi da di qua. Thdy "ddu chan trdn trdn cat"
(Trdn Tid'n) nghT dd'n "anh thuong binh vdn dd'n trudng lang vdi cac em tho"
(thuc ra, day la ddu trdn cua chie'c nang ma anh thuong binh dang dung de di
chuye'n).
+ Dung d be'n dd, san ga (ddu md'i giao thdng) lai tha'y day la noi "Nhung
cugc chia lia khdi td day - Nhu'ng ban tay vdy nhu'ng ban tay - Nhu'ng ddi
mat udt lim ddi mat - Buon d dau hon d chdn nay?" (Nguydn Bfnh).
b) Lidn tudng tuong ddng: la lidn tudng ve nhiing su vat hidn tugng cd the
gid'ng nhau ve hinh dang, kfch thudc, tfnh cha't,...Vi du:
+ Tir qua cam nghT dd'n qua nui, qua dat. Tir chan ngudi nghT dd'n chan
ban, chan nui, chan may,...
+ Tdr con sdng nghT dd'n su xa each, tir chid'c cdu nghT dd'n sir nd'i lien. Td
con dd chd khach sang ngang nghT dd'n nghe day hge,...
c) Lidn tudng dd'i sanh, trai ngugc: la lidn tudng ve nhiing su vat hidn
tugng ddi lap nhau thanh tirng cap trong nhan thiic cua con ngudi. Vf du:
+ Td' nudc nghT dd'n lu'a, tir ndng nghT dd'n lanh, tir xau nghT dd'n td't, td
thidn nghT dd'n ac,...
+ Mdt so vf du khdc: Mieng quan trdn tre, Miing ke sang ed gang cd thep
-Dd nhd khd vifa nhg vda thdm, Ldm khi ldnh de ddnh.khi dau, Trdng ddnh
xudi ken thdi ngifOe, Chd tha di meo tha lgi, Trin bdo dudi nghe...
d) Lidn tudng nhan qua: la lidn tudng vd md'i quan he nhan qua giua qua
khd vdi hidn tai, giua hidn tai vdi tuong lai cua cac su vat hidn tugng. Vf du:
+ An qua nghT dd'n ngudi trdng cay. Ngay gid nghT dd'n dng ba, cha me,
hg hang. Thanh cdng nghT dd'n nhu'ng ngay gian khd (Dgi cdo Binh Ngd eua
Nguydn Trai, Viet Bde cua Td Huu)...
+ Trdng cay nghT dd'n ngay mai cd qua. Sinh con nghT dd'n tuong lai sang
sua cua con. Gap ngudi khac gidi khd qudn nghT dd'n tinh ydu,...
3. Trong lam van, lidn tudng cd the dugc cu the hod thanh nhu'ng bidn
phap so sanh, an du, hoan du...; nhung cung cd the la toan bd y nghTa cua
hinh tugng.
Vf du:
Td' "than phan" mong manh, cay ddng, ddy rui ro cua nhu'ng ngudi phu nfl
trong qua khu; chdng ta cd the gap:
a) Lien tudng so sanh:
-Thdn em nlnf hgt mifa sa,
Hgt vdo ddi cdc, hgt ra rdnh edy.
298
- Thdn em nhu ddi lua ddo,

Phdt pho giila eho biit vdo tay ai?
- Thdn em nhu gii'ng giifa ddng,
Ngifdi khdn rifa mat, ngudi phdm rifa chdn.
-Thdn em nlnf edi chdi ddu he,
Phdng khi mifa gid di vi chid chdn.
Chid rdi anh qudng ra sdn,
Oi ngudi hdng xdm chui chdn thi chui!
- Thdn em nlnf dt trin edy,
-Thdn em nhif dod hoa hdng,
Ldy phdi anh chdng nliU cift bd khd.
b) Lidn tudng dn du:
-Ldm chi eho dg nggp ngifng,
Dd ed ed cudng xin difng hgt tiiu.
- Gid dua edy edi vi U-di,
Rau rdm d lgi chiu ldi dang cay.
-Chang gidm thi thuyin chdng di,
Gidm ra vdn ndt thuyin thi long danh.
-Dim qua mdi ggi Id dim,
Rudt xdt nhu mudi dg mim nhif difa.
- Con ed ldn lgi bd sdng,
Gdnh ggo dUa chdng tiing khdc ni non.
Tdr sdre manh cua ldng cam thd va quyd't tam vung day tu ciiu minh cua
dan lang Xd Man, nha van Nguydn Trung Thanh da lidn tudng dd'n hinh tugng
Rdng xa nu.
* Thao tac 2:
- GV ydu cdu HS tim hieu muc 2 trong SGK va tra ldi cac cau hdi:
1. Tudng tugng la gi? Cho vf du.
2. Cd may loai tudng tugng? Cho vf du.
3. Vai trd cua tudng tugng trong sang tao nghd thuat ndi chung, lam van
ndi ridng?
299
1. Tudng tugng la tai tao hinh dnh, su vat trong tam tri dua vao mgt vai
bieu hidn nha't djnh hoac lien kd't cae hinh dnh trong ki dc theo mdt y tUOng
nao dd. Vf du:
+ Tir buc tranh chi ve mdt ddi mdt, ta cd the tudng tugng ra mdt giai
nhan. Tu ddm Ida d mgt day nui rat xa nao dd, ta cd the tudng tugng ra mdt
ddm Vll hdi quanh ddng lua bap bung cua nhung ngudi tien sU.
+ Tir nhirng giac mo trdn thd', ta cd the tudng tugng ra mgt cude "dd'i thoai
am duong" day nhung ye'u td hoang dudng, ki do va hap ddn.
2. Cd hai loai tudng tugng la:
a) Tudng tugng tai tao: la tudng tugng trdn co sd cua mdt sd thdng tin,
tranh anh, su vat, hidn tugng dd tao ra mdt hinh tugng hoan chinh. Vf du: Td
ddi mdt nghT dd'n giai nhan, td cai tdu nha khdi nghT dd'n nha van Nguydn
Tuan, tu' mai tdc xoan nghT dd'n nha tho Xuan Didu,...
b) Tudng tugng sang tao: la tudng tugng trdn co sd cua nhung cai da bid't
de sang tao ra mdt hinh tugng hoan toan mdi me chua tdfng bid't, tham chf la
khdng hd cd trong the gidi cua ngudi trdn mdt thjt hdng ngay. Vf du: Hinh
tugng thdn tidn, ma quy, ngudi cd the bid'n hod tuy y. Cac thu phap nhan hoa
su vat, dd vat, con vat. Cac hinh tugng nghd thuat trong tac phdm van hge,...
3. Vai trd:
Xet cho cung, phdm chat so mdt cua nha van la trf tudng tugng va phdm
chdt sd mdt cua ngudi cam thu tac phdm van chuong cung la trf tudng tugng.
Khdng cd trf tudng tugng thi chdng cd gi ca! Tuy nhidn, cdn nhd trf tudng
tugng bao gid cung la kd't qua tdng hoa cua trf tud, hge van, vd'n sd'ng, tai nang
va nidm dam md vd bd ben. Nhung ke dot nat va ludi bieng chi cd sir tam tdi
va nhung ham mud'n ban nang tdm thudng ma thdi. Ndi each khac, ban chat
cua su sang tao chfnh la trf tudng tugng, ma thanh qua cua trf tudng tugng bao
gid cdng la cai dep va cai dep - Ndi nhu Ddt-xtdi-ep-xki thi "Cai dep se cdu
vdt thdgidi!".
NghTa la, vai trd cua trf tudng tugng trong sang tao nghd thuat ndi chung,
lam van ndi ridng la cue ki quan trgng, tham chf mang tfnh quyd't djnh. Cd the
ndi, trf tudng tugng vira la tien de, vira la hat nhan ed't ldi cua su sang tao; nd
cd the lam "bung nd" ca khat vgng ldn tai nang cua chu the sang tao giup cho
chu thd a'y cd the thang hoa trong mdt thd' gidi nghd thuat "bja nhu that" va dd
la "cai chan If nghd thuat" vda lung linh ki do, vira sinh ddng cu the dd'n dd
"that hon mgi su that ma con ngudi tirng bid't d trdn cdi ddi trdn tuc nay"! Thu
hdi md'i tinh Chf Pheo - Thj Nd la mdt md'i tinh chan thanh va cam ddng nao
300
cd kem gi hang ti md'i tinh khac da, dang va se cd d trdn hanh tinh nay? Nd
cung cd du ca nu cudi va nudc mdt! Cung cd du ca "ba giai doan": bf mat,
trang mat va... vd mat! Nd cung mang mdt thidn chuc vd cung cao ca (nhu
Ddt-xtdi-ep-xki da ndi): day nhanh qua trinh hoan luong cua Chf Pheo, keo
hdn Chf Pheo tir thd' gidi loai vat ve vdi thd' gidi cda nhung con ngudi luong
thidn vdi bid't bao "rung rung, bang khuang" nhung xdc ddng nghen ngao! Ai
cung bid't md'i tinh ay la san phdm cua trf tudng tugng cua nha van Nam Cao,
nhung ddng thdi ai ai va ddi ddi ngudi ta vdn dinh ninh rdng "da tirng cd" mdt
md'i tinh nhu vay trong cude ddi nay, khdng may may nghi ngd vd tfnh xac
thue dd'n "ma qud-i" cua nd!
Hoat dgng 3
1. Bai tap 1
a) Nha van lidn tudng gid'ng nudc vdi ngudi dai trf (cd tri thdc uydn tham)
la mdt iidn tudng bat ngd, thu vj; nhung hgp If vi:
- Gid'ng sau ggi ra lidn tudng dd'n ngudi cd tri thiic sdu sac.
- Cai gid'ng tdn tai lang le giua khdng gian, thdi gian ggi ra lidn tudng ve
tfnh khidm nhudng, khdng dn do khoe khoang cua ngudi cd hieu bid't (nhan
thde dugc cac quy luat cua tu nhidn va xa hdi; nhan thuc dugc ban than: minh
la ai, dang quan he vdi ai, dang sd'ng trong hoan canh nao...; hidu dugc le
thjnh suy cua cude ddi do dd ma binh than, didm tTnh trong mgi bid'n thidn
dao didn quay qudt cua nhan tinh thd' thai,...)
- Ngudn nudc cua gid'ng ludn trong mat, vd tan ggi ra lidn tudng ve trf tud
va tam hdn phong phu, ludn hudng thidn cua nhiing bac dai trf,...
Tdm lai, day la mdt lidn tudng thanh cdng va thudc loai "lidn tudng
tucmg ddng".
b) Nha tho Xuan Didu da tudng tugng "mdt doan ddi nidn thid'u hdn
nhidn, vd tu, trong treo" cua minh thanh mgt nhan vat la "em nhd" vdi "tay
chan bdng mam, mdt bdng ho, long bdng lira, midng bang hoa..." va tudng
tugng ra mdt cugc chia tay kieu "phan than" giua kf lie cua minh vdi con
ngudi minh trong hidn tai.
Trudc hd't, ddy la mdt thu phap tudng tugng thanh cdng, dgc dao va cam
ddng, vi:
-I- Thii nha't, quy luat chung cua ddi sd'ng la ai ai cung "hoai co, hoai
nidm", ai ai cung say sua ndi khdng bid't chan vd cai "ngay xua" cua mdi ddi
ngudi, dd'n miic cd mdt cau danh ngdn "tuoi gia thudng sd'ng bdng kf uc".
301
-I- Thu hai, ai ai cung cd mdt thdi nidn thie'u tuyet vdi ddy dp nhung ki
nidm ma luc nao cung "ndng giay danh dach" trong bg nhd cua minh. NhUng
ki nidm ay da trd thdnh vdng hdo quang trong kf uc vd nd ludn mang tfnh hai
mat: mgt mat nd la ngudn dgng luc manh me gidp cho con ngudi phat trien va
thanh dat; mat khac, trong mdi ldn vdp nga, ngudi ta lai ddm chim trong ndi
tide nudi vd bd bd'n ve mdt cdi thdi da vTnh vidn mdt di khdng trd lai, cai thdi
chi cd ydu thuong ma khdng he ggn chdt vu lgi hay thu ban nao! Nhu vay,
giua "ta" trong hidn tai va "ta" trong qua khu da cd mdt cude chia lia vd cdng
tan nhdn, khdng sao cudng ndi! Va "ta" trong hidn tai dudng nhu da bj tha
hoa so vdi chfnh "ta" trong qua khd mat rdi! Vay thi, lam sao ma tranh khdi
dan vat, tide nudi, an han va ddn dau?
-I- Thu ba, vdi su nhay cam dudng nhu thien phu, Xudn Didu ludn bj am
anh bdi cai hidn tugng "thdi gian ludng gia": mgt mat thdi gian la tac nhan ki
didu tao dung tudi tre va tinh ydu; mat khac, thdi gian cung chfnh thu pham
cudp doat mdt each lanh lung tan nhdn tudi tre va tinh ydu: "Ta d lai mdt
minh. Thdi gian day sau lung, cude ddi keo trudc mat, chan trai rdi xa thdi
nhd, chan phai budc vao thdi nao day?". Su hdi thuc dudng nhu "vd cam" cua
thdi gian da lam teo tdp nhung "tay chan bang mdm", thu hep nhung ddi "mdt
bdng hd", lam ngudi tdt nhung ta'm "long bdng lu'a" va lam heo hdt nhung nu
cudi cua nhung cai "midng bdng hoa"! Chao di! "Ta d lai mdt minh"! Cd don
giua thdi gian vd hinh va lac long giua khdng gian vd tan! Nhung cd don, lac
long cd le cung chua dang sg bdng ndi am anh hu vd! Bdi thdi gian thi "day
sau lung", cude ddi xd bd hdn tap dang do do cudn di nhu mdt con cudng
phong ldi xdnh xdeh "ta" tdi vdi... tudi gia va... cai nghTa trang! "Chan trai"
thi da hu vd rdi (tuc la hu vd mat mdt nu'a cugc ddi rdi), thu' hdi "chan phai"
cdn khua khodng dugc bao lau?
Tdm lai, trf tudng tugng cua nha tho Xuan Didu da khid'n cho ngudi dgc
budc phai "ddng nao kjch liet" de ldn ngugc lai "thdi gian nhan each" cua
chinh minh de tu dd mdi ngudi tu suy nghT ve y nghTa cua su sd'ng va cai chd't,
y nghTa cua md'i quan he giua qua khu va hidn tai. Ndi each khac, thdng qua
nhan vat "em nhd", tac gia mud'n gu'i tdi ngudi dgc mgt thdng diep rang:
"Thdi gian tdn tai cua mdi ddi ngudi la cd han, tham chf la mdt gidi han cue
ki nghiet nga, nud'i tid'c cai da qua cung chang gidi quyd't dugc gi, hay sd'ng
nhung ngay dang sd'ng cho td't hon, cd chat lugng hon, cd y nghTa hon!".
2. Bai tap 2
a) Chgn mdt de thudc loai lidn tudng tuong can: Chid'c ndn la Viet Nam
- Cac thid'u nu che ndng, mua, che mat lam duydn bdng chid'c ndn la.'
302
- Cac ba ra ddng che ndng, che mua.

- Cd the dung lam quat khi trdi oi buc.
- Cd the dung nhu mdt phuong tidn van hod trong Id hdi.
- Cd thd' lam dao ctr trong cac tid't miic mda.
La bieu tugng cho sir thanh td, can eu, kheo leo, duydn dang cua con
ngudi Viet Nam; la bieu tugng cho cai dep trong truyen thdng van hod cua
dan tdc Viet Nam...
b) Chgn mdt dd thudc loai tudng tugng sang tao: Hay tudng tugng thdi
gian dufng lai:
- Qua da't khdng quay nua.
- Mat trdi khdng mgc (hoac khdng lan) nua.
- N d i com dang sdi dirng lai.
- Tre em khdng ldn va ngudi gia khdng chd't.
- Hoa khdng nd va khdng bao gid kd't trai.
Nd'u ta't ca deu "ddng bang" thi tat ca cung se "hod thach" nhu la mdt
bdng chdng ve su sd'ng cua thdi tidn sir ma cac nha khdo cd vira khai quat
dugc d dau dd trdn hanh tinh nay?!...
3. Tham khao
LIEN T U 6 N G S A O M A KHO VAY?

Lidn tudng vira la tien de, vdfa la to chat cua ngudi sang tao nghd thuat.
Da la lidn tudng nghd thuat thi phdi cd tfnh phdt hidn, tfnh mdi me va phai
dem lai cho ngudi dgc nhung bat ngd thu vj, nd tao ndn nhu'ng khoai cam
tham mT ma nhieu ngudi dgc cho rdng "dd la niem hanh phuc cao cap cua con
ngudi, chi con ngudi mdi cd kha nang thu hudng!".
Mdt cau ca dao:
Thdn em nhu dt trin cdy,
da ggi ra cho ngudi dgc bao nhidu suy nghT va cam xdc? Tai sao "tuoi" khdng
di thanh cap trai nghTa vdi "heo", vdi "tan", vdi "da"..., ma lai di vdi "cay"?
Va hay ngdm kT vd cap quan he tu "cang... cang"!
Cdn nhd, ngay xua, Xuan Didu da cd ldn binh cau ca dao "Than em nhu
doa hoa hdng - Lay phai anh chdng nhu ciit bd khd" nhu sau: "hga hdng" vd'n
- 303
la nd hoang cua cac loai hoa va la cdi dep tan mT, cdn "ed't bd khd" la mdt thU
can ba! The ma, 'hoa hdng" phdi am thdm mang cdi an "chung than khd sai"
vdi "cut bd khd" thi con ra cdi nghTa If gi nira?! Dau qua! Va cung hay qua!
Dd chfnh la nghd thuat ddy cdc ban a!
Vang, dd chfnh la mdt lidn tudng "kinh dj", nhung lai vd cung gian dj, su
gian dj cua nghd thuat khid'n ngudi dgc cang tham thfa cho ca ndi dau ldn sir
hi sinh tuydt dd'i cua ngu'di phu nu xua! Hi sinh trong cam lang nhu mdt thu
tidn djnh, tidn kid'p da an bai, va vi the' ma bat kha khang! Ndi each khac,
ngudi phu nir xua da trd thanh hu vd ngay khi dang sd'ng giua nhan qudn!
Tdm lai, hai cau ca dao trdn deu da sir dung thu phap lien tudng nghd
thuat rat thanh cdng.
Cdn bay gid? Nd'u chju khd dgc ludt qua cac trang "tho" trdn cac td bao
ldn nhd hdng ngay, chdng ta se gap dugc vd so nhiing didu "kinh dj" hieu theo
nghTa den. Chdng ban:
+ De ca nggi cdc cd giao mac do dai trang thudt tha, cd "thi sT" vid't:
Trdng xa nhu mdt ddn ed,
Td trong ngd xdm Id dd budc ra (!)
(Chdc la dan co hen?)
+ De td dam "con dudng gian khd" dd'n vdi tinh ydu, cd "thi nhan" ha but:
Sao em lgi dd md ra,
Di anh chdng vd trifdc nhd eda em? (!)
(Chdc la xao ndu tu quan ngii "tron nhu md"?)
+ Va cd hdng ha sa sd cac "nha tho" san xuat ra nhung cau tho quai dj,
dai loai nhu:
Ldng em nhu Id rudt phich
Sudt ddi d dm tinh anh (!)
(Phfch giu nhiet dugc 24 gid hay 100 nam? Mdi ngay lai phai dd "long
em" ra de dun lai?)
Ldng em nlnf ldp dift tanh,
Vd'n bao dudng ehi thuong minh bd'y nhiiu!
(Dd cac ban tre bay gid hinh dung noi cai canh "ldp dut tanh" d thdi
bao cap!)
304
+ Va nua:
Di ra biin bdng nhd bdi tho "Sdng" (cua Xuan Quynh?).
Di qua phd Nguydn Du bdng nhd cu Nguydn Du.
Chao di! Cu cai da nay, "tho ca" nudc nha the nao cung dd'n hdi:
Di qua phd Ki Lifa bdng nhd... eon lifa!
Di qua din Cdu Nhi bdng nhd... con chd!
de cud'i cdng thi:
Di qua \'dn Die'n bdng thd'y... gdn ddt xa trdi!
... Va dd'n khi dgc dugc "cau tho" nay: ''Con gdi vung Lim did elide tifa gd
lim!" thi tdi qudng tudt tudt cdc trang "tho" vao sgt rdc va chi ldn trdi the ddc
rdng: "Td nay trd di ma tdi cdn xf xdn dgc tho nua thi tdi se la thdng... mu
ehu!"...
(Hong Quang)

TV AN 1 5
Tiet 57
VAN HOC
TAI LAU HOANG HAC,
TlfeN MANH HAO NHIEN DI QUANG LANG
(Hodng Hge ldu tdng Mgnh Hgo Nhiin ehi Qudng Ldng)
LI BACH
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

L Kid'n thuc - tu tudng: Hidu dugc tinh cam chan thanh, trong sang cua
Lf Bach ddi vdi ban, qua mdt budi tidn dua; nhan thiic dugc tinh ban la rat
dang dugc tran trgng; dac diem phong each tho tuydt cu cua Lf Bach: ngdn
ngu gian dj, hinh anh tuoi sang, ggi cam; cung cd kid'n thiic ve tho Dudng -
tho Dudng luat: y d ngoai ldi (y tai ngdn ngai), ham sue, cd dgng.
2. Tfch hgp vdi tho Lf Bach da hge d THCS (Tinh dg tif, Vgng Lif Son bde
bd- Xa ngdm thdc ndi Lu).
3. Ren kT nang dgc, phan tfch tho tu tuydt dudng luat.
B. Chudn bj cua ttidy va tro

Tranh dnh Hodng Hge ldu, chan dung Lf Bach, mdt sd ban dich khac.
C. Ttiiet l<e bai dqy tiqc
Hoat dgng 1
TO C H Q C KIEM TRA BAI CO
(Hinh thdc: van dap)
L Dgc thudc long va ndu cam nhan chung cua em vd ba bai tho chu Han
vua tu hge (khuyd'n khfch dgc ca ban phidn am).
2. Tai sao tho thdi Li lai chu yd'u la tho cua thidn su? Em hieu thd' nao la
the kd?
^^° 20. TKBGNGO VAN 10/1 (NC)-B

3. Bai kd Cdo binh, bdo mgi ngudi (Cdo tdt thi chdng) cd phai chi nhdm
tuydn truyen hay giai thfch giao If cda dao Phat? Hinh anh mdt nhanh mai nd
ldc xudn tan hoa rtrng cd y nghTa gi?
Hoat dgng 2
DAN VAO BAI M O I
GV niu edu hdi: Nhd lai va trinh bay nhung hieu bid't ngdn ggn cua em ve
nha tho Lf Bach.
- Tai sao ngudi ta thudng ggi Lf Bach la "thi tiin"?
- Ke tdn cac bai tho da hge cua dng trong chuong trinh Ngu van THCS
(ldp 7).
Dgc lai mgt bai ma em ydu thfch nhdt; gidi thi'ch vi sao em thfch bai tho dd.
- GV nhan xet va chuyd'n sang bai mdi: Ldu Hoang Hac (ldu Hac Vang)
thudc tinh Hd Bde, trdn bd Trudng Giang, tu lau da trd thanh mdt trong nhung
danh lam thdng canh va diem du ljch tham quan noi tie'ng cua Trung Qud'c.
Noi day gdn lien vdi truyen thuyd't Phf Van Vi cudi hac bay ldn trdi sau khi
thi hdng, lai la noi khoi ngudn cam hiing cho Thdi Hidu vid't bai tho tuydt .tdc
- Hodng Hge ldu. Lf Bach - thi tidn kham phuc dd'n miic vie't hai cau:
Trifdc mdt ed cdnh khdng ndi duge
Vi thoThdi Hiiu dtrin ldu.
(Nhdn tiin hifu cdnh dgo bd't dde,
Li Bgch di thi tgi thugng ldu.)
Nhung vao mdt djp khac dng lai cd bai tho tidn ban tir ngdi ldu nay -
cdng rat ndi tid'ng.
(Cho HS xem tranh anh chan dung Lf Bach, ldu Hoang Hac.)
Hoat dgng 2
HUCfNG DAN DOC - TIM HIEU K H A I Q U A T
LTdc gia ( 7 0 1 - 7 6 2 )
- HS dgc SGK, trinh bay nhung net chfnh.
- GV nha'n manh nhung diem chfnh:
-I- Ve cugc ddi va tinh each cua nha tho lang man cd dien trung dai so
mdt - thi tidn - kid'm khach hao hung.
307
+ Nhung chu dd chfnh trong tho Lf Bach: khat vong giai phdng cd tinh,
vuon tdi If tirdng cao cd, bat binh trudc hidn thuc tdm thudng, tinh ban, tho,
thien nhien, udng rugu...
+ Phong each tho lang man hao hung, tinh te, bay bong, hdn nhidn,
gian di.
2. Dgc van ban
- Ydu cdu HS dgc cd ban phidn am, djch nghTa va ban djch tho cua Ngo
Tat To; gigrig budn bang khuang, trong sang, cham rai; nhan xet the loai cua
ban djch vdi nguydn tac.
- HS dgc didn cam va tu ndu nhan xet; GV nhan xet.
Dinh hudng: Ngd Tat To cd ban djch hay, chuyen dugc cai than, cai hdn
cua bai tho nguydn tac. Tuy nhidn, vi chuyen sang the luc bat ndn cung vdn eo
mdt ddi chu khdng the hidn hoan toan ddng, lam md di net nghTa sau xa, ggi
cam cua tac gia. Chdng ban: cd nhdn la ban cu d day chi djch la ban. Ban vdi
ban cu khac nhau nhieu (mdt ngudi ban cu hon tram ngu'di ban mdi - tuc ngu
Nga); CO phdm djch la bdng budm chua chd dugc cai cd don, le loi cua nd...
3. The tho: that ngdn tii tuydt dudng luat (HS ndu nhan xet)
Hoat dgng 3
HU(::fNG DAN DOC - HIEU CHI TIET
L Hai cau ddu
- HS dgc lai hai cau ddu, so sanh giua phidn am chu Han va ban djch tho
trdn CO sd ban djch nghTa.
- GV hdi: Hai cau ddu cho ta bid't nhung dieu gi ve ngudi ban cua Lf Bach?
- HS tra ldi.
Dinh hudng: Hai cau tho da ggi ra trudc ngudi dgc khdng gian va thdi
gian cua mdt chuyd'n di cua Manh Hao Nhidn - nha tho - ban than vong nidn
(hon Lf Bach 10 tudi) cua Lf Bach.
Khdng gian: diem xuat phat: ldu Hoang Hac (phfa tay). Diem dd'n Duong
chau - d phfa ddng - mdt noi phdn hoa cua Trung Qudc - mdt khoang khdng
gian rgng ldn, mdt chuye'n di dai.
Thdi gian: thang ba - cud'i mda xuan - mua hoa khdi.
Cach di: di thuydn, xudi ddng Trudng Giang.
- GV hdi: Tu ed nhdn md ddu bai tho tien ban ggi cho em dieu gi?
- HS suy ngdm, tra ldi.
308
Dinh hudng: Ggi mdi quan he gdn bd than thid't da td lau giua nha tho vdi
ban. Canh mua xuan dep, ldu cao cd kfnh, ddng sdng dai mdnh mang nhu dua
ban vao cdi tidn, cd nhan nhu canh hac vang ngay xua.
2. Hai cau cudi
- IIS dgc didn cam.
- GV ndu van de: Thao luan nhdm ve cam nhan va y nghTa nhung hinh
anh noi bat d hai cau nay: Hinh anh canh budm khuat ddn trong bdu trdi xanh
bid'c hay "ddng sdng chay ngang qua bdu trdi" (bdn trdi).
- GV theo ddi, giup dd IIS lam vide.
- Cac nhdm cu dai didn phat bieu.
Dinh hudng:
+ Hinh anh canh budm khudt dan, nhd ddn va cudi cdng mat ban trong
bdu khdng gian xanh bide la mdt hinh dnh thuc, cung la mgt hinh anh bieu
tugng the hidn cai nhin luu luyen cua nha tho dang ddng trdn ldu Hoang Hac
trdng theo thuyen ban xa dan, xa dan, hdt tdm con mat. .
Nguydn Bfnh sau nay cd cdu tho tidn ngudi ydu cua cd gai tuong tu nhin
thuyen chang trai ra di tu khudn cira td vd:
Hdm qua xudng bin xudi dd,
Thuong nhau, qua eifa td vd nhin nhau.
Anh di do, anh vi ddu,
Cdnh budm ndu, cdnh budm ndu... cdnh budm.
Cd y kid'n cho rdng, de ta ndi cd don cua con ngudi, tac gia da chuyen vao
cai cd don cua canh budm le ban (cd phdm) mdt each chu quan vd If. Bdi d
thdi diem ay, trdn ddng Trudng Giang hdn thuydn be ngugc xudi tap nap, sao
lai chi thay cd canh budm thuydn ban? Chi vi ngudi di va ngudi tidn ddu
budn, deu luu luyd'n luc chia xa ndn ngudi tidn chi nhin thay canh budm cd
don trdn ddng sdng rgng dai, khdng chd y dd'n cai gi khac.
Chdng tdi cho rdng, y kid'n trdn la cd If nhung khdng phai khdng cd phdn
suy doan chu quan. Bdi, vdn cd the, cd ldc, vao thdi didm tinh cd dd bdn bd
sdng Trudng Giang, trong con mdt cua ngudi tidn diing trdng theo tir ldu
Hoang Hac, qua thuc mdnh mdng vdng ngdt, chang cd mdt bdng thuyen be,
ngoai chid'c thuyen nhd nhoi, vdi canh budm nhd ddn, xa dan.
Phdi diing trdn tdng ldu cao mdi cd the bao quat dugc canh ay.
Dac bidt la hinh dnh trong cau tho kd't: ddng Trudng Gang chay vao cdi
trdi, chdy ngang bdu trdi. Hinh anh nay, mdt mat dien ta tudng tugng phi
309
pham bay bdng lang man cua Lf Bach khdi sdc tir hien thuc. Mau xanh cua
nudc, mau xanh cua bdu trdi cud'i xuan nd'i lien vdi nhau (xudn giang, xuan
thuy, dip xudn thiin (Hd Chi Minh); nudc trdi mdt sdc (thu thuy cgng trifdng
thiin nhdt sac) oa ra mgt khdng gian vd cung bat ngat, khoang dat. O mot
trudng hgp khac, Lf Bach lai tudng tugng: Sdng Hoang Ha tudn nude xud'ng
tu trdi xanh); mat khac hinh dnh tho ggi tinh cam va tudng tugng ve ngudi ra
di - nhu dang di ddn vao cdi tidn nhu bay theo truyen thuyd't canh hac vang
ngan xua trong cau chuydn cd.
Hoat dgng 4
HUCFNG DAN TONG KET VA LUYEN TAP
L Vi sao bai tho chi gdm 28 chu ma ridng nhan de da tdi 10 chu?
(Dd la mdt thuc te, mdt thdi quen sang tac hay mgt dac diem thi phap eua
tho Dudng. Tho thi cd dgng, ham sue nhung nhan dd lai dai nhu la thdng bao
hoan cdnh khoi ggi cam hdrng hoac nhu la ldi ghi nhat kf ke vide, ke chuyen
bdng tho. Mud'n ggn, bai tho nay chi cdn dat nhan de: Tiin bgn.)
2. Y tai ngdn ngoai (y d ngoai ldi) trong bai tho thd' hidn nhu thd'nao?
(Bang bac trong ca bai, trong tdng cau, td'ng chu; ta cdnh ngu tinh, trong
tu ed nhdn, trong yen hoa tam nguyet, trong ed phdm, trong bich khdng tan va
cud'i cdng trong Trifdng Giang thiin ti'lifu.)
3. Chd dd bai tho la gi? Tac gia da the hidn chu de 66 nhu thd' nao?
(Ca nggi tinh ban chan thanh, sau sdc. The hidn tinh ban qua mdt cuoc
tidn dua trong mdt khdng gian, thdi gian, dja diem rat cd y nghTa, trong mot
cai nhin theo khdng ngudi thuong nhd, trong mdt canh budm trdn mdt eon
thuydn xudi mai xudi ddng sdng. Ddng sdng, con thuyen, canh budm va
ngudi ban dung trdn ldu cao... tat ca hoa vdi nhau de ca ldn bai ca tinh ban,
tinh ngirdi mudn thud bat tuydt. Thidn nhidn ddng nha't vdi con ngudi. Cai tdi
tru tinh hoa ldn trong thidn nhidn va ngoai canh. Net ddc dao cua bai tho nay
la odd.) ' • '
4. Bdi tap ndng cao: Phan tfch bidn phap nghd thuat cua tho Dudng: ldy
edi khdng de ndi edi ed vd nguge lgi ldy edi ed de ndi edi khdng trong bai tho.
(Khdng tha'y ban, khdng thay canh buom, chi thay ddng sdng bdn trdi la
lay cdi khdng dd ndi cai cd (cd hinh bdng ban trong tim, trong ndi nhd cua
nha tho; khdng cd trdng theo, chi cd kii'n (thay) cung la dang trdng theo). Co
bdu trdi, cd ddng sdng dd ndi cai khdng cua canh budm, khdng cdn hinh dang
ban. Cd mdt ngudi dung lang trdn ldu cao ddi mdt nhin theo mai vd phfa tay,
phfa ddng sdng va bdu trdi hod lam mdt de cd tim bdng dang cd nhan.
5. Soan bai Cdm xuc mua thu.
310
Tiet 58
VAN HOC
CAM XUC MUA THU

(Thu hdng)
D6 PHIJ
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

1. Kid'n thdre - tu tudng:
- Cam thdng vdi tam long Dd Phu - ngudi tung bay td ndi niem quanh
nam, sudt ddi lo vi dan cua minh. Qua cam xdc mua thu d Ba Thuc, tac gia
thd' hidn ndi lo au cho dat nudc, ndi budn nhd qud huong vd ndi ngam ngui
eho than phan minh.
- Bai tho tidu bid'u cho dac did'm nghd thuat tho Dudng: dd'i canh sinh
tinh (long budn - cdnh budn theo).
2. Tfch hgp vdi cac bai tho da hge cua Dd Phu d THCS (Bdi ea nhd tranh
hi gid thu phd), vdi 3 bai tu hge Hodng Hge ldu, Khui odn, Diiu minh gidn;
vdi doan trfch Thue Sinh td biet Thuy Kiiu (Rifng phong thu dd nhud'm mdu
quan san).
3. Ren kT nang dgc - phan tfch tho DUdng cua Dd Phu.
B. Ctiudn b| cua ttidy vd tro

Tranh chan dung Dd Phu, nha Dd Phu d Ba Thuc.
C. Ttiiet ke bai dqy hqc
Hoat dgng 1
TO CHQC KIEM TRA BAI CG
1. Dgc thudc long va didn cam bai tho vura hge cua Lf Bach (ban phidn am
ehu Han, ban djch tho).
2. Thuf so sanh cam hdng vd de tai tinh ban the hidn trong bai tho nay vdi
bai tho Bgn din choi nhd cua Nguydn Khuyd'n da hge d THCS.
3. Giai thfch nghTa den cua cau tho Duy kii'n Trudng Giang thiin ti lifu.
Phan tfch cai hay cdi dep cua cau tho nay.
311
Hoat d g n g 2
D A N V A O BAI MCfl
- Nd'u Lf Bach dugc vinh danh la Thi tiin thi Dd Phu - ngudi ban ldn
vong nidn cua Thi din lai dugc xung tiing la Thi su - Thi Thdnh (dng thanh
lam tho). Thu hifng la rndt trong nhung bai tho dac sdc cua dng, dugc vid't
trong thdi gian luu lac xa qud.
- Cho HS xem lai chan dung Dd Phu, can nha tranh cua Dd d Ba Thuc
(Tdr Xuydn). HS cd the nhan xet ve mat cua Dd Phu so vdi Lf Bach.
- GV ndi ldi ddn vao bai bdng each ggi nhd lai bai tho Mao de vi tint
phong sd phd ea (Bdi ea nhd tranh bi gid thu phd) da hge d THCS.
Hoat dgng 3
HUCfNG DAN DOC - HIEU K H A I Q U A T
1. Tac gid ( 7 1 2 - 7 7 0 )
- GV ydu cdu HS dua vao Tieu ddn trong SGK, trinh bay lai cude ddi va
su nghidp tho ca cua Dd Phu.
- GV nhan manh nhung diem chfnh: ca cugc ddi ngheo khd, luu lac, chf
ldn phd vua gidp nude khdng thanh; nha tho hidn thuc vT dai - danh nhdn van
hod thd' gidi. Tho Dd Phu, ndi dung phong phu, sau sdc - ljch sir bdng tho
chiia chan tinh ydu nudc va nhan dao; nghd thuat didu luydn, phong each
trdm udt.
Dd Phu cd anh hudng ldn dd'n cac nha tho Viet Nam trung dai - duge tdn
vinh nhu mdt thiin ed su (hac thay cua nghin ddi) - (Nguydn Trai, Nguydn Du).
2. Hoan canh sang tdc
- HS dua vao chd thich 1 trong SGK, ndi lai hoan canh sang tac cua
bai tho.
- GV bo sung: Khi dat nudc kiet que vi chid'n tranh loan li thi Dd Phu
cung luu lac tdi Ba Thuc, ngu d Quy Chau (Tu Xuydn). Nam 766, d noi ndi
non hung vT, hid'm trd, xa each qud huong gia dinh mdy nghin dam da khoi
ngudn cho nha tho vid't chdhn tho mua thu gdm 8 bai ma Thu hifng la bai
ddu tidn.
Thdn d Quy Chdu, long d Trudng An la tu tho chu dao cua bai tho -
cuong ITnh cua cd chum tho thu 8 bai. Bdi tho bao qudt ed bdy bdi sau, md
ndi Idng qui eu Id elid rdng chdm mat (Vuong Tu Thfch).
312
3. Dgc
- GV ndu ydu cdu each dgc: gigng didu cham budn, tha thid't, nhjp tho
4 - 3 hoac 2 - 2 - 3 .
- 3 - 4 IIS dgc didn cam toan bai (ca ban phidn am, ban djch nghTa va
ban djch tho).
- GV nhan xet kd't qua dgc.
4. The tho va bd cue
- HS nhan xet the tho trong nguydn tac va trong ban djch tho.
- GV ndu van de va hdi: Cd the chia bai tho theo ca'u trde chung - phd
bid'n cua the tho that ngdn bat cd Dudng luat. Lai cdng cd the chia bai tho
thanh hai phdn: bdn cau ddu (tien gidi) vd bd'n cau cud'i (hau gidi). Y kid'n
eua em?
- HS lua chgn va tra ldi.
- GV lua chgn each dgc - hidu chi tid't theo y kid'n sau.
Hoat dgng 4
'* Dudi ddy, chung tdi chgn hudng tii'p can bdi tho theo edch eda
Kim Thdnh Thdn vd Frdng-xoa Trinh (ldn lugt tim hiiu bdn cdu ddu rdi bdn
edu sau).
L Bd'n cau ddu
- HS dgc didn cam bd'n cau ddu trong ca 3 van ban (phidn am, djch nghTa,
djch tho).
- GV hdi: Bd'n cau ddu ta canh mda thu d dau? Canh hidn ra trudc mdt
ngudi dgc nhu thd' nao?
- HS tra ldi cam nhan khai quat.
Dinh hudng:
Canh mua thu d Quy Chau (Td Xuydn - Ba Thuc, mien ndi phfa tay
Trung Qud'c, thugng ngudn sdng Trudng Giang). Canh thidn nhidn du ddi, bf
hiem, am u.
- GV hdi: Vi sao cd the nhan xet nhu the? Trong bdn cau tho, thay xuat
hidn bd'n hinh anh thidn nhidn mua thu. Dd "la nhung hinh anh nao? Cach ta
eua tac gia cd gi ddc dao?
- HS suy nghT va ldn lugt tra ldi tdng y.
313
Dinh hudng:
Bdn hinh anh xua't hidn ldn lugt trong bd'n cau:
c a u 1: Nhung hat suong roi lac dac trdn rirng cay phong.
Cau 2: Nhirng day ndi md mit trong suong, cang thdm hiu quanh.
Cau 3: Nhung dgt sdng Trudng Giang du ddi cao tdi lung trdi.
Cau 4: Nhung dam may dun noi cua di xa xdi.
Canh thu that khac xa canh thu dudi ddng bdng hoac noi thj thanh, noi bd
bien. Dung la canh thu mien nui non bidn vidn.
- GV lidn he md rdng: Sudt ed vung Tam gidp (\'u gidp, Cu Dudng gidp,
Tdy Ldng gidp) ddi 700 dam, nui tiip nui ddi bd, tuyet khdng ed mdt chd
trdng. \ dell dd diep trung ehe khud't ed bdu trdi, chdng thd'y dnh sdng mat
trdi, mat trdng. (Thuy Kinh ehu).
+ Nd'u d cau 1 - 2, hudng nhin cua nha tho chuyen tu cao xudng thap, tu
rirng ndi xud'ng long sdng, bao quat theo chieu rdng thi d lidn 2, hudng nhin
lai xoay ngugc lai theo chieu dgc tu ldng sdng ldn mien quan tai. Cdnh sdc
ddm mau bi thuong, tan ta chuyd'n sang hoanh trang, du ddi. Ddu vay, net bi
tham vdn ldn mat hoanh trang. Khdng gian nhu bj ddn ep dd'n miic ngdt ngat,
bat an giua nhung lan sdng tung vgt tan trdi cao va nhung lan may bj gid cudn
sa sam la la sat mat da't. Tat ca hoang vu, khdng mdt bdng ngudi.
+ Luu y cdc td' cua ban djch: dim, rgn ggi khdng khf hoang lanh, hai hung.
- GV ndu van de: Trong canh ay vdn ngdm ngu tinh cua ngudi vid't. D6 la
cam xuc gi, tam trang gi?
- HS can cii vao cac hinh dnh tho, each midu ta de suy ngdm va suy luan,
phat bieu.
Dinh hudng:
Canh thu d day dugc nhin tuf xa, canh rdng bao quat, nhung qua each ta
cung da cd thd suy doan dugc cam xuc va tam trang cua tac gia. Dd la tam
trang budn, lo (diiu thuong, tiiu sdm).
Khdng gian mua thu noi ndi non ddn nen, du ddi, ngdm thd hidn ndi lo du
noi bidn gidi chua that su binh ydn sau nhung nam chie'n tranh, loan lac lidn
midn (loan An Ldc Son, Su Tu Minh). Tuy nhidn d day, cdnh vdn ldn dnh.
Tmh ndm dn sdu trong canh.
2. Bdn cau sau
- HS doc hai cau 5 - 6 .
314
- GV hdi: Hai cau 5 - 6 trong tho Dudng luat bat cu that ngdn thudng
phdi sir dung bidn phap nghd thuat gi? Em hieu y hai cau tho nay nhu the nao?
Ndi lai bdng van xudi gian dj.
- HS tra ldi, didn xudi tung cau tho dua vao ban djch nghTa.
Dinh hudng:
+ Phep dd'i: dd'i y, dd'i tu, dd'i thanh,...
+ Khdm cue hai lan da. no hoa lam nude mdt tir trudc vdn tudn roi. Con
thuyen le loi budc mai ndi long nhd vudn cu.
- GV hdi: Tai sao tac gia chgn hai hinh anh hoa cue va eon thuyin?
- HS giai thfch.
Dinh hudng:
Vi dd la nhung hinh anh khdng chi tidu bidu cho mda thu ma ham chiia y
nghTa dn du - tugng trung sau sdc. Cue la hoa cua mua thu cung nhu sen,
phugng la hoa cua mua he. Con thuyin — tugng trung cho cugc ddi, cho con
ngudi noi trdi, luu lac. Con thuyen mang chd tam tinh con ngudi.
- GV hdi: Phat hidn cac ddng tir nhidu ham y trong hai cau tho trdn. Dac
sdc trong each kd't hgp ngu phap tho cua Dd Phu d day nhu thd' nao?
- HS cd the phan tfch, suy luan dua trdn ban djch tie'ng Viet nhung td't
hon, cu thd' hon la thu dd'i chid'u, so sanh vdi nguydn tac qua ban phidn am.
Dinh hudng:
+ Cac ddng td: khai (nd) va hi (budc) kd't hgp vdi cac bd ngu (tha nhdt le -
nudc mdt tudn roi) va edviin tdm (ndi long nhd vudn cu qud nha).
-I- Chu y thdm td ludng: no hai ldn, nd rdi lai nd. Hoa cue nd hai ldn, ldn
nao cung no ra nudc mdt. Nhd't: mot, duy nhd't chi cd con thuyen budc mai
vao trai tim trTu nang nhd thuong vd vd cd quanh cua ngudi d xa qud.
Nhu vay, trong hai cau nay, tinh da lan canh. Cdnh md, la cai phuong tidn
bdn ngoai de ndi tam trang, cam xdc, ndi long.
Hai cdu 5 - 6 dugc xem la danh cd (edu thdn) cua bai tho. Cd viin tdm
(nhd vifdn eu - que eu) dugc xem la nhdn tif, tap trung linh hdn khdng chi cua
ea bai ma cua ca chum tho thu. Nha tho dung thu phap dong nhat nhieu quan
he: giua tinh va cdnh: hoa cue nd canh xoe nudc mdt; giua hidn tai va qua
khd: gigt Id hdm nay la gigt Id hai nam tru'dc va gigt Id tir hdi loan lac mdi xay
ra; giua su vat va long ngudi: day budc thuyen la day thdt budc long ngudi;
giua con thuyen cd don (cd chu) va than phan con ngudi - chie'c cdu ndi vdi
qud huong.
315
- HS dgc tid'p hai cau cud'i.

- GV hdi: Hai cau cudi so vdi hai cau tren cd gi khdc bidt? Nha tho quay
ra ta canh budi chieu ben sdng noi thanh Bach De vdi canh rdn rang dao thudc
vd tie'ng chay dap do vang vang de lam gi?
- HS lidn tudng, suy luan, phat bieu.
Dinh hudng: Trdi dan vd tdi (md). Td am thanh rgn rang tid'ng dao thudc
chudn bj cdt may do ret, tid'ng chay dap vai, dap do ret vang vang ddn dap bdn
bd sdng la ta cai dac trung ridng cua cugc sd'ng sinh hoat cua cu dan noi day,
mdi khi thu qua, ddng tdi. Mat khac nha tho hudng ra bdn ngoai nhung lai
khoi ggi ndi nhd qud, nhd nha, nhd ngudi than cang da did't.
Hoat dgng 5
1. Thuc chat Thu hifng la gi?
(La ndi budn nhd que huong, nhd ngudi than khi mua thu vd noi da't
khach; la thu sdu - thu tdm)
2. Nhurig mua thu - cdnh thu d day vdn rdt ridng, ra't ddc dao. Nhung net
noi bat nhat? (nui non, suong mdc, sdng day, may dun quan ai...)
Va tinh thu dugc the hidn kheo didu luydn dd'n thd' nao (hoa cue hai ldn nd
ra nudc mdt; con thuyen budc chat vao trai tim thuong nhd).
Nha tho cua mgi ngudi, giua mgi ngudi, hod qUydn nidm ridng chung nhu
thd' nao? (ldng nghe am thanh cude sd'ng nhan dan, cang khoi thdm ndi nhd
qud xa, nhd gia dinh, ngudi than...).
Bai tho tuy khdng true tid'p ta tinh hinh xa hdi nhung vdn chiia chan tinh
ddi va cd y nghTa hidn thuc sau sdc.
HS thao luan tu do ve mdt sd chu trong ban djch bdng each so sanh budc
ddu vdi ban phidn am chu Han; chang ban cdc chu rgn, dun (ldng, tiip). Cung
cd the chgn cac cau, chu khac... nhung nhin chung, cdn khang djnh: ddy la
mdt trong nhung ban dich rat thanh cdng tuy vdn cd mdt ddi chd khdng sao
truyen tai, lot ta hd't tinh thdn nguydn tac.
4. Doc them mdt so bai tho thu khac cua Dd Phu:
316
THU HUNG (BAI 2)

Nghe ndi Trifdng An tifa euge ed,
Trdm ndm thi sif xdt xa eliUa?
Ldu ddi nip eu ngudi trdng mdi,
Ao mu triiu nay kiiu khdc xUa.
Canh bde di quan rin trdng gidng,
Dep tdy xe ngifa rdn tin difa.
Cd rdng tich mich, sdng thu lgnh,
Nude eU binh yin, ehgnli mdi to.
(K.Ddjch)
Djch nghTa:
Nghe ndi tinh hinh TrUdng An biin chuyin nhu euge ed,
Trdm ndm cugc ddi biit bao dau xdt.
Nhd eUa vifong hdu diu ddi ehu mdi,
Ao mii vdn vd khde hdn thdi xifa.
Quan san Trife Bac vang ddng tii'ng trdng, tie'ng ehiing,
Cude chinh tdy dang nhgn nhip ngifa xe, td hich cd edi long
gd truyin di tdi tdp.
O phd Quy Chdu ddy, sdng thu lgnh leo, rdng ed im lim,
Ldng lgi nhd din noi ed dd Trudng An ngdy trifdc.
TRUNG THU
Thu cdnh kim tiiu bdn,
Thien cao nguyet bgi minh
Nam ldu thuy yin thudng,
Ti true tdu thanh thanh.
Dich tho:
Cdnh thu nay dung nifa rdi,
Trdng thu them sdng, khung trdi thim cao.
Ldu nam ai rdt rifOu ddo,
Tii'ng to, tii'ng true, thanh tao nhip nhdng.
(Thai Giang djch)
317
Djch nghTa:
Cdnh thu tdi nay vifa duge nifa,
Trdi cao trdng sdng bgi phdn.
Ai yin tiie trin ldu nam,
Tii'ng to, tiing trde vang lin trong trio.
(Tho Dudng. tap 1,
NXB Tre, TP. Hd Chf Minh, 1989. tr. 119)
5. Dgc thdm bai tho Bin dd xudn ddu trgi ciia Nguydn Trai, so sanh hinh
dnh hai Con thuyen mua xuan va mua thu trong hai bai tho, rut ra nhan xet.
6. Soan bai Ti bd hdnh; ba bai dgc thdm: Hodng Hge ldu, Khui odn, Dieu
minh gidn.
Tiet 59 - 60
VAN HOC
TI BA HANH
(Trfch)
BACH CUDI (772-846)
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

Gidp HS:
- Hid'u dugc tam trang xdt thucmg cua nha tho gui gdm qua tid'ng dan va
Idi tu thuat ve cugc ddi bat hanh cua ngudi ca nu trdn bd'n Tdm Duong;
mat khdc, thay dugc phdn nao y nghTa tuong dd'i ddc lap cua hinh tugng ngudi
ca nu.
- Chi ra dugc nhung bidn phap nghd thuat chu yd'u trong vide midu ta
tid'ng dan ti ba.
- Phan tfch dugc sir ket hgp nhudn nhuydn cua yd'u td midu ta, tu su va trd
tinh trong bai tho, budc dau If giai dugc y nghTa cua su kd't hgp ay.
- rich hgp vdi Truyin Kiiu cua Nguydn Du (nhung doan ta Kieu
danh dan).
318
B. Ctiudn bj cua ttidy va tro

- Tho Dudng (tap 2); Tho clui Hdn cda Nguyin Du (Bdi ea ngUdi gdy ddn
0 Long Thdnh)
- Hoang Dan - Dudng Van, Nguyin Du - Truyin Kiiu - mot hifdng edm
ludn vd dgy hge mdi, NXB Thanh nidn. Ha Ndi, 2002)
C. Ttiiet ke bdi dqy tioc
Hoat dgng 1
(Hinh thirc: van dap)
1. Dgc thudc long va didn cam bai tho Thu hifng cua Dd Phu.
2. Vi sao ndi cum tu' edviin tdm la nhan tu (chu mdt) cua bai tho?
3. Vi sao ndi 2 cau 5 - 6 la danh cd (cau than) cua bai tho? (Su thd'ng
nha't hai hod cac md'i quan he nao, da dugc tac gia xir li ra sao?)
4. Vi sao ndi Thu hung khdng true tid'p phdn anh ddi sdng xa hgi rdng
ldn, nhung vdn cd y nghTa hidn thuc sau sdc?
Hoat dgng 2
DAN VAO BAI MCÎ
Nguydn Du, trong Truyin Kiiu khdng nhung da chiing td la mdt trai tim
ldn. Id chay quanh than Kieu, ma cdn xung danh nghd sT ldn trong vide dung
tho ta tid'ng dan ki didu cua nang Kieu. Trudc Nguydn Du ca nghin nam, nha
tho Dudng thii ba Bach Cu Dj da sang tac bai tho dai (trudng ca) Ti bd hdnh
theo the hanh, ke lai mdt cau chuydn cam ddng tinh cd ma chfnh dng la mdt
nhan vat trong chuydn. Dac bidt dng da trd thanh bac tien bdi cua thi nhan
nghin ddi trong nghd thuat midu ta am nhae - tid'ng dan ti ba cua ngudi ca nu
dat Tdm Duong.
Bai tho da tir may tram nam nay dugc rat ddng dao ban dgc Viet Nam ddn
nhan va thudng thiic qua ban djch rat tai hoa theo the tho song that luc bat cua
Phan Huy Vjnh.
Hoat dgng 3
HUCfNG DAN DOC - HIEU K H A I Q U A T
L Vai net ve tac gid
- HS theo ndi dung trong muc Tieu ddn, ndu tdm tdt ve than the Bach Cu Dj.
319
- GV nhan manh: Ong dugc xem Id dai bieu ldn thdr ba trong hon 2000
nha tho Dudng (sau Lf Bach va Dd Phu) nhung lai la nhd tho cdn de lai sd
lugng ldn nhdt cdc bai tho (3000 bdi) ddng thdi la nhd tho Dudng thanh cdng
nhdt ve the loai tho dai (trudng ca: Trudng hdn ea, Ti bd hdnh); mdt trong
nhung nha If luan van hge cd Trung Hoa vdi tac phdm Thugul Nguyin Chdn.
2. Bai tho Ti Bd hdnh
a) Hoan canh sang tac: IIS dgc Ldi tifa (chd thfch 1 SGK, tr. 190; thu so
sanh vdi ndi dung bai tho; nhan xet nhung chd khdng phd hgp, cd the giai thfch.
Dinh hudng:
+ Cd the bai tho dugc sang tac nam 716, mgt nam sau khi Bach Cu Dj bj
giang chiic lam quan Tu ma d chdu Giang.
+ Giira Ldi tifa va ndi dung bai tho cd vai diem khdng trdng khdp. Cd the'
hieu: ddy la mdt cau chuydn cd that, nhung trong qua trinh sang tac, nha tho
da cd hu cdu, sang tao thdm, sap xd'p lai theo cam hiing cua minh. Cung cd the
Ldi tua chi la ldi dua ddy cho cau chuydn trong bai tho them dam da.
b) The tho va bd cue:
+ The hdnh (GV ndi thdm: hanh - the tho cd Trung Hoa, xuat hidn td thdi
Han - Nguy; khdng ban djnh ve so cau, van didu tuong dd'i tu do). Ti bd: mot
loai dan dan tgc pho bid'n d phuong Ddng (Trung Qud'c, Viet Nam, cd bd'n
day, gay bdng ngdn tay hoac mid'ng gdy). Ban djch chgn the tho dan tdc song
that luc bat.
+ Bai tho la su kd't hgp tai hoa giua cac phuong thuc bieu dat: tru tinh -
bieu cam - tu su - ke chuydn - midu ta.
+ Bdcuc: 3 doan.
Td' cau 1 dd'n cau 4 - md dau cau chuydn: Nha tho tidn ban dd'n bd'n Tdm
Duong trong mdt ddm trang sang.
Tir cau 5 den cau 84 - than chuydn: Cude gap gd tinh cd, hai ldn ngudi ea
nu dan hat va ke chuyen ddi minh.
Cdn lai - kd't thdc cau chuydn: Ngudi ca nu dan hat lan thu ba va tam
trang cua ngudi nghe, cua tdc gia.
+ Doan trfch hge tir cau 1 dd'n cau 40; tu cau 65 dd'n cau 88 (ludt qua
doan tir cau 41 dd'n cau 64: cau chuydn cugc ddi ca nu do chfnh nang ke lai.).
Hoat dgng 4
L Nghd thuat ta tid'ng dan
320
a) Ldn thu nhat

- HS dgc lai tu cau 1 dd'n cau 10.
- GV hdi: Tie'ng dan dugc ta trong hoan cdnh nao, cd gi dac bidt?
- HS tim kid'm, phat hidn, nhan xet.
Dinh hudng:
Tmh cd ca hai ngudi (tac gia va ban) trong ddm trang sang bdn bd'n Tdm
Duong, khi chu - khach dung ddng nan na, chua mud'n chia tay, thi chgt nghe
tid'ng dan ai vang vang vgng lai. Khdng thdy ngudi dan, chi nghe tid'ng dan td
xa, vay ma tid'ng dan da khid'n ca hai lai cang dung ddng khdng the ke ldn
ngua, ngudi xud'ng thuyen va cung quyd't djnh nhat thid't phai tim dd'n tan noi.
Va dd cung chfnh la khdc dao ddu cua cau chuydn.
Khung canh va nhan vat, tam trang va tinh tid't dugc ddn ddt, ke, ta rat tu
nhidn hgp li. Md ddu, da he Id mgt tdi dan quydn ru, chinh phuc ngudi nghe.
(Hit tiet 59, chuyen tiit 60)
b) Ldn thii hai

- HS dgc didn cam tir cdu 11 dd'n cau 40.
- GV hdi: So vdi ldn dau, cau chuydn nghe dan, danh dan ldn thii hai cd
gi khac bidt trong nghd thuat ta - kd'? Ve phfa ngudi nghe? Ve phfa ngudi gdy?
- HS dd'i chid'u, so sanh, phat bieu.
Dinh hudng:
+ Day la dinh cao cua bai tho, cua ba Ian danh dan, dugc midu td dai
nha't, chidm 27 cau. Nha tho chu ddng de nghj dugc nghe tid'ng dan, chudn bj
tran trgng ngudi nghd sT: se hdi, ddi thuydn ghe lai tham tinh, chong den,
thdm rugu, md tide khodn dai, mdi mgc mai. Ve phfa ngudi ca nii, cung hoi
ngae nhidn, bo ngo vi bat ngd, nhung khi nhan ra ngudi tri am thi nang chdc
se tro hd't tai nghd 6e den dap.
+ Tdc gia dung cdng ke - ta cham rai, ti mi, tdng ddng tac, cir chi, net
mat, phdi hgp vdi ta am thanh tid'ng dan va hidu qua, tac dung cua nd. Tay dm
ddn ehe nifa mat hoa, ldm thinh ndn nd, mdy chau: la cir chi khidm ton, ngai
ngung va dep duydn dang cua ca nu trudc khi danh dan. Mdi chi ldn day, dao
qua mdy tid'ng ma da khac thudng (tinh dd thodng bay).
+ Nhung cau nhae ddu tidn da nghe cd cai gi dm dc, budn buc chat chiia
trong tirng ddy, timg tid'ng nhu suy tu, nhu mud'n thd Id, than thd, giai bay cho
hd't cai bat ddc chf cua ngudi dan. Nhu'ng rdi chfnh minh bi cudn vao ddng am
21-TKBGNGCJfVAN 10/1 (NC)-A 321

thanh do minh tao ra, ngudi dan dudng nhu qudn di thuc tai, hoan toan hoa
than, nhap than vdo tie'ng dan, cau nhae.
+ Tid'ng dan dugc td true tid'p bdng cdc so sanh, dn du, tugng trufng rat
dep, quy phdi the' hidn cdc yd'u td cua giai didu, cao do, trudng do, am sdc: luc
nhanh thoan thodt, luc khoan thai cham rai, diu dat, luc ldn cao vut, luc xud'ng
trdm due, chen nhau, ldc do at nhu mua rao, luc lai nhd nhe ni non nhu tdm
tinh thdm kin, nhu tid'ng chim hdt, nhu tid'ng sudi rdc fach, nhu tid'ng hat chau
roi vang rdn, danh, sdc trdn mam nggc... Qua that phong phu. Ngdn ngu tho ea
cua Bach Cu Dj da phat huy tan do de ta tid'ng dan tuydt didu tai hoa cua
ca nir.
- GV hdi: Tam cau (29 - 36) dac ta tai dan cua ca nu nhu thd' nao? Chd
tinh vi ddng didu cua ca nii va nghd sT la d dau?
- HS thao luan nhdm, dai didn phat bieu.
Dinh hudng:
Cd le day la Ian dau tidn trong tho ca midu ta dm nhae - va cung la ldn
hid'm hoi - nha tho da ldng nghe tinh vi, cam nhdn tinh vi va tinh vi ta tai
nghd gay dan cua nu nghd sT qua vide xir li chd tam n g i i n g - chd ldng giua
ban dan. Tid'ng dan dang chay mau xud'ng ghenh nhu ddng sudi trong veo
bdng ngung bat nhu la dut day dan. Ca khdng gian phut giay lang bat, mgi
ngudi ddu ngdn ngo, ngae nhidn chua hieu ra sao, rdi nhung am thanh nhu vda
nghe a'y cd td tii tham sau mai vao tan day long. Chd lang dung luc va vfla du
a'y chinh la dung y cua nhae sT va dung cdng cua tai tii. (Thu thdi vd thanh
thdng hifu thanh).
Va, rdi tid'ng dan lai bat ngd vang ldn do at, ddn dap, manh me, quye't liet
khdng ngd nhu tid'ng ca nghin chid'n ma dang xung tran, nhu tid'ng guom dao
xd xdt sd'ng cdn. Cud'i cdng, nghd sT phdy manh ca nam ngdn tay (hoac mid'ng
gdy) ldn ca bd'n day dan nhu tid'ng lua xe vang ldn rdn ra. Tie'ng dan ngimg han.
- H S d g c hai cau 3 7 - 3 8 .
- GV hdi: Tac dung cua hai cau ta canh nay nhu the nao?
Dinh hudng:
+ Hai cau tho ve ra canh dep ddy tho mdng: ddm trang khuya trdn sdng,
may con thuydn mdng manh nhu nhung chid'c la, mdt vdng trang lo limg treo
giua bdu trdi trong vdt, giua ddng sdng trong vdt ddy trang... Nhung dd mdi
chi la cdnh dep bdn ngoai. Didu ma ai cung nhan thay chfnh la cai ve trong
veo, lang ngdt cua canh vat khi vda nghe xong ban dan. Mgi vat, mgi ngudi
ddu bj tid'ng dan chinh phuc, hdt hdn, ngay ngat, bang hoang, md say, qudn
322
21-TKBGNGU VAN 10/1 (NC)-B

rdng luc nay la luc nao, minh dang d dau... Sue manh tid'ng dan cua ca nu la
nhu the.
+ Mat khac, phai la ngudi ydu say va rat sanh am nhae - thi ca mdi cd thd
ddng cam va midu ta tid'ng dan ldn thdr hai cua ca nu mdt each dac bidt phong
phu va tinh td' nhu vay.
c) Lan thii ba
HS dgc lai tam cau kd't bai va nhan xet each ta tid'ng dan ldn nay ciia nha tho.
Dinh hudng:
+ Ta ngdn. Vi ne ldng ngudi tri am qua md phai vang ldi. Xuc ddng cua
ngudi dan va ngudi nghe da hoa quydn cao do: tid'ng dan cdng nao nudt hon,
ngudi nghe cang xuc ddng hon: Khdp tiie hoa sifdt mudt li roi.
+ Dac bidt la su phan hod Cam xuc cua ngudi nghe. Ngudi xdc ddng nhat,
khdc nhieu nhat dd'n ndi nude mdt nhd udt ddm vat do xanh, chfnh la Tu ma
Giang Chau Bach Lac Thidn.
2. Tam su cud nha tho va ca nu
- GV hdi: Vi sao nha tho lai td ta hd't siic ddng cam vdi ngudi ca nfl mdi gap?
- HS tra ldi.
Dinh hudng:
+ Tam su cude ddi cua ca nfl: Vd'n la mdt ca nhan, cung nhan noi tid'ng
trong tridu dinh ve tai dan hat nhung rdi ldn Ifla xuan thu chang ai doai hoai,
cira nha lan dan, chdng bd di budn, danh cd don, lai dan hat kiem sd'ng
qua ngay
+ Tam su va md'i ddng cam cua nha tho:' Cung mgt lifa bin trdi ldn dan -
Gap gd nhau lg sdn quen nhau... Nha tho bj bid'm trfch ra noi dat khach budn
sdu vdi ngudi ca nfl gia chung mdt bdnh cd don, cung hdi cung thuydn, than
phan cd khac gi nhau... ndn cang ddng edm .
(Muc ndy GV trinh bdy nhanh.)
Hoat dgng 5
HaCfNG DAN TONG KET VA LUYEN TAP
\. Ti bd hdnh la mdt tuydt tac cua tho Dudng, vi sao?
(Di tai edm thuong cho so phan cua ngudi phu nfl hdng nhan - tai hoa -
bac mdnh - da truan da dugc the hidn qua mdt cau chuydn cam ddng bdng
tho. 0 day nhan vat tru tinh va chu thd trfl tinh da gan nhu hoa nhap trong md'i
ddng cam tri ki tri am cao do. Nghd thuat midu ta tid'ng dan dat dd'n trinh do
323
tu\et dieu. vua phong phd, cd qua trinh, cd dinh cao, cd kd't thdc dot ngdt lai
rat tinh vi te nhi - mgt hinh tug-ng am nhae tuong dd'i hoan chinh, mdu mUc.
Nghe thuat tu su - midu td cdt lam ndi bat nghd thuat trfl tinh - la cai cdt ldi
eda bai tho dai.
Tu dd, tinh thdn nhan dao va y nghTa phd phan xa hdi phong kid'n Trung
Dudng da vui dap ngudi tai sac bgc Id nhe nhang, rd rang va sau sac, tham thfa.)
- Bai tho tu su: Vi cd cdt truydn kha don gian nhung vdn hoan chinh, cd
ddu cd cud'i: cd cac nhan vat va quan he giua hg cdng vdi cac chi tid't, hanh
ddng hgp If.
- Bai tho trfl tinh: Tdm trang, tinh cam cac nhan vat vdn la md'i quan tam
hang ddu cua tac gia. Ta canh, td ngudi, td vide... cung la dd' lam noi bat
tam trang. Tam trang cua nha tho, tam trang cua ca nfl, su ddng didu gifla hai
tam trang.
Day la bai tho cd vo la tu su ma rudt dam dac trfl tinh.
- Tuy nhidn hinh tugng ca nfl vdi tid'ng dan tuydt didu cua nang, vdi so
phan bat hanh va tam trang cd don, budn thuong cua nang vdn cd vj trf ridng
trong bai tho, ddc lap vdi nhan vat nha tho.
3. Hge thudc long ca bai hoac mdt doan (tdi thieu 26 cau) ma em ydu
thfch nha't.
4. Soan 3 bai dgc thdm, soan bai Tho hai-eif.
5. Dgc tham khdo cac bai vid't sau:
KIEU DAN
Tii'ng ddn xifa, ddt ngang ddy,
Hai trdm ndm, lgi cdng say long ngifdi,
Trdi bao gid dap sdng ddi,
Td'm long tho, vdn tinh ddi, thiit tha!...
(Td Hiru, Kinh gid cu Nguyen Du - 1965)
Sinh ra eiing vdi tii'ng ddn

Mdt Thidn bac mdnh trdi ndng chung thdn.
Mac eho eon Tgo xoay vdn
Dd hay, trong due, tdm ldn so ddy...
324
Be bdng ddn ddy ngifdi ddy

Md khdng guong ndi gid mdy to long!
Kim, cd, ddng, tay, dung van chuong de td am nhae, tid'ng dan, ldi ca,
tid'ng sao... dau phai la chuydn hid'm? Cugc hod tau bat ngd ma cd y gifla chd
be nhae sT mu quy tdc vdi cay dan piano cdng chid'c tiiu cud anh ngudi hdu
Ikhoim tung vi vut tu khu vudn xanh ra canh ddng Tieu Nga (Ucraina)"*, chdc
chang lidn quan gi dd'n nhflng cude hoa tau am nhae du duong ma sdt mau
trong cac bd Ueu thuyit chudng lung danh Tii'u nggo giang hd, Anh hiing xg
diiu cua Kim Dung'"'. Tid'ng vT cam nhu cua vao tim, nhu bd'c lira cua chang
nhae sT digan Ldied Ddbae^^^ chua bao gid ddm cho tie'ng hat ki didu cua
ngudi ca sT lang thang d Luyxernd'^\ hay anh chang Danila trong Truyin ndi
ddi vd thdo nguyin cua Aimatdp...^^^
Trong van chuong trung dai phuong Ddng (gidi han d Trung Qud'c va
Viet Nam), may ai cd the qudn dugc nghd thuat midu ta tid'ng dan siiu hgng
tuydt vdi cua hai cay bdt dai gia: Bach Cu Dj vdi Ti bd hdnh, Nguydn Du vdi
Truyin Kiiu. Tid'ng ti bd ki didu cua ngudi ca kT dat Tdm Duong trong ddm
trang sang tidn ban da lam say ddm tam hdn chdng Tu md Giang chdu, cang
ki didu hon, qua Ti bd hdnh cua nhd tho hg Bach. Tie'ng ho cdm vdi ban Bgc
minh odn cua con gai ddu long nha hg Vuong cGng da lam cam ddng, roi
nudc mdt bid't bao ngudi, cang ai oan, nao nung hem, trong.Truyin Kiiu cua
Td Nhu tidn sinh.
Nguydn Du da ta tid'ng dan cua Thuy Kieu bao nhidu ldn?
Va quan trgng hon, Ngudi ta nhu thd' nao?
Khdng ke sau cau gidi thidu khai qudt tai nang am nhae thidn phd
cua Kidu:
Thdng minh vdn sdn tinh trdi,
Pha nghi thi, hog, dd mui ea ngdm,
Cung thuong, ldu bgc ngii dm,
Nghi riing, dn dift hd cdm mgt trUong,
'" Korolenko, Ngifdi nhae sTmu (Nguyin Van ST dich), NXB Van hoa, Ha Noi, 1960.
'^' Kim Dung, Tieu nggo giang hS; Anh hung xq dieu - Chuang hd (Vu Diic Sao Bien - Tran Hai
Linh - Le Thi Anh Dao - Cao Tu Thanh dich), NXB Van hoc, Ha Noi.
'•''' M. Gorki, Tuyen tap truyen ngdn (tap 1), Pham Manh Hiing dich, NXB Van hoc. Ha Noi, 1970.
'"' L. Tonxtoi, Truyen chpn Igc, NXB Cau vong, 1988.
''^' T. A i m a t d p , Truyen nui doi vd thdo nguyen, NXB Cau vong, 1987.
325
Khde nhd tay lifa nin xoang,

• Mot thiin Bgc menh, lgi cdng ndo nhdn!
trong mudi lam nam, Nguydn Du ta nang Kidu ddnh dan tdm lan, trong tam
hodn cdnh cu thd' khac nhau:
* Ldn 1: 34 cau (463 - 496), tai phdng van cua chang Kim va chi cho
ridng chang thudng lam.
* Ldn 2: 2 cau (639 - 640), tai nha Kieu. Nhu mgt mdn hdng sdng, bid't tu
gidi thidu gia trj dac bidt cua minh vdi khach mua, nang dan cho Ma Giam
Sinh nghe: Dan do cdn sac, cdn tdi -Ep cung cdm nguyet, thubdi qugt tho.
* Ldn 3: 2 cdu (1245 - 1246), tai Ldu xanh cua Tu ba, d che kT nfl mgt
minh, minh nghe: Ddi phen net ve, cdu tho - Cung edm trong nguyet, nUdc cd
dudi hoa.
* Lan 4: 2 cau (1297 - 1298), tai Ldu xanh cua Tu ba, hod ddn cung
Thdc Sinh vidn: Khi huong sdm, khi trd trUa — Bdn vdy diem nude, dudng to
hog ddn.
* Ldn 5: 6 cau (1777 - 1782), tai nha Hoan Thu, vdi tu each mgt Hoa nd;
dan cho Hoan tieu thu nghe:
Phdi dim im d chiiu trdi,
True to, hdi din nghi choi mgi ngdy.
Linh ldi, ndng mdi lua ddy,
Ni non, thdnh thdt, di say long ngudi.
Tiiu thu xem cung thuong tdi,
Khudn uy, dudng cung bdt vdi bdn phdn.
* Ldn 6: 18 cau (1847 - 1866), tai nha Hoan Thu, dan cho vg chdng Thde
Sinh nghe.
* Ldn 7: 16 cdu (2565 - 2580), trong doanh trai cua Hd Tdn Hien, cho
Tong ddc trgng than va bg sdu cua y nghe.
* Ldn 8: 24 cau (3191 - 3114), trong ddm doan vidn, d nha Kim Trgng -
Thuy Van, cho minh Kim Trgng nghe.
Nhu vay, nd'u chi tinh tdm lan Kieu danh dan, thi tdng sd cau tho la 104
cau / 3254 cau, chidm hon 3%. Nd'u tfnh ca hai lan ta Kim Trgng dan, cdng
vdi sau cau gidi thidu. tai dan cua Kidu, thi tong cdng sd cau tho ndi ve tid'ng
dan se la 118 cau / 3254 cau, chidm khoang gdn 4% - mdt ti Id khdng nhd va
that cd y nghTa.
326
Tuy nhidn, dung nhu nha tho Td' Hanh nhan xet, trong tam ldn ay, chi cd
bdn ldn : Lan 1, 6, 7, 8 la dugc Nguydn Du ta kT, cu the, tai hoa, tinh td' va
day tam trang. Cdn cac ldn 2, 3, 4, 5 chi dugc nhdc qua, ke qua thdi.
Bdi vay, tid'p nd'i cdng vide cua nhflng ngudi di trudc, nhflng ddng vid't
dudi day ghi lai mdt ft thu hoach va suy ngdm cua chdng tdi vi bdn ldn ddnh
ddn cda Thuy Kiiu, trdn co sd so sdnh vdi ba ldn ddnh ddn eda ngudi ea ki
gid ddt Tdm Duong trong bai tho dai Ti bd hdnh ciia Bach Cu Dj (ban djch
tid'ng Viet cua Phan Huy Vjnh'".
1. Kieu ddn ldn thii nhdt
Cd mdt chi tid't nhd can luu y ban dgc. D6 la, cung gid'ng nhu ngudi ca nfl
Tam Duong, trong tdt ca tam ldn ddnh dan, Kieu deu khdng tu nguyin, khdng
chu ddng, ddu hoac do mdi, hoac ep, budc. Dieu nay cd y nghTa gi? Cd y kid'n
cho rang Nguydn Du mud'n de cao tinh khidm ton tu nhidn cua cac nghd sT
chan chfnh, hay la de cho vai trd cua ngudi nghd sT cang cao gia trudc khan,
thfnh gia, hay chi la each lam duydn, lam didu cua hg, de budc ngudi nghe
phai chd y, tap trung? Tdi nghT y kid'n dd chi ddng mgt phdn, ddng vdi ca nfl
bd'n Tam Duong. Cdn Thuy Kieu dau phai la ca sT, nghd sT chuydn nghidp!
Kiiu chi la mdt tai hoa, tai tir. Khidm cung nhat muc vd'n la ban chat cua nang.
Ldn danh dan dau tidn la trong ddm trang sang, khi Kieu vi hoa nin phdi
ddnh dudng tim hoa, da dugc Nguydn Du ta rat tudng tan, van kha nhieu dien
ed: Tfl cau 463 - 496 (34) cau. Day la ldn ta dai nhat.
- 8 eau ddu, gdm 3 lugt dd'i thoai:
+ Kim ndi, hdi va td' nhj ydu cdu mud'n nghe dan (mdt ldn).
+ Kieu tra ldi ddng y, nhan dan tfl tay Kim Trgng ndng ngang mdy mdt
each cue ki tran trgng va ndi cau khidm nhudng (hai lan).
- 14 cau tid'p, ta tid'ng dan cua Kieu, cu the:
+ 2 cau ddu, ta Kieu chuan bj, so day, ndn phfm, thir tid'ng.
+ 8 cau tid'p, ta 4 khuc dan, Kieu lien tid'p gay nd'i nhau:
(a) Khuc Hdn —Sdchie'n trudng (khdng rd tac gia),
(b) Khdc Phuong cdu Hodng ciia Tu ma Tuong Nhu,
(c) Khuc Qudng Ldng tdn ciia Kd Khang,
(d) Khuc Qud quan ciia Vuong Chidu Qudn.
^^^ Tha Dudng, tap 2 (nhidu ngu6i dich), NXB Van hoc, Ha Noi, 1987.
327
Mdi khdc mdt cap luc bat. Cau trdn ndu tdn khdc dan va tdn nhae sT. Cdu
dudi ta qua cac gigng didu hoac am hudng chu ye'u, qua ngudi nghe ra: Chang
Kim va Nguydn Du. Cd hai cung mo mang, say ddm. Nhd rdng, bd'n ban dan
dd deu la nhflng khdc nhae rat ndi tid'ng trong ljch sir am nhae va tho ca Trung
Hoa cd - trung dai. Nhung trong bd'n khdc, trfl khdc ddu, hung trang, ding
sdt, tii'ng vdng chen nhau, ba khuc cdn lai deu luu luyd'n, ldm li, bay bong, ai
hoai ve tinh ydu lua ddi, trong nhflng cugc chia tay nghen ngao nudc mdt.
Phai chang, dd cung la thidn hudng tinh each, tam hdn am nhae cua Thuy
Kieu, cua To Nhu - ngudi tung say ddm Long Thdnh edm gid ca?
+ Bd'n cau tid'p dung bidn phap so sdnh gidn tiip vdi cac hidn tugng thidn
nhidn dd' de cao tid'ng dan cua Kieu ve cac mat cudng do, trudng do, nhjp do,
am sdc: trong, due, khoan, mau...
Trdn trdi cao, tid'ng hac vua bay, vfla kdu thang thdt. Tid'ng sudi ngudn ao
do, tram, due. Gid vang hdt hiu thdi ngoai cira so khid'n tam rem thua lay ddng
nhe nhe. Tid'ng ao at, manh me cua Iran mua rao bat chgt. Cac ddng, tfnh,
trang tfl ta am thanh va mau sdc dugc dung rat chudn, kheo: nhe, nang, nhanh,
cham, sang, tdi... kd't hgp, nd'i tid'p rat tu nhidn, vui tuoi, sau ldng trong tid'ng
dan dd md, say ddm tinh ydu ddu tidn. Ngudi dan mud'n reo ldn, hat ldn tid'ng
hat trai tim phoi phdi tinh ydu thdn tidn, bay bdng va lang man qua bd'n khde
dan bat tuydt.
Tuy nhidn, qua bidn phap so sdnh gian tid'p vdi tfl nhu, vdn khid'n ngudi
dgc cd cam giac nha tho, ngudi nghe, dang ldng nghe, quan sat va midu ta tif
bin ngodi. Cd mdt khoang each khd rd gifla ngudi dan va ngudi nghe. Cach so
sanh trdn mdu muc dd'n ndi, gdn mdt the ki sau, nd vdn dugc The Lfl dung lai
trong Tie'ng sdo Thiin Thai:
Khi cao, vut tan mdy md,
Khi budn, bdng ldng bin bd edy xanh,
Em nhu gid lgt to mdnh,
Dep nhu Nggc Nif udn minh trong khdng.
Trong Nguyet edm, Xuan Didu ta tid'ng dan ghd, lanh, dudi anh trang
ddm, trdn ddng Huong Giang (Hud') bdng nhflng cam nhan tinh vi, mdi me:
Ddn budn, ddn ldng, di ddn chdm,
Mdi gigt roi tdn nhu li ngdn...
Mdy rang, trdi xa, dim thuy tinh,
Linh lung bdng sdng bdng rung minh..:,
Bdn bi dnh nhge, biin pha li,
Chiie ddo hdn tdi rgn bdn bi...
328
Nhung nd'u ban dgc kT, ngdm nghT thdm, thi phai chang, du dd la tid'ng
dan tho cua chang thi nhan mdi nhdt trong nhifng nhd tho mdi^^ 66 vdn ndm
trong vdng sdng cua each mieu td gidn tiip, tif bin ngodi nhin, nghe, cam
nhan, dung cai nay de ta cai kia theo ldi // quen thudc, co dien; dung thidn
nhidn lam chu the va dd'i tugng dd so sanh.
+ Bd'n cau tid'p, theo tdi, thd vj hon, mdi me hon. Vi Nguydn Du da luu y
dung muc dd'n ngudi tid'p nhan, ngudi nghe, d day la chang Kim, vd'n da tu
nhan la Chung Ki vdi Ba Nha - Thuy Kieu. Cach ngdi cua chang thay doi
theo tflng khuc dan cua Kieu. Trong phdng van, dudi dnh sang nggn den ddu
leo heo khi md, khi td, chang Kim cu bdn chdn, but rdt khdng ydn:
Khi tifa gdi, khi edi ddu,
Khi vd chin khde, khi chau ddi mdy.
Qua 66, cd the thay rd hon, tac ddng, anh hudng tie'ng dan cua Kieu dd'n
ngudi nghe - tri am nhu thd' ndo. Rd rang, khi ay, hai tam hdn da ddng didu
trong tid'ng dan tinh ydu, tudi tre didu ki.
+ Tdm cau cud'i la ldi nhdn xit phdn biin chan thanh cua chang Kim sau
khi nghe dan, va ldi thanh minh, nhan ldi cang chan thanh, khidm nhudng hon
eua nghd sT tre tai hoa Thuy Kieu.
Trong Ti bd hdnh. Bach Cu Dj ta ba ldn danh dan cua ngudi ca nfl d bd'n
Tdm Duong, trong mdt ddm thu diu hiu trang sang, khi chang Tu ma Giang
chau tidn ban: Ngifdi xudng ngifa, khdch difng cheo, trudc bd'n sdng nay. Mdt
trong nhflng dac sdc cua bai tho la nghd thuat midu ta tid'ng dan ti ba didu
luydn, chua chat tam trang sdu nao cua ngudi choi. Ca nfl hut hdn Bach Lac
Thidn qua nhflng khdc dan ldm li, ai oan. Va dd'n lugt minh, dng lai kheo
ddng ca tfl veo von, reo rdt de mdt ldn nfla, lam tudn chay tid'ng dan - tho
ngan nga, ddm say trong long ngudi dgc, ngudi nghe hon mudi thd' ki qua.
Chac han Nguydn Du, ngudi rat sanh tho cd Trung Hoa, da tham bac va chiu
anh hudng ft nhieu, khi van dung ngdn ngfl tho ca de ta am nhae cua nha tho
Dudng ndi tid'ng vdi nhflng ban trudng ca dao dat edm hifng bi thuong.
* Nd'u tii'ng ddn ldn thif nhd't (hai cau 7 - 8 ) chi mdi la nhflng am thanh
vdng vdng trdn bd'n sdng da khid'n chu, khdch dung dang chua mud'n chia tay,
dd' cd thuong thfle bdng dugc tid'ng dan! Nd'u tii'ng ddn ldn thu ba (tam cau:
81 - 88) so vdi tiing ddn ldn thu hai (28 cau: 13 - 40), thi thay do ndo nudt
Hoai Thanh va HoJi Chan, Tlu nhdn Viet Nam, NXB Van hoc. Ha Noi, 1989.
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cua nd cdn khac nhieu hon nfla. Tid'ng dan lam cho ta't ca nhung ngudi nghe
trong bfla tide phai sifdt mifdt li roi, la cha udt ddm td do xanh.
Tii'ng ddn ldn thd hai, tfl cau 13 dd'n cau 40, so vdi hai lan dan 1, 3, dugc
tdc gia chuan bj cdng phu, ldp lang, tdng bac hon nhidu. Tu the: tay dm ddn,
ehe nifa mat hoa mdi dai cac, phong luu, ma cung budn, midn cuong lam sao!
Ngudi nghd sT ludng tuoi tai hoa, didu luydn mdi van dan, thir day, da thdy
tinh bay thoang thodng. The nhung, tid'ng nhae sao mai khdng thoat dugc, mai
chua vao fihjp, mach, nghe cfl nao nudt, budn buc, tam tfle, bflc bi, khd thd,
khd chju nhu ldi than oan, am uc, nghen nghen khdng cat n6i thanh Idi? Mat
mfli nhan nhd, may chau, cau cd, ban tay, ngdn tay dua di, dua lai ue oai, 6i
vang ldn tid'ng dan cflng ue oai, mdi met, am thdm, khd khan. Ddn dan, tid'ng
dan hinh nhu chuyen didu, chuyen gigng, chuyen nhjp tfl luc nao. Em ai hon,
nhjp nhang hon, diu dat hon. Thodt khdc nay, gay sang khuc khac (Lao ea nu
cflng chgn nhflng khuc dan ndi tid'ng cua Dudng Minh Hoang ddi trudc). 0
doan tho ta dm sdc, nhjp didu tid'ng dan, hg Bach cflng dung cac so sanh va dn
du tfl cac hinh anh va hidn tugng thidn nhidn quen thudc: mUa rdo, sudi tudn
rdc rdch, oanh hdt trong hoa, chdu roi mdm nggc... Cd le chd thu vj, mdi me
sudt nghin nam, chd Nguyin Du cung chUa hge duge, ehinh Id chd, nhd tho
Trung Hoa td cdi khodng ldng, ngflng, nghi tam gifla ban dan, dot ngdt:
Nude sudi lgnh, ddy mdnh ngifng dift,
Ngifng ddt nen phut bat tii'ng to,
Om sau, mang gign ngan ngo...
Vd thanh da thdng hifu thanh!
Chfnh trong khodng ldng 66, bao nhidu am thanh, tudng tugng ngan nga
trong long ngudi nghe!?
De rdi, tid'ng dan lai vang ldn, cung bat ngd, ddt ngdt vao doan cao trao,
cang manh, cang gdt, cang chat chda, sdi sue, hay dd'n dd md, td tai, khdng ai
cudng dugc:
... Tii'ng to ldng ngdt, bdy gid cdng hay.
Binh bgc vd, tudn ddy ddng nude,
Ngua sdt giong, xd xdt tiing dao,
Cung ddn trgn khue thanh tao,
Tii'ng budng xi lua, lifa vdo bdn ddy.
Bach Cu Dj khdng chi rat am tudng nhae luat va kT thuat bieu didn cay
dan ti ba, ma dng cdn td ra kha hidn dai khi tdi hidn khodnh khdc ldng td dgc
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ddo, ldo luyen ay va ca d cai nhdt phdy mgnh tay gay, quet cung luc miing
gdy trdn ca bd'n day dan, tao ra mdt hop dm chdng manh, deu, vang rdn, rdi lai
im bat, dd' tao ra du ba du duong mdi, sau, lau trong long mdi thfnh gia.
Chua du! Boi thdm am hudng cua tid'ng dan, cdn cd vang trang, con
thuyen dau trdn sdng. Tat ca deu nhu dugc thanh Ige, md li, thdi midn bdng
chudi am thanh ddm dud'i, md hdn:
Thuyin mdy Id, ddng tdy ldng ngat,
Mgt vdng trdng trong vdt long sdng;
Khdng cdn con thuydn, chi cdn chid'c la mong manh! Khdng cdn vdng
trang gifla bau trdi in bdng xud'ng ddng Tdm Duong bat ngdt! Chi cdn mdt
ddng am ba trong sudt, vdng anh, lap ldnh chay mdnh mdng gifla ddt trdi tTnh
lang. Am thanh tid'ng dan, dnh trang lai lang. Ddm thu mang mang, linh lung,
huy6n ao, hoa hgp tuydt vdi vdi nhflng tam hdn cung mot Ida bin trdi ldn dan,
vut ddng didu, thang hoa...
Cho ndn, nd'u xet trdn binh didn tap trung va midu ta tinh te, didu luydn,
thi qua Bach Cu Dj va Nguydn Du la hai cay dai but, hai bac ki tai trong nghd
thuat tai hidn tid'ng ti bd - hd edm ciia hai ki nfl>bdng ngdn ngfl thd' hdnh hay
didu luc bat qud Nam.
Nhung nhin chung, ca hai dng, chua ai vung thodt ra khdi nhflng trdi budc
nghidm ngat cua thi phap ngdn ngfl thg ca trung dai. Ca hai deu lay ldi dep,
nha lam Id, dung udc Id, dien cd lam cdnh, ndn cdn ban chd' it nhieu dd'n ydu
edu ca the hod nhan vat, ndi chung, ca the hoa tid'ng dan, ndi ridng.
2. Kieu ddn ldn thit sdu
Khdng phai ngdu nhidn, Nguydn Du de Hoan Thu hdi han tai dan cua
Kieu, thir nghe khuc Bgc minh odn Iflng danh do chfnh Hoa nd bieu didn. Cd
the xem 66 la mdt doan lung khdi, mang tfnh chat phuc but tai tinh. Khi khen
Kieu, gidm khudn uy mot vdi bdn phdn, tid'u thu hg Hoan da cung mdt luc dat
ba muc dfch:
- Chung td lugng cd bao dung, biit nhdn liin tdi ciia ba chu dd'i vdi Hoa
nd - dai tinh djch.
- Sdp sdn trd quy qudi, tinh ma de lam cho bd dau ngdm bay nay bdng
chfnh cai tai dan cua Kidu.
- Tra thu, ha nhuc Kieu, chung td quyen uy va vj trf thd'ng trj cua Hoan
dd'i vdi Thuc Sinh - anh chdng dai khd, rdu qudp.
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Va ddng nhu du lieu, mgi ke hoach dat ra deu thanh cdng mT man. Dai, lo
ngo, hen nhat nhu Thdc da danh, nhung khdn ngoan, thdng minh, tinh te nhu
Kieu, dd'n day cung khdng the ngd, cung nga ngira ngudi, chju thua trdng
bung, tru'dc dgi ma ddu, ml qudi Hoan Thu. Trong bfla tide tdy trdn, vfla trdng
thdy Thdc Sinh ddi didn cung ba chu, Thuy Kieu vut hieu hoan canh trd treu,
bi dat cua minh. Tam trang cua nang luc ay:
Cdng trdng mat, cdng ngdn ngo,
Rudt tdm ddi dogn nlnf to rdi bdi.
Sg hai, hoang hd't, lung tung, kinh khid'p, nang cui ddu nip xudng sdn mai
mgt chiiu nhat nha't nhu cai may lam theo mgi mdnh ldnh sai khid'n eua
Hoan Thu:
Bdt khoan, bdt nhdt, din ldi,
Bdt quy tan mat, bat mdi tan tay...
Dang trong tinh trang eliodng vdng, ti mi nhu the, nang lai chgt giat thot,
ngd cd the ngdt xiu, khdng ngd hon nfla, khdng tin vao tai minh nfla, khi nghe
tieu thu lai bay ra mdt trd choi mdi, budc Kieu phai thu vai chfnh. Mdt lan
nfla, Kieu lai duge khen vd ditOe linh:
Rdng Hoa nd dd mgi tdi,
Bdn ddn thif dgo mgt bdi chdng nghe!
Nhung tai sao Nguydn Du ldn nay chi dung mdt cdu sau tid'ng, vdi hai so
sanh ngdn, mgc de ta tid'ng dan cua Kieu, khdng cdn hon? Tai sao dng khdng
ndi rd, ldn nay Kieu dan nhflng ban dan gi, cua ai? v.v...
La mdt nghd sT thidn tai, hieu tan chan to, ke tdc tam li cac nhan vat do
minh tao ra, Nguydn Du that cao tay khi ta ldn danh dan thfl sau cua Thuy
Kidu khac ban vdi ldn ddu. Khi ay, Kidu dan trong tam thd' ngat ngay, ddm
say hanh phdc, tinh ydu, ndn choi hd't khuc nay, dan dd'n khuc khac... cd bay
bdng, phidu didu... trong sang va mo mdng... Gid ddy, dang sg nhun ngudi,
dang tdn hodn, ti me, nhu mdt cai may, nang vdng ldi ra trude binh the van
ddn, rdi dan nhu mdt thdi quen vd cam, vd thfle. Tid'ng than khdc, oan oan,
bat luc bat ra, tudn chay theo tid'ng dan mgt each hoan toan tu nhidn. Kieu dau
cdn nghT dugc chfnh nang dang gay khuc dan gi?!
Ld gfch tam If de midu ta ngdn ggn tid'ng dan cua Thuy Kidu ldn nay la
nhu vay.
Nguydn Du tap trung chd y midu td, qua tid'ng dan cua Kieu, tac dung cua
trd choi ac ddc, tinh ma dd'n ca ba ngudi, trdn tide va dudi them:
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Khii'n ngifdi trin tiie eiing tan ndt long.

Cung trong mot tii'ng to ddng,
Ngifdi ngodi eifdi nu, ngifdi trong khde thdm.
Gigt chdu Id chd, khdn cam,
Cui ddu, chdng nhifng ggt thdm gigt tuong.
That la mgt canh (xen) bi hdi kich rat kidm ldi. Trdn tide cd hai ngudi:
mdt bidn kjch, kidm dao didn, lai kidm khan gia la Hoan Thu thi ludn ludn
eUdi nu. Mdi tid'ng dan oan oan, ni non cda Kieu vang len la thdm mdt ldn
Hoan sung sudng, ha hd, did'm thdm mdt nu cudi! Mdi cu chi ldng tung vfla
dau ddn, ngo ngae, bat luc, ve mat kho sd, tham hai, vung ve cua Thdc Sinh
lai khid'n tieu thu nhu nd tflng khuc rudt, lai diem thdm mdt nu cudi ddc thdng,
ngat ngay. Bd didu cua Thdc Sinh lam ta cam thdng thi ft, budn cudi va buc,
cd le nhieu hon. Trong vudt mdng bgc nhung cua vg ca, Thdc Sinh hidn
nguydn hinh la mdt anh chdng hid'u ki khd dai, hen nhat, tham hai, nhu mdt
eon rdi dep ma, khdng hon! Nhung Thdc Sinh vdn phdi ddng kich eho trgn
vai, trgn cdnh theo su xd'p dat cua nfl dao didn quai kiet. Va cai cU chi nUde
mat Id chd, edi ddu ggt thdm, rdi lai phai gugng ndi, gugng cUdi, eho qua... lai
dugc didn mdt each rat thanh cdng bdng ldi thanh minh chan that hay gia dd'i
dd'n tdi nghidp:
Sinh rang: - Hiiu phuc vifa xong,
Suy long trde di, dau Idng chung thiin.
Vi qua nhd thuong cha gia mdi mat dd ma thdi!
Tdm lai, khdng chu tam ta kT tid'ng dan, nhung Nguydn Du cang chung td
tai nang hon ngudi cua minh, khi di sau khdm pha va phan tich mgt tinh
hudng tdm li io le, gay cdn, eudi ra nude mat, de khdng chi khdc sau va lam
noi bat tam hdn va tinh each ca ba nhan vat, nhat la khdng djnh edi ghen sdu
sac nude ddi, cude tra thu tinh vi ma Id lidu, budc trdi, hanh ha cac nan nhan
eua minh dd'n dieu cua danh gia hg Hoan. Trong dd, tid'ng dan Thuy Kieu cd
gdp phdn, ngoai y mud'n cua Kieu, lam cho tan bi hai kjch thdm dau ddn va
eudi khd, lam li...
Ngudi bieu didn nhu mdt cue hinh. Ngudi thudng thuc nay, cung vay!
Cdn ngudi thudng thfle kia?
Thi, nhu ta da tha'y, da va dang nham nhap ndi dau ddn, d che cua hai
nan nhan khd khao va dang ghet mdt each cung rat dan ba... td md, he ha
khdn cung!...
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3. Kieu ddn ldn thd bdy

Gifla ldn dan thu sdu va thu bay, each nhau ndm ndm va mgt bid'n ed'
khung khid'p: Ngu'di anh hung duy nhdt cua ddi Kidu, vi nghe Kieu ma dau
hang, rdi chd't ddng, che't oan! Td'ng dde kinh ludn gdm tdi Hd Tdn Hiin chi
cd hai cai tdi doe:
- Ke dieu hd li son, li tiin, binh hdu, nhd vao su that tha, nhe da tin
ngudi, trung quan mu quang cua cap vg chdng Tfl Hai - Thuy Kieu, ma nen
cdng qua, thdng lgi vdnh vang.
- Dam dang va dd tidn ddy Thuy Kidu dd'n tuydt dinh nhuc nha, phai tu tu
ldn thfl hai d sdng Tidn Dudng.
Gid't chd't Tfl Hai mgt each chang lay gi lam ve vang, say sua trong chie'n
thdng va hanh lac, Hd Tdn Hidn cho md tide hg cdng rat linh dinh trong quan
doanh, rd'i:
Bdt ndng thi yin dudi mdn,
Dd say lgi ep cung ddn nhdt tdu.
Hien nhidn, Hd Tdn Hie'n phdi la mdt vidn quan hd't sflc bat nhan, bdt
nhdn, dam d va tro tren, mdi cd the lam nhu vay. Tid'ng dan lan thfl bay eua
Kidu vang ldn dudi anh den, ndn sang choang, dd ldm nhu mau, gifla nhflng
khudn mat bdng nhdy, nhflng nu cudi kha d, quai gd:
Mdt cung gid thdm mifa sdu,
Bdn ddy nhd mdu ndm ddu ngdn tay.
To Nhu tu da dung bidn phap dn du - cudng diiu de ta nam ngdn tay gay
dan cua Kieu ma sao ban dgc khdng he cam thay sU ldm vdn? Ay la bdi vi, su
ndi qua dd khdng he qua trong tam trang cua cuu phu nhan Dai vuong Tfl Hai.
Tiing ddn nhuc nhd, the thdm,
Tii'ng ddn tuyet vgng, cdm udt,
Tii'ng ddn nggi ca ngudi thde oan,
Tie'ng ddn ddm mdu!
Tudng nhu theo mdi tid'ng dan budng danh lanh lanh, rung rgn, lai tha'y
lua chay, ngudi nga, thay chang Tfl Hai sat khf ddng ddng, tung hoanh lieu
mang gifla trung trung binh vay. Nhung hum thiing trdt dd sa eo, chang hen.'
Tif sinh liiu gida trdn tiin
Dgn ddy eho biit gan liin tudng qudn.
Khi thiing khi dd vi thdn
Nhon nhon cdn difng chdn chdn giila vdng,
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Tro nhu dd vdng nhu ddng!

Ai lay chdng chuyen ai rung chdng rdi!
Cd oan khi tuong triin, cd cgng liudng dien sinh hge hay khdng, khi ndng
vda phuc xudng, Td liin ngd ra!... canh tan hoang, hdn loan, nang bj bdt vao
trifdng, bat hdu ha, khoan nhat, lam nhuc, rdi gid day, khdn nan thay, lai bdt
gay dan?!
Hd Tdn Hidn oi! Hd Tdn Hien! Thi day, tid'ng dan cud ta! Nghe di! Nud't
di! Cho nha nguoi chd't no, chd't sac, chd't nghen trong tid'ng dan cua ta! Tid'ng
dan vdn cham, budn ru rugi rdi chgt gdt gao, danh thep, nhgn hodt, lai chgt
rdng rdng mau. Id tudn roi, tudn roi!;Nam ngdn tay ngudi gay dan ddm dia
mau... trai tim ngudi gay dan ua mdu... Tid'ng mdu am u, dac quanh ddi tra
thd, rua ban, minh oan...
May ldi hdi tham nggt nhat, tron nhu luon cdng vdi vai gigt nudc mdt cd
sau tanh Igm cua Hd Tdn Hidn nhanh chdng tu lot trdn mat na, khi hdn lai vfla
lim dim mdt dd, dd md ngdm vfla ddng tai nghe Kidu dan:
Nghe cdng ddm, ngdm cdng say,
Lg cho mat sat cung ngdy vi tinh!
To Hflu binh rat hay, rdng d hai cau tho thdn didu nay, Nguydn Du da
dung bidn phap ddn bdy va diem huyit 6e giit tuoi Hd Tdn Hid'n, tra thd giup
Kieu. Ndng vidn quan tong ddc xao tra ldn tan may xanh bdng nhflng ldi
thdng cam vdi ngudi tai nfl bac mdnh, bdng tu thd' nghe dan, ra ve thudng thfle
nghd thuat hd't minh, say sua, nhung rdi nha tho da lgt qudn bdi tdy qua mdt
tid'ng ngdy dd'i chgi vdi hai tid'ng mat sat.
Thiit dien vd tu, rd ngay gian Hd Tdn Hiin Thanh Thien da hidn rd ban
tudng Hd Tdn Hie'n Ac Ddm, Hd Tdn Hii'n Xdo Nguy, trong bfla tiec hg cdng
nhdy nhua. Nghe dan, ngdm Kieu. Dan nggt, hat hay. Ngudi nggc da hut hdn
Tdn Hidn. Y khdng lam chu dugc minh nfla. Khudn mat thudng ngay ra ve
nghidm nghj, gid day ddn ddn ngdy thdn ra, ha hoc mdm, lim dim mdt vg, dd
ddn, md. man, day thd tfnh...
Tdi mud'n nghT thdm, rdng hai tid'ng lg cho mdi that bde me cai vd vTnh,
ddng kjch cua eon thu - ngudi - quan Hd Tdn Hidn, khid'n Nguydn Du, nd'u
ed dflng dau dd trong trai quan, cung phai vd cung ngae nhidn va khinh bi dd'n
dieu.
Vdi Thuy Kieu, khi budc phai gay khuc dan gan rudt ca ddi cua minh cho
ehinh ke gid't chong minh nghe, nang da tu gay khde ddn vinh quyir ddy edm
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hdn ngdn ngut cud'i cung, vang thdng vdo mat ke thu chdp bu, ben mat, trUOe
khi trd ve cdi vTnh hdng vdi ngudi chdng anh hung rdu hum, hdm en.
4. Kieu ddn ldn thd tdm - ldn cudi cung...
Mudi lam nam da trdi qua nhu mdt giac mgng hai hung!
Tinh duyin dy, hop tan ndy,
Hoa xifa ong eu...
Sau khi thd'ng nhat dugc each giai quyd't vdi chang Kim van dd quan
trgng nhat:
Dem tinh cdm sdt ddi ra edm ed!
Kieu lai ne ldi Kim trgng, gay dan ldn thfl hai - lan cud'i cung cho ridng
chdng nghe. Tid'ng dan ldn nay that nhu hod, thanh thdn, em di, khi nhd, khi
to, khi gdn, khi xa... Gdy xong, khid'n Kim Trgng rat ngae nhidn, mdng ro,
khen nggi hd't ldi. Nhung Kidu, lai binh than tuydn bd:
Cudn day, tfl nay khdng bao gid gay dan nfla?!
Dgc kT doan tho, dat trong ca trifdng dogn Dgi dodn vien, mdi thay doan
tho ta Kieu dan ldn thfl tam - ldn cud'i nay cdng thue, gugng ggo bid't bao
nhidu! Toan la nhflng khuc dan tidu sai, thoat tuc, lidn midn, ldn tidn, than
tidn, xa lanh cdi ngudi, trdn trdnh hanh phdc trdn the, i a i dugc tau ldn trong
khdi trdm thoang thom, huydn hoac. Lieu Kim Trgng cd thanh that, tfl trong
tham tam, cd hoan toan thoai mai chap nhan each lua chgn dd dang, edi luong
a'y cua Kieu? Va lieu Kieu cd hoan toan thanh thoi khi gay may khuc
dan trdn?
Lieu cudn day, cat dan thi cat vao dau?
Lieu Kidu cd cudn ndi, cat noi vet thuong long mudi lam nam vdn cdn
dang ri mau?
Cho ndn, dd vid't kha dai (24 cau: 3191 - 3214), chi thua ldn thfl nhat (10
cau), du CO danh cho Kim Trgng that nhieu uu ai dac bidt, du cd td ngugc lgi
vdi ta't ca cac khuc dan ma sudt mudi lam nam qua, Kidu da tflng gay, nhung
linh edm eda mgi trdi tim ldn, mdt nghi si ldn Nguydn Du khid'n Ngudi khdng
sao Ifla dd'i ndi chfnh long minh.
Tid'ng dan Kidu gay ldn thfl tam - ldn cud'i cung, la tid'ng dan vd hdn, vd
edm, tid'ng dan gid va vi thd' ma <r/(7'nhat trong tam ldn Kieu dan. Tay Kidu vdn
theo thdi quen lua chen Idn gdy khdc nay khdc kia, nhung long Kieu rdng
khdng, khdng buon, khdng vui, khdng hdn gian... chang du ba xdc ddng gi!
Tid'ng dan cang didu luydn bao nhidu cang lanh lung bay nhidu! Tid'ng dan
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cua Kieu ldn cud'i nay chi cang minh chung va the hidn chan li pho quat mang
tdm thdi dai ma Nguydn Du da gdy vang ldn tid'ng nao ndng, cdm uat va dau
ddn khdng ngudi, trong ca tam ldn Kidu dan, trong sudt Truyin Kiiu, va hon
mdt ldn, trong Vdn tithdp logi chdng sinh (Vdn chiiu hdn):
Dau ddn thay phdn ddn bd,
Ldi rdng bgc minh eiing Id Idi chung!...
(Hoang Dan - Dudng Van, Nguyen Du -Truyen Kieu -
mot hudng edm ludn vd dgy hge mdi, NXB Thanh nien, Ha Noi, 2002)
TUYET TAG TRUCiNG CA TI BA HANH
eda Bach Cu Di
Ti bd hdnh la mdt bai tho dai, ndi tid'ng khdng kem gi Trudng hdn ea. Tu
ma Giang chau Bach Cu Dj trong mdt ddm ghe bd'n Tdm Duong, gap mdt cd
dao hat cd tai, ma than phan cung ngam ngdi nhu ke dang lam qu^n bj bid'm
trfch.
Ddm trdn sdng, khach mdi dao nuong dan hat. Ca nfl dan. Dau phai la dan
ma giai bay tam su qua tid'ng dan. Ngudi gay giai bay; ngudi nghe ddng cam.
Ngudi hat ndi ndi ddi chim ndi. Ngudi nghe hat cung lay nhflng ndi ddi chim
ndi ma nghe. Ddng cam sau sdc, thuong cam tan cdng.
Khdc Ti bd hdnh dugc vid't ngay trong ddm ay.
Bach Cu Dj bay td tinh cam sau sdc cua minh vdi ngudi ca nfl dat Tdm
Duong. Hai tam hdn ddng didu da tho Id cung nhau hoac tu giai bay, hoac
bdng ta'm long dang bdi hdi xdc ddng, trai qua nhflng thang trdm, chim ndi
eua cude ddi ridng trudc thjnh suy cua qua khfl va hidn tai.
Bai tho chan thuc, ddn hau, ddng thdi la mdt tid'ng thd dai cam canh trudc
thdi the. Tinh cam tha thid't, suy tfl sau sdc cua hai ngudi tai hoa ma dd chude
lay trd trdu cua xa hdi. Nhung 66 6au phai chi la so phan ridng cua hai ngudi
ma cdn chinh la ndi ddi cua bid't bao so phan khac...
Tho tinh td', gia dan, but luc ki didu, toan bai gdn bd that chat che trong
mdt kd't cau dai ma cang dgc cang cudn hdt.
Trudng hdn ea cung Ti bd hdnh cd thd' xd'p vao nhflng bai tho hay nhat
trong tho cd dien Trung Hoa.
Cac nha nho Viet Nam ai ma khdng bid't dd'n nhflng bai nay? Va nhflng tai
djch tho noi tid'ng nhu Tdn Da djch Trudng hdn ea, Phan Huy Vjnh djch Ti bd
hdnh hon mdt lan lai lam sang danh tac pham...
(Ngo Van Phu, bao Van nghe tre, sd 35 (509), ngay 27 - 8 - 2006)

DOC THEM 6 NHA

(Hudng ddn sau tiit 60)
* Ndi odn cua ngudi phdng khue (Khui odn - Vuong Xuong Linh)
* Ldu Hodng Hac (Hodng Hge ldu - Thdi Hidu)
* Khe chim keu (Diiu minh gidn - Vuong Duy)
A. Ket qua can dqt

1. Kid'n thfle - tu tudng: Hieu dugc chu de - cam hung chu dao va net dac
sdc nghd thuat tidu bieu trong tflng bai tho va qua ca ba bai tho noi tieng, hieu
them gia tri cua tho Dudng.
2. Tich hcrp vdi cac bai tho Dudng da hge.
3. Ren kT nang tu hge, tu tim hieu gia tri cua tac pham tho trfl tinh qua he
thdng cau hdi trong SGK.
B. Ctiudn bj cua thdy va tro

- Cac cudn sach: Tho Dudng, tap 1, 2; Binh gidng tho DUdng
- Phdng to tranh anh ldu Hoang Hac.
Hoat dgng 1
Kiem tra su chuan bj tra ldi cac cau hdi tu hge cua HS.
Hoat dgng 2
DAN VAO BAI MCfl
GV ndu ydu cdu tid't tu hge; gidi thidu ba bai tho tu hge nay deu la nhutig
tac phdm rat dac sdc, tidu bieu cua tho Dudng; mdi bai hay dep mdt each
khac nhau.
Hoat dgng 3
HLTCFNG DAN TL/OOC - HIEU TaNG BAI THO
L Ldu Hodng Hge (Hodng Hge ldu)
- GV hdi: Cho bid't tdn tac gia, tdn nhflng ngudi djch, nhan xet the tho
trong nguydn tac va trong cac ban djch.
338 22. TKBGNGO VAN 10/1 (NC).B

- HS tra Idi.
Dinh hudng:
+ Tac gia Thdi Hidu (704 - 754) - nha tho Dudng noi tid'ng, cung thdi
vdi Lf Bach.
+ Nhflng ngudi djch: Tan Da djch thanh tho luc bat, mdt trong nhflng ban
djch dugc ham md nhat. Khuang Hflu Dung djch theo the tho nguydn tac: that
ngdn bat cu Dudng luat.
- GV hdi tid'p: Em hieu gi ve hoan canh sang tac bai tho? Cd thd' ke lai
truyen thuyd't Phi Van Vi, chi rd vj trf ldu Hoang Hac.
- HS tra ldi, ke lai, chi vj trf. .
Dinh hudng:
Ldu Hoang Hac (gac Hac Vang) la mdt ngdi ldu cd that - nay trd thanh
mgt dia diem du ljch cua Trung Qud'c, d bd bde Trudng Giang, thudc tinh Hd
Bac. Truyen thuyd't ke rang, xua cd chang nho sinh Phi Van Vi, budn vi thi
hong, lang thang trdn bai Anh Vu, bdn bd Trudng Giang. Bdng cd con hac
vang dap xud'ng. Phi Van Vi cudi hac bay ldn trdi. Ngudi ddi sau xay mdt
ngdi ldu dd' ki nidm, ggi la Idu Hoang Hac. Thdi Hidu va nhieu nha tho khac
da dd'n tham, cam hung de tho.
Ngudi ducmg thdi va ddi sau diu xem bai tho Hodng Hge ldu cua Thdi
Hidu la dd nhat (Nghidm Vu). Hay dd'n mfle, thi tidn Li Bach phai vid't:
Nhdn tiin hifu cdnh dgo bd't dde
Thdi Hieu di thi tgi thugfng ddu.
(Trudc mdt ed cdnh khdng ndi dugc
Vi tho Thdi Hieu d trin ddu.)
Va Ll Bach danh vid't Hodng Hge ldu tdng Mgnh Hgo Nhien chi
Qudng Ldng.
- GV hdi: Theo em, chu de va cam hflng chu dao cira bai tho la gi?
Dinh hudng (xac djnh dieu nay khdng dd): Dd la cam xuc cua nha tho
khi dflng trudc canh dep noi ldu Hoang Hac. Kd't dgng ndi sdu hoai cd, nhd
qud xa. Ggi trong long ngudi dgc su ngo ngang, bdng khudng, ndi nhd, ndi
budn trong treo, sAu tham.
- HS dgc Iai bai tho nguydn tac va cac ban djch, tu ldng nghe va
ngdm nghT.
339
- GV hdi: Ve nghe thuat, tac gia cd ta kT ldu Hodng Hac hay khdng? Cd
sU ddi lap nao xuat hidn trong bdi tho?
- H S tra ldi.
Dinh hudng:
Viet ve ldu Hoang Hac ma khdng td'cu the ngdi ldu ra sao, chu yd'u ta
khung canh xung quanh, dam may trdng, bai cd Anh Vu, hang cay Han
Duong, ddng Trudng Giang. Dd la net ridng va dung y cua tac gia. Cd su ddi
lap ve thdi gian (xua - nay), ve canh vat (thuc va do). Canh dep nhung long budn.
- GV hdi: Cd y kid'n cho rdng, chfl sdu cud'i bai da kd't dgng cam hung
cua bai tho. Y kid'n cua em?
- HS thao luan.
Dinh hudng:
+ Dung vay. Ca bai tho, chfl nao, cau nao cung bang khuang, man mac
mdt niem budn thuong, nhung nhd. Nhd ngudi xua di mat hut khdng bao gid
trd vd, dam may trdng choi voi, nggn khdi sdng budi chieu trdn ddng sdng
rdng khoi ggi ndi sdu nhd qud huong.
+ Huy Can, khi vid't bai tho Trdng giang noi tid'ng cung chju anh hudng
cua hai cau ke't trong Hodng Hge ldu cua Thdi Hidu, mac du cam xdc cua hai
ngudi khdng hoan toan gid'ng nhau (Ldng qui dgn dgn vdi eon nifde - Khdng
khdi hodng hdn cung nhd nhd).
* Dgc tham khao
Ldi djch tri dm cua nha tho ldn Viet Nam. Ldi djch tai tao ma tai sinh
nguydn tac nay cua Tan Da cd the xem la dat dd'n trinh do hoan mT d ban djch
bai tho Hodng Hge ldu noi tid'ng. Trung thanh tflng y mdt, song ban djch hinh
nhu da cd mdt cugc ddi ridng cua mdt thi pham Tan Da. Tuyet didu toan bai,
dac bidt hai cau ddu va hai cau cud'i:
Hge vdng ai eifdi di ddu
Md nay Hodng Hge riing ldu cdn tro...
Qui huong khud't bdng hodng hdn
Trill sdng khdi sdng eho budn long ai...
Dau cdn la dich ma chi cdn la tho... Ban djch cua Tan Da cd thd' xem la
mdu muc thanh cdng cua nghd thuat djch tho trong giao luu van chuong moi
thdi dai.
(Tran Thanh Dam, trong Tho Dudng, tap 1,
NXB Tre, TP. Ho Chf Minh, 1989, tr. 235 - 236)
340
IL Ndi odn eda ngifdi phdng khui (Khue odn)

L De tai bidn tai (chid'n tranh bidn gidi trong tho Dudng kha pho bid'n: Li
Bach, Dd Phu, Bach Cu Dj).
2. Hudng ddn tu dgc - hieu bai tho
- GV ydu cdu HS dgc ban phidn am va hai ban djch; nhan xet, so sanh ve
the loai gifla nguydn tac va cac ban djch.
- H S tra ldi.
Dinh hudng: The tho that ngdn tfl tuydt Dudng luat. Ban djch tho luc bat
(Tan Da), theo the loai nguydn tac (Nguydn Khdc Phi).
- GV hdi: Didn bid'n tam trang cua ngudi vg tre trong bai tho nhu the'
nao? Phan tich rd tam trang va su chuydn ddi tam trang cua nang trong tdng
cdu tho. Vi sao cd su chuyen ddi dd? •
- HS phan tfch, phat bid'u.
Dinh hudng:
+ cau 1: bdt tri sdu - khdng bid't budn. Rat vd tu. Vi sao? Vi tudi tre, vi
chung giac mdng cdng danh vdi chdng, vi hi vgng chdng se dugc phong hdu
ban tudc sau nay.
+ Cau 2: Ngdy xudn trang die'm long Idy, budc lin Idu dep - dd la vide
hdng ngay cua nhflng ngudi phu nfl, dac bidt la phii nfl tre.
Tuy nhidn ldn ldu (dang cao) la de nhin xa, la de giai bay, bde bach tam
sir. Dd'n day, hinh nhu trong tam hdn cua thid'u phu khdng cdn hoan toan vd
tu nfla.
+ Cau 3: Hdt kiin ... duong liiu sac - Chgt thay sdc (xuati) cua cay duong
lidu ddu dudng. Mau xanh cua thidn nhidn, mau xanh tugng trn'ng cho mua
xuan, tudi tre, cung la mau cua sir bidt li.
Cau thfl ba cd tac dung la cai cdu, cai cd, cai ban Id khep md bat ngd ma
tu nhidn de chuyen doi tam trang cua con ngudi.
+ Cau 4: Hdi hdn vide da xui, da de chdng ra di tdng quan, lap cdng, lam
quan, kid'm an, phong hdu. Sau hdi la odn. Can gi? Can cai an phong hau, oan
chid'n tranh phi nghTa da khid'n vg chdng chang phai chia li khdng bid't dd'n
bao gid.
Rd rang, didn bid'n tam trang cua thie'u phu trong bai tho la: bdt tri sdu -
hot - hdi - odn ma nguydn nhan - nguydn cd trudc mat la mdu duong lieu;
nguydn nhan sau xa la dn phong hdu, la chiin tranh phi nghia.
341
- GV hdi: Em cd lidn he dd'n doan tho nao cung vid't v^ dd tai nay trong
chuong trinh Ngu van THCS?
- HS nhd lai, trinh bay.
Dinh hudng: Chinh phu ngdm khdc cua Dang Tran Cdn (ngudi djch
Doan Thj Diem); doan trich Sau phut chia li (y tho Luc ngodnh lgi ngdm mdu
duong liiu - Thd khuyin chdng ddng chiu tifde phong chinh la bdt ngudn tit
bai tho Khue odn nay).
IIL Khe chim kiu (Diiu minh gidn)
1. Phai tho son thuy diin vien trong ljch su tho Dudng (giai doan thjnh
Dudng) ma Vuong Duy la mgt dai didn xuat sdc. Tho Vuong Duy trang nha,
binh dam, trong tho cd hoa.
2. Dgc — hieu bai tho
- HS dgc didn cam cac van ban phidn am va cac ban djch.
- GV hdi: Bai tho ta canh gi? Net dac sdc cua bflc tranh phong canh trpng
bai tho la the nao? Trang thai tam hdn nha tho khi ay ra sao?
- HS ldng nghe, suy nghT, lan lugt tra ldi.
Dinh hudng: Bai tho ta canh ddm trang xuan trong khe nui. Cai dae sac
la ldy dgng td tinh.
+ Cau 1: Hoa qud' nhd li ti, rung khe khe ma ngudi cung nghe dugc chdng
td ddm phai rat ydn tTnh. Va long ngudi cung phai rat ydn tTnh, tap trung thi
mdi cd the nghe dugc am thanh cue nhd ay.
Cau 2: True tid'p ta ddm xuan trong nui vdng ve.
Cau 3: Trang ldn lam gi cd tid'ng dgng, thd' ma lai lam cho chim nui so
hai. Cung la vi ddm qua ydn lang dd thdi.
Cau 4: Nhflng tid'ng kdu khe khe cua chim nui vi sg hai luc trang ldn lai
cang chflng td ddm tTnh lang vd cung. Su tTnh lang cua ddm xuan va su binh
ydn thanh than cua tam hdn con ngudi. Dd la tid'ng ddm xao dgng tam hon
binh ydn.
Lay edi dgng di td edi tinh cua bflc tranh bdng am thanh dgc dao.
- GV ndu van de: So sdnh each ta lay ddng ta tTnh trong cac bai tho da hge.
- HS ggi nhd, phat bieu.
Dinh hudng:
Bai Tinh dg td (Lf Bach) - ddm trang sang ydn lang nhd cd huong, ldy cai
eu ddu, de ddu, ta cai ydn tTnh cua ddm trang va ndi budn xa qud cua nha tho.
342
Bai Thu dii'u (Nguydn Khuyd'n) lay cai sdng ggn ti. Id dUa veo, cd ddu
ddp dgng de ta cai ydn tTnh cua mua thu va long ngudi ngdm canh.
Hoat dgng 4
R O T RA BAI HOC CHUNG CHO CA BA BAI
- Nhflng diem gid'ng nhau ve ndi dung, nghd thuat.
- NhQng diem khac bidt ve ndi dung, nghd thuat.
- Kd't luan rut ra ve gia trj phong phu cua tho Dudng, dac sdc nghd thuat
cua tho Dudng.
Soan chum tho Hai-eu eda Ba-sd.
343
TUA]^ 1 6
Tiet 61 - 62
VAN HOC
THO HAI-Cir
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

1. Qua vide tu hge cd hudng ddn d nha va d ldp, HS budc dau lam quen
vdi van hge Nhat Ban, hieu dugc tho hai-cu; vai net dac trung gia trj tu tudng -
nghd thuat tho hai-cu cua Ba-sd va Bu-son.
2. Ren kT nang dgc - hieu ban djch tho nudc ngoai, trinh bay nhflng cam
nhan cua ban than trudc tap the.

- Phdng to tranh chan dung Ba-sd va mdt so tranh minh hoa tho Ba-sd.
- Tac phdm cua Ba-sd: Ldi lin miin 0-ku.
Hoat dgng 1
(Hinh thue: van dap)
L Dgc thudc long va didn cam ban phidn am va ban djch tho bai Cdm xuc
mua thu (Thu hifng) cua Dd Phu.
2. Tai sao ndi Thu hifng khdng chi ta canh mua thu, ndi cam xuc cua tac
gia ve mda thu ma cdn the hidn ndi nhd qud xa, tinh ydu nhan dan va cude
sdng cua nha tho?
3. Dgc thudc long ba bai tho Dudng (phdn dgc thdm d nha). Phan tich dac
sdc nghd thuat cua tho Dudng (lay ddng td tTnh) trong bai Dii'u minh gidn, hai
chfl sdu trong hai hai Khui odn va Hodng Hge ldu?
344

Hoat dgng 2
DAN VAO BAI MCfl
- Vai net vd Nhat Ban va van bgc Nhat Ban - mdt trong nhflng cudng
qud'c cua chau A va thd' gidi hidn dai.
- Tac gia Ba-sd (1644 - 1694) tdn that la Masud Bashd (Tung - VT - Ba -
Tidu) la mgt trong nhflng nha tho noi tid'ng nhat cua van hge Nhat Ban.
Xem tranh chan dung Ba-sd va ban djch tdc phdm Ldi lin miin O-ku.
- Yd-sa Bu-son ( 1 7 1 6 - 1783) - mdt trong nhflng mdn dd cua Ba-sd, tid'p
nd'i va phat trien the loai tho hai-cu.
Hoat dgng 3
HUCfNG DAN TU HOC
I. Vd tac gia Ba-sd
- 1 - 2 HS dua vao Tiiu ddn trong SGK, trinh bay tdm tdt than thd' va su
nghidp cua Ba-sd.
- G\' nhdn mgnh nhflng didm chinh: Que I-ga (nay la tinh Mi-d). Gia
dinh vd sT cap thap. 30 tudi, chuyen dd'n E-dd (Td-ki-d) sd'ng va sang tac tho
hai-cu vdi but danh Ba Tidu (Ba-sd). 10 nam cud'i ddi, di khdp nudc, vid't du kf
va lam tho hai-cu. Mat d 0-sa-ca nam mdi 50 tudi. Tac pham ndi tid'ng nhat
Ldi lin miin O-ku (1689).
II. Ve the tho hai-cu
* Phdn ndy mdi vd rd't khd (ngay ed ddi vdi GV) nen di HS tif dgc trifdc
trong SGK; trin ldp; GV kit hgp tham khdo SGV vd mdt sd tdi lieu khde trinh
bdy mgt cdch gidn di di HS bifde ddu hii'u duge mgt sd diiu eo bdn.
Cung cd thi phdn ndy khdng can trinh bdy trin ldp. HS tu dgc - hieu d
nhd. Vdo tiit, dgc - hii'u ngay cdc bdi tho; sau do GV mdi dung kiin thifc ndy
di tdng kit.
1. Hai-cu (hai-eu hoac hai-kai) la mdt trong nhflng the loai tho truyen
thd'ng ddc dao cua Nhat Ban - thi qud'c.
- Tho hai-cU bdt ddu hinh thanh vao the ki XVI, dd'n the ki XVII thi dat
tdi dinh cao vdi Ba-sd, Bu-sdn, It-sa, Si-ki... Dd'n nay, ngudi Nhat vdn ydu
thich va tid'p tuc sang tac the tho nay. The hai-cu cdn dugc cac nha tho
phuong Tay tid'p thu va sang tac bdng tid'ng Anh, Phap (E-lu-a), Dfle (Ri-co),
6-xta-vi-d Pat (Tay Ban Nha)...
345

- Hinh thuc tho hai-cu vdo loai ngdn nhdt thd' gidi: ca bai chi gdm 17 am
tid't, ngdt thanh 3 doan: 5 - 7 - 5 . Nguydn ban tie'ng Nhat chi cd mot hdng
(mot edu tho). Phidn am La-tinh xd'p thanh 3 hang. Djch ra tie'ng Viet thanh 3
cau, thudng la 5 - 5 - 5, hoac 4 - 5 - 3 , 5 - 3 - 4... hoac djch thanh mdt cap
luc bat..
- Ba ddng (doan) tho cd chfle nang nhu sau: ddng 1- gidi thidu; ddng 2 -
tid'p tuc y trdn va chudn bj cho ddng 3; ddng 3 - kd't lai y tho nhung khdng ro
rang, md ra nhflng suy ngdm, cam xdc cho ngudi dgc ngdn nga, lan toa.
2. Dac diem tho hai-cu
- Mdt phong canh, mdt vai su vat cu the the hidn mdt tfl tho, mgt xuc
cam, suy tu cua ngudi vid't.
- Thdi diem xac djnh theo mua: Quy ngd (ki-go): tif chi mua la bdt buoc
trong mdi bai tho. Chang ban, mua thu: mua suong -chiiu thu, gid thu; mua
he: chim dd quyiii - tii'ng ve; mua ddng: cdnh ddng hoang — khd; mua xuan:
hoa anh ddo. D6 la thdi diem hidn tai, canh trudc mdt, the hidn su gdn bd sau
sdc cua con ngudi vdi thidn nhidn.
- Thu phap tugng trung:
-I- The hidn mdt khoanh khdc cua canh vat va dinh diem cira cam xuc:
ham sue, nghd thuat, khoi ggi chfl khdng phai la ham sue cua chdm ngdn,
trid't If.
+ Thidn nhidn va trid't li ve thidn nhidn: tim cai dep trong nhflng hinh anh
gian dj, binh thudng cua thidn nhidn.
-I- Tha'm ddm tinh thdn Thiin tdng (Phat giao) va tinh thdn van hoa phuong
Ddng: each nhin nhat the hod : trdi - ddt, con ngudi van vat,... la mgt, quan he
khang kbit. Nhflng hidn tugng va su vat trong thidn nhidn cd the tuong giao,
chuyd'n hod ldn nhau theo nhflng quy luat bi dn cua tu nhidn: am thanh, mau
sdc, anh sang, mui huong... deu cd the chuyen hoa vdi nhau. Cam thfle thdm
mT rat ridng, rat cao, rdt tinh te. Hai-cu de cao cai: Sa-bi (vdng lang), Wa-bi
(don so), Y-u-gen (u huyen), Sh-io-ri (mim mai), Ka-ru-mi (nhe nhang).
- Ngdn ngfl: dung rat it cac tfnh tfl, trang tfl cu the hoa su vat, han che
tudng tugng cua ngudi dgc. Dung nhieu danh, ddng, ggi tudng tugng suy ngdm.
- Mo hd la dac diem ngdn ngfl quan trgng cua tho hai-cu.
Bdi vay, mud'n cam nhan sau sdc mgt bai tho hai-cu, ngudi dgc phai lang
tai ma nghe, md mat 6i nhin va trdi long 6i cung cam thu cai dn tuong, cd thi
la am thanh, hinh anh hoac mdt hinh tugng mo hd nao dd d bai tho.
346

Hoat dgng 4
H U O N G DAN DOC - HIEU CHI TIET
I. Ba bai tho cua Ba-sd
1. Bai 1
Trin cdnh khd
chim qug ddu
chiiu thu
Ban djch khac:
Cdnh khd qug ddu chiiu td
Thdi gian thdm thoat thu dd vi'ddy.
- HS dgc didn cam vdi gigng va each ngdt nhip phu hgp. Tim quy ngfl.
- HS dgc chu thfch 2 tr. 204 de bid't nhan dd (Con qug) va nam sang tdc
(1679) cua bai tho.
- GV hdi: Cam nhan chidu thu hidn ldn nhu thd' nao qua hinh anh canh
cay khd va chim qua?
- HS suy nghT, lidn tudng.
Dinh hudng: Quy ngfl: chiiu thu. Hidn ra trudc mdt ngudi dgc mdt hinh
anh thi giac: mdt canh cay khd, tro trui, khdng la, khdng chdi xanh tuoi; trdn
66 dflng im lim mdt con chim qua den. Tdt ca in ldn nen trdi dang sdm ddn.
Td't ca chi cd thd' nhung da ggi trong ta mdt ndi budn, cd dom, hiu hdt, vdng
lang nhu bflc tranh thuy mac don so ma sau tham.
Nhieu nha nghidn cflu xem bai tho la kieu mdu ddu tidn cho the tho hai-cu
day an tugng va hd't sflc cd dgng.
2. Bai 2
Hoa ddo nhu dng mdy xa
chudng din U-e-nd vang vgng
hay din A-sa-cU-sa
- HS dgc didn cam, tim quy ngfl.
- GV hdi: Bai tho ggi cho em dn tugng gi? Tfl dau? Tid'ng chudng den
khdng nghe rd cd ngu y gi?
- HS tra ldi tu do.
Dinh hudng:
+ Quy ngu: hoa anh ddo - chi mua xuan d Nhat Ban.
347
-I- Am thanh an tugng mo bd: tii'ng chudng.

+ Nhung budi hoang hdn mua xuan d Nhat Ban thudng vang ldn tidng
chudng trong cac den chua. Tuy ca hai dja danh trdn deu gdn tup leu - noi d
cua Ba-sd - nhung vdn khdng rd ban ra la tfl dau.
Bai tho ggi ve dep mda xuan trong tam trang cd don, trdng vdng cda thi
nhan trong leu cd.
3. Bai 3
Cdy chudi trong gid thu
tiing mifa roi ti tdeh vdo chdu
ta nghe tiing dim
- GV ndu van de: Bai tho cung ta mua thu, nhung an tugng khac nhieu so
vdi bai 1. Net gdn gui va khac bidt dd la gi?
- HS lidn he, so sanh.
Dinh hudng:
+ Quy ngfl: edy chudi (ba-sd -ba tiiu).
+ Ta mua thu qua nhflng am thanh (d bai Con qug la ta mua thu - chieu
thu qua nhflng hinh anh): tid'ng gid, tid'ng mua roi ti tach vao chau: nhflng am
thanh cu the cd thd' nghe rd. Tfl dd, suy tudng nghe tid'ng ddm: that mo hd.
Tid'ng ddm thu trong ndi budn cd dem. Thidn nhidn va long ngudi hoa lam mdt.
Cung y nay. Bach Cu Dj vid't bai Mifa dim: Cdch song tu dg vu - Ba tiiu
tiin hifu thanh (Tan Da djch: Cdch song dim biit mifa sa — Tiing nghe ldp
bdp nhu la tdu tieu).
II. Ba bai tho cua Yd-sa Bu-son
1. Vai net ve tac gia (1716 - 1783)
- HS dgc SGK.
- GV nha'n manh: Yd-sa Bu-son la mdn dd, ngudi nd'i tid'p Ba-sd ve the
tho hai-cu; dugc ca nggi la Thi si eda mua xudn, nha tho - hoa sT, sang tac
nhieu tho hai-cu va tranh hai-ga.
2. Ba bai tho cua Bu-son
348
* Bai 1:
Gdn xa ddu ddy
nghe tii'ng thde chdy
Id non trdn ddy
- GV hdi: Bai tho tac ddng dd'n ngudi dgc an tugng gi? Vi sao cd an
tugng dd? Su lidn tudng tfl thde dd'n Id non?
- HS lidn tudng, suy ngdm, phat bieu.
Dinh hudng:
+ Quy ngfl: Id non — chi mda xudn, tudi tre, sue sd'ng.
-I- Tiing thde chdy: bid'u tugng cda sue manh, cua mua xuan, bieu tugng
cho su van dgng khdng ngflng cua cac yd'u td nhung hinh thuc ben ngoai vdn
khdng thay ddi.
-I- Mdi quan he gifla con ngudi vdi thidn nhidn.
+ Tfnh mo hd: gan xa dau day.
*Bai2
Dudi mUa xudn Idt phdt
do toi vd d
cung di
- GV hdi: Bai tho ta cai gi? Hinh anh do toi va d cd y nghTa gi? Md'i quan
he giua con ngudi va thidn nhidn trong bai tho nhu thd' nao?
- HS lidn tudng, tudng tugng, tra ldi.
Dinh hudng:
+ Quy ngfl: mUa xudn.
+ Bai tho td canh hai ngudi cung di trong mua xuan. Hai hinh anh do toi
va d ggi ta lidn tudng hai ban tre nam nfl. Cung di dudi mua xuan bay nhe lat
pha't. D6 la mua xuan cua tudi tre va tinh ydu.
* Bai 3
Hoa xudn nd trdn
bin ldu du nd
mua sdm dai lUng
349

- GV hdi: Cdnh mua xuan mang mau sdc Nhat Ban trong bai tho cd gi
khac la?
- HS lidn tudng, tra ldi.
Dinh hudng:
+ Quy ngfl: mua xuan - hoa xuan - hoa anh dao.
-I- Cac du nfl (kT nfl sang trgng) mua sdm dai lung (that quanh lung ao
ki-md-nd), trang phuc dan tdc rat dugc coi trgng d Nhat Ban.
+ Ve dep cua thidn nhidn va con ngudi trong mua xuan cang tdn nhau ldn
tuoi sang, tre trung.
Hoat dgng 5
1. Nhdc lai mdt vai dac diem cua tho hai-cu.
(Ba cau, 17 am tid't, hd't sflc ngdn ggn, cd due, quy ngif - tfl chi mua, tinh
mo hd, chi ndi mdt an tugng thj giac, thfnh giac, mdi quan hd gifla con ngudi
va thidn nhidn).
2. Su khac nhau gifla Ba-sd va Bu-son?
(Bu-son vui hon, gan ddi, gdn ngudi hon. Ba-sd huyen ao hon, cd don
hom, budn hom.)
3. Bdi tap ndng cao: Quan he gifla thidn nhidn va con ngudi trong sau bai
tho vfla hge?
(Hoa quydn lam mdt, mo hd khdng cd ranh gidi rd rang - de khoang rdng
cho ngudi dgc tudng tugng.)
4 . Doc tham khao mdt so bai tho hai-cu cua Ba-sd:
1. Ddt khdch mifdi mua suong

vi thdm qui ngodnh lgi
E-dd Id ed huong
2. Chim dd quyin hdt
d Kinh do
md nhd Kinh dd
3 Li trdo ndng hdi
tan trin tay toe me
ldn suong thu
350
4 Tii'ng vUgn hu ndo ni

hay tii'ng tre bi bd roi than khde?
gid mua thu tdi te
5 Mua ddng gidng ddy trdi
ehu khi eon thdm Udc
cd mgt chiie do toi
6 Td bdn phuong trdi xa
cdnh hoa ddo la td
gon sdng hd Bi-oa
7 vdng ldng u trdm
thdm sdu vdo dd
tii'ng ve ngdm
8 Nam binh giifa cude ldng du
mdng hdn eon phiiu bgt
nhung cdnh ddng hoang vu
9 . Gigt mUa rd rich ngodi hiin
Id khua xdo xgt,
triin miin dim ddi
10 Tii'ng chudng dd dift
edm thdy rfiui huOng hoa
chdc hdn hodng hdn
11 Chudng chua dift tie'ng ngdn nga,
huong hoa phdng phdt,
chdc Id hodng hdn
12 Trdng di nhanh
hgt mUa trin la
roi la chd
13 Lung trdi mdy phd trdng trdi,
Ddu cdnh mua dgng, nude roi, roi hodi.
14 Phdn thdp hen
xin ddng Uu phiin
li chiiu hdn
351
15 Td nay thodt hit Uu phiin

Phiiu diiu thodt tuc vui miin tdy phuong.
16 Con dudng ndy
khdng thd'y ai qua nifa
chiiu thu.
(Con difdng qua mdy ndm rdy,
Gid may hiu hat, chiiu nay vdng ngifdi.)
17 Nhud'm binh trin bifde lif hdnh
tdi nam mgng cdnh ddng xa
dang bay nhdy rong choi
(Nifa difdng nhud'm binh ndm ddy
Giua dim trong mgng: chdn mdy eudi trdi.)
18 Mua xudn dang di qua
chim khde
mdt ed ddm li.
(Mgt mua xudn lgi sdp qua
Chim mudng sdu khde, ed nhod ddi mi)
19 Ddng kinh ne sao!
trin chdm Id xanh non
dnh sdng mat trdi
20 Mgt hdi ldu
tdi vdo trong thde
mua he bat ddu
21 Di qua cdnh ddng
kio ngifa din
chim cude
22 Ngudi ta gieo mg trin rudng
liie dd tdi rdi
edy liiu
23 Dod hoa
ngudi ddi khdng biit din
edy Idt bin hiin nhd
352
24 Nhitng bdn tay nhd mg

ldm liin tudng din
bdn tay xoa dd ngdy xifa
25 Tif mua hoa anh ddo
edy tung hai nhdnh
ba thdng trdi qua
26 Trong tup liu eda ngudi ddnh ed
trdi tdm cifa
chiiu hdm mdt diu
11 Mid thom ddng Ida
di thdng phia tay phdi
biin A-ri-sd
28 Khdng khi mdt miia thu
bdn tay ndo cung ggt vd
difa gang, ed tim
29 Trdng hon
dd trin nui dd
gid thu
30 Di, di mdi
ddu ed ngd trin difdng
cdnh ddng hoa thu
* Doc them d nha

(Hudng ddn sau tiit 62)
VAH HOC
VI£N MAI BAN VE THO
(Trich Tuy Vien thi thogi)
1. Dgc kT Tieu ddn de hieu dugc mdt vai diem noi bat ve cugc ddi va quan
diem van hge cua Vidn Mai (1716 - 1797) - nha li luan van hge hang ddu cua
Trung Hoa thdi trung dai.
23-TKBGNGO VAN 10/1 (NC)-A

353

-I- Tac phdm chu yd'u: Tuy Viin thi thogi.

+ Quan diem van hge co ban: thuyd't tinh linh (tfnh tinh - cugc sd'ng tinh
thdn) gdm ba diem: Tam tinh chan that; Ca tinh (the bidn cai tdi); Tai nang.
2. Dgc ki hai doan trfch; hieu dugc quan diem cua Vidn Mai trong
tflng doan:
- Doan 28: Tho quy d chd cong: khdng ndi true tid'p ma ndi gian tid'p, ndi
vdrig, ndi cdi nay ma ggi cai khac, chi ddng ma ndi tdy. Dugc thd', tho mdi
hay, mdi kin dao, ham sue ma du vj, mdi hap ddn ngudi dgc. Dd la y tai ngdn
ngoai - y d ngoai ldi.
- Doan 67: each dung dien tich kheo leo, khdng nhdm khoe chfl, khdng
hiem hdc, lam sao chi thay vj man cua mudi ma khdng thay mudi. NghTa la
dung dien trdnh vung ve, chdng chat, ft hidu qua, chi gay cam giac nang ne.
3. Tu tra ldi cau hdi budng ddn tr. 209.
Tiet 63
LAM VAN
TRA BAI VIET SO 3
A. Ket qua c d n dqt

- Qn tap, cung cd ve kieu van bieu cam.
- Danh gia nang luc tfch hgp va cam thu cua hge sinh qua mgt bai vid't
cu the.
- Tid'p tuc ren luydn cac kT nang ve lam van: lap y, didn dat, lidn kd't,...
Hoat dgng 1
NHAC LAI CAC YEU CAU C O A BAI VIET
GV ggi ddn HS nhdc lai cac ydu cdu cua bdi vid't:
-I- Ve kieu bai: van bieu cam
+ Vd de tai: cam nghT vd mdt bai ca dao ydu thich
-I- Cach vid't: true tid'p bay td suy nghT, tinh cam dd'i vdi bai ca dao
+ Lap y: Tai sao ydu thich? Ndi dung? Nghd thuat? Bai hge nhan sinh?
354 23- TKBGNGLf VAN 10/1 (NC)-B

Hoat dgng 2
NHAN XET, D A N H G I A CHUNG
GV ndu nhflng nhan xet, ddnh gia chung:
1. Uu diem:
- Ve vide xac djnh kid'u bai va phuong thfle bieu dat cua bai van.
- Ve mfle do sang tao cua cac bai vid't (bai lam d nha, khdng loai trfl vide
sao chep d cdc bai van mdu).
- Ve kha nang van dung cac kT nang lam van trong mdt bai vid't cu the.
2. Nhugc diem:
- Ve ndi dung, hinh thfle.
- Ve dung tfl, dat cau, didn dat.
Hoat dgng 3
TRA BAI
- GV cho HS dgc trudc ldp bd'n bdi thudc bd'n loai: td't, kha, trung binh,
yd'u de HS cung trao ddi, rut kinh nghidm.
- GV tra bai de HS xem va tu sua ldi.
- GV ydu cdu HS doi bai cho nhau xem de cung rdt kinh nghidm.
- GV dan HS chudn bj cho bai dn tap ve lam van d hge ki I.
Tiet 64
LAM VAN
ON TAP VE LAM VAN
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

- He thd'ng hoa lai cac kid'n thfle va kT nang vi lam van da hge d hge ki I.
- Hieu dugc tfnh kd' thfla va phat trien cua Tap lam van tfl THCS dd'n
THPT, cu the la d hge ki I, ldp 10.
- Ddnh gia lai kT nang lam van tfl bai vid't so 1 dd'n bai vid't so 3.
355

B. Thiet l<e bai dqy hqc
Hoat dgng 1
ON TAP
- GV ydu cdu HS xem lai SGK va tra ldi cac cau hdi:
1. Phdn Lam van cd nhflng kieu bai va phuomg thfle bieu dat nao da hoc
va chua hge d THCS?
2. Phdn Lam van tap trung vao nhflng ndi dung chu yd'u nao? Nhumg noi
dung nao cd su phat trien so vdi phdn Tap lam van d THCS?
3. Nhflng each thfle nao tao cho bai vid't cd ngudn y phong phd? Tai sao?
Cho VI du.
- HS trao ddi, thao luan va tra ldi: .
1. a) Nhflng kieu bai va phuong thfle bieu dat da hge d THCS: tu sir, midu
ta, bieu cam, thuyd't minh, lap luan, dieu hanh.
b) Nhung kieu bai va phuong thfle bieu dat chua hge d THCS: chgn su
vide, chi tid't tidu bidu; quan sat, the nghidm ddi sd'ng; dgc tich luy kid'n thdc;
lidn tudng, tudng tugng.
2. Tap trung chu yd'u vao hai ndi dung chu yd'u: vd'n tri thfle va vd'n sd'ng
true tid'p. Nhflng ndi dung cd su phat trien so vdi THCS la: quan sat, the
nghidm; lidn tudng, tudng tugng.
3. Nhflng each thfle tao ngudn y phong phu la:
- Chgn su vide, chi tid't tidu bieu: cd tac dung lap y
- Quan sat, the nghidm ddi sd'ng: tich luy vd'n sd'ng true tid'p
- Dgc tich luy kid'n thfle: tich luy vd'n sd'ng gian tid'p
- Lidn tudng, tudng tugng: phat huy nang lire sang tao
* Lap bang so sanh:
Cac kieu bai da hoc d THCS Cac kieu bai hoc d ldp 10
-Tusu - Chpn su viec, chi tie't tieu bleu

- Mieu ta - Quan sat, the nghiem ddi sdng
- Bieu cam - Dpc tfch luy kien thdc
- Thuyet minh - Lien tudng, tudng tupng
- Lap luan
-Dieu hanh
356
Hoat dong 2
PHAN TICK VAI TRO CUA CAC KIEU BAI M0\
GV ggi ddn HS lap bang de tra ldi cau hdi 4 trong SGK:
Cac kieu bai Tac dung lap y
- Chpn su viec, chi tie't tieu bieu Tu sir: cac su viec tao nen cdt truyfn
- Quan sat, the nghiem ddi sdng Midu ta: cac dac diem rieng cua dd'i tupng mieu ta
- Dpc tich luy kie'n thdc Bieu cam: nhdng suy nghT, tinh cam cua ngudi viet
- Lien tudng, tudng tupng Thuye't minh: cac thong tin khach quan ve ddi tupng
Lap luan: cac luan diem, luan cd, luan chdng
- SGV ggi y mdt vf du: thuyd't minh ve chid'c do dai Viet Nam
* Tham khao ve ehiic do ddi Viet Nam:
Mdi ddn tdc trdn thd' gidi deu cd mdt loai y phuc ridng, vi vay chi cdn
nhin each an mac cua hg ta cd the bid't hg thudc qud'c gia nao. Ngudi Nhat
Ban cd chid'c do ki-md-nd, ngudi Trung Hoa ddi Man Thanh cd chid'c do
Thugng Hai ma ngay nay quy baquy cd ggi la "do xudng xam"... Cdn ngudi
Viet Nam chdng ta hanh didn ve chid'c do dai, chid'c do da dugc tran trgng
nang ldn hang qud'c phuc hoac ggi tdn mdt each hinh dnh la "chid'c do dai
qud huong".
Dan tdc Viet Nam cd ljch su nhieu ngan nam, trong dd cd hon mdt ngan
nam bj Bde thugc, hon tam muoi nam bi Phap dd hd, hon ba muoi nam chid'n
tranh... Mdt dan tdc ma bj mdt dan tdc khac dd hd trdn mdt ngan nam la qua
lau, nd khid'ti cho bao nhidu tai san vd ljch su, van hod,... bj that lac, bj xuydn
tac,... mdt each that dang tide. Bdt ki ke xam luge nao cung cd tham vgng buy
diet nen van hoa cua qud'c gia bj xam luge nhdm thuc hidn am muu ddng hod.
Khdng ai bid't rd chid'c ao dai nguydn thuy ra ddi tfl bao gid va hinh dang ban
dau eua nd ra sao, nhung khi dgc cudn Ki chuyin chin chua, mUdi ba vua
triiu Nguyin cua dng Tdn That Binh (NXB Da Nang, 1997), d muc Nhiing
trang ddu eda lich sU do ddi thi thay chep nhu sau: "Chid'c do dai tha thudt
xinh dep hidn nay da phai trai qua mdt qua trinh phat trien va hoan thidn kha
lau dai. Nd dugc hinh thanh tfl ddi chda Nguydn Phuc Khoat. Ngay ay, chua
Khoat nghe ngudi dan Nghd An luu truyen cau sam: Bdt dgi thdi hodn trung
nguyin (tdm ddi trd vi trung nguyin), nghT rdng tfl Doan Qud'c Cdng dd'n ldc
a'y vfla dung tam ddi, ben xung hidu va dat the chd' do mu. Chua Khoat hieu
du: Y phuc bdn qudc vdn ed ehi do, dia phifOng ndy td trifdc vdn ciing chi
357
tudn theo qudc tue, nay kinh vdng thugng dde, dep yin edi biin, trong ngodi
nhu nhau, ehinh tri vd phong tue cung nen thdng nhd't. Ni'u cdn cd ngifdi mgc
qudn do kiiu ngifdi khdch (Trung Qudc) thi nin ddi theo thi ehi eda nUdc
nhd. Ddi may y phuc thi theo tue nUde md thdng dung vdi, lua, duy cd quan
chife thi mdi eho diing xen the, dogn... eon gdm vdc vd cdc thu hoa rdng
phugng thi nhd't thiit khdng dugc theo thdi cu dung cdn. Thudng phuc ddn
dng, ddn bd dimg do cd difng, ngdn tay, cifa dng tay cd thi rgng, hep tuy y. Ao
thi tif hai bin ndch trd xudng phdi khdu kin, khdng cho xe md. Le phuc thi
dung do CO difng, tay ddi, vdi xanh chdm hodc den, trdng tuy nghi. Cdc vien
ed vd lot thi cu nhu trude md ehi dung.". Nhu vay, tfl thd' ki XVIII, chid'c ao
dai da dugc ra ddi, tuy ban ddu cdn thd so nhung da rat kfn dao. Nd la san
phdm cd tfnh chat dung hoa dugc ca hai mien Nam - Bde. Cung d thdi ehua
Nguydn Phuc Khoat, phu nfl da bid't trang diem, thdu thua hoa la quanh cd do
de tang thdm ve dep, chat lieu vai ngay cang td't hom. Tdn Thdt Binh da ddn lai
y kid'n eua Ld Quy Ddn vid't trong Phd biin tgp lue de khang djnh rdng ehua
Nguydn Phdc Khoat (1739 - 1765?) la ngudi ddu tidn phac thao ra hinh hai
chid'c do dai Viet Nam.
Tfl dd dd'n nay, chid'c do dai Viet Nam da khdng ngflng dugc hoan thidn
ddn ddn de trd thanh mdt thfl y phuc dan tdc mang tinh tham mT cao. Vao
khoang thap nidn ba muoi (1930 - 1939) cua thd' ki trudc, trong nhdm "Tu luc
van doan" cd hai dng boa sT du hge d Phap ve la dng Nguydn Cat Tudng va
dng Ld Pho, hai dng da dung didn dan cua hai td bao Ngdy Nay va Phong
Hod 6e qudng ba cho mdt kieu do dai phu nfl cd cao, khdng cd eo, duge gpi
tdn la do Le Mur Cat Tudng. Cac dng cdn vid't: "Mud'n bid't nudc nao cd tie'n
bd, cd kT thuat hay khdng, cfl xem y phuc ngudi nude hg, ta cung du hieu!"
(Phong Hod, so S6,1.1934)
Mdt nhan vat nfl khdc khdng the khdng nhdc dd'n, dd la ba Trjnh Thuc
Oanh, hidu trudng trudng nfl Trung hge Ha Ndi. Ba da lam mdt cugc "each
mang" cho chie'c do dai khid'n ldc ddu nhidu ngudi khdng khdi kinh ngae, dd
la vide ba da thid't ke phdn "eo" sao cho chid'c do dai dm sat- lay cac dudng
cong mdm mai trdn co the chj em de tao ndn mdt sflc hap ddn mdi me, tran
day xuan sdc.
Gid day, chid'c do dai phu nfl da trd thanh mdt tac pham mT thuat tuydt
vdi. Nd khdng chi la niem tu hao cua y phuc dan tdc, ma cdn la mdt trong
nhflng "tid'ng ndi van boa" trdn trudng qud'c td'. Nam 1970, tai hdi chg qud'c te
O-sa-ka (Nhat Ban), chid'c do dai phu nfl Viet Nam da doat huy chuong vang
ve y phuc dan tdc. Khach qud'c td' tram trd va ngay ngat ngdm nhin nhflng vat
358
do dai la loi nhu nhflng canh budm trudc gid. Ve dep quyd'n ru cua chid'c do
dai phu nfl Viet Nam da that su chinh phuc dugc nhflng nha thid't ke y phuc
tham mT khd tfnh nhat. Nd la chid'c do vfla kfn dao, vfla e dp, vfla khdu ggi
dugc nhflng net dep kieu didm, manh mai cua ngudi phu nfl Viet Nam.
Chid'c do dai hien nhidn la mdt loai "qud'c phuc"! Nhflng ngudi phu nfl
Viet Nam mac nd trong nhflng ngay dai Id, trong khi tid'p khach qud'c te, trong
ngay cudi,... Nhflng nfl sinh mac nd nhu mdt thfl "ddng phuc hge dudng"
trang nha va duydn dang. Nhflng cude thi hoa hau khdng the thid'u phdn thi do
dai va duong nhidn, ngudi dugc may mdn ddi vuong mien cung phai la ngudi
mac chid'c do dai "cd hdn" nhat!
Ngoai nhu'ng ve dep va gia trj van boa ke trdn, chid'c do dai Viet Nam cdn
ham chfla mdt y nghTa dao If rat sau xa. Ngudi xua day rdng:
- Hai ta (bai vat) phfa trudc va hai ta phfa sau tugng trung cho tfl than phu
mdu (cha, me de + cha, me chdng hoac cha, me vg).
- Mdt vat ngdn (hoac cheo) phia trudc gid'ng nhu mdt cai yd'm che nguc;
vat nay ndm trong hai vat ldn tugng trung cho hinh anh ngudi me dm dp dfla
eon vao long.
- Nam khuy cai nam can xflng trdn nam vj trf cd djnh, gifl cho chid'c do
dugc ngay thang, kin dao tugng trung cho nam dao lam ngirdi: Nhan, Ld,
NghTa, Trf, Tfn.
- Khi mac ao tfl than, ngudi ta thudng budc hai vat trudc lai vdi nhau de
gifla cho chid'c do can dd'i hai hod tugng tung cho tinh nghTa vg chdng quan
quyt chung thuy bdn nhau.
Nhu thd' du thdy, chid'c do dai phu nfl khdng chi la tdc phdm nghd thuat
tha'm ddm tam hdn va cdt each ngudi Viet, ma cao hom, nd cdn la mdt bai hge
tham hau vd dao If da dugc cdc bac tien nhan gfli gdm vao trong dang ve thudt
tha quyd'n ru dd'n md hdn cua nd.
(Nguyin Huynh)
359
TUATV 1 7
TIET 6 5 - 6 6
ON TAP VAN HOC
(Hge ki I)
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

Giup HS:
- He thd'ng hod dugc cac tri thfle vd van hge. Phan tfch, chflng minh dugc
nhflng truyen thd'ng tu tudng ldn qua cac tdc pham van hge Viet Nam da hge.
- Hieu dugc nhflng dac did'm co ban cua van hge dan gian, tfl dd nam
dugc phuong phap phan tfch cac tac phdm van bgc dan gian.
- Hieu dugc dac diem nghd thuat cua tho trfl tinh trung dai Viet Nam qua
cdc bai tho da bgc dd' van dung vao vide dgc - hieu.

- HS dgc kT lai toan bd SGK Ngil vdn 10, tap mgt, vd ghi bai va cac tai
lieu tham khdo (cd trong tay); tra ldi cac cau hdi trong SGK, tr. 212 - 214.
Mdi nhdm chgn 1 van de (1 cau hdi) trinh bay trudc ldp.
- GV chuan bj mdt so mdu bang bieu he thd'ng hod.
C. Thiet Ice bai dqy hqc
Hoat dgng 1
TO CHUC KIEM TRA BAI C G
GV kiem tra tinh hinh chudn bj cau hdi dn tap cua cac ca nhan, cac
nhdm HS.
Hoat dgng 2
DAN VAO BAI
GV ndu muc dfch, ndi dung va phuomg phap dn tap; hudng ddn, ca nhan
va nhdm trinh bay kd't qua dn tap theo tflng van de, tflng cau hdi.
360
Hoat dgng 3
HUdNG DAN ON TAP'
L Cau 1
- Mgt vai HS trinh bay ngdn ggn.
- GV bd sung, he thd'ng.
Dinh hudng:
Trong phan Van hge ciia SGK NgU vdn 10 Ndng cao, tap mdt, cdc ndi
dung van hge dan gian, van hge trung dai, van hge nude ngoai dugc sdp xd'p
theo cac quan he:
- Vfla nd'i tid'p theo trinh tu thdi gian vfla xen ke van hge Viet Nam va van
hge nudc ngoai
- Theo nhdm thd' loai (than thoai, sfl thi, cd tich, ca dao, tuc ngfl, tho trfl
tinh...)...
- Tfch hgp vdi phdn Lam van va Tid'ng Viet d cdc bai Vdn bdn vdn hge,
Vdn bdn tUsu, Dgc -hieu vdn bdn vdn hge...
- Dua mdt vai ddn chflng minh boa.
Su sdp xd'p nhu vay gidp HS hge tap mdt each vfla he thd'ng, dd hieu, dd
nhd, vfla dam bao nguydn tdc tfch hgp.
2. cau 2
- Mdt HS nhdc lai nhu'ng dac sdc truydn thd'ng cua van hge Viet Nam.
- Nhdm 1 phan tfch, chflng minh truyen thd'ng ydu nude qua tac pham
Dgi cdo binh Ngd.
- Nhdm 2 phan tfch, chflng minh truyen thd'ng nhan dao qua Truyen Kiiu
ciia Nguydn Du.
- Nhdm 3 chung minh su phat trien he thd'ng the loai cua van hge Viet
Nam tfl van hge dan gian dd'n van hge hidn dai qua ba phuomg thfle bieu dat co
ban: trfl tinh, tu su, kjch.
- Nhdm 4 phan tich, chflng minh sir phat trien cua chfl vid't d Viet Nam tfl
chu Han dd'n chfl Ndm, chfl qud'c ngfl.
- GV bo sung, nha'n manh.
3. Cau 3
HS trinh bay su phan bidt su khac nhau gifla cdc khdi nidm vdn bdn va
vdn bdn vdn hoc.
361
Dinh hudng nhdn manh:

- Vdn bdn la ldi ndi hoac bdi vid't thd'ng nha't vd ngi dung, muc dfch, hoan
chinh ve hinh thuc va cd tdc gid.
- Vdn'bdn vdn hge (van ban nghd thuat, van ban van chuong) la mdt loai
cua van ban.
- Vdn bdn vdn hge ed nhung dde diem riing: hieu theo nghTa rdng (sir
dung ngdn tfl mdt each nghd thuat); nghTa hep (sang tac cd hinh tugng nghd
thuat ngdn tfl). Cho mdt vai vf du.
- HS ndu cac budc dgc - hieu van ban van hge: Dgc - hilu ngdn td;
Dgc - hieu hinh tugng; Dgc - hieu tu tudng, tinh cam; Dgc - hieu thudng thde.
- Phan tfch mdi quan he gifla cac budc gdn vdi muc dfch dgc - hieu van
ban van hge. Ldy vf du bai tho Bdo kinh cdnh gidi - sd 43 hoac bai Bdtih
trdi nifdc.
4. cau 4
a) + Mdt HS ndu each hieu cua minh ve tinh truyin miing cua van hpc
dan gian (nguydn nhan, bieu hidn, he qua, y nghTa); cho 1 - 2 vi du cu the.
-f- Mdt HS ndu each hieu cua minh ve titih tap thi cua van hge dan gian
(nguydn nhan, bieu hidn, he qua, y nghTa); cho 1 - 2 vi du cu the.
-GVhdi:
4- Em hieu thd' nao ve tinh di bdn? Tinh di bdn cua van bgc dan gian do
dau ma cd? Ndu mdt vai vf du ve tfnh dj ban.
-I- Em hieu thd' nao ve cac khai nidm cdng thifc ngdn td (mo-tip)? Cho vf du.
+ Vi sao khi dgc - hidu, phan tich van ban tac pham van hge dan gian,
ngudi ta thudng dua ve cac nhdm tac phdm? Vi du: su thi, thdn thoai, truyen
thuyd't hoac nhd hon nfla: ca dao than than, ca dao hai hude,...?
- HS ldn lugt trd ldi.
- GV djnh hudng, nhan manh.
b) HS lap bang he thd'ng the loai van hge dan gian Viet Nam theo
bang sau:
TT Ten the loai Djnh nghTa Vfdu
1 Than thoai Truyen dan gian xua nhat ke su tich cac than... Thanh Gidng,...
362
- HS nhan xet thanh tuu noi bat nha't ve van bgc dan gian cua : dan tdc
Kinh (ca dao - dan ca, truydn cd tfch, truydn cudi,...) cac dan tdc thieu sd (sfl
thi, truydn tho).
- GV hdi: Tai sao cdc truydn Thdnh Gidng; Son Tinh, Thuy Tinh d THCS
lai xd'p vao thd' loai truyen thuyd't, trong khi cd y kid'n xd'p vao the loai
thdn thoai?
- HS giai thich.
- GV kd't luan: Didu dd thd' hidn sir phflc tap, khdng rd net ve the loai cua
mdt so truydn dan gian; tfl nhflng can cfl phan loai chua hoan todn thd'ng nhdt
cua cac nha nghidn cuu.
e) HS tid'p tuc didn vao bang he thd'ng SGK, tr. 213.
Ten tac The Nhan

n pham
Ocfn vj doc - hieu
loai
Oe tai - chu de
vat
Y nghia
1 Dam San doan tri'ch Chien Sdthi Ca ngpi ngudi Dam Ddi sdng xa hpi, van
thang Mtao Mxay anh hung bp tpc San hoa, tinh than cua
ngudi E-de cd dai
d) Hai truydn co tich thdn ki Chif Ddng Tu va Td'm Cdm:

- HS nhan xet ve:
-I- Dac diem nhan vat chfnh: Tdm, Chfl Ddng Tu.
+ Quan nidm cua dan gian vd cdng If xa hdi.
Dinh hudng: Ca hai ddu thudc nhan vat ngudi md cdi ngheo kho trai qua
gian nan thfl thach, cud'i cdng dugc hudng hanh phdc. Quan nidm cua ddn
gian: d hien gap lanh, thidn thdng dc.
d) HS dgc thudc long mdt so cau ca dao, tuc ngfl da hge, didn vao bang he
thd'ng sau:
Sir vat, hien tUcfng

TT Nhom t^c pham TTcau Hinh anh
dung lam hinh anh
1 Ca dao yeu thuong, tinh 1 Canhhong cay

nghTa.
2. Sdng, cau, dai yem Sdng, cau, yem
3.,.
363

- HS nhan xet vd dac diem cua cdc su vat, hidn tugng dugc dung lam hinh
dnh so sanh.
- GV chdt: Thudng cd hai nhdm:
+ Nhdm thugc ve the gidi tu nhidn va mdi trudng canh quan pho bid'n.
+ Nhdm thudc ve con ngudi va nhflng vat dung gdn lidn vdi ddi sd'ng lao
dgng va sinh boat thudng ngay.
* Tdc dung : tao ndn sflc sd'ng va tfnh chat hidn thuc cua tho ca, tuc ngd:
dan gian. Day la didm khac vdi nhflng hinh anh so sanh, an du trong tho van
trung dai.
Vi du, ta mdt: Ca dao: Ddi mdt em sac nlnf dao cau; Truyen Kiiu: Ldn
thu thuy, nit xudn son.
- HS tim thdm ddn chflng khac.
5. cau 5. On tap van hge trung dai Viet Nam tfl the ki X dd'n hd't the ki
XIX vd van hge nude ngoai.
a) Ve vd dien vdo so dd cac thanh phdn van hge trung dai Viet Nam:
Van hoc trung dai Viet Nam tfl the ki X de'n het the ki XIX
Van hoc chd Han Van hpc chd Ndm (td theki XIII)
b) Cdc giai doan van hge
Hoan canh ljch s d - Dac diem noi

TT Giai doan Tac gia, tac pham tieu bieu
xa hoi dung,nghethuat
1 X-XIV Dai Vidt ddc lap Bai ca yeu nudc, Li Thai To, Li Thudng Kiet, Tran
chie'n thang Tdng, hao khi Ddng A Hung Dao: Chieu ddi dd, Natn
Mong - Nguyen quoc san ha, Hich tudng sl
2 «
c) Mdt so dac diem co ban cua van hge trung dai Viet Nam
- Mdt HS nhdc lai bd'n dac diem cua van hge trung dai Viet Nam:
+ Ludn gdn bd vdi van mdnh dat nudc va con ngudi.
+ Hap thu mach ngudn van hge dan gian
364
+ Tid'p thu tinh hoa van hge Trung Hoa trdn tinh thdn dan tdc
+ Van ddng theo hudng dan tdc boa, dan chu hod.
- Bd'n nhdm cfl dai didn phan tich, chflng minh cac dac diem trdn qua mdt
vai tac phdm da hge. Vi du: Ngdn hodi, Cdm hodi, Dgc Tiiu Thanh ki,... hoac
mdt sd tdc phdm da hge d THCS.
d) Mdt sd dac diem tho trfl tinh trung dai Viet Nam (lidn he, so sanh vdi
tho Dudng (Trung Qud'c) va tho hai-cu (Nhat Ban).
- GV bd sung, he thdng hod:
+ Di cao tho td ehi (thi di ngdn ehi)
+ Tinh quy pham chat che cua cdc thd' tho (Dudng luat, hai-cu)
+ Su dung hinh anh udc Id, tugng trung.
+ Tfnh ham sdc cd dgng, ft ldi nhidu y,y b ngoai ldi.
+ Ngdn tfl trau chudt, didu luydn (chu mdt, cdu thdn, diem nhan).
Chflng minh bdng mdt vai vi du trong cac bai tho da hge.
- GV hdi thdm: Em hieu thd' nao ve khai nidm quy ngif? Cho vi du. Trong
tho Dudng va tho Dudng luat Viet Nam cd sfl dung khai nidm nay khdng?
- HS tra ldi.
d) Tac ddng cua van hge dan gian ddi vdi vide hinh thanh van hge vid't
trung dai Viet Nam.
- HS tim ddn chflng d cac tac gid, tac phdm da hge: Truyin ki mgn lue
(Chuyin ngudi con gdi Nam Xifong), tho Ndm Nguydn Trai, Truyen Kiiu,
Hodng Li nhd't thd'ng ehi...
Hoat dgng 4
HLTCJNG DAN LUYEN TAP
L Thi dgc thudc long cac bai tho trung dai (ydu cdu: so lugng; chat lugng
gigng dgc).
2. Chuan bj bai Kiem tra tdng hop cud'i hge ki.
365
Tiet 67 - 68
BAI VIET SO 4
(Kiem tra tdng hgp cud'i hge ki I)
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

Gidp HS:
- Ndm vflng cac ndi dung co ban cua ca ba phdn: Van hge. Lam van va
Tid'ng Viet trong NgU vdn 10 Ndng cao, tap mdt.
- Bid't van dung nhflng kid'n thfle va kT nang da hge mdt cdch tong hgp,
toan didn de lam bai kiem tra theo ndi dung va each ddnh gia mdi.

1. Thdy:
- Nghidn cflu kT cac ndi dung hudng ddn ve doi mdi each kiem tra danh
gia, dd kiem tra va dap an tham khao trong SGK va SGV.
- Trao ddi va thd'ng nhdt quan diem trong nhdm, td chuydn mdn.
- Dua vao dd va dap an trong SGK, SGV, bidn soan va thd'ng nhat de va
dap dn cua nhdm, to chuydn mdn cua minh.
2. Trd:
- On tap toan didn, day du, khdng hge tu, hge lech, quan tam cd ba phan
Van hge, Tid'ng Viet, Lam van.
- Dgc kT va lam thu de bdi tham khao trong SGK.
IVIqt so de vd dap an tham khao

De L (Hinh thfle kiem tra: vid't; thdi gian 90 phut, khdng tinh thdi gian
giao dd)
Phan I: TrSc nghiem (16 cdu, mdi cdu dung dugc 0, 25 di/m; tdng sd
4 diim)
1. Truydn cudi khac truydn ngu ngdn d diem co ban nao?
A. De tai C. Quy md tdc pham
B. Phuomg thfle bieu dat D. Muc dfch ke chuydn
2. Ddng nao ndu dung tdn cac nhan vat chfnh cua truydn cd tfch Td'm Cdm?
A. Tdm va di ghe C. Vua va Cam
B. Tdm va Cam D. Di ghe va vua
366
3. Chi tid't nao trong cac chi tid't sau thudc truydn Chd Ddng Tii!
A. Hai than danh nhau hd't nam nay dd'n nam khac.
B. Cdng chua sai quay man trdn bai sdng de tam.
C. But bdng hidn ra, hdi: Vi sao con khdc?
D. Didng oi, xud'ng day!
4. Vi sao Td'm Cdm dugc xd'p vao truydn co tich thdn ki?
A. Vi dd la cau chuydn vd cd gai md cdi.
B. Vi dd la cau chuydn ve md'i quan he di ghe va con chdng.
C. Vi dd la cau chuydn cd nhieu chi tid't ki do, nhan vat cd phep la didu ki.
D. Vi dd la cau chuydn hoan toan hoang dudng, bja dat.
5. Kd't thuc truydn cudi thudng phdi dam bdo ydu cdu nao?
A. Ba't ngd C. Ngdn ggn
B. Gay cudi D. Ca ba y trdn.
6. Cau Lda chiim ldp Id ddu bd - Hi nghe tii'ng sdm phdt ed md lin
thudc the loai nao?
A. Tuc ngfl C. Thanh ngfl
B. Ca dao D. Cau dd
7. Van hge chfl Ndm phat trien manh vao thd' ki nao?
A. Thd'ki X C. Thd'ki XV
B. The ki XIII D. The ki XVIII
8. Vdn bdn vdn hge khdc vdn bdn ndi chung nhu thd' nao?
A. Trinh bay bdng ngdn ngfl nghd thuat
B. xay dung hinh tugng nghd thuat bdng ngdn tfl nghd thuat
C. Thd'ng nha't de tai, chu de, muc dich
D. Cd thd' ngdn hoac dai.
9. Chfl soe trong cau Hodnh sdc giang son khdp ki thu (Pham Ngu Lao,
Thudt hodi) cd nghTa la gi?
A. Con sdc
B. Cham nom, san sdc
C. Cai ddn xdc
D.. Vu khi cd can ddi, ddu nhgn (cay giao, thuong, ddng...)
367
10. Ddi nguyet long tuyin, ba qudn d hd, hodnh soe giang son... la nhflng
hinh dnh gi?
A. So sanh C. An du
B. Hodn du D. Phdng dai
E. Tugng trung
I L Cum tfl nao sau day vid't chua chinh xac?
A. Hung khf Ddng A C. Hao khf Ddng A
B. ST khf Ddng A D. Hao khf nha Tran
12. Quy ngif la gi?
A. Chi mua C. Chi dja diem
B. Chi ngudi D. Chi thdi gian
13. Bidn phap nghd thuat nao da dugc su dung trong bai Dieu minh gidn
(Khe chim kiu)?
A. Lay tTnh ta ddng C. Lay ddng ta ddng
B. Lay ddng ta tTnh D. Lay tTnh td tTnh
14. Em hieu thd'nao ve quan diem cua Vidn Mai: Tho vdn quy d chd cong ?
A. Tdi cho rdng, tho xua cong, khdng the ke hd't. (Vidn Mai)
B. Vjnh mai ma lidn tudng dd'n tam long cua cay duong lidu va eon
mdt cua chu chan trau, dd la cong. (Vidn Mai).
C. La each the hidn vdng veo, gian tid'p chfl khdng ndi thdng, ndi true
tid'p y tudng.,
D. La each ndi ham ngdn, dn y.
15. Trong Ti bd hdnh, ngudi ca nu da kd' lai cugc ddi cua minh sau khi
ddnh dan ldn thfl may va d dau?
A. Lan thfl nhat, bdn bai sdng.
B. Ldn thfl hai, trong thuyen cua minh.
C. Ldn thfl ba, trong thuyen cua khdch.
D. Ldn thfl hai, trong thuyen cua khach.
16. Gifla cdy chudi (ba tidu) cua Nguydn Trai va edy chudi cud Ba-sd eo
diem gi khac bidt?
A. Cam xuc ddm thu.
B. Cam xdc ddm xuan.
C. Cam xdc budn, cd don.
D. Cam xuc bang khuang, vui, tre, nhe nhang.
368
II. Phan tir luan (6 diem - chgn mdt trong hai di sau.)
De 1. Danh nhan qud huong em.
De 2. Tinh ban tudi do trdng.
* Dap an va bieu diem
I. Phdn trac nghiem:
1: D, 2: B; 3: B; 4: C; 5: D; 6: A; 7: D; 8: A, B; 9: D; 10: D; 11: A, B, D;
12: A; 13: B; 14:C, D; 15: D; 16: A/B,C/D.
II. Phdn tif lugn
Dii.
- Ve thd loai (Cd thd' chgn mdt trong cdc the loai sau ddu dugc):
kd' chuydn, thuyd't minh, bieu cam, midn la khi da chgn thd' loai ndo thi phai
dam bao dung ydu cdu cua the loai dd.
- Ve ndi dung: Lam rd dugc danh nhan qud huong em la ai, dng cd cdng
tich, su nghidp va vai trd nhu thd' nao dd'i vdi qud huong? Tinh cam cua nhan
dan qud huong va cua em vdi vj danh nhan dd nhu thd' nao?
Di2.
- Ve the loai: Cd the chgn thd' loai ke chuydn, nghj luan, bieu cam vdi
ydu cdu dam bao dung the loai.
- Ve ndi dung: Ndu dugc nhflng suy nghT, cam nhan, bai hge, tinh cam
cua minh vdi ngudi ban thud hge trd hoac vdn de xay dung tinh ban hge
dudng.
* Yiu edu vi hinh thde: chfnh ta, tfl, cau, trinh bay: tdi da cho 2 did'm.
24-TKBGNGO VAN 10/1 (NC)-A • 369

TUAM 1 8
Tiet 69
TIENG VIET
PHONG CACH NGON NG0 SINH HOAT
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

1. Kid'n thfle: Ndm dugc cac khai nidm co ban: "ngdn ngfl sinh boat" va
"phong each ngdn ngfl sinh "boat" cflng nhflng dac trung cua "phong each
ngdnngu sinh boat" de lam co sd phan bidt vdi cac phong each ngdn ngfl khde.
2. Tfch hgp vdi cac kid'n thfle van va lam van da bgc.
3. KT nang: Ren luydn va nang cao nang luc giao tid'p trong sinh boat
hdng ngay, nhat la vide dung tfl, vide xung hd, bieu hidn tinh cam, thai do,...
ndi chung la the hidn van hod giao tid'p trong ddi sd'ng hidn nay.
Hoat dgng 1
HlNH T H A N H KHAI NIEM "NGON NGQ SINH HOAT"
* Thao tdc 1:
^ - GV ddn vdo bai: Cac em da hge bai Hogt dgng giao tiip bang ngdn ngif
(tudn 10) va bai Ddc diim eda vdn bdn ndi vd vdn bdn vid't (tudn 13). Hdm
nay, chung ta hge tid'p bai Phong edch ngdn ngif sinh hogt. Can phai thdy rdng
ba barnay cd md'i quan he rdt mat thid't vdi nhau, vi:
+ Thfl nha't, con ngudi phai thudng xuydn tid'n hanh giao tid'p bdng ngdn
ngfl de trao ddi thdng tin, trao doi tu tudng tinh cam va tao lap quan he vdi nhau.
+ Thfl hai, trong xa hdi loai ngudi ludn cd hai hinh thfle giao tid'p bang
ngdn ngfl la "ndi" va "vid't", trong dd "ndi". la hinh thfle phd cap nha't ma bat
kiâi cung cd the thuc hidn dugc.
-I- Thfl ba, giao tid'p bdng hinh thfle "ndi" chfnh la "phong each ngdn ngfl
sinh boat" (cdn ggi la "khdu ngfl", "ngdn ngfl ndi", "ngdn ngu hdi thoai").
370 24- TKBGNGO VAN 10/1 (NC)-B

* Thao tac 2
- GV ydu cdu HS tim hieu muc I trong SGK va tra ldi cac cau hdi:
1. Phong each ngdn ngfl sinh hoat la gi?
2. Dang tdn tai chu yd'u cua phong each ngdn ngfl sinh boat la gi?
3. Nhflng dac diem chung eua phong each ngdn ngfl sinh boat.
1. Phong each ngdn ngu sinh boat la phong each ngdn ngfl dung trong
giao tid'p hang ngay, mang tfnh chat tu nhidn, thoai mai va sinh ddng, giau
cam xdc, it trau chudt.
2. Dang tdn tai chu yd'u la "dang ndi". Dd la nhflng ldi trd chuyen tam
tinh, tham hdi nhau, trao ddi y kid'n ve nhflng cdng vide va su kidn hang ngay.
3. Dac diem chung:
a) Tfnh ca the
b) Tfnh sinh ddng, cu the
e) Tinh cam xuc.
Hoat dgng 2
HUCING DAN LUYEN TAP
1. Bai tap 1, 2 (GV hudng ddn HS tu lam)
2, Bdi tap bd tro
1. Cho bid't giua y nghT bdn trong va ldi ndi dugc ndi ra cd phai bao gid
cung ddng nhdt vdi nhau khdng? Tai sao?
(Y nghT bdn trong va ldi ndi dugc ndi ra cd thd didn ra trong thuc td
nhu sau:
- Trudng hgp ddng nhat: dd'i vdi nhflng ngudi cd tri thfle sau rdng, cd
kinh nghiem sd'ng phong phu, tfnh tinh diem dam...; tfle la nhflng ngudi tflng
trai thi thudng hg suy nghT rat kT trudc khi ndi, do dd ldi ndi phan anh dung y
nghT theo tinh thdn "nghT sao ndi vay"!
- Trudng hgp khdng ddng nha't: dd'i vdi nhflng ngudi hieu bid't ndng can,
phid'n didn; chua cd du kinh nghidm sd'ng cdn thie't; tfnh tinh lai ndng nay,
hid'u thdng...; tuc la nhflng ngudi thudng bdp chop, gap dau ndi dd, ndi ma
chua kjp nghT thi ldi ndi cd the khdng phan anh dung y nghT cua hg.)
2. Giai thich cau cham ngdn: "Hay udn ludi bay ldn trudc khi ndi"!
(- NghTa den: phai suy nghT kT trude khi ndi.
371
- NghTa bdng: ndi tfle la bde Id toan bd trinh do, vd'n sd'ng, nhan each,
thai do chfnh trj... cda con ngudi; cho ndn hay coi chung keo va midng!)
3. Mgt sd thanh ngfl, tuc ngfl, cau tho... tid'ng Viet cd lidn quan dd'n vide
ndi nang:
- Ldi ndi dgi mdu.
- Ndi nggt lgt din xUong.
- Duge ldi nhu cdi td'e long.
-Dao ddm thdnh seo hit dau -Mot ldi dd thd thu nhau sudt ddi.
- did bd quanh mdi ndm — NgUdi ba ndm mdi ndi.
- Ludi khdng xUOng nhiiu difdng lat leo.
- Miing nam md, bung bd dao gdm.
- Miing ke sang ed gang eo thip -Dd nhd khd vda nhg vda thdm.
-Bi ngodi thon thdt ndi eifdi -Md trong nham hiim giit ngifdi khdng dao.
-Ddt rdn trdng edy khdng khiu - Nhung ngUdi thd tuc ndi diiu phdm phu.
- NgUdi xinh tie'ng ndi cung xinh - Ngudi gidn edi tinh tinh tinh cung gidn.
- Chim khdn kiu tii'ng ranh rang - NgUdi khdn tiing ndi diu ddng di nghe.
-Anh dd ed vg hay ehUa -Md anh dn ndi gid dua nggt ngdo.
-Sdng mUa, trUa ndng, chiiu ndm - Trdi cdn thay ddi, hudng mdm thi gian.
4. Mdt so thanh ngfl va danh ngdn Han Viet:

- Cdm no bdt edm ngdn: tfle gian d trong ldng ma khdng the ndi ra thanh ldi.
- Khdu thiit vd bdng (H): midng ludi (ldi ndi) khdng cd gi lam bang
chflng / Ldi ndi gid bay (V).
- Nhdn vi ngdn khinh: ldi ndi cua ngudi d dja vj thap chang cd trgng
lugng gi.
- Ngdn bd't ddo, dien bd't hod: ldi ndi thi khdng tdi dugc tai nhau (khdng
them nghe phai - trai, dung - sai), sdc mat thi hdm he thu djch.
- Trung ngdn nghich niii: ldi ndi thang thi rat khd nghe.
- Tri vd bdt ngdn, ngdn vd bd't tan: bid't thi khdng the khdng ndi, ndi thi
khdng the khdng ndi hd't (cd ddu cd dudi, tudrig tan ti mi).
- Nhdt ngdn xudt khdu, td md nan truy: mdt ldi ndi da ra khdi midng thi
dd'n xe tfl ma cung khd ma duoi kjp (dj bdn: Nhdt ngdn ki xudt, tu md nan truy).
372
- Nhd't ngdn di vi tri, nhdt ngdn di vi bdt tri (Ludn ngif): nghe mdt ldi ndi,
ngudi ta bid't minh la ngudi hieu bid't; nghe mdt ldi ndi, ngudi fa bid't minh la
ke dot nat.
- Ngdn bd't khd di bdt than (Ludn ngu): ldi ndi khdng the khdng cdn than.
- Ngdn bdt trdng li, bd't nhu bdt ngdn; nhd't ngdn bdt trdng, thiin ngdn vd
dung (Luu Hdi): ndi khdng dung chang bang khdng ndi, mdt ldi da khdng
dung thi ngan ldi ve sau cung vd nghTa!
- Ki ngdn ehi bd't tgc, tdc vi ehi gid nan (Khdng Tfl): ke nao ndi ma
khdng bid't bd then (hudnh hoang, khoac lac) thi khd ma lam dugc nhu ndi.
- Tin ngdn bdt mi, mi ngdn bd't tin (Lao Tu): ldi ndi dang tin cay thi
khdng hoa mT, ldi ndi hoa mT (bdng bdy sdo rdng) thi khdng dang tin cay!
- Hi thdi chi ngdn da thdt tin, no thdi chi ngdn da thdt ngdn (Tdy Ngfl
Lue): ndi trong luc qua vui thudng khdng dang tin cay, ndi trong luc qua gian
thudng hay Id ldi (va midng)!
5. Giai thich y nghTa cua cac cau ca dao sau:

a) Ldi ndi chdng md't tiin mua,
Lifa ldi md ndi eho vifa long nhau.
- chdng mdt tiin mua: tai san chung cua cdng ddng, ai cung cd quyen
sfl dung.
- lua ldi: nhan manh dd'n khia canh lua chgn, tfle la dung ldi ndi mdt each
ed suy nghT, cd y thfle va phai chju trdch nhidm ve ldi ndi cua minh.
- vda long nhau: tdn trgng ngudi nghe de tim ra tid'ng ndi chung, khdng
xdc pham ngudi khac nhung cung khdng a dua vdi nhflng dieu sai tra.
* Tdm lai, cdu nay luu y chdng ta phai ndi nang than trgng va cd van boa.
b) Vdng thi thu lua thu than,
Chudng kiu thu tii'ng, ngifdi ngoan thu ldi.
- vdng: vat chdt, cd the dd dang kiem tra bdng cac phuong tidn vat chat va
se eho mdt kd't luan tudmg minh.
- chudng: vat chat, cung cd the dd dang kid'm tra chat lugng bdng mgt
thao tdc dom gian va cung se cho mdt kd't luan tudng minh.
- ngudi ngoan la nhan manh dd'n khfa canh "pham chat va nang luc" vd'n
kha trflu tugng cua con ngudi, mud'n "do" nhflng thfl dd thi cdn phai cd thdi
gian va phdi bdng nhi6u cdch, ma mdt trong nhflng each cd thd "do" dugc la
373

"thu ldi", tfle la thdng qua boat ddng giao tid'p bdng ldi ndi, chung ta cd the
bid't trinh do, nhan cdch, quan he,... eua "ngudi" la "ngoan" hay "khdng ngoan".
6. Nhan xet ve dang ngdn ngu sinh boat va cdch dung tfl trong doan
trich sau:
Ong Nam Hdn dap:
- Sdng mai sdm, di cung khdng mudn. Tdi can mdt ngudi ddn dudng de'n
ao ca sdu dd. Cd vay thdi! Chflng mdt gid ddng hd sau la xong chuydn! Sdu d
ao gifla rflng, tdi bdt nhidu Idn rdi. Ba con cfl tin tdi! Xua nay, bj sdu bat la
ngudi di ghe xudng hoac ngdi rfla chen dudi bd'n, cd bao gid sdu rugt ngudi ta
gifla rflng ma an thjt? Tdi day khdng tai gidi gi hd't, chang qua la bid't muu
meo chut it, theo nbu ngudi khac thi hg ndi dd la bua phep dd' kid'm tien. Ngh6
bdt ca sau cd the lam giau dugc, ngat tdi khdng mang thfl phu qudi dd... Cue
long bid't bao nhidu khi nghe d mien Rach Gia, Ca Mau nay cd nhieu eon
rach, nga ba mang tdn Ddu Sau, Lung Sau, Bau Sau, sau nay hdi lai tdi mdi
bid't dd la noi ghd gdm, bdi xua luc dat cdn hoang. Rach Ca Bo He, 66 la chd
sau ldi nhieu, ngudi Midn sg sau khdng dam di qua ndn dat tdn nhu vay, cung
nhu pha Tam Giang, trudng Nha Hd cua minh ngoai Hud'...
(Son Nam)
* Tra ldi:
- Trong doan trich trdn, tac gia md phdng ngdn ngfl sinh boat d vung
Nam Bd, cu the la ldi an tid'ng ndi cua nhflng ngudi chuydn bdt ca sau. Cach
md phdng nay da gdp phdn sinh ddng hod van ban, lam cho van ban mang
dam ddu an van hod dja phuong va khac hoa nhflng dac diem ridng cua nhdn
vat Nam Hdn.
- Ddng nhieu tfl ngfl dja phuomg nhu: qudi, ngdt, ghe, ruot, lgi,...
3. Bang tdng hgp ve dac diem cua PCNNSH:
Tinh sinh dong, cu the Tfnh cam xuc Tinh ca the
- Cd dia didm (d dau?) va thdi a) Thai dd, tinh cam (tdn trong Moi nhan vat giao tidp khi noi
gian (khi nao?) xac dinh. - coi thudng, than tinh - lanh ddu "vd tinh" bde Id kha day
nhat...): du cac net rieng (khdng ai
- Cd nhan vat giao tie'p (nhCrng
gidng ai) nhu sau:
ai?) xac dinh. - Giong dieu than mat hay gay
gat. - Trinh dp hoc van.
- Cd cac vai (ai ndi vdi ai?)
giao tiep xac djnh. - NgCr dieu binh thudng hay - Phong van hoa
- Cd muc dich (de lam gi?) that thudng. - Gidi tfnh
giao tiep xac dinh. - Cudng dd, cao dd binh - Tud'i tac
374
Tinh sinh dong, cu the Tinh cam xuc Tinh ca the
- Cd each di§n dat (than mat thudng hay qua mdc. - Que huong
suong sa, trang trpng nghigm, b) Cach dung td ngd: ndm na, - Hoan canh sdng
tuc.) bang ngPn ngO xac djnh. gian dj, d§ hieu hay cau ki, sao
- Sd thich
rdng.
c) Cach duy tri cuoc thoai: dung - Tinh each
cac each gpi, dap, hdi, trach - Vd'n td ngd
mdc,... quen thudc trong ddi
- Kha nang cdng tac dd'i thoai
sd'ng hang ngay.
- A m sac, am dieu...
Tiet 70
TIENG VIET
PHONG CACH NGON NGlT SINH HOAT
(tid'p theo).
A. Ket qua cdn dqt

- Tid'p tuc tim hiû ve each sfl dung phuomg tidn ngdn ngfl trong PCNNSH.
- Tich hgp vdi cac kid'n thfle ve van va lam van da hge.
- Ren luydn kl nang giao tid'p bdng ldi ndi de phat trien ngdn ngfl va tu duy.
Hoat dgng 1
XAC DINH CACH sC/ DUNG NGON NGO
- GV ydu cdu HS tim hieu muc II trong SGK va tra ldi cac cau hdi:
1. Dua vao bang tdng hgp ve dac diem cua PCNNSH da hge d tid't trudc,
hay cho bid't tinh chat ndi bat cua ngdn ngfl trong PCNNSH la gi?
2. Cach su dung cu the ve tflng yd'u to trong he thd'ng ngdn ngfl cua
PCNNSH.
1. Dac diem ndi bat la tinh chat tu do ve ngdn ngfl, nghia la cd the thodt li
cac chuan muc ngdn ngu cua cdng ddng; nhat la trong giao tid'p khdu ngfl, cd
the dung ca bidt ngu, tid'ng ldng,...
375

2. Cach dung cu the:

a) Ve ngu am, chfl vid't
b) Vd tfl ngfl
c) Ve kieu cau
d) Vd bidn phdp tu tfl
e) Vd bd cue, trinh bay.
Hoat dgng 2
HLTCNG DAN LUYEN TAP
L Ggi y bai tap 3:

Vda nghe tii'ng trdng hit gid, cdi Mai dd reo tudng len:
- Chung mdy oi, ra dn khao eda edi Thuy di!
Cd ldp hua theo nhao nhao:
- Mot chdu kem rung rdng nghe!
- Khdng! Mgt chdu sdu ngdm ldi mdt!
- Khdng! Mot chdu thd bd khd rut ludi.
Thi rdi ed bgn vdy ldy cdi Thuy nhu thi ddm chd no dang bao vdy khung
bd eon ng khdng bdng. Tdi vifa budn eUdi, vda thd'y thuong cdi Thuy qud.
Khdn ngn, nd cd mdt mdu tin duge ddng trin bdo "Tiin phong" vda ra hdm
nay, thi Id edi Mai tdm ngay ldy di "hdnh" nd... Gida vdng vdy eda ddm
"yiu nif", edi Thuy ehi eon biit nhe rdng ra md eUdi trd...
* Nhan xet:
- Cach dung cac tfl ngfl khau ngfl: tudng lin, rung rdng (vi an nhiiu kem
lanh qua), ldi mdt (vi an nhidu sau chua bj chay nudc mdt), rut ludi (vi an
nhieu dt cay), yiu nif, nhe rdng...
- Cdch dung cac cau ngan.
2. GV hudng ddn HS tu lam cdc bai tap cdn lai.
376
Tiet 7 1 - 7 2
LAM VAN
VIET KE HOACH CA NHAN
A. Ket q u a c d n dqt
- Ndm dugc ydu cdu cua mdt bdn kd' hoach ca nhan.
- Bid't xdc djnh muc tidu, ndi dung mdt ban kd' hoach cd nhan.
- Hinh thanh y thfle lam vide khoa hge va hidu qua.
- Thanh thao kT nang xay dung ke hoach cd nhan trong bgc tap hidn tai va
cdng tac sau nay.
B. Ttiiet ke bdi d q y tiqc
Hoat dgng 1
XAC DINH MUC DICH, V NGHTA VA VAI TRO
CUA KE HOACH CA NHAN
- GV ydu cdu HS tim hieu muc I trong SGK vd tra ldi cac cau hdi:
1. Trong thuc td' cude sd'ng hdng ngay, chdng ta thudng dugc nghe dng ba,
cha me, anh chj... nhdc nhd didu gi? Nhflng dieu dugc nhdc nhd ay lidn quan
dd'n van de gi cua mdi ca nhan ndi ridng, tap the ndi chung?
2. Tfl dd, chung ta cd nhan xet gi ve vai trd cua kd' hoach ca nhan dd'i vdi
mdi ngudi?
- GV ggi ddn HS trao ddi, thao luan va tra ldi:
1. Chung ta thudng dugc nghe nhdc nhd:
- Khi dflng xong con dao, ta vdt d nen nha, dng ba nhdc: "Sao chau cfl ba
dau bd day the?"
- Dang hge, nghe tie'ng ban ggi, ta bd hge, di choi dd'n tdi mdi ve, bd me
nhdc: "Sao con,cfl vui dau chdu day the? Chang cd kd' hoach gi ca!"
- Dang dgc sach, ta bd ra xem ti vi, dang xem ti vi, ta lai bd ra chgn qudn
do, rdi mac thfl, loay hoay ngdm nghia chan, lai bd di choi... Anh chj nhdc.
"Em chdng cd kd' hoach gi ca! Cau thd qua!"
* Nhflng dieu dugc nhdc nhd trdn lidn quan dd'n van de "ke hoach cd
nhdn" (cua mdi ngudi) va "kd'hoach cdng tac" (cua mdi tap the).
377

2.
- Ke hoach cd nhan giup cho mdi ngudi sdng vd lam vide mdt each cd y
thuc, cd td chfle va cd hidu qua.
- Kd' hoach cd nhan giup cho mdi ngudi cd the lam tflng vide dd'n noi dd'n
chdn theo trinh tu vide nao cdn thid't thi lam trudc, vide nao chua that cdn thid't
thi cd the lam sau.
- Kd' hoach ca nhan gidp cho mdi ngudi cd the chu ddng td chfle cugc
sd'ng cua minh mdt each khoa hge, thoai mai, cd thdi gian lam vide va cd thdi
gian vui choi giai tri hgp li.
* Ngugc lai, nd'u khdng cd kd' hoach ca nhdn thi cd the sudt ngay tdt bat
ma cdng vide vdn bj chdng cheo, ach tdc, kem hidu qua; cud'i cung la met mdi,
chan nan.
Hoat dgng 2
NOI DUNG VA CACH XAY DL/NG KE HOACH CA NHAN
- GV ydu cdu HS tim hieu muc II, III trong SGK va tra ldi cdc cau hdi:
1. Cac budc tid'n hanh xay dung ban kd' hoach ca nhan?
2. Cdc phdn va ndi dung cua mdi phdn trong ban kd' hoach ca nhan?
3. Dac diem ngdn ngfl cua ban kd' hoach cd nhan?
- GV ggi ddn HS trao ddi, thao luan va tra ldi:
1. Cac budc:
+ Xac djnh ydu cdu, ndi dung va quy thdi gian cua cdng vide.
+ Xay dung kd' hoach cu the.
2.
+ Ndi dung cdng vide
+ Cdch thfle thuc hidn
+ Thdi gian thuc hidn
3. Ngdn ngfl ngdn ggn, rd rang
Vi du: Xdy difng ki hogch dn tap mdn NgU vdn hge ki I:
Hg va tdn:
To... Ldp...
1. Muc tidu cdn dat:
a) Ve kid'n thfle
b) Ve kl nang
378
2. Ndi dung va kd' hoach dn tap:

a) Ndi dung: trong pham vi Ngif vdn 10 Ndng cao, tap mdt
b) Ke hoach: hoan thanh trudc thang 1 nam 2007
Noi dung dn tap CachthCirctien hanh Thdi gian
1. Phan Van hpc 1. Phd-tP muc luc NgCt van 10 Nang 1. Tuan 1 thang 12: hoan
2. Phan Tieng Viet cao, tap mdt thanh muc 1 va 2
3. Phan Tap Lam van 2, He thd'ng hoa phan Van, Ti^ng 2, Tuan 2 thang 12: hoan
Viet, Lam van thanh muc 3
3. Tdm tat kien thdc da hpc bang 3. Tuan 3 thang 12; hoan
each hie'u va Idi van cua minh thanh muc 4
4. Ddi chie'u vdi bai giang cua cac 4. Tuan 4 thang 12: hoan
thay, cP giao thanh muc 5
5. DP'i chie'u vdi cac bai trong SGK
Hoat dgng 3
HUCfNG DAN LUYEN TAP '
1. Bai tap 1 (HS dgc va nhan xet ban kd' hoach cd nhan trong SGK, tr. 229,
bo sung cho ddy du).
2. Bai tap 2.
- Chia ldp thanh 4 nhdm, mdi nhdm nhan vid't 1 ban kd' hoach cd nhdn
theo cac muc a, b, c, d.
a) Vid't thdi gian bieu cua mdt ngay.
b) Vid't kd' hoach ca nhan cho mdt tudn
c) Vid't kd' hoach ca nhdn cho ca hge ki II.
d) Vid't kd' hoach ca nhan cho ba thang he.
- Ydu cdu xdy dung chi tid't, trao ddi trong nhdm va gifla cac nhdm bo
sung, hoan chinh.
- Chgn lgc, trinh bay trudc ldp mdi loai 1 - 2 ban. Nhan xet.
* Mdu kd' hoach ca nhan:
Noi dung cong viec Yeu cau Cach thiTc hien Thdi gian hoan thanh
379

PBULUC
• •
1. Hoqt dpng giao tiep bang ngon ngur

Theo thd'ng kd cua cac nha nghidn cflu, hai phdn ba khdi lugng thdng tin
cua con ngudi bdng ngdn ngfl hdng ngay dugc thuc hidn thdng qua giao tid'p
bdng ldi (giao tid'p midng). Giao tid'p bdng ldi la boat ddng giao tid'p can ban,
thudng xuydn va phd bid'n nhat cua xa hgi loai ngudi.
Khi cdn ndm trong ndi, dfla tre da bdt ddu giao tid'p bang ldi ndi, bdt ddu
nghe va phan bidt dugc gigng ndi cua me, ldi ru cua ba, tinh cam au yd'm, thai
do khdng bdng long cua nhflng ngudi xung quanh,... Nhflng ngudi mu chfl
khdng cd kha nang giao tid'p bdng chfl vid't, d hg chi cd hinh thfle giao tid'p
bdng ldi. Nhflng ngudi cam didc, giao tid'p bang ldi dugc thay thd' bang mdt
hinh thfle giao tid'p khac, dd la ngdn ngfl cfl chi.
Trong Xa hdi van minh, giao tid'p bdng ldi khdng chi bd hep trong md'i
quan he gia dinh, hg hang,idng xdm..., ma pham vi, hinh thfle giao tid'p bdng
ldi cdn dugc thuc hidn mdt each rdng rai, da dang trong cac boat ddng xa hoi
nhu: hdi hgp, giao luu, didn thoai, truydn thanh, truyen hinh...
Giao tid'p bdng ngdn ngu ndi chung va giao tid'p bdng ldi ndi ridng tuy chi
la phuong tidn giao tid'p cua cdc boat ddng xa hdi khac, nhung nd da gdp phdn
quan trgng lam ndn hidu qua thanh cdng cua cac hoat ddng dd. Nhieu nganh
nghe cd ydu cdu cao vd nang luc giao tid'p bdng ldi nhu cac boat ddng trong
ITnh vuc doan the, chinh trj, ngoai giao, tdn giao, phap luat, giao due, nghd
thuat, du ljch, tid'p thj... Hoat ddng day bgc cua nha gido cung ndm trong sd
nhflng nganh nghe cd ydu cdu cao ve giao tid'p bdng ldi.
Hdng ngay, cdng vide cua giao vidn la ldn ldp giang bai va cdng cu chinh
cua hg la ldi ndi. Thdng qua ldi giang cua giao vidn, nhflng ndi dung thdng tin
(tri thfle dugc quy djnh trong chuong trinh va sach giao khoa) dugc truyen dat
dd'n bgc sinh. Ldi giang cua giao vidn cung la su ddn ddt cdng vide hge tap,
lam vide cua hge sinh trong mdi tid't hge.
Bdn canh boat ddng day bgc, giao vidn cdn tham gia cac boat ddng xa hdi
khdc nhu: gap go phu huynh bgc sinh, phat bid'u y kid'n trong cac cude hgp,
hdi thao, hgi nghj, tranh luan, thao luan trong cdc budi sjnh boat ve chuydn
mdn, nghiep vu... Cac boat ddng dd rat cdn dd'n kT nang giao tid'p bdng ldi.
Ngdn ngfl trong giao tid'p bang ldi khdng chi la phuong tidn don thuan, ma
cdn la sir the hidn trinh do kid'n thfle, vd'n van hod d mdi ngudi.
380
Vi vay, vide ren luydn kT nang giao tid'p bdng ldi la phdn thuc hanh cdn
thid't de binh thdnh mdt trong nhflng nang luc quan trgng cua mdi giao vidn va
mdi hge sinh.
1. NhQng van de li thuyd't
Hoat ddng giao tid'p bdng ngdn ngfl cua loai ngudi dugc thuc hidn dudi
hai dang thfle: dang thfle bang ldi (giao tid'p midng) va dang thfle bdng van tu
(giao tid'p vid't).
Dang thfle giao tid'p bdng ldi cdn dugc ggi la "hdi thoai". Hdi thoai la
hoat ddng giao tid'p bdng ldi gifla hai ngudi hoac hon hai ngudi, trong mdt
hoan cdnh nhat djnh, nhdm trao doi cac ndi dung thdng tin hoac bay td tu
tudng tinh cam, thai do gifla ngudi ndi va ngudi nghe theo nhflng dd tai,
nhflng dich giao tid'p dugc dat ra.
2. Cac nhan to giao tid'p trong hdi thoai
a) Nhan vat giao tid'p: La nhflng ngudi tham gia vao boat ddng hdi thoai,
bao gdm ngudi ndi (ngudi phdt) va ngudi nghe (ngudi nhan).
b) Cdng cu giao tid'p: La ngdn ngfl dugc sfl dung trong cugc thoai.
c) Ddi tugng giao tid'p: La su vat, hidn tugng dugc cac nhan vat giao tid'p
ndi dd'n.
d) Hoan canh giao tid'p: La hoan canh khdng gian, thdi gian, hoan canh su
vat, dac diem xa hdi ma boat ddng giao tid'p didn ra trong dd.
e) San pham giao tid'p: La nhflng ldi ma cac nhan vat giao tid'p ndi ra, tfle
"ngdn ban".
3. Co chd' hdi thoai
Hoat ddng giao tid'p dugc didn ra theo hai qua trinh nhu sau:
- Ngudi ndi thuc hidn qua trinh sinh ra ngdn ban (ldi ndi): ndi dung giao
tid'p dugc hinh thanh trong bd nao ngudi ndi dudi hinh thfle ngdn ngfl thdm
("ngdn ngfl bdn trong" hoac "tidn ngdn ngfl"), dugc ma hod thanh ldi ndi
(thdng diep) va sau dd dugc truyen dd'n ngudi nghe.
D6 la qua trinh "tfl y dd'n ldi".
- Ngudi nghe tid'p nhan thdng diep tfl ngudi ndi, tim each luan giai ngdn
ban ve cdc phuong didn am thanh, ngfl didu, ngfl nghTa, ngfl phap. Dd la thao
tac giai ma dd thdng hieu ndi dung giao tid'p chfla dung trong ngdn ban.
Dd la qua trinh "tu ldi dd'n y".
381
4. Cac hinh thfle hdi thoai

- Can cu vao sd lugng nhan vat giao tie'p, chung ta cd "song thoai", "tam
thoai" va "da thoai".
- Can cfl vdo su cd mat hay vdng mat cua ngudi nghe, chung ta cd "hdi
thoai true tid'p" (hai ngudi cdng cd mat), "hdi thoai gian tid'p" (vdng mat ngudi
nghe), vi du: phat thanh vidn truyen thanh, truyen hinh...
- Can cu vao de tai cua hgi thoai, chung ta cd "hdi thoai quy pham" (hdi
thao, hdi nghj, hgp...), "hdi thoai tu do" (chuydn phie'm).
- Can cfl vao tinh chat tham gia chu ddng hay bj ddng cua cac nhan vat
giao tid'p, chung ta cd "hgi thoai mdt chieu" (didn gia ndi chuyen), "hdi thoai
hai chieu" (hgi thao, giao luu...).
5. Ngfl canh va cac yd'u to kem ngdn ngfl trong hdi thoai
Trong hgi thoai, ngfl canh va cac yd'u to kem ngdn ngfl nhu cfl chi, didu
bg, net mat, khoang each khdng gian gifla cac nhan vat giao tid'p... cung gdp
phdn quan trgng trong tid'n trinh hdi thoai va anh hudng khdng nhd dd'n ngfl
nghTa cua ngdn ban.
"Ngfl canh la todn bd nhflng hieu bid't ve cac nhan to giao tid'p, tfl nhan
vat cho dd'n hidn thuc dugc ndi tdi, cho dd'n hoan canh rgng va hep, can cfl vao
dd ma chdng ta tao ra nhflng ngdn ban trong hdi thoai thich hgp vdi chung."'"
Ndi vdi ai? Ndi nhu thd' nao? Ndi trong hoan canh nao? Dd la nhflng yd'u
td ngu canh dugc quy djnh bdi muc dich giao tid'p. Vi du: cd vide cd thi ndi
trudc ddm ddng, cd vide chi ndi ridng cho mdt ngudi, lai cd vide phai chgn
thdi diem thich hgp mdi ndi dugc...
Khdng chd y dd'n ngu canh, ndi dung giao tid'p se khdng dat hidu qua va
ed khi cdn bj hieu sai lech. Vi du: dgc truydn cudi Md't rdi!
Trong hdi thoai, cac nhdn vat giao tid'p cdn sfl dung phdi hgp cac phuong
tidn kem ngdn ngfl nhu ngfl didu, net mat, didu bd, cfl chi,... dp hd trg, gdp
phdn thuc day tid'n trinh hdi thoai va the hidn ngu nghia cua ngdn ban. Cae
nhan td nay dugc ggi la "ngdn ban phi ldi".
"Hdi thoai khdng chi tid'n hanh bdng mdt kdnh thinh giac ma cdn bdng
cac kdnh thj giac, xfle giac, khflu giac... Hdi thoai la mdt hoat ddng da
kdnh"<2'.
D6 HiJu Chau - Cao Xuan Hao, Tieng Viet 12, Ban KHXH, NXB Giao due, Ha Noi, 1995.
(2)
D6 Huu Chau - Biii Minh Toan, Dgi cuang ngon ngit hoc, tap 2, NXB Giao due. Ha N6i, 1993.
382
6. Cac van ddng hdi thoai

a) Van dgng trao dap: La su dd'i dap gifla cac nhdn vdt giao tid'p. Trong
hdi thoai phai cd ngudi ndi va ngudi nghe, phdi cd ldi trao va ldi dap.
b) van dgng tuong tac: La mdt kieu quan he gifla ngudi vdi ngudi, tac
ddng vao nhau, cung lam cho nhau bid'n ddi. Tuong tac thudng gap d bat cfl
hoat ddng xa hdi nao khi cd it nhat hai ngudi tham gia.
Trong hdi thoai, cdc nhan vat giao tid'p tac ddng ldn nhau bdng ldi. D6 la
van ddng tuomg tac gifla cac nhdn vat giao tid'p. Sau hdi thoai, cac nhan vat
giao tid'p deu cd su bid'n ddi nhat djnh nao dd.
Hidu qua tac ddng cua giao tid'p do van ddng tuong tdc trong hdi thoai ma
ed. Vi du: van ddng tuong tac gifla gido vidn va hge sinh trong mdt gid hge,
hge sinh thi hieu bai, cdn gido vidn thi cd the rut ra mdt sd kinh nghidm nao
dd ve chuydn mdn hoac phuomg phap de gid sau day td't hom.
Tuomg tac cdn the hidn d sir hod phdi trong hdi thoai, dd la su phdi hgp ve
dng xfl, ve ldi thoai gifla cac nhan vat giao tid'p vdi nhau, chang ban:
- He thd'ng lugt ldi phai hai hoa, uyen chuyen.
- Didu bd, cfl chi, net mat, ngfl didu... phai phfl hgp.
7. Cac quy tdc hdi thoai
a) Quy tdc thuomg lugng hdi thoai: Thuomg lugng nhdm tham dd nhau de
di dd'n su thoa thuan ve de tai cua cugc thoai, vd vj thd' giao tid'p, vd hinh thfle
ngdn ngfl.
b) Quy tac luan phidn lugt ldi: Lugt ldi phai dugc luan phidn gifla cac
nhan vat giao tid'p mdt each hgp li, nghTa la phai bid't nhudng ldi, bid't im lang,-
tranh cudp ldi, gdi ldi... Trong hdi thao, hdi hgp thi ngudi dieu khien chuong
trinh chi djnh lugt ldi; cdn trong giao tid'p ca nhan thudng do cac nhan vat
•giao tid'p thoa thuan ngdm vdi nhau.
c) Quy tdc lidn kd't: Cae lugt ldi trong ngdn ban hdi thoai cdn phai tuan
theo quy tac lidn kd't, 66 la su lidn kd't ve ndi dung, lidn kd't bdng cac phuong
tidn hinh thfle ngfl phap va lidn kd't vi cdc hanh ddng ngdn ngfl, chang ban:
- Lidn kd't ve ngi dung: cac lugt ldi phdi cung mdt de tai, cung mdt pham
vi hidn thuc dugc ndi tdi.
- Lidn kd't bdng cac phuong tidn hinh thfle ngfl phap: giua cac lugt ldi cd
sfl dung cac hinh thuc lien kd't nhu: phep the, phep lap, phep lidn tudng,...
- Lidn kd't hanh ddng ngdn ngfl the hidn trong toan bd cude thoai. Nd'u cd
su dut cjuang ve lidn kd't hanh ddng thi ngudi ndi phdi tim ra mgt hanh ddng
ngdn ngfl mdi de cugc hdi thoai dugc duy tri.
383

d) Quy tdc tdn trgng the didn:

- Trdnh khdng dung cham dd'n nhung chuydn kidng kj hoac nhflng didu td'
nhj cd the lam ton thuong tinb cam cua ngudi nghe.
- Dung tfl "xin ldi" trong mdt sd trudng hgp sau:
+ Bdt ddu hgi thoai vdi ngudi la.
+ Can chen ngang mdt ldi nao dd.
+ Lugt ldi cua minh ndi hoi dai.
+ Bat budc phai ngdt ldi ngudi khac.
e) Quy tdc khidm ton:

- Trong hdi thoai ndn tranh ndi ve ban than minh, ve cai "tdi" qua mdc
cdn thid't nhu: than van, ke le, khoe khoang, tu de cao minh... dd gay fle chd'
cho ngudi nghe, nhung vi phep ljch su hg cd the im lang.
- Dung each ndi giam nhe nhu: chdng tdi (thay cho "tdi"), trdm nghi,
theo thiin y, theo y kii'n eon ehu quan,...
8. Cdu trde hdi thoai
8.1.Cac dom vj hdi thoai:
Hdi thoai cung cd cau true do cac don vj hdi thoai to chfle lai ma thanh,
Hdi thoai dugc chia thanh cac don vj nhu sau: cugc thoai, doan thoai, cap
thoai... Dd la nhflng dom vj phai cd it nhat hai nhan vat giao tid'p tao ndn. Day
la cdc dom vj "ludng thoai". Cdn "tham thoai" va "hanh ddng ngdn trung" la
nhflng don vj do mdt ngudi tao ra, ndm trong mdt lan trao ldi dugc ggi la eac
don vj "dom thoai".
a) Hanh ddng ngdn trung:
Don vj nhd nhat tao ndn hdi thoai la cac "hanh ddng ngdn trung". Mdi
phat ngdn (mdi cau), ndi dung su vat dugc ndi ra theo mgt each thdre ndi nang
nha't djnh: midu ta, cam than, hdi, khuyd'n cao, mdi, ydu cau, bfla hen...
Nhflng each thfle ndi nang dd la nhflng hanh ddng ngdn trung. Hanh ddng
ngdn trung khac nhau tao ndn cac phdt ngdn (cac cau) khdc nhau.
Mdi hanh ddng ngdn trung ddi hdi ngudi nghe khi tid'p nhan phai hdi dap
lai bdng mdt hanh ddng ngdn trung thich hgp. Trong hdi thoai, cac hanh ddng
ngdn trung dugc phan ra thanh "hanh ddng ngdn trung ddn nhap" va "hanh
ddng ngdn trung hdi dap", chdng lam thanh tflng cap kd' can mdt don vj hdi
thoai ldn hon, dd la "cap thoai".
384
b) Cugc thoai: Cugc thoai la toan bd dd'i dap giua cac nhan vat tfl khi bdt
dau cho dd'n khi kd't thdc. Ccfdc thoai cd phdn md ddu, phdn thdn thoai va phdn
kd't thuc. Mdi cugc thoai cd the chi xoay quanh mdt de tai, mdt dich, cung cd
thi gdm nhieu de tai, nhieu dich.
c) Doan thoai: Doan thoai la mdt bd phan cua cude thoai. Trong mdt cugc
thoai, mdi mgt de tai, mgt dich la mdt doan thoai. Chuyen sang de tai khac,
dich khac la sang mgt doan thoai khac. Mdi doan thoai cung cd ba phdn: md
ddu, than thoai, kd't thdc.
d) Cap thoai: Cap thoai la dom vj ludng thoai nhd nhdt, gdm mdt hanh vi
ddn nhap va mdt hanh vi hdi dap. Cdn phan bidt cap thoai vdi cap lugt ldi: mdt
cap thoai cd the trung vdi mdt cap lugt ldi, nhung mdt cap lugt ldi cung cd the
chfla hom mdt cap thoai va ngugc lai. Vi du:
- Cap thoai = cap lugt ldi:
A: - Bde din cat tdc?
B: - Vdng!
- Cap thoai gdm ba lugt ldi:
A: - Chiic do ndy mua bao nhiiu thi?
B: - Ba mUoi ngdn.
A:-Re nhi.
- Cd hai cap lugt ldi chfla ba cap thoai:
A: - Hdm trUde tdi din eat toe d ddy ed thdy mgt bd eu.
B: - Ld me anh nhd tdi. Thira bde Id khdch quen?
A: - Vdng. Bd cu bi tdt ldu ehifa?
B: - Thua, dd ldu a...
e) Tham thoai: Tham thoai la don vj dom thoai (do mdt nhan vat giao tid'p
ndi ra) cung vdi tham thoai khac tao thanh mdt cap thoai. Cac tham thoai
trong mdt cap thoai phai cd hanh ddng ngdn trung tuong flng. Vi du:
- Thua cdu (I), bd Cifu cd nhd khdng g (1)?
- Thua ed... vdng (3)! Me tdi ed nhd (4). Mdi ed vdo choi (5).
(Nam Cao)
(1) Tham thoai thua gfli, nghi thfle md ddu hdi thoai
(2) Tham thoai bdi
(3) Tham thoai thua gui, nghi thfle dap Id
25-TKBGNGavAN10/1(NC)-A ^ 385

(4): Ddp lai tham thoai (2)

(5): Tham thoai mdi, md ra mgt cap thoai khac
8.2. Chuc nang cda cac don vj hgi thoai:
a) Chdc nang cua doan thoai:
Trong cude thoai, cd 3 loai doan thoai phan chia theo chfle nang:
- Doan md thoai: ldi chao, hdi tham sue khoe, mdi ngdi, mdi nudc...
- Doan than thoai: trao ddi de tai chinh, thuc hidn dich chinh cua cugc thoai
- Doan kd't thdc: ldi chao, ldi bfla hen...
b) Chfle ndng cua tham thoai:
Trong mdt cap hdi thoai, tham thoai cd chfle nang ddn nhap va hdi dap.
Tham thoai ddn nhap dua ra hanh ddng ngdn trung, budc ngudi nghe phai giai
dap lai bdng hanh ddng ngdn trung thich hgp. Tham thoai hdi dap la tham
thoai dua ra hanh ddng ngdn trung dap lai hanh ddng ngdn trung da ddn nhap.
(Lirgc din theo: Nhi6u tac gia, Ren luyen kT ndng sif dung tieng
Viet vd md rgng vdn lit Hdn Viet, NXB Giao due. Ha Noi, 2001)
2. Van ban va dqc diem cua vdn ban

L Khai niem "van ban" va "ngu' phap van ban"
L Van ban
Khi nghidn cflu van ban, mdt don vj cd kich thudc ldn, nhieu khi rdt dd so
vdi su da dang, phflc lap ve ngfl nghTa, giao tid'p va cau true; chung ta mdi
tha'y vdn dd khdng hd don gian chdt nao. Van ban dudng nhu la mgt dd'i tugng
rat khd bao quat, rat khd quy ve nhflng md hinh, nhflng so dd cu the. Nhung
du kich thudc cua van ban cd ldn dd'n dau, du nd cd la cai vd ban di chang nfla
thi didu ddu tidn de nghidn cflu dugc nd la phai lam sao cho cai dudng nhu la
vd ban dy phai trd thanh cai hflu ban, cai cd the bao quat dugc. Dieu nay eo
nghTa la cdn phai cd nhflng han djnh chung nhd't ve van ban, du han djnh dd
mdi chi dat mfle tdi thidu, bd ngoai. Chinh vi su phflc tap cua van ban nhu vay
ma nha nghidn cflu ngdn ngfl hge Nga Z. Vdginxev mdi phai thdt ldn rdng:
"Cac nha khoa hge bdt tay vao nghidn cflu van ban cd le cung khdng ngd rdng
hg phdi lam vide vdi mdt dd'i tugng ma ve mat tdm cd khdng thua kem gi vu
tru - thuc cha't dd chinh la vu tru ngdn ngfl bgc".
Khi nghidn cflu van ban hoan chinh, chdng ta gap mdt loat van de vugt ra
ngoai pham vi ngdn ngfl bgc thudn tdy. Chung ta gap trong van ban nhflng vdn
de ve thdng tin, ngfl nghTa, Id-gic, giao tid'p..., nhflng van de nay khdng the

giai quye't thudn tuy dudi gdc do ngdn ngu hge, ma cdn phai dugc xem xet
trong md'i quan he chat che vdi cac khoa hge gdn gui nhu thdng tin hge, ngfl
nghTa bgc, Id-gic hge, li thuyd't giao tid'p... Chdng han, khi xem xet mdt van
ban nghd thuat, chung ta khdng chi xem nd nhu mdt to chfle ngdn ngfl don
thudn nhu nhflng van ban thdng thudng khdc ma cdn can phai xem xet nd nhu
mdt van ban ma nhidm vu giao tid'p dugc thuc hidn thdng qua cac hinh tugng
nghd thuat, thdng qua chfle nang thdm mT. Vi the, chung ta se khdng lay lam
ngae nhidn la trong khi tim hiû, xem xet cac van ban hoan chinh, ngdn ngfl
hge van ban vdn phai vidn ddn nhflng co sd khoa bgc cua cac bd mdn khac
nhdm muc dich phat hidn day du, chinh xac ve dd'i tugng cd tdm cd "vu tru
ngdn ngu hge" nay.
Vi tinh chat qua phflc tap cua ban than dd'i tugng ndn vide dua ra mdt
djnh nghTa hoan chinh, chat che, khoa hge vd van ban la chua the cd dugc
trong thdi diem nay. Cdn rat nhieu van de cdn trao ddi, tranh luan xung quanh
khdi nidm van ban trudc khi di dd'n mdt djnh nghTa thd'ng nhdt, du chi la su
thd'ng nha't tuomg dd'i. Tuy nhidn, khdng vi thd' ma vide nghidn cflu van ban
phai dflng lai, nghTa la trong thuc- tidn nghidn cflu van ban, cac nha khoa hge
vdn phai xac djnh mdt khai nidm tdi thieu va mdt djnh nghTa ban ddu ve
van ban de lam co sd cho vide tridn khai, vdn dung nd vao trong ddi sd'ng cua
con ngudi.
Thuat ngfl "van ban" dugc dung rdng rai trong nhieu ITnh vuc nghidn cflu
khac nhau. Nhung vdn bdn, vdi tif cdch Id ddi tugng eda ngii phdp vdn bdn,
phdi xudt phdt tit gde do ngdn ngif. Van ban dugc quan nidm khdng xuat phat
tfl gdc do nay (chang ban nhu: bflc tranh, bien quang cao, dp phich...) deu
khdng phai la dd'i tugng nghidn cflu cua ngfl phap van ban.
Hidn nay, dang cd nhieu djnh nghTa khac nhau ve van ban, tham chi cd
nhffng djnh nghTa khac bidt dudng nhu dd'i lap nhau. Do tinh chat phflc tap
xung quanh mdt djnh nghTa vd van ban, cho ndn cd khdng it cac cdng trinh
nghidn cflu vd van ban da lang tranh mdt djnh nghTa chinh thfle ve nd, hoac
chi dua ra mdt djnh nghTa gian tid'p. Chang ban, cd tac gia coi van ban "la mgi
bai vid't dugc in an va luu hanh chinh thfle trong xa hdi". Ddy khdng phai la
mdt djnh nghTa mang tinh chd't ngdn ngfl hge.
Vide djnh nghTa van ban cdn phai mang tinh chd't thuat ngfl ngdn ngfl hge.
Phdn ldn cac nha nghidn cflu van ban, trong cac cdng trinh cua minh, deu cd
gdng djnh nghTa theo hudng nay. Nhung day mdi chi la y djnh, la xu hudng.
Vide cd dat dugc tinh chat thuat ngfl ddy du, trgn ven hay khdng lai la mdt
387
chuydn khac; nd phu thudc vao su phan tich, su djnh tinh djnh lugng cu the
cua mdi tac gia. Sau day la mdt sd quan nidm vd van ban theo hudng nay:
M. Ld'tman cho rdng van ban la "tong cua nhflng quan he cau true tim
dugc su the hidn ngdn ngfl bgc". Djnh nghTa nay cd ban che la khdng tach
dugc dac trung ban chat cua dd'i tugng can nghidn cflu, do dd dinh nghTa nay
cd the dp dung cho ca cau va nhflng dom vj trdn cau. Theo R. Galperin, djnh
nghTa nay cdn mdt nhugc diem nfla la "... khdng tinh dd'n mgt thdng sd quan
trgng cua van ban - thdng sd ngfl nghTa. Coi thudng thdng sd ngfl nghTa eua
van ban cd nghTa la dua khai nidm van ban ve sd khdng".
M. Nicdlaeva, nha ngdn ngfl hge Nga cho rdng: "Van ban la mdt chudi
nao dd cac cau kd't hgp vdi nhau trong khudn kho y do chung cua tac gia".
Mdt nha ngdn ngfl hge Nga khac la la Turaeva thi khdng djnh: "Van ban - d o
la tac pham cd tinh muc dich nhat djnh va cd phuong hudng thuc dung". Hoac
E. Coseriu lai cho rdng: "Hanh vi ndi nang hoac mdt loai hanh vi ndi nang
mach lac do mdt ca nhan thuc hidn trong tinh hud'ng nhdt djnh - la van ban
(ndi hoac vid't)". Nhin chung nhflng djnh nghTa nay dugc phat bieu mdt each
ngdn ggn, nhung lai thudng it mang tinh thuat ngfl hoac la cdn qua chung,
chua ndu dugc ban chat ngdn ngfl hge (ca ve mat cau true, ngfl nghTa ldn chdc
nang) cua dd'i tugng cdn nghidn cflu.
Trong sd cac djnh nghTa ve van ban, djnh nghTa cua R. Galperin la mot
trong nhflng djnh nghTa dugc chd y: "Van ban - dd la tac phdm cua qua trinh
tao ldi, mang tinh each hoan chinh, dugc khach quan hod dudi dang tai lieu
vid't, dugc trau chudt van chuong theo loai hinh tai lieu ay, la tac pham gdm
tdn ggi (ddu de) va cd mdt loai dom vi ridng (nhflng the thd'ng nhdj^ trdn cau)
hgp nha't lai bdng nhflng loai hinh lidn he khac nhau ve tfl vung, ngfl phap, lo-
gic, tu tfl, cd mdt hudng dich nhat djnh va mdt muc tidu thuc dung". Va dng
cdn nha'n manh thdm: "Van ban khdng phai nhu mdt ldi ndi midng dugc ghi
lai ma trong dd thudng xuat hidn nhflng net cd tinh chat tu phat, thid'u td chfle,
khdng nha't quan, ma la mdt dang dac bidt cua hanh ddng sang tao ngdn ngU
cd nhflng thdng sd ridng cua minh khdc vdi thdng so cua ldi midng".
Djnh nghTa trdn da dugc nhidu nha ngdn ngfl bgc ddn ra trong cac cdng
trinh cua minh. Tuy nhidn, nd'u coi van ban "chi tdn tai d dang vid't" cua ngdn
ngfl la chua thda dang. That ra, van ban vdn cd the tdn tai d dang ndi (van ban
kjch), vi vay de cho djnh nghTa chat che hon, cd the coi dang .dien hinh eua
van ban la dang vid't.
Khai nidm ve van ban cdn tuy thudc vao cdc binh didn nghidn cflu ve van
ban, chdng ban:
388
- Quan nidm nghidn cflu van ban nhu mdt binh didn tTnh. O day, van ban
dugc hieu nhu mgt thdng bdo, mdt hinh thfle duy nhat trong dd ngdn ngfl
dugc quan sat true tid'p.
- Quan nidm nghidn cflu van ban la nghidn cflu qua trinh tao dung van
ban. Qua trinh nay duge hieu theo hai each: mdt la, van ban la su thuc hidn
nang luc ldi ndi cua con ngudi; hai la, van ban la ngdn ngfl trong boat ddng
hanh chfle. O day, khd nang hanh chfle sinh dgng cua ngdn ngfl trong ldi ndi
dugc chu y nhieu.
- Quan nidm nghidn cflu van ban trudc hd't la nghidn cflu nhan to tao tac,
tdc la nghidn cflu ngudn gd'c tao van bdn. Ngudn gd'c van ban dugc hieu la
hoat ddng ldi ndi cua ca nhan. Quan nidm nay hudng sir chd y nghidn cflu van
ban vao hanh vi giao tid'p, mdt hanh vi vd'n ddi hdi sir cd mat cua cd ngudi
phat ldn ngudi nhan.
- Quan nidm nghidn cflu van ban nhu mdt bac trong he thd'ng ngdn ngfl.
Vide xd'p van ban vao trat tu tdn ti cac bac trong ngdn ngu budc phai xem xet
van ban cd tinh chat trflu tugng (cac algdrit cua vide tao van ban, cdc md hinh,
cac so do...) ldn vide xem xet cac van ban cu the tdn tai trong hidn thuc.
Nhu vay, xudt phat tfl nhflng gdc nhin khac nhau se cd nhflng quan nidm
khac nhau ve van ban. Tfl nhflng quan nidm khac nhau se ddn dd'n nhflng
hudng nghidn cflu khac nhau. Cd the ndu ldn hai hudng chinh:
- Thfl nhd't, nghien cflu van ban nhu mdt so dd trflu tugng, mdt md hinh
eua ehinh the trgn ven.
- Thfl hai, nghidn cflu van ban nhu mgt qua trinh cu the hoa cac md hinh
ndu trdn.
Trong vide nghidn cflu van ban, nhflng nhan thfle vd dd'i tugng nay ngay
cang sau sdc hon, day du hom va dieu tat nhidn la se ddn dd'n nhflng djnh
nghia mdi, nhflng quan nidm mdi. Dieu nay khdng cd gi dang ngae nhidn. Vdi
mdt dd'i tugng khdng Id ve khdi lugng, phflc tap ve cau true, da dang ve giao
tid'p... va vdi mdt thdi gian nghidn cflu chua nhieu (so vdi ljch su nghidn cflu
cau chang ban), chung ta khdng the ddi hdi phai cd ngay mdt djnh nghTa hoan
hao. D6 la cdng vide cua tuong lai. Cdn trudc mdt, chung ta tam thdi chap
nhan cac djnh nghTa khac nhau, nhflng quan nidm khac nhau de cd co sd so
sanh, ddi chid'u va nghien cflu van ban.
Sau day la mdt djnh nghTa dung de nghidn cflu vd van ban:
"Van ban la mdt the hoan chinh ve hinh thfle, trgn ven ve ndi dung, thd'ng
nha't ve cdu true va dgc lap ve giao tid'p. Dang tdn tai dien hinh cua van ban la
dang vid't"
389

Tinh hoan chinh vd hinh thfle the hidn rd net nhdt d dau dd van ban va
nhung da'u hidu da dang xac nhan cdc cau tham gia vao vari ban la nhflng bp
phan cua cung mdt chinb the. Tinb trgn ven ve ngi dung the hidn d chu 6e va
vide trien khai chu de trong van ban. Tinh thd'ng nhdt ve cau true the hidn d
mang ludi lidn kd't trong van ban. Tinh ddc lap ve giao tid'p thi hidn d chd ehi
cd van ban mdi du tu each la mdt don vj ngdn ngfl true tid'p tham gia vao hoat
ddng giao tid'p. Cau mud'n tham gia giao tid'p thi phai ndm trong to chfle eua
van ban hoac trudng hgp van ban dac bidt chi cd mdt cau.
Vdi quan nidm ve van ban nhu trdn, chung ta cd mdt sd nhan xet sau:
- Nhu mgt chinh the giao tid'p bac cao, van ban la mdt he thd'ng vfla khep
vfla md. Tinh chat khep cua van ban the hidn d cac dau hidu hoan chinh ve
hinh thfle, ngi dung va ca'u true. Nhung van ban lai la mgt thuc the khach
quan, sau khi ra ddi se tdn tai ngoai y mudn chu quan cua tac gia. Mdi ngudi
dgc khi tid'p nhan van ban cd the se li giai nd theo nhung each khac nhau. Day
la qua trinh ddng sang tao cua ngudi dgc. Ngay ca dd'i vdi mgt ngudi dgc thi
vao nhflng thdi diem khac nhau (khi tre, luc gia, luc hge van tha'p, khi hge vdn
cao, khi vd'n sd'ng mdng, luc da tflng trai...) each li giai (sir hieu) van ban cung
cd the rat khac nhau. Theo y nghTa nay, van ban lai la mdt he thd'ng md.
- Yd'u td khdi lugng (sd lugng cac phat ngdn) khdng phai la yd'u td xac
djnh tu each van ban cua chudi cau. Van ban cd the rdt ngdn, vi du nhu van
ban sau cua J. Cocteau:
Con rdn (ddu dd)
Qua dai (ndi dung)
nhung cung cd the rat dai nhu mdt cudn sach hoac mgt bd trudng thidn
tiqu thuyd't. Ve mat li thuyd't, cd the ndi do dai cua van ban la vd han. Nhung
trong thuc td', do dai cua van ban la cd gidi han cd the djnh lugng va midu ta
dugc. Vay dau la gidi ban tdi thieu va tdi da cua van ban? Nhin chung ldi dap
cho cau hdi nay la tuong dd'i thd'ng nhat, cho du each didn dat la cd chd khac
nhau. Chdng ban:
- Van ban cd th^ la ca bd Chiin tranh vd hda binh ciia L. Tdnxtdi, hoac
mdt doan van ridng bidt. Va hom thd' nfla, cung nhu cau, cd the cdu tao tfl mdt
tfl duy nha't, trong hoan canh nhat djnh (khi ma cdc chuc nang cua nd duOc
thuc hidn), van ban cung cd the dugc xay dung tfl mgt cau va thdm chi tfl mdt
tfl duy nha't.
- Ngdn ngfl khdng phai xuat hidn dudi dang cdc tfl hoac cdc cau ridng
bidt, ma la dudi dang van ban lidn kd't, bdt ddu tfl cdc phat ngdn cbi cd mdt td
cho dd'n cac cdng trinh hang chuc tap.
390
Tdm lai, yd'u td sd lugng khdng cd gia trj dd' xac djnh tu each van ban.
+ Mfle do phflc tap hay don gian trong cau true ndi tai cua mdt vdn ban
khdng anh hudng gi ddn "tu each" va cap bac cua van ban. Du la mdt van ban
cue ngdn, cd cau true tuong dd'i don gian hay mdt van ban bao gdm hang^chue
tap, cd cau true cue ki phflc tap thi chung deu cd "tu each" nhu nhau, deu
cung dugc ggi la "van ban" va deu nam d bac cud'i cung cua boat dgng ngdn
ngfl. Mfle do don gian hay phflc tap trong cdu true cua van ban chi cd gia tri
nhu mdt tidu cbi dd' xac djnh loai hinh bgc cdc van ban.
+ Van ban cd phdi la mdt cdp do, mdt don vj ngdn ngfl hay khdng? Day la
mdt van de chua cd su thdng nhdt trong gidi nghidn cflu ngdn ngfl. Cd ngudi
khang djnh van ban la "cai nam d cdp do trdn cung eua cap he ngdn ngfl", la
"don vj ngdn ngfl ldn nhat va dom vj giao tid'p nhd nhdt" (Trdn Nggc Thdm).
Theo y kid'n nay, van ban la mdt cap do, mdt dom vj. Nbung nhieu y kid'n khdc
lai dd'i lap han vdi y kid'n nay. Cd ngudi cho rang: "Cung khdng thd' phan dinh
van ban theo cap do. Khdng thd' coi van ban la dom vj d cap do trdn cau, do
eau d cap do dudi tao ndn, nhu da phan djnh hinh vj la cap do trdn am vj, do
am vj d cdp do dudi tao ndn, hay tfl la cap do tren hinh vj, do hinh vj d cap do
dudi tao ndn" (Hoang Tud). Hoac: "Tfl la don vj ngdn ngfl cao nhdt trong tdn
ti cua cac don vi ngdn ngfl" va "Tfl mdt van ban cd ldn cho dd'n cau, rdi tfl cau
trd xud'ng nhung thanh to thdp nhat cua nd cd mdt he tdn ti hoan toan khac,
trong dd khdng he cd dau vet cua he tdn ti cua cdc don vj ngdn ngfl" (Cao
Xuan Hao). Theo nhflng y kid'n nay thi van ban khdng phai la mdt cap do, mdt
don vj ngdn ngfl. Khac vdi hai loai y kid'n trdn, loai y kid'n thfl ba cho rang vdn
cd thd' coi van ban la mdt cap do nhung dd la cap dd cua ldi ndi chfl khdng
phai cua ngdn ngfl: "Tfl gdc do ludng phan ngdn ngfl va ldi ndi, nghTa la xet
ngdn ngfl d trang thai tTnh va ddng, trdn ca binh didn dgc ldn ngang thi phai
thfla nhan rang van ban khdng phdi la mdt cap do ngdn ngfl", "... van ban cd
thi xem nhu mdt cap do, song khdng phai cua ngdn ngfl ma cua ldi ndi" (R.
Galperin).
Tdm lai, van de cdn de ngd, se dugc cac nha nghidn cflu tid'p tuc xem xet
theo hai hudng: mdt la phai xay dung mdt li thuyd't thich hgp vd cdp do va don
vj; hai la phai dieu chinh lai nhflng khai nidm vd'n quen dung trong vide
nghidn cflu vi cau de cd the phu hgp vdi mdt dd'i tugng nghidn cflu mdi la
van ban.
2. NgQ phap van ban:
Nhflng thuat ngfl nhu "ngfl phdp van ban", "cd phap van ban"... da gay
khdng it nbung ban khoan trong gidi nghidn cflu ngdn ngfl. Cd y kid'n cho
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rdng: "Gdn day, khi ngdn ngfl bgc van ban trd ndn thdi thugng, co tac gia
dung ngu phdp eda vdn bdn de ggi nhung quy tdc rat it lidn quan ddn ngfl
phap. May ldm thi dd cung chi la mdt dn du, tuy dang thudng thfle ve mat tu
tfl, nhung khdng lay gi lam bo ich cho ngudi hge". Tuy vay, trong thuc te
nghidn cflu, cdc thuat ngfl "ngfl phap van ban" hoac "cu phap van ban" ,cfl trd
di trd lai d rat nhidu cdng trinh cua nhflng tdc gia ngdn ngfl hge ldn va duge
mac nhidn thfla nhan nhu nhflng thuat ngfl khdng cdn dieu gi dang phai
ban lai.
Theo truyen thd'ng, "ngfl phap hge" bao gdm hai mdn hge la: "hinh thai
hge" (cdn ggi la "tfl phap hge") nghidn cflu cac hinh thai bid'n boa tfl, cdu tao
tfl va "cu phap bgc" nghidn cflu boat ddng cua tfl trong ngfl doan va trong cau.
Trong tid'ng Viet, tfl khdng bid'n doi hinh thai ndn khi nghidn cflu ngfl phap
hge, vide nghidn cflu hinh thai cd phdn nao giam nhe hon cu phap. Vi vay
nhieu ngudi cho rdng d ngfl phap tid'ng Viet, cu phap chid'm dja vj chu chd't
hay ndi each khac, nghidn cflu ngfl phap chi la nghidn cflu cu phap. Theo quan
nidm nay, ngfl phap hge chi mdi nghidn cflu tdi cau va gat van ban ra khdi
pham vi ngfl phap va duong nhidn chi cd ngfl phap cua cdu chfl khdng cd ngu
phap cua cac van ban. Nhung nhu da ndi d phan trdn, nd'u ta hieu lai mdt sd
khdi nidm, trong dd cd khdi nidm "ngfl phap" thi cd the ben canh thuat ngfl
quen thudc "ngfl phdp cua cau", se cd thdm mgt thuat ngfl mdi "ngfl phap eua
van ban" hay nhu chdng ta thudng ggi la "ngfl phdp van ban". Sau day la mdt
so li giai xung quanh van de nay.
He thd'ng ngfl phdp cua mdt bat ki ngdn ngfl nao cung dugc coi la mdt he
thd'ng khep, nhung khdng phai la khep tuydt ddi. Cac bd phan trong he thd'ng
ngfl phap bao gid cung cd su quy djnh ldn nhau, phu thudc va tac ddng ldn
nhau. Sir thay ddi mdt bd phan trong he thd'ng se keo theo su thay doi eua
nhflng bd phan khdc. Do dac diem dd, ngfl phap dugc quan nidm nhu la mgt
he thd'ng kJiep. Nhung ljch su cua ngfl phap bgc cho thdy d bat ki giai doan
phdt trien nao, he thd'ng ngfl phap vdn danh chd cho vide xuat hidn nhumg yd'u
td mdi, nhflng quy tdc mdi. Trong he thd'ng ngdn ngfl, trfl cap do am vj hge,
cdn lai tat cd cdc cap do khac ddu chfla trong nd nhflng dom vj mang dac trung
ngfl nghTa. Su tac ddng qua lai gifla mat ngfl nghTa va mat hinh thfle rat da
dang. Su phu thudc vao nhau gifla hai mat nay chinh la nguydn nhan lam cho
he thd'ng ngfl phap mang tinh chat md.
Cac nha nghidn cflu deu thfla nhan rdng: ngfl phdp cua mdt ngdn ngfl la
he thdng cac quy tdc ve vide to chfle ldi ndi, ve tinh dung ddn, chuan muc, ve
CO chd' cua qua trinh tao ldi va vd nhflng hidn tugng khac cua ngdn ngfl trong
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trang thai tTiih va ddng cua chdng. Ngfl phap la kd't qua cua su khai quat hoa,
trflu tugng boa nhflng quan sat vi boat ddng cua ngdn ngfl trong nhflng ITnh
vuc khdc nhau cua ddi sd'ng con ngudi. Nhd su quan sat dd, nhflng hidn tugng
sfl dung ngdn ngu tudng nhu "hdn ddn" se dugc quy ve nhflng md hinh, so dd,
quy tdc mang tinh chat td chfle. Con ngudi thdng qua vide phat hidn ra tinh td
chfle nay trong hd thd'ng ngfl phdp cua mgt ngdn ngfl cu thi ma ndm chdc
dugc each sfl dung va nhd dd vide giao tid'p se cd hidu qua. Nhflng md hinh,
so dd va quy tdc trong ngfl phdp la nhflng cai hflu han, nhung tfl nhflng cai
hflu ban nay, con ngudi cd the tao ra duge vd ban nhung cau ndi, ldi ndi trong
hidn thuc.
Tfl trudc dd'n nay, ve co ban, mgi ngudi vdn thudng hieu ngfl phap trong
phan cu phap la quy tdc td chfle va hanh chfle cua cau. Theo each hid'u nay,
chdng ta cd the suy rdng ra (trdn co sd chap nhan d nhflng mat nao dd cd su
ddng hinh gifla nghidn cflu cau vd nghidn cflu van ban) ngu phdp trong phdn
van ban la quy tdc td chfle va hanh chfle cua van ban. Cung nhu vide tao cau -
khdng phai su lap ghep bdt ki cac tfl ndo cung cho ta nhflng cau dung ngu
phap - vide tao van ban phai tuan theo nhflng quy tdc nhdt djnh. Tap hgp cac
cau ngdu nhidn se khdng cho ta van ban vdi dung nghTa cua nd. Vi vay, van
ban phdi xem nhu mdt the thd'ng nhat cd tinh td chfle chat che. Trong van ban
se khdng cd hidn tugng bdt phat, ngdu nhidn. Cd the cd nhflng yd'u to nao dd
ta tudng nhu "vd td chfle", song that ra cai "vd to chfle" dd lai ndm trong mdt
khudn kh6 chung, mdt td chfle chat che theo dung quy luat cua van ban. Di6u
quan trgng hidn nay cua cac nha nghidn cflu la phai chi ra dugc nhirng dac
did'm td chfle nay. Ngudi giao vidn chi cd the day cho hge sinh each xay dung
van ban khi van ban dugc xem la mdt su lidn kd't cau cd tinh td chuc, tinh quy
luat.
Cac tfl nam trong cau bao gid cung cd md'i quan he ngfl phap vdi nhau.
Khi xem xet cau, cac nha nghidn cflu da chi ra 3 md'i quan hd ngfl phap: chu
vi (6i thuyd't), chinh phu va dang lap. Tuong tu nhu vay, cac phat ngdn nam
trong van ban cung ludn ludn cd md'i quan he ngfl phap vdi nhau. Hidn nay d
phuomg didn nay chua cd cdng trinh nao di sa\i nghidn cflu, tuy vdy chung ta
vdn cd thi budc dau chi ra nhflng md'i quan he ngfl phap gifla cac phat ngdn
trong van ban. Nhflng md'i quan he cd mat trong cau cung chinh la nhflng md'i
quan hd cd mat trong van ban.
Vi du: Cdc chdu ngoan. Hge thudc bdi. Vdng ldi cha me. Ddng ddnh eon
chd nhd Mariuyt cda ede chdu.
(Thu chd Nguydn)
393

Ta tha'y, trong ban than phdt ngdn 1 da chda dung quan he dd thuyd't (ede
chdu: dd, ngoan: thuyd't), nhung trong md'i quan he vdi toan bg chudi eau,
chinh phdn 6i ciia phdt ngdn 1 dugc ndu ldn nhu la phdn de cua ca doan. Cae
phdt ngdn cdn lai trd thanh phdn thuyd't cua doan dd; cdn cac phat ngdn sau
cd mdi quan he ddng lap vdi nhau. Van de la gifla phat ngdn 1 vdi cac phat
ngdn sau cd md'i quan he ndo khdng? Cd the dd la quan he chinh phu. Nhu
vay giua phat ngdn 1 va cac phat ngdn khac song song tdn tai hai loai quan he
ngfl phap? Day la diem khac bidt gifla quan he gifla cac tfl trong cau vdi mdi
quan he gifla cac phat ngdn trong van ban. tfle la trong van ban cdn tdn tai
md'i quan he ngfl phap gifla cac phat ngdn. Ndi each khac, vide to chfle cae
phat ngdn trong van ban la cd tinh ngfl phap.
... Trdn co sd hieu lai khdi nidm "ngfl phap", chdng ta cd the coi "ngu
phap van ban" la su phat trien tu nhidn cua nganh "ngfl phap hge" dd'i vdi mot
dd'i tugng mdi la van ban:
"... Ngfl phdp van ban bid'u hidn mdt khai nidm rdng khdng cdn gid'ng vdi
ngfl phap quen dung d trudng hge vdi nghTa gidi ban vao nhflng quy tdc ve
cau trde tfl, cau trde cau" va "... dd cd ggi la ngfl phdp van ban hay khdng goi
the, thi cdng ndn thdy la su phan tich van ban d mat ngfl phap cdn duge hieu
rdng. Dd la su phan tich ma cudi cdng phai dat tdi ydu cdu hieu dugc'sdu va
danh gia dugc van ban vd hinh thfle cung nhu ve ndi dung" (Hoang Tud).
II. Tinh hoan chinh cua van ban:
Khi nghidn cflu van ban, cac nha ngdn ngu hge deu xac nhan: "Van ban
la mdt thdng bao hoan chinh nao dd", "... la mgt kd't cau, mdt chinh the cd to
chfle khep kin" hoac "Van ban nhu mdt doan trgn ven nao dd, nhu-mdt don vi
phan doan tdi da". Ddng thdi cac nha nghidn cflu cung phat hidn ra rdng lidn
kd't vfla mang y nghTa cua mdt qua trinh, vfla mang y nghTa la mdt kd't qua.
Mud'n cd van ban phai tid'n hanh lidn kd't, cdn kd't qua cua vide lidn lidn kd't lai
gdn lidn vdi tinh hoan chinh. Bdi vay chung ta cd the kd't luan: "Tinh hoan
chinh cua van ban, md'i lidn he qua lai gifla cac thanh td cua nd dugc ngdn
ngfl hge hidn dai ggi la tinh lidn kd't".
Sau day chdng ta se ldn lugt xem xet tinh hoan chinh cua van ban g ca hai
mat hinh thfle va ndi dung.
1. Tinh hoan chinh vd hinh thfle cua van ban
Hinh thfle d day dugc quan nidm la didn mao bdn ngoai, la nhflng dau
hidu cd the nhan thay rd rang bdng true quan.
394
Da'u hidu ddu tidn ve mat hinh thfle la "ddu de cua van ban". Ddu de bao
gid cung ndi ,ldn trdn be mat cua van ban. Day la ddu hidu tu nhidn, dd nhdn
bid't nha't d bdt ki van ban nao. Ddu de thudng dugc the hidn bdng mdt kieu
ehfl vdi dd dam nhat khac vdi kieu chfl trong phdn ndi dung cua van ban nhu:
vid't hoa (hoac in hoa), chfl to hom, dam net hon...
Ve vj tri, ddu de ndm d trdn cflng cua van ban, la ddu hidu md ddu mdt
van ban.
Ve dung lugng, ddu de thudng ngdn ggn.
Ve kd't cau ngu phap, dau de cd the la mdt tfl (Biin, Yiu, Say...), mdt ngfl
(Budc dudng cung, Nghe mua, Trdng hg tudn...), mdt cau (Thuy Kiiu bdo dn
bdo odn, Lue Vdn Tiin ddnh eifdp eifu Kiiu Nguyet Nga...).
Pho bid'n nhdt la cdc ddu de cd cdu tao la mdt ngfl, rat it khi gap ddu de la
mdt chudi cau.
Mdt so van ban ghi la Vd di, Khdng di... thi thuc ra dd chinh la cac ddu
de rdi. Khi cd tinh dat ddu dd cd ve "lech chuan" cua vide xay dung van ban
nhu thd' nay thudng la tdc gia cd mdt dung y nghd thuat nhat djnh.
Mdt so ban tin ngdn, didn tin thudng khdng cd ddu de chinh thfle, nhung
nd'u cdn chflng ta vdn cd the dd dang dat ddu de cho chung.
Tdm lai, cd the ndi rdng, ddu de la dau hidu ddu tidn the hidn tinh hoan
ehinh ve hinh thfle cua van ban.
Nd'u nhu dau hidu "md" cua tinh hoan chinh vd hinh thfle la ddu de thi
da'u hidu "khep" cua tinh hoan chinh ve hinh thfle chinh la "ldi kd't" cua van
ban. Dd la ddu ngdt cau cud'i cung thdng bao vdi ngudi dgc ve su kd't thfle,
ddng thdi cung la ve tinh hoan chinh cua van ban.
Khdng phai chi cd ddu de va ldi kd't mdi dugc coi la ddu hidu hinh thfle
eua van ban. D6 chi la nhflng dau hidu cd tinh chat be mat, bdn ngoai. Su
hoan chinh ve hinh thfle cdn dugc the hidn d ca nhflng dau hidu bdn trong cua
van ban. Dd la dau hidu xac nhan nhflng phdn nao dd la mdt bg phan cua
ehinh the van ban. Sau day la nhflng ddu hidu ay.
Nhd dua vao nhflng tfl ngfl nhat djnh nao dd cung mgt vai dau hidu khdc
eua phat ngdn, ta cd the nhdn ngay ra dugc vj tri cua phat ngdn dd trong ca
mdt chudi cau. Vi du: Gia djnh cd mdt ngudi nao dd bat ra-di-d va vfla nghe
dugc phat ngdn "... dudi day la nhung y kid'n cua chdng tdi ve van de dd" thi
ddt nhidn mat didn hoac mat sdng, tfle la ngudi nghe khdng the nghe tid'p
dugc nfla. Ngudi nghe hieu rdng khi bat ra-di-d ldn thi da cd mdt phdn van
395

ban trude phdt ngdn dd trdi qua, dau hidu la d ngfl "vdn de dd". Ddng thdi
ngudi nghe cung hieu rdng van ban chua kd't thuc nhd ngu "dudi day la".
Nbung ddu hidu dd cho thay, phdn ma ngudi nghe "tri giac" dugc chi la mdt
bd phan cua chinh the.
Mdt vi du khdc. Chdng ban chung ta cd nhumg cdu rdi dugc tach ra tfl mdt
van ban:
(1) Ong dang ndm nghi trdn giudng thi mdt tdn trgm len vao.
(2) Hdn nhe nhang rut ngan keo tu luc tim tien.
(3) Mdt ldn nha van Bandae di ngu qudn khdng ddng cfla.
(4) Bdng hdn nghe tid'ng chu nhan: "Anh ban oi, dflng hoai cdng tim tien
d cai chd ma ngay gifla ban ngay tdi dot dude cung chang bao gid vet ndi
mdtxu!".
Trong 4 cau nay, cau (1) va (3) chfla nhflng tfl ngfl chi dich danh dd'i
tugng trinh bay (Bandde, ten trgm), cau (2) va (4) chfla nhumg tfl thay the
(hdn, dng). Nhd cac dau hidu nay chung ta cd thi khang djnh cau (2) va (4)
phai di sau cau (1) va (3). Cdn gifla cau (1) va (3) ta lai hdy cau (1) chfla td
thd' (dng), cdn cau (3) khdng cd tfl thd'. Vay cau (3) phai di trudc cau (1). Va
cfl ldn lugt dua vao nhflng dau hidu ay, chung ta se dan dan phat hidn duge
cac vj tri khdc nhau cua cac cau rdi trdn khi chung ta tap hgp chung thanh mgt
van ban:
"Mdt ldn nha van Bandae di ngu qudn khdng ddng cfla. Ong dang ndm
nghi trdn giudng thi mdt tdn trdm len vao. Hdn nhe nhang rut ngan keo tu lue
tim tier Bdng bdn nghe tid'ng chu nhdn: - Anh ban oi, dflng hoai cdng tim
tien o cai chd ma ngay gifla ban ngay tdi dot dud'c cung chang bao gid vet noi
mdt xu!"
Vi du trdn cho chdng ta thdy trong van ban, cdc cau ndm trong mdt mang
ludi lidn kd't rdng ldn, chung xdc lap md'i quan he vdi nhflng cau d phai trudc
va phia sau theo mdt trat tu hinh thfle nhat djnh (trdt tu tuyd'n tinh). NghTa la
nd'u ta thay ddi trat tu hinh thfle ay thi nghTa cua van ban cung bj thay ddi; cdn
trong trudng hgp nghTa khdng thay ddi thi "each kid'n giai" vi ndi dung cua
tac gia se bj thay doi, vi du: "Gan ve sang, trdi do mua to, Quydn choang tinh
day. Nggn den trdn ban da tdt tfl luc nao. Tat ca chung quanh tdi mjt, lanh am.
Mua 66 sdm sap trdn mai nha".
(Nguydn Dinh Thi)
Gia sfl chdng ta thay ddi trat tu cac cau nhu sau: "Gdn ve sang, trdi do
mua to. Nggn den trdn ban da tdt tfl luc nao. Tat ca chung quanh tdi mit, lanh
am. Mua dd sam sap trdn mai nha. Quydn choang tinh day.".
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Su thay ddi nhu trdn cd thd' khdng anh hudng nhieu dd'n ndi dung, nhung
se lam thay doi each kid'n giai eua tac gia, cu the:
- Theo van ban gd'c thi "trdi mua to" la nguydn nhan, "Quydn choang
tinh day" la kd't qua vd khi ay Quydn nhan thdy "nggn den... da tdt..."
- Theo van ban da thay ddi thi cac sir vide dugc tudng thuat ngang nhau
va "n^gn den... da tdt..." khdng cdn la su vide ma Quydn nhan thay sau khi
tinh day nfla.
Cac da'u hidu hoan chinh ve hinh thfle cdn dugc thd' hidn d cac dai tfl,
quan he tfl, tfl chdm xen... bdi nd chi ra rat rd rang md'i quan he gifla cdc cau,
eac doan trong van ban. Vi du cau: "Nd phu hgp vdi ba hom" thi qua tfl "nd"
ta bid't trudc cau nay phai cd mdt cau khac: "Thudc bde, tuy hidu nghidm
cham, nhung khi da ngdm vdo trong tang phu ngudi ta thi nd chdc ldm. Nd
phu hgp vdi ba hom".
(Nguydn Cong Hoan)
Tuong tu nhu vay, khi dgc cau: "Va tdi, khdng chdn chd, lap tfle vd ngay
lay cay bua bfla cui gidu sau canh cfla" (Anh Dfle) thi nhd tfl "va", chung ta
bid't trudc cau nay it nhdt phai cd mdt cau khac cd quan he vdi nd.
Tdm Iai, tinh hoan chinh ve hinh thfle cua van ban dugc the hidn qua hang
loat cac da'u hidu cd the dd dang nhan bid't nhu: ddu de, ldi kd't, trat tu cau, cac
dai tfl, quan he tfl, tfl chdm xen... Tuy nhidn, cung cdn nhd rdng tinh hoan
ehinh hinh thfle nao cung gdn vdi mdt ndi dung tuong flng; do dd khdng ndn
tuydt dd'i hod tinh hoan chinh ve hinh thfle mdt each cue doan, may mdc.
2. Tinh hoan chinh vd ndi dung cua van ban:
Tinh hoan chinh ve mat ndi dung the hien d sir thdng nhat chu de cua toan
bd van ban. Chu de dugc quan nidm la hat nhan nghTa, la ndi dung cd dgng,
khai quat cua van ban. Nhu da ndi d phdn trdn, chu 6i chung cua van ban
hoan chinh khdng phai la phep cdng don gian cua cac chu dd bd phan (tieu
chu de). Dieu nay the hidn rd nhat trong cac tac phdm thudc phong each nghd
thuat.
Trong van ban, cau khdng mang chu de bd phan. Cac cau, trong md'i quan
he ldn nhau,- cung hudng vao muc dich the hidn chu de chung. Cau chi chfla
dung chu de ridng (tieu chu de) khi tu nd dam nhidm chfle nang cua mgt don
vj ldn hom, dd la doan van. Vi thd', cd the ndi rdng, trong van ban chu de nhd
nha't la chu de chfla trong doan van va doan van la dom vi cud'i cung mang chu
de nhd. Cac cau trong" doan van vfla lam nhidm vu the hidn ndi dung cua ban
than minh, vfla lam nhiem vu the hidn ndi dung chung cua cd doan, gdp phdn
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the hidn ndi dung ebung cua toan van ban. Vide tach bidt tflng cau trong van
ban ra de xem xet thudng khdng cho chung ta thdy dugc mdt each day du,
chinh xac ve chu de ma nd cdn gdp phdn bgc Id.
Vi du: "Nho chat thanh ddng ldn nhu ddi trdn cac qudy hang, qua trdn
hoac bau due, xanh lo hoac tim mgng. Luu phd mau dd chdi. Dao vang mudn
muot long to. Nbung qua tao bang nfla ndm tay, mau xanh non mom mdn."
(Bui Hien)
Nd'u xem xet nidt each bidt lap tflng cau trong vi du trdn, chung ta chi
tha'y dd la nhflng cau midu ta thdng thudng, cd mau sac, hinh dang, dudng
net. Chu de chung cua toan bg chudi cau bj che lap. Nhung nd'u ta xem xet
chdng gdn lien vdi toan chinh the, nghTa la xet trong mdi quan he ldn nhau thi
day khdng phai su midu td tflng loai qua mdt each don thuan mang tinh khdc
hoa dac tinb, phdm chat mgt each thudn tuy. Day la su midu ta the hidn ehu
6i. Nhflng mau sdc phong phu hap ddn, nhflng hinh dang da dang... cua cae
loai qua la phuomg tidn de bde Id nhflng tinh cam td't lanh, ndng thdm cua tae
gia dd'i vdi cdnh chg, dd'i vdi ngudi dan vflng Tasken. Chi ndm trong md'i quan
he vdi cac cau khac, trong su hoan chinh ndi dung cua van ban, cac cau mdi
bde Id hd't gia trj cua minh trong vide the hidn chu de chung.
Su hoan chinh ve ndi dung dugc the hidn rd trong y nghTa ma ddu de van
ban chi ra, dac bidt la loai ddu de ndu luan diem hoac ndu chu de chung cua
toan van ban. O mdi loai hinh van ban khac nhau cd nhflng dac diem khac
nhau trong vide the hidn ndi dung. O van ban khoa hge, ddu dd thudng phan
anh ndi dung co ban, thd' hidn luan diem. Bdi vay chi cdn dgc ddu de chung ta
cdng c6 the xac djnh ngay dugc ndi dung chung cua toan van ban dd. Vi du
nhu cac dau 6e kidu: Duih ludt Ac-si-mit, Di truyin vd bii'n di... O day, dau
dd da ddn ngudi dgc dd'n thang vdi ngi dung trinh bay. Nhung d van ban nghe
thuat thi khdng hoan toan nhu vay. Cung cd mdt so nhflng ddu de tudng minh
nhu: Dodn thuyin ddnh ed, Lue Vdn Tien ddnh cifdp cifu Kiiu Nguyet Nga...,
nhung da so la cac dau dd ham an mang tinh dn du, tugng trung nhu: Tat den,
Budc dudng eiing, Ghet chudt... Nhflng ddu de ham dn ddi hdi chung ta phai
suy nghT, lidn tudng... mdi cd the hieu dugc y nghTa cua chung.
Khdng phai ngdu nhidn ma nhieu ngudi cho rdng ddu dd van ban phai
dugc rdt ra tfl ndi dung cua van ban. Ddu de la ndi dung cd dgng, ham sdc,
phan anh trung thanh ndi dung van bdn. Cd khi ddu de phdn anh cac dd'i tugng
dugc trinh bay, cd khi phan anh quan nidrn, each nhin cua tdc gia dd'i vdi dd'i
tugng trinh bay, cd khi iai la su kd't hgp cua rat nhieu nhan to...; nhung du
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trong bat ki trudng hgp nao, tdt ca cac ddu de deu phai dugc rut ra, dugc khai
quat tfl chinh ndi dung van ban.
Nhu vay, su hoan chinh ve mat ndi dung van ban cd lidn quan chat che
vdi ddu de van ban.
Vd phia ngudi tao van ban, ddu de tu nd da xac djnh ndi dung, pham vi, y
nghTa... cua van ban. Ngudi vid't cd gdng thdng bao cho ngudi dgc nhflng dieu
can thid't nhat, ddy du nhat de hieu dau de. Khi ngudi vid't thay nhflng dieu
minh cdn thdng tin da day du thi van ban dd coi nhu hoan chinh, dd dung
lugng cua van van ban dd ldn hay nhd (dai hay ngdn). Vdi y nghTa nay, van
ban mang tinb chat "khep" dd'i vdi ngudi tao van ban.
Ve phia ngudi tid'p nhan van ban, ddu de khdng chi djnh hudng cho vide
hieu ndi dung, ma cdn gidp cho vide "kiem tra" ndi dung da dugc trinh bay
trong van ban. Trong qua trinh theo ddi van ban, ngudi dgc se tid'p nhan cdc
thdng tin cua van ban trdn co sd dd'i chid'u vdi ddu de cua van ban. Dua vao
dau de, ngudi dgc xem xet gidi han ndi dung dugc trinh bay (vdi ddu de tudng
minh) hoac huy ddng nhflrng tri thfle va vd'n sd'ng cdn thid't de giai ma van ban
(vdi ddu de ham dn). Khi tat cd nhung thdng tin cua van ban phd hgp vdi ddu
dd, tap trung lam sang td dugc ddu de thi dd'i vdi ngudi dgc, van ban dy dugc
coi la hoan chinh.
Cdn luu y rang, tinh hoan chinb ve ndi dung cua van ban cung cd y nghTa
tuong dd'i, bdi sau khi van ban dugc cdng bd, ngudi vid't vdn cd the bd sung
nd'u cd djp tai ban; cdn ngudi nhan thi cd the thdm, bdt theo y minh (tao thanh
mdt bid'n the van ban so vdi van ban gd'c). Dac bidt la cac van ban nghd thuat,
do tinh chat "md" cua loai van ban nay ma chdng ta cd the cd vd so cac "dj
ban" trong long ngudi dgc.
Mdt van de nfla la lieu cac phdn trich ddn tfl cac van ban hoan chinh dugc
dua vao sach giao khoa trong nha trudng phd thdng cd sir hoan chinh vd mat
ndi dung hay khdng? Cd the coi phan trich ddn vdn cd su hoan chinh, nd'u xet
tfl gdc dd tid'p nhan cua ngudi bidn soan sach. Phdn trich dugc lay ra tfl van
ban hoan chinh, cd the dugc tac gid bidn soan sach giao khoa dat cho mdt ddu
de mdi phu hgp vdi phdn trich (hoac gifl nguydn dau dd cua van ban gd'c). Su
hoan chinh d day dugc xem xet trong md'i quan he giua dau de vdi phdn ndi
dung dugc trich. Khi hai phdn nay phd hgp vdi nhau thi phdn ndi dung trich
dugc coi la hoan chinh. Tat nhidn, tinh hoan chinh d day dugc xem xet tfl gdc
do cua ngudi bidn soan sach; cdn dd'i vdi tac gia, dd chi la mgt phan cua van
ban cd quan he chat che vdi ede phdn khac trong nguyen tac. Do dd giao vidn
phai luu y khi phan tich cdc "van ban" trich tfl tac pham, mgt mat vfla thdy
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dugc tinh ddc lap tuong ddi cua "van ban" dung de day bgc, mat khdc phai dat
nd trong md'i quan be vdi cdc phan cdn lai cua tac pham.
Cung vdi su thd'ng nhat ve chu dd, su kd' thfla thdng bao gifla cac cau
trong van ban cung gdp phdn the hidn .tinh hoan chinh ve ndi dung cua van
ban. Mdi cau deu phdi dua vao nhflng didu da duoc trinh bay d cdu trudc do
dd' tid'p ndi va phdt trien thdng tin, ddng thdi chinh nd lai la tien 6i thdng tin
cho nhflng cau sau. Cfl nhu vay cho dd'n khi ke't thuc van ban.
Vi du: "Tan chg, tflng top trai gai da chd san tfl lau ru nhau hat quan hg.
Cac leu hang trong chg hdm dd bdng dd den ldn va xuat hidn trong hang quan
cac ba cu ban hang trau nudc, thudc, chudi, keo... Cac cu mdi lien anh, liin
chi vao xoi trdu. Thd' la budi hat quan hg chg O bat ddu." (Thu Linh - Dang
Van Lung)
Trong vi du trdn, mdi cau deu chfla mgt phdn thdng tin cd tfl cdu trudc va
phat trien dd'n cau kd't: tan chg - trong chg... xuat hidn cac ba cu - cac eu mdi
- buoi hat quan hg...
Thdng thudng, ve mat ndi dung, van ban phai dugc xay dung trdn co sd
cua nhflng cdi da bid't (tin cu) dd' tid'p tuc thdng bao nhflng cai chua bid't (tin
mdi), day chinh la qua trinh kd' thfla thdng bao trong ndi bd vdn ban didn ra
mdt each tu nhidn (trfl nhflng chudi cau hdn ddn phi van ban) de gdp phdn tao
ndn tinh hoan chinh ve ndi dung cho van ban.
i n . Phan loai van ban
1. Can cfl vao dung lugng (do dai) cua van ban, chung ta cd:
a) Van ban cue tieu: mdt tfl hoac mdt cau (loai nay khdng diin hinh eho
van ban)
b) Van ban cue dai:
- Vd li thuyd't, van ban cd do dai vd han.
- Trong thuc te, van ban cd gidi han vat chat cd the djnh lugng va midu ta
dugc: mdt cudn sach, mdt bd sach nhieu tap...
2. can cfl vao phong each van ban, chdng ta cd:
a) Van ban khoa hge
b) Van ban chinh luan
c) Van ban hanh chinh - cdng vu
d) Van ban nghd thuat
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3. Can cfl vao phuomg thfle xay dung van ban, chung ta cd:
a) Van ban tu su
b) Van ban midu ta
c) Van ban nghj luan
d) Van ban bieu cdm
e) Van ban thuyd't minh
4. Can cfl vao loai hinh van ban, chdng ta cd:
4.1. Phdn loai dua vao quan he gifla cac thanh vidn tham du giao tid'p:
Day la hudng tid'p can loai hinh bgc van ban dua trdn co sd cua "li thuyd't
vai". Vai d day dugc hieu la quan he gifla cdc thdnh vidn tham du giao tid'p
(thu / phat) nhu:
- C d quan hd rudt thjt hay khdng?
- Cd triiih do bgc van tuong ddng hay khdng?
- Cd dja vj xa hdi binh dang hay khdng?
- Thai do dd'i vdi ndi dung dugc trinh bay trong van ban nhu thd' nao?
- Ndi dung van ban mang tinh ca nhan hay cdng ddng?
Cd the ndi, md'i quan he gifla cac nhan vat giao tid'p la phong phd, da dang
va phflc tap. Do dd, vide bao quat hd't cac md'i quan he nay va dua vao dd dd'
phat hidn ra nhflng loai hinh van ban khac nhau vd'n khdng phai vide don gian,
dd dang.
Tuy nhidn, di theo hudng nay, chung ta cung cd the budc ddu phat hidn ra
nhflng dang thfle co ban cua van ban theo cac nhdm khac nhau nhu sau:
Nhdm (1): Day la nhdm cua cac van ban mang "ndi dung gdn lien vdi co
sd phap li" va cac dieu dugc trinh bay trong van ban phai cd hidu luc thuc td'.
Nhdm nay cd the chia thanh hai loai nhd:
a) Cac nhan vat giao tid'p cd quan he binh dang trong vide soan thdo ndi
dung van ban. Vi du: hgp ddng, ban thda thuan, ban ghi nhd...
b) Cac nhan vat giao tid'p khdng binh dang ve cd quan he xa hgi va ca
trong vide soan thao ndi dung van ban. Ngudi phat cd cuong vj cao hom ngudi
nhan. Ngudi nhan cd trach nhidm thi hanh. Vi du: phap ldnh, sdc ldnh, ldnh,
quyd't djnh...
Nhdm (2): Day la nhdm cua cac loai van ban "mang tinh chat chi ddn,
hudng ddn". Ngudi phdt khdng cd quan he true tid'p vdi ngudi nhan. Ngudi
26- TKBGNGO VAN 10/1 (NC)-A 401

nhan cd quyen lira chgn nhflng ndi dung phu hgp trong van ban dd thuc hien.
Nhdm nay cd the chia thanh ba loai:
a) Ngudi phdt va ngudi nhan thudng khdng cd quan he xa hgi binh dang.
Ngudi nhan cd the chap nhan hoac bac bd ndi dung van ban. Ngudi phat bj
phu thugc vao ngudi nhan, vi vay vide trinh bay ndi dung phai cd li cd tinh va
cd sue thuyd't phuc. Vi du: don tfl, ldi bao chfla, tudng trinh, kid'n nghj...
b) Ngirdi phdt va ngudi nhan thudng cd quan he xa hdi binh dang. Ngudi
nhan cd nhu cdu tim hieu, tid'p nhan thdng tin trong van ban. Vi du: thdng
bao, quang cao, co ddng, tuydn truyen...
c) Ngudi phat va ngirdi nhan khdng cd quan he true tid'p vdi nhau. Trinh
do cua ngirdi phat thudng cao hon ngudi nhan. Ngudi nhan cd the tid'p nhan
van ban mdt each bdt budc hoac tu giac. Vi du: giao trinh, sach giao khoa, tai
lieu tham khdo...
Nhdm (3): Nhdm nay gdm nhumg van ban mang tinh "gdp nhat" tap hgp
nhung so lieu, nhflng su vide cd tac dung bd trg thdng tin. Nhdm nay dugc
chia thanh hai loai:
.a) Ngudi phat va ngudi nhan khdng cd quan he ca nhan. Cac van ban
khdng mang tinh chat danh gia ca nhan, ma chi gdm nhflng con so, nhflng sir
vide can ghi nhd. Vi du: danh ba didn thoai, ljch tdi; mdu sd cdng tac cd ghi
cac thdng tin ve ngay Id, cac tuyen dudng sdt, dudng bd...
b) Ngudi phat thudng ddng thdi la ngudi nhan. Van ban gdm nhflng ghi
chep ea nhan khdng nham dich gfli cu thd'. Vi du: nhat ki, ghi chep ca nhan,
ban nhdp...
Nhdm (4): Day la nhdm cua nhflng van ban cd ndi dung thdng bao
"khdng mang tinh chdt chinh thdc xa hdi". Ndi dung van ban trang trgng hay
than mat la phu thudc vao quan he gifla ngudi phat vdi ngudi nhan. Nhdm nay
cung cd the chia thanh hai loai:
a) Nhflng van ban mang tinh giao tid'p ca nhan. Vi du: thu tfl, buu thid'p,
danh thid'p...
b) Nhung van ban mang tinh giao tid'p xa hdi (tap thd' vdi tap the, tap the
vdi ca nhan va ngugc lai). Vi du: thu trao ddi cdng tdc.
Nhdm (5): Nhdm nay bao gdm nhflng van ban "cd tinh chat giao tid'p
cdng cdng rdng rai, phan anh nhflng mat, nhung ITnh vuc khdc nhau trong ddi
sd'ng xa hdi". Ngudi phdt cd y thuc hudng tdi ngudi nhan nhdm giup ngudi
nhan thda man nhflng nhu cdu vd thdng tin, tri tud, tham mT... Nhdm nay cung
cd the chia thanh hai loai:
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^"*- 2 6 - T K B G N G O V A N I O / I (NC)-B

a) Loai cac van ban ydu cdu cd do chinh xac ve ndi dung. Vi du: bao cao
khoa hge, sach chuydn khao, ban tin...
b) Loai cac van ban ddi hdi tu duy hinh tugng phong phu, sinh dgng, tinh
td... Vi du: tat ca cac tac phdm van hge
4.2. Phan loai dua vao nhflng thd' dd'i lap khac nhau tdn tai trong van ban:
Day la hirdng tid'p can do nha ngdn ngfl bgc K. Hausenblec de xuat. Ong
ndu ldn mdt so thd' dd'i lap chu yd'u sau:
- Tinh chat don gian / phflc tap cua cau true
- Tinh chat tu do / phu thudc cua ndi dung van ban
- Tinh cha't lidn tuc / gian doan cua vide td chfle van ban
Nd'u hudng tid'p can theo "li thuye't vai" mdi chi chu y tdi ddu hidu bdn
ngoai cua van ban thi hudng tid'p can nay chu y tdi dau hidu bdn trong cua van
ban. Day la hudng tid'p can da thu dugc nhidu kd't qua kha quan. K.
Hausenblec da chia van ban thdnh cdc loai nhu sau:
4.2.1. Cac van ban cd cdu true phflc tap hoac don gian:
Trong thuc te, khdng phai van ban nao cung thudn nhat ve cau true, do dd
su phflc tap ve cau true cung la vide binh thudng. Ndi each khac, cdu true cua
van ban phu thudc vao tflng van ban cu thd' va tflng y dd xay dung van ban cu
thi. Tinh phflc tap ve cau true the hidn d chd, trong van ban cd the cd mdt cdu
true chinh va mdt hoac nhieu cau true phu. Vi du:
a) Van ban don nghTa ve ndi dung: Trudng hgp nay, ndi dung cua van ban
duge hieu theo nghTa true tid'p, nghTa hien ngdn. Dd la cdc van ban khoa hge,
hanh chinh, cdng vu, tin tfle...
b) Van ban da nghTa ve ndi dung: Cdc van ban cd ca nghTa hien ngdn va
nghTa ham ngdn, trong dd nghTa ham ngdn chinh la ndi dung ma ngudi phat
mud'n gfli tdi ngudi nhan. Mdi ngudi nhan se cd each hieu rat khac nhau ve
nghTa ham ngdn cua van ban. Tat'ea cac van ban nghd thuat thugc loai nay.
c) Van ban bdt ddu cd su phflc tap hoa vl cdu true the hidn ra bang nhflng
ldi ddn true tid'p nhung khdng cd da'u hidu tach bidt (khdng dung ddu ngoac
kep hoac tach thanh mdt doan trich ridng bidt). Cd sir nhap nhdng, khd phan
djnh gifla ldi cua tac gia vdi ldi ddn cua ngudi khac (y cua ngudi khac dugc
didn dat bdng ldi van cua tac gia). Ngi dung khdng cdn thudn nhd't nhu a, b.
Thudng gap trong cac tdc phdm van bgc.
d) Van ban cd trich ddn ldi ngudi khdc nhung dugc danh ddu bdng ddu
ngoac kep, ngoac don hoac tach thanh doan ridng bidt. Nhu vay, bdn canh cau
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true khung, van ban da long thdm mdt ca'u true phu (phan trfch ddn). Van ban
da cd su phuc tap boa ve cdu true. Cd the gap d cac loai van ban nghd thudt,
khoa bgc, chinb luan...
e) van ban hdi thoai dugc coi la loai van ban cd cdu true phflc tap. Cd thi
66 la van ban song thoai (hai ngudi), tam thoai (ba ngudi), da thoai (nhiiu
ngudi) vdi nhflng ldi thoai dugc luan chuyen, dan xen nhau. Mdi ldi thoai lam
thanh mgt cdu true ridng, vi thd' cang nhidu ldi thoai dan xen nhau, cdu true
cua van ban cang trd ndn phflc tap.
g) Van ban cd chfla dung nhieu de muc nhd ma mdi 6i muc dd cd the lap
thanh mdt cau trong mdt van ban rut ggn. Van ban nay cd the dugc tie'p nhan
(dgc) theo hai each: dgc ddy du hoac chi dgc cac de muc. Vi du: sach giao
khoa, sach chuydn luan, chuyen khao...
h) Van ban cd chfla nhflng ldi chfl thich, nhung phu luc, nhflng chi ddn sfl
dung... Md'i quan he giu;a van ban chinh vdi nhflng phdn phu la mdi quan he
gifla cdu true chfnh va ca'u true phu, gifla nghTa hien ngdn va nghTa ham
ngdn... Vi du: nhu cac van ban d muc g.
i) Van ban dugc quan nidm nhu la "mdt su dan cheo cua nhieu loai cdu
true khdc nhau". Dd la trudng hgp van ban mat ma: mdt mat td chfle theo cdu
true cua mat ma,- mdt mat dugc giai ma de hieu theo cau true thdng thudng;
hoac trd choi xd'p chfl.
4.2.2. Van ban tu do va phu thudc:
Gdm cac loai van ban dugc xay durig dua vao su dd'i lap la cd phu thudc,
cd gdn chat vdi tinh hud'ng giao tid'p hay khdng? Nhu vay se cd ba loai van
ban: ddc lap / tuong dd'i ddc lap /phu thudc. Tuy nhidn, su phan chia nay ehi
mang tinh chat tuong dd'i.
a) van ban ddc lap vdi tinh hud'ng giao tid'p: Dd la nhflng van ban khdng
cdn su hd trg cua cac yd'u td phi ngdn ngfl nhu net mat, didu bg, cfl chi... Vi
du: cac van ban vid't, van ban dgc trdn phat thanh, truyen hinh...
b) van ban tuong dd'i ddc lap vdi tinh hud'ng: Dd la nhung van ban cdn
phai kem theo nhflng ldi,giang giai mdi cd the hieu dugc. Vf du: cac bflc ve,
so dd, bid'u dd...
c) Van ban gdn chat vdi tinh hud'ng: Dd la cac van ban khi tach khdi tinh
hud'ng giao tid'p se trd ndn mo hd khd hieu, tham chi la vd nghTa. Khi thue
hidn giao tid'p, cac van ban nay thudng bj tinh luge cdc thanh phdn cau, cac tfl
ngfl lidn kd't... Vf du: dd'i thoai true tid'p (khdu ngfl), ndi chuydn qua didn
thoai,...
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4.2.3. Van ban gian doan va lidn tuc:

Tfnh hinh tuyd'n la mdt trong nhflng dac diem noi bat cua van ban, nhd
dac diem nay ma van ban cd tinh lidn tuc. Tuy nhidn, trong thuc td' cung c6
nhflng van ban khdng lidn tuc, vi thd' nd tao ndn su dd'i lap lidn tuc / khdng
lidn tuc. Sau day la mdt sd kiiu:
a) Van ban gian doan bdi nhflng ldi binh hoac nhflng ldi nhan xet ca
nhan. Vi du: van ban (midng) tudng thuat bdng da, didu hanh. Id hdi,...
b) van ban gian doan bdi cac de muc. Vi du: sach tfl dien.
c) Van ban gian doan bdi cac d trdng, khoang trdng chua dugc lap ddy
thdng tin. Vf du: cac mdu td khai.
d) Van ban gian doan bdi cdc.chuong, muc. Vf du: cac van ban lidn tuc
nhung bj ngdt tam thdi nhu sach giao khoa, chuydn luan, chuydn khao...
4.3. Phan loai dua vao chfle nang cua ngdn ngfl:
Day 4a hudng phan loai van ban da dugc dd xuat tfl lau, nhung do quan
nidm ve cac chfle nang ngdn ngfl khdc nhau ndn su phan loai cung cd khac
nhau. Theo K. Buhler thi ngdn ngfl cd ba chfle nang:
- Chfle nang biiu cam
- Chfle nang dai didn
- Chfle nang nhdc ggi
Ba chfle nang nay dugc thuc hidn ridng re d ba hdng the trong giao tid'p la:
- Ngudi phat
- Khach thi (hay su kidn)
- Ngudi nhan
Ndi each khac, ba chfle nang cua ngdn ngfl bdt ngudn tfl ba hdng the nay.
Xet mdt each chung nhat thi cd ba chfle nang nay dugc thuc hidn ddng thdi
trong giao tid'p va cd su pha trdn gifla cac chfle nang mgt each rd rang. Tuy
vay, dl tidn cho vide xem xet, ta vdn cd thi tach ridng ba chfle nang va tuomg
flng vdi tflng chfle nang ay la nhflng van ban cd uu thd' hom ca trong vide thuc
hidn chfle nang nay. Vi vay ta cd:
- Cac van ban cd chfle nang uu thd' la biiu cam
- Cac van ban cd chfle nang uu thd' la dai didn
- Cac van ban cd chfle hang uu thd' la nhdc ggi
Loai van ban thfl nhdt cd thi gdm: tho ca, truydn ngdn, truydn dai,
nhat ki,...
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Loai thfl hai la cdc van ban: khoa bgc, chuyen luan, thdng tin,...
Loai thu ba la cac van ban: qudng cao, ldnh,...
R. Jakobson lai cho rdng ngdn ngfl cd sdu chfle nang: quy chid'u, xuc cam,
thi bgc, nhan bid't, tid'p xdc, sidu ngdn ngfl. Cd thi thdy su tuong ddng gifla hd
thd'ng thuat ngfl cda R. Jakobson vdi thuat ngfl cua K. Buhler nhu sau:
- Chfle nang quy chid'u = chfle nang dai didn
- Chfle nang xuc cam = chfle nang biiu cam
- Chfle nang nhan bid't = chfle nang nhdc ggi
Dua vao sau chfle nang ngdn ngu cua R. Jakobson, chung ta se cd cac loai
van ban sau:
- Cac van ban cd uu the la quy chid'u
- Cac van ban cd uu thd' la xuc cam
- Cac van ban cd uu thd' la nhan bid't
- Cac van ban sidu ngdn ngfl: cac cudn sach ngfl phap trong nha trudng
- Cac van baned uu the' la su tid'p xuc: hdi thoai tu do
- Cac van ban cd uu the' la thi hge: li gidi vide "phan anh nhu the' nao?" ,
"thi hidn nhu the nao?" (cd the hilu la cac van ban nghidn cflu phd binh nghd
thuat); ta't nhidn cd dd cap dd'n vide "phan dnh cdi gi?").
4.4. Phan loai van ban dua vao thd' dd'i lap thuc / gia khi quy chid'u ndi
dung van ban vdi hidn thuc:
Day la mdt hudng phan loai phan van ban, nhung trong thuc td' khd thuc
hidn, bdi:
- Thfl nha't, khdng phdi van ban nao cung cho ta nhflng ddu hidu ddy du,
dang tin cay dl dd dang quy nd ve loai nay hay loai kia. Cd nhflng ddu hidu
tudng la gia nhung lai la thuc va ngugc lai.
- Thfl hai, cd nhflng ddu hidu trong ndi dung, ngudi dgc (hoac ngudi
nghe) khdng thi bid't dugc dd la thuc hay gia. Chang ban van ban midu ta
hoac tudng thuat canh bdu trdi, mat trang, canh budc ra khdi con tau vu tru...
thi khd ma xd'p vao loai van ban thuc hay gia dugc. Hay nhflng ldi quang cao,
gidi thidu san phdm... cung tuong tu nhu vay.
4.5. Kd't luan chung: .
Chung tdi da gidi thidu so luge bd'n trong nhidu hudng tie'p can loai hinh
hge van ban dl chdng ta cd mdt cai nhin tdng quat vd cdng vide cd phdn mdi
me nay. Day la mdt cdng vide cdn thid't nhung rat phflc tap. Mdi hudng tid'p
406
can deu cd nhflng ddng gdp nhat djnh, ddng thdi cung khd tranh khdi nhflng
ban chd' khid'n gidi nghidn cflu ngdn ngfl bgc van ban cdn ban khoan, nghi
ngai. Ndi chung, vide nghidn cflu loai hinh cdc van ban can dugc ddu tu thdi
gian va cdng sflc nhieu hon nfla mdi cd thi cd dugc nhflng kd't ludn cd gia trj
vl mat If luan va cd hidu qua ve mat thuc tidn.
(Luge ddn theo Nguyin Quang Ninh - Hoang Dan,
Tii'ng Viet, phdn NgQ phap van ban, NXB Giao due. Ha Noi, 1994)
3. Ptiong cacti ngon ngCrsinti tioqt tiang ngdy

I. Khai quat ve phong each sinh boat hang ngay
1. Djnh nghTa: Phong each sinh boat hdng ngay (SHHN) la khudn mdu
thich hgp dl xay dung ldp phdt ngdn (van ban) trong dd thi hidn "vai" cua
ngUdi tham gia giao tid'p trong sinh boat hdng ngay. Ndi cu thi hon, dd ia
"vai" cua ngudi dng, ngudi ba, cua bd, me, con, chau, anh, em... NghTa la tdt
ea nhflng ai vdi tu each ca nhan tham gia vao vide trao ddi tu tudng, tinh cam
cua minh vdi ngudi khdc.
Phong each SHHN dugc chia ra hai bid'n thi: SHHN tu nhidn (thdng tuc)
va SHHN van hod (thdng dung). Phuc vu su trao doi than mat gifla cac ca
nhan, phong each SHHN mang tinh chat tu nhidn, thoai mai va do dd nd trd
ndn sinh ddng, gdn gui. Do thdi quen, do tinh chdt cua md'i quan hd vai "bdng
nhau" gifla hai ngudi dd'i thoai, trong nhflng hoan canh "khdng theo nghi
thfle", do tam trang ldc giao tid'p, hg cd thi dflng ca nhflng tfl ngfl thd Id, tuc
tdn. Cdn phong each SHHN van boa, nhu tdn ggi cua nd cho thay, dugc hinh
thanh do ydu cdu cua mdt xa hdi cd trinh do van boa cao. Su trao ddi tuy didn
ra gifla cdc ca nhan vdi nhau nhung thudng vdn cd su hidn didn cua nhflng
ngudi xung quanh, vdn dugc dung trong hoan canh "theo nghi thfle", trong
tinh thd' vai "bdng nhau" hoac "khdng bdng nhau" cua cac nhan vat giao tid'p,
vdn tuan theo nhung quy tdc xa giao, flng xfl tdi thilu. Phong each SHHN van
hod dua chu yd'u trdn kiiu ngdn ngfl "vid't" khdng nghd thuat, nhung cung cd
thi bao gdm ca nhung cau true cua cac kieu vid't va ndi nghd thuat. Phong
each SHHN tu nhidn dua chu yd'u trdn kiiu ngdn ngfl "ndi" khdng nghd thuat,
nhung cung cd the bao gdm ca nhflng cdu true cua kiiu ndi - nghd thuat.
2. Dang cua ldi ndi trong phong each SHHN
Ngdn ngfl dugc su dung trong phong each SHHN tdn tai d ca hai dang ndi
va vid't, ma dang ndi la chu yd'u. Tdn tai dudi dang ndi la nhflng ldi trd
chuydn, tam su, tham hdi, trao doi, nhan xet, danh gid, phan tfch, trid't If... Tdn
407
tai dudi dang vid't la nhflng ddng thu ngdn bdo tin, chao bdi, nbung luu nidm
tam tinh, nhflng doan nhat ki...
3. Mdt so vi du
a) cau chuydn tam su gifla ddi ban than:
" - Cdi Nhim xinh lam mdy g. Bd nd khdng cho nd di dgi thuy lgi ddu.
-Tgi sao thi nhi?
-Biit ddu ddy. Con chim dep ngUdi ta mudn nhdt trong long thi sao? "
Doan dd'i thoai trdn day thudc phong each SHHN tu nhidn. Dac diem
ngdn ngfl: giau mau sdc biiu cam - cam xuc.
Dung tiiu tfl "a" biiu thj thai do ngudi ndi la thdn mat. Dung dai tfl chi
djnh "day" lam tiiu tfl tinh thai trong cau nghi van - phu djnh: "Bid't dau ddy"
(nha'n manh su phu djnh). Dung tiiu tfl "nhi" dl tao dang cho cau nghi van:
"Tai sao thd' nhi?" (bay td su than mat). Dung tiiu tfl "dau" biiu thj thai do
ngudi ndi: "Bd nd khdng cho nd di ddi thuy lgi dau" (bay td su phan trdn, giai
thfch). Dung dan)i tfl chi loai "cai": "Cai Nhfm" (chi ngudi con gai mdt each
than mat, gdn gfli). Dung dn du tu tfl trong cau nghi van - khang djnh: "Con
chim dep ngudi ta mud'n nhd't trong long thi sao?" (bay td y chdm bid'm, hai
budc).
b) Vai tin ngdn trong thu cua con gai'gfli cho bd:
"Bdkinh yiu.
Thi Id sdu ndm dd trdi qua, eon gdi Thdm eda bd sdp thdnh bde si rdi.
Con dinh xin vi tinh Ldo Cai, noi bd dd cdng tdc, noi que huong thu hai cda
eon. Noi cd ddng bdo eda eon.
Bd oi, mua he ndm nay se Id mda he cudi cung trong cugc ddi sinh vien
eda eon. Con se sdng nhifng ngdy he rUe rd, vui ve vdi bd vd cdc chu. Con se
di hdi mdc mat, hdi ndm, ldy edi, nd'u dn cho bd. Me con vii't thu bdo con mua
cho me edi khdn len mdu hoa ddo. Khdn len ddt ldm. Nhifng mifdi hai ddng.
Hay Id bd mua eho me eon nhe ".
Bflc thu ngdn trdn day thugc phong each SHHN van boa. Dac diim ngdn
ngfl: trong sang, tu nhidn, sinh ddng.
Dung each ggi "bd kinh ydu", "bd oi" (biiu Id su than thid't). Dung tfl dja
phuomg mien nui de ggi me: "me" (biiu Id su thdn thuong). Lap tfl vung "con"
10 ldn, tfl "bd" 7 ldn va tfl "me" 3 ldn (biiu Id sir tha thid't, ydu thuong). Cach
xung hd "con gai Thdm cua bd" (biiu Id su dugc ydu chidu). Cach dung djnh
ngfl "nhflng ngay he rue rd, vui ve, mua he cud'i cdng trong ddi sinh vidn cua
408
eon" (biiu Id sir trong sang, bay bong cua tam hdn). Vj ngfl dang lap "di, hai,
la'y, na'u", ddng vj ngfl "noi bd da cdng tac, noi qud huong thfl hai cua con, noi
ed ddng bao cua con" la nhflng net ngdn ngfl sach vd giup biiu hidn nhflng
tinh cam say sua, nhflng cam xdc dat dao. Cdn each dat cau, each ngdt, cdu
theo ddng suy nghT tu nhidn cua ldi ndi, each dung tiiu tfl "nhe" dl tao dang
eho cdu nghi van - khang djnh (//ay Id bd mua eho me con nhe) la nhflng net
ngdn ngu hdi thoai dem dd'n cho bflc thu tfnh chat tu nhidn, sinh ddng.
c) Bflc thu cua mdt anh nudi da ra quan gui cho dai ddi:
"Thdn gdi cdc ddng chi.
Nhd cdc ddng ehi qud md't thdi. Chac do rdy, C ta hge tap, cdng tdc hdng
hdi ldm nhi? Vi phdn tdi cung phdn khdi ldm. Bu chdu vda dit vda ldm rudng
vd mdi duoc bdu Id cd nhdn tich cue trong td ddy. Thang chdu Cd cdy rd't
khoe, nhung phdi cdi due kit kinh nghiim cdn non kim. Ldm viec eon su vu.
Cdn chdu Td't Thang, sdng hge, chiiu di trdu.
Chd rudng xd chia thim cho tdi that Id tot. Bd con Uu ddi anh em phuc
vien that. Ngdt cdi cdn kem ed't phdt. Tdi dang lo chudn bi tiin mua cdt phdt.
Theo ddng chi ndng ldm hudng ddn thi cdt phdt khoa hge lam.
Thdn di chdo thi dua xdy dung qudn ddi
Thod"
Bflc thu thudc dang vid't cua phong each SHHN tu nhidn. Ngoai cau md
ddu "Than gfli cac ddng chf" va cau kd't thuc "Than ai chao thi dua xay dung
quan ddi" cd nhflng net cua ngdn ngfl vid't (thi loai thu tfl), cdn nhiing cau
khac trong thu deu mang dam nhiimg dac diim ngdn ngfl cua phong each
SHHN.
Dung nhung tfl ngfl SHHN: nhd... qud mdt thdi, chac do rdy C ta, vi phdn
tdi, bu chdu, thdng chdu Cd, di trdu, phdi edi, ngdt edi, ddng chi ndng ldm...
Dung nhung ngfl khi tfl: nhi, ddy.
Dflng nhung phu ngu chi quan he khang djnh: that Id tdt, uu ddi anh em
phuc vien that.
Dung tfl chi do tin cay: chac
Dung cau tinh luge chu ngfl: Nhd ede ddng chi qud
Dung cau cd dl ngfl: Vi phdn tdi...; cdn chdu Tdt Thdng...
Dung each tach cau: Ldm viec eon suvu
Nhugc diim trong each didn dat the hidn rd trong su chuyin y rdt ddt
ngdt, khdng Id-gic, dang chuydn ng xg chuydn kia; trong each dung tfl khdng
409
dung binh thfle ngu am (cdt phdt - phdt phdt), tdi nghTa (cdt phdt khoa hge
ldm)...
Qua vide phan tfch cac vi du trdn, ta cd thi thdy rd hai bid'n thi cua phong
cdch SHHN la: phong each sinh boat tu nhidn (thdng tuc) va phong each sinh
boat van boa (thdng dung). Phong each sinh boat tu nhidn cd uu diim la sinh
ddng, than mat, gan gui...; ddng thdi cung cd nbung nhugc diim nhu: dung tfl,
dat cau, didn dat... tuy tidn.
Phong each sinh boat van boa la su hoa ldn nhidu dac diim cua cac phong
each khac nhau: cd cai tu nhidn, sinh ddng cua phong each SHHN, ddng thdi
cung cd nhflng yd'u td chinh xac, chat che cua phong each khoa bgc; cd nhflng
yd'u td ggi hinh, ggi cam cua ngdn ngfl nghd thuat. Phong each sinh boat van
hod phu hgp vdi nhflng ddi hdi tdi thilu cua ngdn ngfl van boa toan dan,
dung hdng ngay trong xa bgi gifla nhflng tang ldp ddng dao cd van hod trong
nhan dan.
IL Chiic nang va dac trirng ciia phong each SHHN
1, Chfle nang
Cdn xac djnh rd chfle nang cua ngdn ngfl dugc hidn thuc boa trong phong
each nay. D6 la chfle nang "giao tid'p If tri" (cu the la trao doi tu tudng, tinh
cam) - chuc nang "cam xuc" va chfle ndng "tao tie'p" (bieu bien su chd y eua
ngudi ndi dd'n su hidn didn cua ngudi thfl hai). Khi thuc hidn chfle nang trao
ddi tu tudng, tinh cam trong sinh boat hang ngay, khdng phai phong each hoi
thoai chi dl cap dd'n nhflng van dl cu thi, dom gian. Xa hdi cang phat triln thi
con ngudi cang cd nhu cau trao ddi vdi nhau hang ngay ca nhflng vdn dl phdc
tap, trflu tugng cua trid't bgc, khoa bgc, nghd thuat...
Vf du: mdt doan dd'i thoai ma nha van Ma Van Khang ghi lai dugc:
" - Minh khdng hay lam dau. Minh hoi bj chai di trudc nhflng cai xau.
- Khdng ddng dau Nam a. Cau chua phan tich dugc cau. Td nhin cau ro
hom. Vi td vfla gid'ng cau, vfla hoi khac cau. Cau la nha each mang d trong
cugc. Cau nhan thfle dugc cai tat yd'u cua thdi ki qua do ma Ldnin da day va
cau lang lang lam vide, khdng rdn la, dl mau chdng cham dflt nd.
- Cdn cau?
- Hay khoan dl td ndi hd't. Cau giac ngd chan If tfl ban nang, do dd eau
vflng chai vd cung. Cdn td, td bat ddu bdng If trf.
- Khdng ban thd' dau.
410
- Thd' day. Td ndi cau nghe. 6 cau ddng lire duy nhat khdng bao gid suy
suyen la If tudng, cau bdt cdn hidn thuc, hidn thuc ddu cd xdu xa thd' nao cung
khdng may may anh hudng dd'n niem tin cua cau. O td va nhflng anh em khac,
sflc manh la su kd't hgp ca If tudng va hidn thuc.
2. Dac trung
Mudn thuc bidn dugc chfle nang trao ddi - cam xuc - giao tid'p trong
cude sd'ng hdng ngay, phong each SHHN phai cd dugc nhflng dac trung chung
la: tfnh ca thi, tfnh cu the va tfnh cam xdc. Phong each SHHN thidn ve nhflng
ehi tid't ridng, cu thi, sinh ddng, bde Id rd ret tinh cam, thai do hom la nhflng
ehi tid't chung chung, trflu tugng, khd khan...
a) Tinh ca thi cua phong each SHHN the hidn d ve ridng cua ngdn ngfl
mdi ngudi khi trao ddi, trd chuydn vdi ngudi khac. Cd ngudi khoan thai, tfl
tdn; cd ngudi hap tdp, vdi vang. Cd ngudi ndi "thang rudt ngUa", cd ngudi
vdng vo ndn ndt... Trong phong each SHHN, ldi ndi dep la ldi ndi tu nhidn,
sinh ddng. Trfl nhflng trudng hgp that dac bidt, cdn ndi chung ngudi ndi
khdng bao gid nghT rdng minh phdi sfl dung nhflng hinh thfle tu tfl dl td diim
eho ldi ndi cua minh; bdi nd'u cd y mud'n "gay dn tugng" thi cung dd sa vao
edu ki, xa la. Id bjch. Trong thuc te, khdng ai ndi gid'ng ai, mdi ngudi ddu cd
cai ridng cua minh; nhflng cai ridng tich cue dan dan se trd thanh phong each
ndi ridng cua mdi ca nhan trong giao tid'p xa hdi hang ngay.
b) Tinh cu tbi la dac diem noi bat cua phong each SHHN. Ldi ndi cua
mdi ngudi se dugc hidn thuc hod thanh cau chfl, am thanh, hinh anh cu thi va
hudng tdi nhflng su vide, hidn tugng cu thi..., ma ngudi nghe cd thi tid'p nhan
mdt each dd dang.
Vf du, mdt doan dd'i thoai:
" - Chuyin eda anh Id chuyin thdi dgi ddy anh Cdn a... Thdi dgi qud di
chd-anh. Chung quy trong nhitng ngdy vda qua, sU gidng co trong anh tu lgi d
diem ndy: Chdt xdm eda anh sif dung vdo ddu bdy gid? Cd dung khdng
ndo?... Thi ddy. Dung Id vd'n di chd't xdm...
-Anh ndi thi ndo?
-Tdi ndi vi chdt xdm cua anh.
- Khdng dung. Chdt xdm khdng phdi Id cda riing tdi.
- Anh bdn qud.
- Khdng! Dd khdng phdi Id vdn di chif nghia. Dd Id diim xudt phdt... Tdt
nhien su cifng nhae, bdo thd eu ki thi nin phi. NhUng tdn thd nhifng gid tri
thieng liing md bi ehi Id bdn thi tdi xin nhdn Id bdn!" (Ma Van Khdng).
411
c) Tfnh cam xdc gdn chat vdi tinh cu thi. Phong each SHHN dugc su
dung trong ddi sd'ng vd'n da dang, phong phu vd phflc tap; vi vay ldi ndi trong
phong each nay cung mang trong nd ddy du nhflng cam xuc ai, d, hi, nd cua
con ngudi. Nhflng each didn dat cd the, cu thi ludn gdn vdi nhflng tinh hud'ng
giao tid'p cu the, gdn vdi nhflng tam trang con ngudi cu the; dd chfnh la nhflng
thai do, tinb cam cua ngudi ndi cd tac dung "tudng minh boa" cac ndi dung
giao tid'p va giup cho ngudi nghe nhanh chdng hilu dugc tu tudng, tinh cam
eua ngudi ndi.
III. Dac diem
1. VI ngu am
Dang chu yd'u trong phong each SHHN la dang ndi. Trong dang ndi,
ngudi ta cd thi thay dugc td't ca cac bid'n thi ngfl am, nhflng tfl ngfl dja
phuong. Vi du: mdt doan dd'i thoai trong Chuyen xdm tdi:
a) - Vd di, mdy khdng vd hd?
-Tao ddnh d? Vd di, mai ehi ldm cho edy mi-ba-rut (tieu liin ed bdng).
-Tao met md nghen! Md oi, thdng Binh nd edi trudng ne md!
- Chi Hai cho em di vdi!
- Tao di ddi chif di ddu md theo!
- Cho em mgt trdi.
-Trdi gi, tao ldm gi cd md eho.
(Nguydn Thi)
Day la su thi hidn cua phong cdch SHHN d mdt dja phuong Nam Bd. Ta
tha'y cac bid'n thi ngfl am nhu: mdy (may), ne (nay), met (mach), cac tfl dja
phuong nhu: vd (vao), trdi (qua).
b)
-Hdm nay sao u vi mugn the! Ldm tdi ndng cd rudt.
- Cd viec gi thi vdy?
-Thi u hdng vdo trong nhd dd ndo, u hang vdo ngdi lin giudng len giic
chinh chiin cdi dd ndo.
-U dd vi g!
- Kia nhd tdi nd chdo u! Nhd tdi nd mdi vi ldm bgn vdi tdi ddy u g.
Chung tdi phdi duyin phdi kiip vdi nhau... Chdng qua nd eung Id edi sdcd...
- U, thdi thi cdc eon phdi duyen phdi kii'p vdi nhau u cung mifng long.
(Kim Lan)
412
Day la su thi hidn cua phong each SHHN d mdt vung ddng bdng Bde Bd.
Ta tha'y cac bid'n thi ngfl am nhu: hdng (hay), tfl xung bd dja phuong nhu:
u (me).
c)
-Mdy mudn dn lgn cda tao d?...
- If quan vi mudn mua lgn eda mdy. Mdy phdi khiing lgn eho quan di
vcfi chung tao.
- ... Con chd de ra thdng Tdy. Tdi khiing lon xudng nd trdi bat tdi ndm
hai ngdy, mgt chd vdi con lgn.
(T6 Hoai)
Day la su thi hidn cua phong each SHHN d mdt vflng ddng bao dan tdc.
Ta tha'y cd each dung tfl ngfl tid'ng Viet chju anh hudng cua tfl vung tid'ng dan
tdc nhu: mdy - tao, dn lon, eon chd di ra thdng Tdy.
Qua vide phan tich nhflng vf du trdn, chung ta thdy phong each SHHN
dugc sfl dung mdt each rd't linh boat d tflng dja phuong, gdn vdi cdc bid'n thi
ngdn ngfl (chu yd'u la ngfl am) d tflng dja phuomg, thi hidn cac sdc thai tinh
cam giao tid'p khac nhau d mdi dja phuong.
2. Tfl ngfl:
Dac diim noi bat cua vide sfl dung tfl ngfl trong phong each sinh boat tu
nhidn la ua dung nhflng tfl ngfl mang tinh cu thi, giau hinh anh va mau sdc
cam xuc. Dang le ndi "danh nhau" thi ndi "xe xac, che xac, lot xac, danh sac
tid't, thugng cang chan ha cang tay...". Nha van Td Hoai di thuc td' va ghi chep
duge nhflng tfl ngu giau biiu cam - cam xuc nhu sau:
- Ndng qud, bd hdi me bd hdi con bd ra khdp ngudi (so sanh vdi ... nhiiu
bd hdi chdy ra khap ngudi).
- Gid to vut ngd mdt nhiiu Ida qud (so sanh vdi... ldm dd mdt nhiiu Ida qud).
- Luc ldm cd thi cd bet xudng, vdi hdm sau cd lgi ngdi lin (so sanh vdi ...
ed lgi ditng lin).
- Mgt sdo rudng d ddng Phuc Am ddnh ngd hai sdo rudng True Chudn
(so sanh vdi ... hon hdn hai sdo rudng True Chudn).
- Nhd nd trdu ddt ra, bd ddt vdo, ndi ndm ndi bdy cd cd (so sanh vdi:
nhd nd gidu cd, khdng thii'u thd gi).
- Ldm dn khdng ki hogch nhu bat chgch ddng dudi (so sanh vdi ... thi
khdng thdnh cdng).
413
Phong cdch SHHN sfl dung nhiiu "ngfl khf tfl" vdi nhiiu mau sac tinh
cam khdc nhau de thuc hidn chfle nang giao tie'p. Vi du:
- Anh sdp di ddu ddy^ (dl hdi ngudi dang d trUde mat)
- Chung nd ed thi loi dung eo hdi ndy di chdng lgi ddy! (dl mach bao
ngudi khac)
- Bde ndi eho chdu nghe nhe! (dl 6i nghj va tranh thu su ddng y)
- Thua eu, chung chdu ed Idm gi din nifa ddu g! (dl ndi vdi ngudi trdn,
hoac td y kinh can)
- Cdc chi dua chung tdi gdnh eho ndo! (dl giuc gia nhung cdn cd y ru
ngudi khac cung lam, hay ddng vidn ngUdi khac)
- Di di thdi, anh em! (dl giuc gia vi thi gid gap)
- Chd tdi vdi (may).' (dl ndi ldn ydu cdu giup dd hay cho phep)
- Tdi hdt duge ed hai bdi eo! (cd y khoe)
- Tdi dd bdo anh, anh ed khdng khdng mot mUc eo! (dung trong cdu trach
mang, day ngbid'n)
Phong each SHHN dflng nhiiu "cam than tfl" chi nhflng mau sdc thai do,
tinh cdm cd tdc dung hd trg cho ndi dung giao tid'p.
- A! Anh Duong vi kia rdi! (dung khi reo mflng)
- A ha! Thdng Huy ngd rdi! (dung khi cudi vui va cd y chd' gidu)
- Eo di! Con rdn to qud! (chi su ngae nhidn, nhung thudng cd y trach
mdng bay ghd tdm)
- Oi gidi oi! Nd dinh giit tdi! (chi su dau ddn, khi cd thd nguy ddn tinh
mdnh, hoac mud'n cudng didu ldn)
- Thdi! Thi Id tan ehiic ede rdi! (dflng dl td su oan tide, chan nan)
- Hd! Nd lgi dinh bdt ngt thang be! (dung dl td su buc tfle vl hanh ddng
hoac ldi ndi eua ngudi khac)
- Rd kho! Mang ldm gi eho ndng vdo thdn! (dung 6e td su thdng cam vdi
ndi vat va cua ngudi khac)
- Khdn khd! Tdi biit the, tdi dd bdo anh difng di. (dung dl td su thuong
xdt, an ban)
- If nhi! Bdi ndy ehiing minh hge rdi! (dung khi sue nhd ra diiu gi, dl tra
ldi ngudi nhdc minh)
414
Phong each SHHN ngay ua dflng tfl lay va vi vay da sinh ra nhflng tfl lay
giau sdc thai cu thi, ggi hinh, ggi cam.
Phong each SHHN thich dflng thanh ngfl, tuc ngfl, quan ngfl.
Phong each SHHN ua ndi tdt.
3. Cu phap
VI mat cu phap, ta thudng gap d phong each SHHN nhflng cau hdi, cau
cam than, nhflng ldi ndi true tid'p, nhflng ldi ndi cd tdc dung dua ddy. Vi du vl
mdt doan ghi chep cua Chd' Lan Vidn: - Ta mac cdi do ndu, ta dn bdt com
dgn tif be ldm sao ta lgi khdng thuong eon trdu, con bd! Khdn ndi "ngudi
sieng thi kiing ngifdi nhde, ngifdi nhde thi kich bde ngifdi siing". Minh ed
dem hit rudt gan vdo hgp tdc xd thi dd ed difa ndi; "O, chdm eho ldm md
hgng A, md ldy ed nhdn, md ldy xudt sac ".
Phong each SHHN thudng cd kd't cdu cd phdp ridng ma cac phong each
khac it dflng. Vi du:
- Dflng "da... lai" thay cho "khdng nhflng... ma cdn": Trdi dd mifa lgi cdn
gid mua ddng bde.
- Dung kd't cdu "dgng tfl - gi ma - ddng tfl" bieu thj thai do phu djnh:
Hge hdnh gi md ehi dn vdi choi.
- Dung kd't cdu cd "thi" dl nhdn manh: Viec khd din mdy, quyit ldm thi
ldm dugfc.
- Dflng cau hdi de phu djnh: Ldm dn nhif vdy thi khd sao duge?
- Chgn each ndi cu the hon trong hai each ndi ddng nghTa: Trong 100
ngudi thi din 70 ngifdi Id ndng ddn I 70% ddn sd Id ndng ddn.
4. Tu tfl
Phong each SHHN ngay hay dflng each vi von, so sanh dl ldi ndi cd hinh
anh. Vf du khi ggi tdn ngudi thi thudng gdn tdn ggi vdi mdt dac diim ridng
eua ngudi dugc ggi nhu: Tu Rdu, Ba Li, Hai Trgng...
Mdt nfl sinh vid't luu but cho ban: ""Vdn oi, Vdn ed ehua oi, Vdn nhd vdn
tuong lai oi, Vdn Rdt-xki-ia-difc oi... Cdi bdng ma chia tay nd lu Id kia rdi,
minh so edi bdng ma d'y qud! Vdn oi, chung minh lap mgt hgi vdi nhau, ndm
ndm nda gap nhau xem lite dy, mdi dUa dd thi ndo. Cd difa ndo Idy chdng
ehua? Difa ndo duge ggi Id... bdc'\
(Ma Van Khang)
415
Cd thi hilu: Van ca chua = Van cd hai ma ludn ludn hdng; Van nha van
tuong lai = Van gidi van; Van Rut-xki-ia-dflc = Van gidi Nga van...
Phong cdch SHHN ngay thfch dung each didn ta khoa truong, ndi giam de
td dam binh anh khid'n ngudi nghe chd y: run nhu cdy sdy, dep me li qudn
qugi, diiu chdy nifdc chdy non, bi ti bang ddu mui kim...
Mdt xa vidn phdt biiu trong cude hgp: - Chao di! Khdng Ua thi dUa co
ddi! Ghen vg ghen chdng khdng ndng bang ghen dn. Minh ludi eon trdu de
gdy thdnh con di, eon bd de tdp lgi bang cdi que, thi cdng ldm sao, diem ldm
sao\
(ghi chep cua Chd' Lan Vien)
(Luge ddn theo Dinh Trgng Lac - Nguydn Thai Hoa,
Phong edch hge tii'ng Viet, NXB Giao due. Ha Noi, 2001) •
4. Cac nguyen tac giao tiep

I. Nguyen tac hgp tac
Nhu ta da bid't, ngudi ndi ludn mud'n truyin dat nhiiu hon cai dugc noi.
Bao gid cung cd nhflng diiu ma ngudi ta tha'y khdng cdn phai ndi ra, nhflng
diiu khdng tidn ndi ra, khdng thi ndi thang. Hom nua, khdng phai tdt ca
nhung gi ma ngudi ta mud'n biiu dat diu cd thi ndi ra thanh ldi dugc bdi nhan
thfle cua con ngudi vd'n rat phong phd va phflc tap. Lam cho ngudi khac hieu
dugc day du va chinh xac nhan thfle cua minh khdng phai la chuydn dd dang.
Trong tac phdm But ki triit hge, V. Ldnin vid't: "Vid't mdt each thdng minh cd
nghTa la gia djnh ngudi dgc cung thdng minh, la khdng ndi hd't, la dl ngudi
dgc tu ndi vdi minh nhflng quan he, nhflng diiu kidn, nhflng gidi ban - chi vdi
nhflng quan he, nhflng diiu kidn, nhflng gidi ban nay thi mgt cau mdi cd gia
trj va cd y nghTa". Van dl la phai giai thich the nao dl ngudi nghe ITnh hdi
dugc dugc y cua ngudi ndi. P. Grice tin rdng phai cd mdt co chd'chi phdi vide
sang tao va ITnh hdi nhflng phat ngdn dy. Dd la cai dugc ggi la nguyen tdc
hgp tdc. Nguydn tdc nay dugc dng phat biiu nhu sau:
Hdy ldm cho phdn ddng gdp cda anh ddp dng ddi hdi d giai dogn md no
xudt Men phu hop vdi yiu edu hodc phuong hudng eiia cugc thogi md anh dd
chdp nhdn tham gia.
Ong da tach nguydn tdc nay thanh bd'n phuomg cham nhu sau:
1. Phuong cham vl chat: Hay cd gdng lam cho phdn ddng gdp cua anh la
dflng, dac bidt la:
a) Dflng ndi dieu gi ma anh tin la sai.
416
b) Dflng ndi diiu gi ma anh tin la thid'u bdng chflng.

2. Phuong cham vl lugng:
a) Hay lam cho phdn ddng gdp cua anh cd lugng tin dung nhu ddi hdi cua
muc dich cude thoai.
b) Dflng lam cho lugng tin cua anh ldn hom ydu cdu ma nd ddi hdi.
3. Phuong cham vl su thich hgp: Hay lam cho ddng gdp cua anh thfch
hgp vdi cugc thoai, tfle la hay ndi vao dl.
4. Phuong cham vl each thfle: Hay ndi cho dd hilu va dac bidt la:
a) Tranh ndi tdi nghTa.
b) Tranh ndi map md.
c) Ngdn ggn.
d) Cd trat tu.
Nhflng phuomg cham trdn la nhflng quy udc ngdm khdng ndi ra ldi trong
mdi cugc thoai. Trong giao tid'p binh thudng, nhflng phuomg cham nay dugc
mgi ngudi thfla nhan ndn ngudi ndi it khi chu y dd'n. Tuy nhidn, cd nhumg loai
didn ngdn nhat djnh ma ngudi ndi da dung dl luu y la hg se gap nguy
hiem nd'u khdng triet dl tdn trgng nguydn tdc hgp tac. D6 chfnh la nhflng ldi
rao ddn.
II. Nhij'ng Idi rao ddn trong giao tiep
Kha nang diiu chinh cua nguydn tdc hgp tac manh dd'n mfle khi ngudi ndi
cam tha'y cd thi vi pham nguydn tdc nao dd thi nd dflng mdt so ldi rao ddn dl
chi ra su vi pham cd thi cd ay. Nhflng ldi rao ddn nay gid'ng nhu nhumg bang
chflng cho phep nd vi pham mdt nguydn tdc nao dd. Chung cung la nhflng tfn
hidu dd'i vdi ngudi nghe dl ngudi nghe cd thi ban chd' each giai thich cua
minh. Vide dung nhung ldi rao ddn nay chflng td cac nguydn tdc hgp tac cd
tac ddng manh me nhu thd' nao dd'i vdi hdi thoai.
Khi mdt ngudi nhdn thd'y md'i nguy hiim cua su vi pham nguydn tdc vl
chd't, tfle la thdng tin dua ra cd thi chua chfnh xac, thid'u bdng chflng, nd ludn
ludn ban chd' phan doan cua minh bang each ndi: Niu tdi khdng ldm thi...; Tdi
khdng nhd rd, nhung...; Tdi khdng biit rd cdi gi dd xdy ra, nhung...; Theo nhu
tdi biit thi...; Tdi khdng ddm chac, nhung...
Vf du:
- Nd'u tdi khdng lam thi chj Huomg da lay chdng tfl nam ngoai.
- Tdi khdng nhd rd, nhung chung ta da gap nhau rdi thi phai.
27- TKBGNGO VAN 10/1 (NC)-A 417

- Tdi khdng bid't rd cdi gi da xay ra, nhung mat chj Cdm Van thi cd bdm
tim that.
- Theo nhu tdi bid't thi vg chdng bg chang bao gid nang ldi vdi nhau.
- Tdi khdng dam chdc, nhung thdy cd cau cd ve md nhau ldm.
Khi ngudi ndi khdng cd chflng cd rd rang vl nhflng dilu dang ndi thi ho
thudng nha'n manh rdng dd chi la nhflng thdng tin dl tham khdo bang each
ndi: Tdi dugc nghe ke lgi rang...; Nghe ddn Id...; Ngudi ta ndi Id...; Tdi dodn
Id...; Hinh nhu...; Cd le...; Phdn ndo ddy... •
Vfdu:
- Nghe ddn la anh sdp lam tong bidn tap phai khdng?
- Ngudi ta ndi la anh se dugc chuyin ldn co quan trung uong phai khdng?
- Tdi doan la hai dfla dang gian nhau!
- Hinh nbu anh khdng dugc hai long ldm?
... Nd'u khdng thi thdng tin ddy du (vi pham nguydn tdc vl lugng) thi
ngudi ta cd thi ndi: Tdi khdng duge phip tiit lg...; Thiin eo bd't khd Id...; Dd
Id bi mat qudc gia...
Khi mdt ngudi ndi nhiiu thdng tin hom ydu cdu, hg cung sfl dung nhflng
giai thich dl chflng td su vi pham nguydn tdc vl lugng la hgp phap. Chang
ban, hg cd the ndi thdm: Nhu cdc anh dd biit...; Tdi khdng mud'n ldm phiin
anh vi nhifng chuyin vun vdt, tiliUng...; Ndi nda thi mgi ngUdi lgi bdo "biit
rdi, khd ldm, ndi mdi", nhUng...; Tdm lgi Id...
Trong thuc te, cd nhiiu ngudi da hai ba ldn Tdm lgi Id.." , thd' ma vdn cfl
"hdn nhidn" trang giang dai hai! Nhu vay la hg da lam dung nhflng ldi rao ddn
va khid'n nd mat hidu luc!
Khi mdt ngudi vd tinh vi pham nguydn tdc vl lugng, hg vdn cd thi sfla
chfla sai ldm bdng each ndi: Xn ldi, tdi dd hoi ddng ddi...; Mong ede ddng ehi
bd qud eho vi viec tdi dd ldm md't thi gid eda ede ddng ehi...
Khi mdt ngudi mud'n ndi, nhung bid't rang dilu minh se ndi cd thi khdng
phu hgp vdi chu 6i cude thoai thi hg cd thi chuyin hudng dl tai ma khdng vi
pham nguydn tdc vl tinh thich hgp bdng each ndi: Tdi khdng biit diiu ndy ed
quan trgng khdng, nhifng...; Tdi mudn ndi thim Id...; Trd lgi vd'n di md chdng
ta dang bdn...
Khi mdt ngudi cd y vi pham nguydn tdc vl each thfle, cd thi dflng gifla
chflng va ndi: Tdi xin md ngoac don Id...; Khi can keo dai thdi gian, thudng
ndi: Xn chd mdt phut, tdi thif ed nhd lgi xem...
418
Tat ca nhflng luu y cho phep vi pham nguydn tdc chflng td rdng nguyen
tdc hgp tac rat chu trgng dd'n quy luat tam li cua ngudi tid'p nhan. NghTa la
ngudi ndi khdng chi cdn ndm vflng nhflng nguydn tdc hdi thoai, ma cdn phdi
cd sir am hilu tam li ngudi dd'i thoai; duomg nhidn su am hilu tam If cang sau
sdc thi hidu qua giao tid'p cang cao.
Trong giao tid'p, ngoai nguydn tac hgp tac cdn cd nguydn tdc ljch su. Dl
gifl thi didn cho ngudi nghe, ngudi ndi cung cd thi dung nhflng ldi rao ddn,
chang ban: Ndi khi vd phep, anh din mudn Id sai rdi...; Ndi ehi bd ngodi tai,
anh nhd ehi cue tinh ldm...; Tdi hdi that nhi, anh cd ddnh ehi dy khdng?...
Nhflng ldi rao ddn nay ngdm ndi rdng day la nhflng dilu phai khd khan ldm
mdi cd thi ndi ra dugc. Nd cd gia tri nhu mdt ldi xin ldi trudc, tao ra su than
tinh gifla ngudi ndi va ngudi nghe.
III. Ham y hgi thoai
Khi nhdn mgnh su cdn thiit eda viec phdi tdn trgng cdc nguyin tdc hdi
thogi, nghia Id chung ta mudn ndi din nhdng quy ude chung nhdt, phd biin
nhdt vd cung don gidn nhdt eua giao tii'p xd hgi, tdc Id tgm ggt bd nhung hdm
y hgi thogi; cdn trong thUc ti euge sdng, hiim ed ldi ndi ndo lgi chi cd mgt y
nghia trdn trui! Vi vdy, da ndi din ede nguyin tdc hgi thogi thi chdng ta cung
ddng thdi phdi ndi din ede hdm y hgi thogi.
Dilu CO ban dugc thfla nhdn trong hdi thoai la chung ta phai tdn trgng
nguydn tdc hgp tac. Nhung ngudi ndi khdng phai luc nao cung tudn-theo
nguydn tdc hgp tac mdt each may mdc, ma thudng cd tinh vi pham chung dl
gfli gdm nhflng ham y nao dd.
Vidu:
A: - Con mudn bd mua qudn bd vd do thun.
B: — Bd dd mua edi qudn bd ndy.
Sau khi nghe B tra ldi, A phai thfla nhan B cd tinh thdn hgp tac va khdng
phai khdng bid't nguydn tdc vl lugng. Nhung B khdng nhdc dd'n do thun. Nd'u
B da mua do thun thi A da cd rdi. B mud'n budc A phai suy luan: cai khdng
dugc nhdc dd'n la cai chua mua. Nhu vay, B da truyin dat dugc nhiiu hom ldi
ndi nhd ham y hdi thoai; nghTa la ngudi ndi da truyin dat ham y va ngudi
nghe ITnh hgi dugc ham y qua suy luan. Cd thi hilu ham y la nhflng gi ma
ngudi nghe phai tu minh suy ra qua phat ngdn dl hieu dung va ddy du y nghTa
cua phdt ngdn dd. Nhan thfle cua con ngudi T)ao gid cung xuat phat tfl nhflng
kinh nghidm da cd, roi bang each suy luan, lidn tudng ma rut ra nhflng hilu
bid't mdi. Cd hai loai ham y hdi thoai la:
419

1. Ham y hdi thoai tong qudt: La ham y hdi thoai cd thi suy luan ma
khdng ddi hdi mdt tri thfle nin nao.
Vidu:
A: - Hdm qua tdi dd nhin thdy anh Long hdn mgt phu nif d ngodi phd.
B: - That d? Tliivg anh d'y ed biit khdng?
A: - Td't nhien Id chi d'y biet! Bdi vi ehi dy chinh Id ngUdi phu nd md anh
ta dd hdn!
Ham y d cau ddu chinh la mgt ngudi phu nd dugc didn dat theo ldi khdng
xac djnh. Nd'u ngudi ndi dung su that thi phai ndi vg anh Long va nhu thd' se
khdng cdn ham y nfla.
Vi du khac: Vidn thuyin phd cua mdt tau vidn duong ng cd thdi xau nat
rugu. Mdt hdm, dng thuyin trudng budc phai ghi vao nhat kf hanh trinh: Hdm
nay, thuyin phd lgi say rUgu! Hdm sau, dd'n phien true cua minh, vidn thuyin
phd dgc dugc ddng chfl trdn cua thuyen trudng, tfle gian ldm, liln ghi vao phfa
dudi: Hdm nay, thuyin trudng khdng say rUOu! Khdng can mdt tri thfle nin
nao cung cd thi hilu dugc ham y trong each ghi cua vidn thuyin phd la:
Nhifng hdm khdc thi thuyin trifdng say rugu! Trong khi thuc td' thi thuyin
trudng khdng hi udng rugu bao gid! Cdi ngudn ham y cua cau nay nam d tfl
hdm nay, chfnh tfl dd da lam nhidu mdt su that la thuyin trudng khdng say
rugu!
Mdt sd ham y hdi thoai tdng qudt dugc truyin dat trdn co sd mdt thang
gia trj. Trong tid'ng Viet cd mdt sd tfl chi thang gia trj nhu: tdt cd, hdu hit,
phdn ldn, nhiiu, mot sd, d, hiim, ludn ludn, thudng thudng, thinh thodng, ddi
khi...
Khi tao mdt phdt ngdn, ngudi ndi chgn mgt tfl trong thang do, tfl d'y se
truyin dat dugc nhiiu hom trong bdi canh dd.
Vidu:
- Chi Huyin dd hodn thdnh mot sd chuyen di cdn thie't.
-Anh Tung thinh thodng cung di vu trUdng.
- Tdt cd diu mi mdn!
- Hdu hit mgi ngudi diu phdi lao dgng kiim sdng!
Theo nguydn tdc vl each thfle, cac su kidn thudng dugc thdng bao theo
thfl tu thdi gian didn ra cua chung. Nhu vay, A ddnh B va B danh A se cd ham
y khac vdi B danh A va A danh B.
420 ,

2. Ham y hdi thoai dac thfl

Khac vdi ham y hgi thoai tdng qudt, ham y hdi thoai dac thu la nhflng
ham y phai dugc suy luan trdn co sd nhflng hilu bid't trong bdi canh cu thi. Vi
du, khi ndi Bao Cdng ed bd mat sdt la sai theo nghTa den vi khdng ai cd bd
mat bang sdt ca; nhung ngudi nghe vdn thdy ngudi ndi cd tinh thdn hgp tac va
hilu dugc ham y cua ngudi ndi.
Vi du khac:
A: - Thuy hge cd gidi khdng?
B: - Cd dy nd'u dn rdt ngon!
Chdng ta thdy nguydn tdc vl sir thfch hgp bj vi pham; nhung ngudi hdi cd
the hilu rdng: Thuy hge khdng gidi, ehi nd'u dn gidi md thdi!
Mdt so cau chuydn vui minh boa:
* Bao chua Dionis thdi cd dai rat sinh lam tho. Mdt hdm, ban rat ddc y vl
mdt bai tho vfla mdi lam xong, ben cho ggi mdt nha tho Iflng danh dd'n, ydu
edu nha tho phai dgc va nhan xet bai tho ngay trudc mat hdn. Thay vi nhflng
ldi tan tung ma hdn dang chd dgi, nha tho ng chi ndi cdc ldc: Qud dd! Tdn
bao chua ndi gian, ben ra ldnh xfch chan nha tho va day xud'ng lam phu cheo
thuyin. May thang sau, tdn bao chua lai rat ddc y vdi mdt bai tho khac, ben ra
ldnh ddn nha tho dd'n, cho xem bai tho, rdi gat gu hdi: Sao? Ldn ndy thi hdn
phdi Id kiet tdc ehif? Nha tho budn ba thd dai, quay vl phfa hai tdn Ifnh da ap
giai minh dd'n, bao: Hdy dua ta vi cheo thuyin thdi! Nhanh lin!
* Vuomg An Thach la tl tudng ddi Td'ng, Trung Qud'c. Td Ddng Pha la
mdt nha tho noi tie'ng cung thdi, nhung ludn cd y coi thudng kid'n van cua
Vuong. Mdt hdm, Vuong mdi Td dd'n nha choi va cd y khoe khoang vl cai
kho sach ridng dd so cua minh. Thdy Td cd ve hoi nl, Vuong ben phan mdt
eau nhu dinh ddng cdt:
- Tdi da thugc Idng tat ca nhflng cudn sach trong cai kho sach nay! Chi
cdn ngai dgc bat cfl mdt cdu nao trong bat ki mdt cudn sach nao, tdi cung cd
the dgc ngay cau tid'p theo!
Vd'n san djnh kid'n coi thudng Vuomg ndn Td nghT: "Khoac lac dd'n thd' la
cung! Ta se chgn mgt cudn that cu, nd'u hdn cd dgc chang nfla thi chdc cung
qudn rdi!". NghT vay, Td cdm ldn mdt cudn sach phu day bui va da rach nat
toi ta, gid mdt trang bat ki va dgc ludn: Nlnf y qudn ddu. Chang cdn nghT
nggi, Vuong liln dgc tid'p ngay: An thd md't rdi. Td thdm reo trong ddu: "Thua
roi, cd ai lai an thjt ngudi ydu bao gid?". Nhung that bat ngd! Khi nhin vao
trang sach thi cau tid'p theo dung la nhu vay! Td khdng giau noi ve than phuc
421
Vuong. Nhan dd, Vuong giai thfch thdm: Day la chuydn chep trong sach Hdu
Hdn Thu ke rdng cd mgt ngudi thg san vdo rflng tinh cd bat gap cugc thoai
cua bai chj em con hd li. Hai con vat nay da thdnh tinb va boa thanh hai eo
gdi xinh dep, chdng thudng rinh bdt cdc thu sinh khdi ngd tuan tu vl lam
chdng. Khi nao cac chang thu sinh bdt hanh khdng thoa man dugc due tinh
cua chung nfla thi chdng liln an thjt. Hdm ay, mdt con di kid'm an vl, khdng
thdy ngudi tinh dau ndn mdi didn ra cugc thoai nhu vay. Sau dd hai con danh
nhau dfl ddi va ngudi thg san da chdp thdi co gid't ludn ca hai con d l trfl hau
boa cho cac chang trai tre. Sau cude vid'ng tham nay, Td va Vuong trd thanh
ddi ban tri am tri ki.
Nd'u thdng tin dugc cung cap nhiiu hon hoac it hon yeu cau ma cude
thoai ddi hdi thi ham y cung nay sinh. Gia sfl cd mdt chang trai ttr gidi thieu
vdi mdt cd gai nhu sau: Tdi Id Minh, sinh viin Khoa Bdo DHQG Hd Ndi, 26
tudi, cliUa vg! Cd gdi se lap tfle nghi ngd anh ta cd y dd gi dd. De cung cap
nhflng thdng tin trdn, cdn phai cd nhflng dilu kidn kem theo nhu ljch sfl quan
he (quen bid't da lau), hoan canh (vu hdi, da hdi, sinh nhat ban...) hoac ehinh
cd gdi da cd cam tinh vdi chang trai...
Xet vl mat hiin ngdn, nhflng cau sau day cd ve vd If: Chiin tranh Id
chiin tranh, Ddn bd Id ddn bd, Su that vdn Id sif that... Tuy nhidn, ngudi nghe
phai dua trdn nhflng hilu bid't nhat djnh 6e hilu thdng qua mgt chudi suy luan,
chdng ban vl nhflng thudc tfnh chi dan ba mdi cd, nhflng he luy tan nhdn va
phi If cua chid'n tranh, sflc manh cua su that...
Khac vdi each ndi trdn, nhflng cau nhu: Sudng chifa? Dep mat nhi! Rd
hay nhi!... , ngudi ndi da cd tinh vi pham nguydn tdc vl each thfle ndn mdi
thoat nghe tudng la khen; nhung thuc chat la chd bai, gidu cgt. Mud'n hieu
dung y cua ngudi ndi, ngudi nghe phai cd nhflng hilu bid't v l hoan canh phat
ngdn, vl ngfl didu, v l thai do tinh cam cua ngudi ndi...
Ngugc lai vdi "khen vd", trong khdu ngfl cdn cd ldi "chd vd", chdng han
khi ndi: Phdi gid edi anh ndy! Ghit qud di md't! Tay d'y thi md tdm that...
3. Dac diim cua ham y hdi thoai:
Ta't ca nhflng ham y hdi thoai ma chung ta nghidn cflu d i u dugc sfl dung
trong hdi thoai. Ngudi nghe phdi dua vao tri thfle va vd'n sd'ng; ddng thdi
thdng qua suy ludn, suy didn de hilu nhdm duy tri qua trinh cgng tac ddi
thoai. Thuc ra, mgi ham y diu la mdt phdn cua thdng tin ma ngudi ndi mud'n
truyin dat; nhung trong thuc te, ngudi ndi lai khdng bao gid cdng khai thfla
nhan dilu 66; vi vay ngudi ndi thudng chdng che rdng: "Tdi khdng cd y ndi
nhu the...; Anh chua hilu y tdi djnh ndi ma...; Xin ldi, cd t h i each didn dat
422
eua tdi da khid'n anh hilu ldm chang?...". O. Ducrot cho rdng: "Ndi mdt cai gi
66 ma khdng vi thd' ma nhan trdch nhidm la da cd ndi, nghTa la cd thi vfla cd
dugc hidu luc cua ndi nang, vfla cd dugc su vd can cua su im lang".
Vf du: Khi sdp nhugng bd mdt ga Sd Khanh lgc ldi, ngudi con gai ngay
tho ndi: "Anh phai thi gifl kfn chuydn nay, khdng dugc bep xep nhe!'. Ga trai
hg Sd rao hoanh dap: "Ngirdi quan tfl khdng bao gid hanh xfl nhu vay!".
Nhung chi vai ngay sau, mgi ngudi da bid't chuydn, cd gai ben trach: "Sao anh
da ndi the' ma lai nud't ldi?". Ga hg Sd than nhidn dap: "Anh ndi la ngudi
quan tfl khdng bao gid hanh xfl nhu vay, chfl anh cd nhan minh la ngudi quan
tu dau?"
Trong cdng vidn, ngudi dan dng thay thid'u phu ngdi mdt minh trdn ghd'
da vdi mdt con chd to ngdi dd'i didn trdn ddt. Ngudi dan dng dd'n gdn, hdi:
"Con chd cua chj cd cdn khdng?". Thid'u phu tra ldi: "Khdng!". Ngudi dan dng
ben sap lai gdn ngudi thid'u phu va bj con chd ddp cho mdt mid'ng, dng ta kdu
ldn: "Sao chj bao la con chd cua chj khdng cdn kia ma?". Thid'u phu mim cudi
dap: "Vang, dung thd', chd cua tdi khdng hi cdn... Cdn day khdng phai la con
chd cua tdi!"
Mdt ddi trai gai vao rflng choi cdng nhin thdy mdt bdng hoa la va dep trdn
vach nui cheo leo. Cd gai mud'n chang trai hai cho minh bdng hoa dy, nhung
lai ndi lap Iflng: "Anh nhin bdng hoa dep khdng kia?". Doan dugc y cd gai,
chang trai ben treo ldn hdi bdng hoa cho cd. Cd gai rat man nguydn khi cd
bdng hoa dep trong tay, nhung lai than nhidn ndi: "Day la anh tu nguydn lam
chfl em khdng ddi hdi dau nhe!"
(Luge ddn theo Nguydn Thien Giap, Dung hge Viet ngu.
NXB Dai hoc qudc gia. Ha Ngi. 2000)
5. Dung tiqc
Ngd dung hge la bd mdn ngdn ngfl hge nghidn cflu each sfl dung ngdn
ngfl trong giao tid'p, tfle la each sfl dung ngdn ngfl trong nhflng ngfl canh cu
thi dl dat dugc nhung muc dich cu thi. Khoa hge nghidn cflu each sfl dung
tid'ng Viet trong giao tid'p se dugc ggi la ngfl dung hge tid'ng Viet, hay ngan
ggn hon, la Dung hge Viet ngU.
Ngfl phap truyin thd'ng khi nghidn cflu cac cau phan loai theo muc dich
ndi thi thuc td' da nghidn cflu cac biiu thifc ngdn hdnh (kiiu cau true flng vdi
mgt phdt ngdn ngdn hdnh) cua nhflng hanh ddng ngdn tfl tuong flng.
Can cfl vao muc dich giao tid'p, ngudi ta thudng chia cau tid'ng Viet thanh
4 loai la: cau trdn thuat, cau hdi, cau cdu khid'n, cau cam than. Vi du:
423
-Trdi ddt quay xung quanh mat trdi. (trdn thuat)

- Anh xem bg phim ndy eliUa? (hdi)
- Hdy ngdi vdo chd di! (cdu khid'n)
- Dep vd eiing To qudc ta oi! (cam than)
Ve mat cdu true, mdi kiiu cau trdn cd nhflng dac didm ridng.
* Cau hdi tdng quat trong tid'ng Viet dugc dac trung hoa bdng cac da'u
hidu ngdn hanh nbu: d, U, hd... dat d cud'i cau, hoac dat toan bg cau vao khuon
cau true ed... khdng, vi du:
- Em ldm tho d?
- Cd phdi anh bien tap cudn sdeh ndy khdng?
De tao cau bdi bd phan, tfle la cau hdi nhdm bdi vl mgt chi tid't trong su
vide, tid'ng Viet sfl dung cac dai tfl nghi vdn ai, gi, ndo... lam ddu hidu ngdn
hanh, hoac dat chi tid't cdn hdi vao cdu true ed phdi... khdng, cd... khdng, vi du:
- Ai ldm viec ndy?
- Em ldm gi ddy?
- Anh mud'n mua eon ndo?
- Chi ed mudn udng ed phi khdng?
Dao ca'u true cung la mdt bidn phap dl tao ra cac cdu hdi khac nhau, vf du:
- Bao gid anh vi? (tuong lai)
- Anh vi bao gid? (qua khd)
De tao cdu hdi lua chgn, tfle la cau hdi ndu ra hai hoac mdt sd kha nang
dl hdi xem kha nang nao la dung, tid'ng Viet dung ngfl didu va tfl hay lam dau
hidu ngdn hanh, vi du:
- Em thieh udng trd hay udng ed phi?
* cau cdu khid'n trong tid'ng Viet dugc dac trung hod bdng each dung eac
vj tfl tinh thai hdy, difng, chd... lam ddu hidu ngdn hanh dat trudc vj ngfl hoac
bang each dung cac trg tfl di, ndo, thdi... lam dd'u hidu ngdn hanh dat d cudi
cau, vi du:
- Cdc bgn hay im ldng!
- Di dn com thdi!
- Vdo di, em!
* Cau cam than trong tid'ng Viet thudng cd cac than tfl nhu di, di ehao,
trdi oi... hoac cac tfl tinh thai nhu qud, lam, thay, ghi, that..., vf du:
424
- O ddy mdt qud!

- O ddy thich that!
Nhiiu khi ngudi ta cdn dung bidn phap ddo trdt tu tfl dl tao cau cam than,
vfdu:
- Dep thay mdi tdc ngudi cha!
-Dep vd cung To qudc ta oi!
* cau trdn thuat trong tie'ng Viet khdng cd nhflng dac diim vl cdu true
nhu cac kiiu cdu nghi van, cdu khid'n va cam than; nhung day chfnh la dau
hidu ngdn hanh rieng cua cau trdn thuat. Chung ta se dl dang nhan thdy md'i
quan he giua bd'n kiiu cau va bd'n chfle nang giao tid'p khdc nhau la: khang
dinh, hdi, cau khid'n va bay td. Ngfl phap truyin thd'ng chua phan bidt cau trdn
thudt vdi cdu tuydn bd. Nhu trdn da phan tich, nhflng phat ngdn tuydn bd cd
chfle nang khac ban nhflng phdt ngdn trdn thuat. Ddu hidu ngdn hanh cua cae
phat ngdn tuydn bd chinh la cac ddng tfl ngdn hanh.
Nhu vay, d day cung cd quan he true tid'p gifla mdt edu true va mdt chfle
nang. Nhflng phat ngdn cd quan he true tid'p gifla mdt cdu trde vdi mdt chfle
nang la nhung phat ngdn cd hdnh dgng ngdn tif true tiip. Ndi each khdc, hanh
ddng ngdn tfl true tid'p la hanh ddng ngdn tfl dugc thuc hidn d nhflng phat
ngdn cd quan he true tid'p gifla mdt cau true va mdt chfle nang.
Khi nao cd quan he gian tid'p gifla mdt cau true vdi mdt chfle nang thi
chdng ta cd mdt hdnh dgng ngdn tif gidn tiip. Mdt nhdm cac cau lidn quan
dd'n li thuyd't hanh ddng ngdn tfl la nhflng cdu thuc hidn mdt hanh ddng ngoai
ldi mgt each gian tid'p bdng mdt hanh ddng khac, 66 la hanh ddng ngdn tfl
gian tid'p. Hanh ddng ngdn tfl gian tid'p la hanh ddng ngdn tfl dugc thuc hidn d
nhflng phat ngdn cd quan he gidn tid'p gifla mdt chfle nang va mdt cau true.
Mdt cau trdn thuat dugc dung de nhan djnh thi dd la mdt hanh ddng ngdn
tfl true tid'p, nhung cau trdn thuat dugc dung de cdu khid'n thi dd la mgt hanh
ddng ngdn tfl gian tid'p. Vi du: Ngodi hdnh lang dn do qud la mdt cau trdn
thudt. Khi nd dugc dung dl nhan djnh tfle la 6e thdng bao vdi ngudi khac vl
tinh trang cua phdng hge thi nd thuc hidn mdt hanh ddng ngdn tfl true tid'p;
cdn khi nd dugc dflng 6i ydu cdu ngudi khac ddng cua lai thi nd boat ddng
nhu mdt hanh ddng ngdn tfl gian tid'p. Cau hdi: Anh ed bat Ida khdng? nd'u
dung dl hdi thi nd nhu mdt hanh ddng ngdn tfl true tid'p, cdn nd'u nd dugc
dung dl ydu cdu thi nd thuc hidn mdt hanh ddng ngdn tfl gian tid'p. Cau: Anh
CO the chuyen cho tdi cdc nude duge khdng? bao gdm hai cau, midt cau hdi vl
kha nang chuyen cdc nudc cua ngudi nghe va mdt ldi ydu cdu anh ta chuyen
cdc nudc.

Van 6i d day la lam the nao ma mdt ngudi ndi khi ndi vl caf gi do cd thd'
ngu y ca mdt cai khac nfla, va lam the nao ma ngudi nghe cd thi hieu dugc
hanh ddng ngdn tfl gidn tid'p? Ngudi ta giai thich rdng trong nhflng trudng hgp
nhu vay nd dua vao thdng tin co ban da cd duge, vao le thudng va vao kha
nang suy luan cua ngudi nghe. Chang ban:
A: - Tdi nay di xem phim vdi anh di!
B: - Em cdn phdi hge thi!
Di hilu phat ngdn cua B la mdt su tfl chdi, A da phai trai qua mdt qua
trinh suy luan nhu the' nay: Minh dd dua ra mgt di nghi vdi B vd cdu trd ldi
cd the Id chdp nhdn, tif chdi hodc thuong luong them. Nhung ldi ddp cda B
khdng diin ra nhu thi, vdy thi nd klidng cdn Id nghia den cua ngdn td niia.
Hge vd xem phim diu mdt thdi gian vd khdng the ldm hai viec cung luc?
Nghia Id B dd tif chdi kheo ldi de nghi cda minh! Tit nhidn, trong thuc td',
chang cd ai lai phai "nghT nggi" vdng vo nhu vay, day chi la mdt vf du minh
hoa cho hanh dgng ngdn tfl gian tid'p ma thdi!
Nhung ydu cdu thudng dugc thuc hidn mdt each gian tid'p. Tfnh chdt gian
tid'p cua chung cd mdt so dac trung nhdt dinh khid'n cho cd thi tap hgp eac
ydu cdu vao mdt so kiiu sau day:
Nhom I: Nhung cdu cd lidn quan dd'n kha ndng cua ngudi nghe ed thi
lam cai gi dd. Vi du:
-Anh ed the dua cudn sdeh ra ddy khdng?
- Anh ed thi im ldng mgt chut ducfc khdng?
- Mdy cd im mdm di khdng?
Nhdm II: Nhflng cau cd lidn quan dd'n nguydn vgng cua ngudi ndi mud'n
ngudi nghe lam cai gi dd. Vi du:
- Em ddng ndi nda thi hay.
- Anh rd't vui neu em ldm giup anh viec ndy.
Nhom III: Nhflng cau lidn quan dd'n y mud'n hoac su vui long lam dilu gi
dd cua ngudi nghe. Vf du:
- Em ed mudn di xem phim vdi anh khdng?
-Hge vdo budi chiiu cd thudn lgi vdi anh khdng?
- Cd phiin anh lam khdng ni'u phdi difa em vi nhd?
Nhdm IV: Nhung cau.cd lidn quan dd'n If do lam vide gi dd. Vi du:
- He cu dgc sdeh Id mdy phdi oang oang thiu?
426 28- TKBGNGO VAN 10/1 (NC)-B

-Anh se thudng xuyin viit thu eho em chd?

-Anh din sdm thi tdt hon.
* Nhurng van de con bao luu
Nhu trdn da ndi, ngudi ta khdng thi liet kd hd't nhung ddng tfl ngdn hanh
cung nhu tat ca kiiu nhflng hanh ddng ngoai ldi cd the cd. Thu nhdt, cai danh
sach'cd thi dung nhu mdt su khai quat ngdn ngfl bgc se rat dai. Thfl hai, cd
mdt sd ddng tfl cd thi midu ta hanfr-dgng ngoai ldi, nhung khdng thi dung
lam ddng tfl ngdn hanh. Chang ban, ta cd thi midu ta nhflng hanh ddng nhu
ninh, chui, mdng, ldm nhuc.., nhung ta khdng thi coi nhflng cau sau day la
ngdn hanh: tdi chid anh, tdi mang anh, tdi tdng bde anh... Cd thi midu td eac
hanh ddng nhu de, de net, dog ddm, dog ngt, de dog..., chfl khdng thi dung
eac ddng tfl a'y lam ddng tfl ngdn hanh. Dd Hull Chau, Nguydn Dfle Dan diu
ndi dd'n hidn tugng trong tid'ng Viet cd nhflng cap tfl ddng nghTa chi khac nhau
0 tinh chat ngdn hanh hay trdn thuat. Chang ban: mdi - mdi mgc, khuyen -
khuyin bdo, edm -edm dodn, ehi -ehi trdch, trdch - trdch mdc, phgt -qud
phgt, eitgc -ed eifoc... Vi du:
-Em mdi anh xoi com. (hanh ddng mdi - phat ngdn ngdn hanh)
- Hg mdi mgc nhau nhiet tinh ldm. (phdt ngdn midu ta)
Thfl ba, bat cfl cau nao cung ed luc ngoai ldi, nhung khdng phai cau nao'
cung dflng ddng tfl ngdn hanh. Vi du:
- O ddy ndng qud. (ngim ralenhmb cu^,hatc{uat,...)
Ngugc lai, cd nhflng cau chfla ddng tfl ngdn hanh, nhung khdng phai ldc
nao cung la cdu ngdn hanh. Vi du:
A: - Em vifa ndi gi the?
B: - Em hda ngdy mai se di hge sdm.
cau cua B la cau khing djnh: Em ndi rdng em hifa ngdy mai em se di hge
sdm. Vi vay, tuy cd ddng tfl ngdn hanh hda, nhung day khdng phai la cau
ngdn hanh (khdng phai la hanh ddng hfla).
Nhung trong vf du sau thi tinh hinh lai khac:
A: - Em ed ddm hifa khdng?
B: - Vdng, em hifa ngdy mai se di hge sdm.
Cdu cua B lai la cau ngdn hanh (thuc hidn hanh ddng hfla).
... Mdi phat ngdn thudng khdng chi thuc hidn mdt hanh ddng, ma cd thi
thuc hidn hai hoac ba hanh ddng va khdng phdi bao gid cung dd dang khang
427
djnh la phdt ngdn ay thuc hidn hanh ddng nao hoac nhflng hanh dgng nao. Khi
me ndi vdi con: Ao so mi eda mdy d trin sdn ddy d? thi 66 cd the la mdt cdu
hdi vl quyin sd hflu cua cdi do, nhung cung cd thi dugc dung dl ndi ldn mgt
ydu cdu (nhat do ldn) va mgt ldi phd binh (vflt qudn do bfla bai). Ddi khi hai
banh ddng khdng lidn quan nhau dugc thuc bidn bdng mdt phat ngdn dl ngudi
nghe lua chgn. Vf du:
A: -Hg bdo dd Id nhung sinh viin gidi nhdt md bi thi trUOt.
B: - Anh phdi chdp nhdn thdi.
Ldi binh cua B vfla la mdt su bao dam, vfla la mdt y mud'n ndi dua. Cung
cd trudng hgp mdt phat ngdn thuc hidn hai hanh dgng dd'i vdi nhflng ngudi
nghe khac nhau, chang ban mdt ngudi dang ndi chuydn qua didn thoai trong
mdt can phdng cd mdt sd ngudi dang cudi dfla qua to, ngudi ndi didn thoai
ndi: Xn ldi, dddy dn qud! thi thuc chat ngudi ndi didn thoai vfla xin ldi ngudi
nghe 0 ddu day bdn kia, vfla nhdc nhd nhflng ngudi dang lam dn trong phdng.
Ngoai ra, cdn nhflng trudng hgp nhu:
Chdng: - Mugn rdi, em.
Vg (cd thi dap bang mgt trong nhflng cau sau day):
(1) Mdi mudi rUdi md anh.
(1) Nhung ern dang thieh xem md.
(3) Anh mudn vi d?
(4) Anh khdng thieh sao?
Chung ta thudng gap nhflng hanh ddng nam trong mdt chudi cac hanh
ddng. Ndi chung, cau hdi ggi cau tra ldi, mdt ldi phan ddi cung ggi cau tra ldi
dudi dang bac bd hay giai thich, mgt ldi dl nghj cd thi ggi su tan ddng hay
khdng tan ddng. Mdi hanh ddng ngdn tfl ndm trong mdt mang ludi lidn kd't
cdc hanh ddng ngdn tfl, chung cbi dugc hudng mgt su tu do cd ban trong kha
nang boat ddng cua minh.
Cac hdnh ddng ngdn tfl tuy cd tfnh pho quat, nhung mdi dan tdc cd van
hod ridng, cd phong tuc tap quan, thdi quen flng xfl khac nhau... ndn cae hanh
ddng ngdn ngfl cung dugc thuc hidn mgt each khac nhau. Ngudi Viet cd the
dflng hinh thfle hdi dl chao, chang ban: Anh di ddu ddy? Anh ldm gi ddy?...,
nhung ngudi Anh lai cd nhflng ldi chao Good morning, Good afternoon...
6. Hoi thoqi
Hdi thoai la hanh ddng giao tid'p pho bid'n nhat, can ban nhat cua con
ngudi. Dd la giao tid'p hai chiiu, cd su tuong tac qua lai gifla ngudi ndi va
ngudi nghe vdi sir luan phidn lugt ldi. Khi hdi thoai chi gdm hai ngudi ta ed
428
song thoai, ba ngudi ta cd tam thoai, nhiiu ngudi ta cd da thoai. Tuy nhidn,
hdi thoai quan trgng nhdt la song thoai. Cd nhiiu kiiu hdi thoai khac nhau:
thdy giao va bgc trd d trdn ldp, bac sT va bdnh nhan d bdnh vidn, ngudi mua ke
ban d chg... Mdi mdt ldn trao ddi, ndi chuydn gifla cac ca nhan trong mdt
hoan canh cu thi nao dd dugc ggi la mdt euge thogi. Mdi cugc thoai diu cd
khdi dau va kd't thuc. Mdi cude thoai cd thi chfla dung nhiiu chu 6i, mdi chu
dl lai cd thi cd nhiiu vdn dl. Tap hgp cac lugt ldi trao ddi vl mdt van 6i se
lam thanh mdt dogn thogi. Trong mdi doan thoai, cdc ca nhan diu cd quyin
ndi. Quyin ndi se xac djnh ya chi phdi lugt ldi cua nhflng ngudi tham gia hdi
thoai. Lugt ldi phai tuan theo nhung quy udc xa hdi nhat djnh dl tranh bj eudp
ldi, gdi ldi (hai ngudi cung ndi mdt lue) va khi can phai bid't nhudng ldi hoac
im ldng.
Cae dang im lang:
1. Im lang dl chuyin ldi sau khi da xong mdt lugt ldi Vi du:
A: - Anh xem giup tdi mdy gid rdi? (Im lang ngdn dl chd B xem ddng hd.)
B: - Ba gid!
1. Im lang vi vfla ndi vfla nghT, do du:
A: - Em dinh thi vdo khoa ndo?
B: -Khoa Bdo chi (ngflng ngdn), nhUng em vdn chifa quyi't lam.
A: - Thi em mudn ldm phdng viin d?
B: - Khdng (ngflng ngdn), thue ra (ngflng ngdn) em vdn thich su phgm hon.
3. Im lang la ddng y:
Bd: - Thi eon cd ddng y ldy anh Hdi khdng?
Con gai (dd mat, im lang)
4. Im lang la khdng ddng y:
Vg: - Em mudn anh dua em di choi din Sdc.
Chdng (im lang)
Vg: - Anh sao the?
Chdng: - Cdi gi?
Vg: - Thdi, khdng cd gi.
Cap thogi:
Trong hgi thoai ludn cd su tuomg tac gifla cdc cd nhdn tham gia hdi thoai.
Cd tuomg tac bdng ldi va tuong tac khdng bdng ldi. Tuong tac bdng ldi chi la
mdt trong nhflng biiu hidn eua tuong tac ndi chung. Trong tuong tac bdng ldi,
429

mdi phat ngdn diu cd quan he true tid'p vdi nhflng phdt ngdn di trudc nd va
djnh hudng cho nhflng phdt ngdn di sau nd. Cdc phat ngdn khdng dflng bidt
lap, ma thudng la phat ngdn nay keo theo phat ngdn kia. Tropg mgt cap thoai,
lugt ldi thfl nhdt cd chfle nang djnh hudng cho lugt ldi thfl hai. Khi ndi mgt
dilu, ngudi ta du doan, chd dgi mdt dilu khdc se xay ra; khi thUe hidn mgt
hanh ddng ngdn tfl, ngudi ta chd dgi mdt hanh ddng ngdn tfl dap flng; sau mgt
ndi dung mdnh dl, ngUdi ta chd dgi mdt ndi dung mdnh dl.
Cap thoai chi hidn tugng mdi kiiu phat ngdn dugc tid'p theo bdng mdt
kiiu phat ngdn ridng, chdng ban: hdi - trd ldi, chdo - chdo, trao - nhdn, xin
ldi - chdp nhdn ldi xin ldi, di nghi - ddp dng... Nhu vdy cap thoai la hai phat
ngdn cd quan he true tid'p vdi nhau. Vf du:
(I) Cap thoai liln kl nhau:
-I- Chao - chao:
A: - Chdo anh!
B: - Chdo ehi'
+ Hdi - tra ldi:
A: - Chdu mdy tudi rdi?
B: - Chdu mudi tudi g!
+ Xin ldi - cba'p nhan xin ldi:
A: - Xn ldi!
B: - Khdng sao!
(1) Cap thoai khdng liln kl nhau:

A: - Em ed the vdo xem phim ndy duge khdng?
B: - Em di'n tudi 18 ehifa?
A: - Chua.
B: - Thi thi khdng duge.
(3) Cap thoai ngfl dung a:
Trd: - ThUa thdy, ed the khdo sdt vd ve dd thi... mdng mo duoc khdng g?
Thdy: - Dang hge todn ehu klidng phdi hge tdm li!
Trd: - Hge di ddi vdi hdnh chd!
Thay: - Tdi chuyen khoa todn chd ddu phdi chuyen khoa tdm li!
Trd: - Sao bila hdm thd'y thdy dgc sdeh tdm li dd?
430
Thdy: - A, nhifng dd Id tdm li hge su phgm!

Trd: - Sao thdy thdy hdng tdm li ti gi dzdy?
Thdy: - Cdi gi?
Trd: - Khd vd nghiem qud hd!
Thdy: - Tdm li hge sif phgm dgy cdn phdi khd vd nghiem nhu vdy!
Trd:!!!
(4) Cac cap thoai ngfl dung b:
+ Trdn thuat - trdn thuat:
A: - Hdm nay anh cdu duOc bdn con.
B: - Em cdu duoc nhifng sdu con co.
+ Tran thuat - hdi:
A: - Em chd chi mdi tif sdng din gid.
B: - Chd ehi ed viec gi ddy?
+ Trdn thuat - mdnh ldnh:
A: - Em mudn boi nifa chi g.
B: - Thdi vi di!
+ Trdn thuat - cam than:
A: - Duoc ngdy nghi hge dung luc chdy tui.
B: - Budn thay cho mdy!
+ Hdi - tran thuat:
A: - Mdy gid rdi?
B: - Tdm gid.
+ Hdi - hdi:
A: - Tie'n nd vi chUa?
B: - Hdi nd cd viec gi?
+ Hdi - mdnh ldnh:
A: - Con hdi qud ndy dugc khdng me?
B: - Ddng!
+ Hdi - cam than:
A\-Me ddy a?
B: - Trdi oi, thang Kien!
+ Mdnh ldnh - trdn thuat:
431
A: — Mudn rdi, di hge di!

B: - Nhung hdm nay Id chd nhdt.
+ Mdnh ldnh - hdi:
A: - Me oi, ra md xem dng gidng!
B: - Ong gidng Idm sao?
+ Mdnh ldnh - mdnh ldnh:
A: - Bdt nd lgi ddy!
B: - Ldo! Im ngay!
+ Mdnh ldnh - cam than:
A: - Di im eho ngifdi ta ngd!
B: - Sudt ngdy ehi ngd vdi ngdy!
+ Cam than - trdn thuat:
A: - Ret qud!
B: - U', thdng tU rdi md eon rit.
+ Cam than - hdi:
A: - Chdn qud mdy g!
B: - Cd gi md chdn hd?
+ Cdm than - mdnh ldnh:
A: - Nhd con ngheo qud!
B: - Hdy di md hdi dng trdi d'y!
+ Cam than - cam than:
A: - Ghi chit di duge!
B: - Khiip, bdn qud!
(Luge ddn theo Nguydn Thidn Giap,
Dung hge Viet ngU, sdd)
7. Cac gia trj tiqi ttioqi

Giao tid'p la de tac ddng dd'n nhan thfle cua ngudi dd'i thoai (trao d6i nhan
thfle thuc cha't cung la tac ddng dd'n nhan thfle, nhdm lam thay ddi nhdn thfle).
Trong ndi dung cua ldi ndi cd hai thanh phdn; thanh phdn nhdn thue, cd gid
tri chdn li (gia trj ddng - sai), thudng duge ggi la ngi dung minh di, cung ed
thi ggi la ngi dung (thudn tuy) logic; vd thanh phdn ngU vi (...) khdng cd gia
432

trj chdn If, ma chi cd gia trj cd thi ggi la gid tri di ngdn, tfle la gid trj thuc
hidn mdt hanh dgng ndi nang nhdt djnh, nhdm cd mdt tac ddng nhd't djnh dd'n
nhan thfle cua ngudi dd'i thoai; thanh phdn sau cung cd thi ggi la ngi dung
tinh thdi. Vf du, cung mdt ndi dung "trdi mua" cd thi la co sd cho nhflng ldi
khac nhau sau day, khac nhau vl gia tri chan If, vl ndi dung thudn tuy Idgic
(trdi mua la dung su that hay la sai su that, la cd kha nSng hay Id td't yd'u...) va
vl gia tri dT ngdn, vl ngi dung tinh thdi (hiin ngdn, khang dinh, khdng dinh -
xdc nhan, khang djnh - thuyet phuc, khang dinh - bde bd, khuyd'n cao, nghi
van, phu dinh, phu djnh - ddng y, phu djnh - bac bd, phu dinh - thuyd't
phuc.) va nhu vay cd thi nham dd'n nhflng tac ddng dung ngdn khac nhau
(tfle la nhflng tac ddng khac nhau dd'n nhan thfle, tinh cam va qua dd dd'n hanh
dgng cua ngudi dd'i thoai):
1. Trdi mua.
2. Trdi mua that.
3. Trdi mua that rdi.
4. Cl nhi, trdi mua that.
5. Trdi mua ddy.
6. Trdi mua ddy chd!
7. Trdi mua that ddy chd!
8. Trdi cd mua.
9. Trdi mua ddy nhe!
10. Coi chifng trdi mua.
11. Coi chdng trdi mua ddy.
12. Khdng kheo trdi mua.
13. Trdi cd thi mua.
14. Trdi cd thi mua ldm chd!
15. Bie't ddu trdi mua.
16. Ai ngd trbi mua.
17. Nhd't dinh trdi mua.
18. The ndo trdi cung mUa.
19. Trdi mua a?
20. Trdi mua that a?
21. Trdi mua if?
433

22. Trdi mua that u?

23. Trdi cd mua khdng?
24. Trdi cd mua khdng ddy?
25. Chdc gi trdi mua.
26. Mua gi trdi nay!
27. Mua gi trdi nay md mua?
28. Trdi khdng mua.
29. Trdi khdng mua that.
30. Tudng Id trdi mua.
31. Tudng Id trdi mua chid
32. Thimd cU tudng Id trdi mua!
33. Tudng ddu trdi mua.
34. Trdi khdng mua ddu.
35. Trdi cd mua ddu.
36. Trdi khdng mua ddu md!
37. Trdi ddu cd mua!
38. Trdi mua ddu md mua?
39. Mua gi md mua trdi ndy!
40. Cd mua eiing cdn ldu!
Gia trj dT ngdn cua ldi rat da dang, phu thudc vao ngdn canh va thudng
ehi cd thi xac djnh mdt each dai khai, vi khdng cd ranh gidi rach rdi. Thdm
nfla, trong cflng mdt ldi cd thi cd nhiiu gia trj dT ngdn khac nhau, chang han:
khdng djnh - bac bd - thuyd't phuc, nhu trudng hgp 6 - Trdi mUa ddy chit!.
Va cung mdt ldi, thuc hidn mdt hanh dgng dT ngdn nha't djnh, cd thi, trong
nhiing ngdn canh khac nhau, nhdm nhflng tac dgng dung ngdn khac nhau.
Chang ban 5 - Trdi mifa ddy la mgt ldi khdng djnh - thuye't phuc, cd thd, tuy
ngdn canh, ed nhflng ham y nhu: "ndn d nha thdi" hoac "phai mang do mUa"...
Ngay gia trj chan li thudng cung khdng cd ranh gidi rach rdi. Dung va sai d
day thudng khdng lam thanh mdt cap khai niem phan nghTa, chi cd hai gia trj,
hoac dung hoac sai, nhu trong Idgic co diin, ma lam thanh mdt cap khai niem
trai nghTa, gifla dung hoan toan va sai hoan toan thudng cdn cd: cd phdn dung
cd phdn sai, dung nhiiu hon la sai, sai nhiiu hom la dung... vdi mdt tap hgp vd
ban gia trj. Cho ndn logic cua ngdn ngfl tu nhidn la mgt logic da tri dac bidt.
434
Ldi trong ngdn ngfl tu nhidn thudng khdng cd nhflng gia trj chdn li ma cdn cd
gia trj dT ngdn, gia trj dT ngdn nay rat da dang, ma ngay ca ban than cac gia trj
chan If va gia trj dT ngdn cung diu lam thanh mdt thang do vdi vd ban gia trj,
gifla cac gia trj khdng cd ranh gidi rach rdi. Logic cua ngdn ngfl tu nhidn la
mdt loai logic md diin hinh.
Dung ngdn ngfl dl giao tid'p tfle la dl ndi nhflng y nghT cua minh cho
ngudi khac hilu. Nhung trong thuc td' cung nhu trdn nguydn tdc, ldm khi
khdng thd ndi y nghT cua minh mdt each hoan toan day du va chinh xac. Y
nghT la trflu tugng, thudng khdng djnh hinh, ludn ludn bid'n ddng, cd khi cue
ki phong phu, sau sdc, lai cd thi cflng mdt ldc cd nhflng y nghT rat khac nhau,
ed khi trai ngUge nhau. Trong khi dd ngdn ngfl la mdt chudi nhflng ki hidu cu
thi, nd'i tid'p nhau thanh hinh tuyd'n va cd gidi ban nhat djnh. Nhung giao tid'p
bdng ngdn ngu, con ngudi khdng chi ndi true tid'p bdng hiin ngdn, ma cd thi
ndi bang ham ngdn. Ndi bdng hdm ngdn Id chi ndi edi tdi thieu cdn phdi ndi,
dd di ggi y eho ngifdi ddi thogi difa vdo dd md suy y hii'u edi y ngUdi ndi
mudn ndi. Tu minh suy ra md hiiu ldy thi ed thi hiiu sdu sdc hon, eho nin
ndi bdng hdm ngdn thi cd the ndi dugc nhiiu hon vd ddy dd hon. Suy y la mdt
hinh thfle suy ludn dac bidt: tfl nhflng tiln dl la hiin ngdn va tiln gia djnh, cd
mdt ndi dung Idgic (gia trj chan li) va / hoac mdt ndi dung tinh thai (gid trj dT
ngdn) nhd't djnh, rut ra kd't ludn (ham ngdn) cd mdt ndi dung logic - tinh thai
cd khac, cd khi khac nhiiu, tham chf trai ngugc lai, vi ngudi ndi cd thi ndi
mdt dilu nay, nhung that ra la nhdm dl ndi mdt dilu khac.
Ham ngdn, kd't luan cua suy y, thudng cd tbI khdng hoan toan xac djnh,
va la mdt ndi dung md. Cung mdt ldi, nhung tuy ngudi, tuy hoan cdnh phat
ngdn, cd thi hilu it nhiiu khac nhau vl cai y mud'n ndi. Vi du:
(1) Thd hdi cd ngudi con nao nhu anh hay khdng?
Ddy la mdt cau hdi, nhung ndu ra la dl ggi y cho ngudi dd'i thoai tu tra ldi
va ttr rut ra ke't luan. Ham ngdn cd gia trj chan li la mdt su phu djnh: "Khdng
ed ngudi con nao (chang ban dd'i xfl vdi cha me td bac) nhu anh ca", va cd gia
trj dT ngdn cua mdt ldi phd phan, chd trach, ldn an... Ngudi dd'i thoai tu tra ldi,
tu rut ra kd't luan, tu suy nghT vl cai y phd phan, chd trach, ldn an nay cua
ngudi ndi, va mfle dd nhan thfle sau sdc dd'n dau la tuy d ngudi dd'i thoai. Nhu
vay, vdi suy y chung ta cd mgt hinh thfle suy luan khdng chi didn ra d dc mdt
ngudi nhu trong trudng hgp ngdn ngfl la cdng cu tu duy, ma la didn ra d tri dc
eua ca ngudi ndi va (nhflng) ngudi nghe, su suy y nay can ban phai gid'ng
nhau, ddn dd'n nhflng kd't luan phu hgp vdi nhau. Nhung phu hgp vdi nhau
khdng cd nghTa la ddng nhdt, la nhdt thid't phdi gid'ng nhau hoan toan, vd thuc
435

t l la nhiiu khi cd khdc nhau. Khdng cd mdt su chinb xac tuydt dd'i, va suy y
la mdt hinh thfle suy ludn gdn dung diin hinh... NhQng quy tdc suy y dua trdn
quy tdc suy li logic, ddng thdi suy y cung cd nhung quy tdc ridng.
Cd mdt cau chuydn nhu sau: Thuyin trudng la ngudi ung hd ludt edm
rugu (d MT, nbung nam 1920 - 1933), nhung thuyin phd lai la ngudi nat rugu
ndn hai vi khdng ua nhau. Mdt hdm, trong phidn true cua minh, thd'y thuyin
phd vdn say bf ti, thuyin trudng buc minh, liln ghi vao so Nhdt ki hdng hdi
nhu sau: Hdm nay, 23 thdng 3, thuyin phd say ruou!. Vai hdm sau, dd'n phidn
true cua minh, thuyin phd dgc ldi nhan xet dd, tfle minh, nghi nggi mdt hdi,
sau dd liln cdm but ghi vao so: Hdm nay, 26 thdng 3, thuyin trudng khdng
say ruou!. VI hinh thfle thi day la mdt nhan xet dung su that, nhung ngudi ta
cd thi suy y dl hilu la: Ngdy ndo thuyin trudng cung say rugu, trd hdm nay!,
mi ddy lai la dilu khdng dung su that! Thuyin phd da lgi dung quy tdc suy y
(ham y hgi thoai) 6i: thdng bdo mdt diiu khdng cd gi ddng thdng bdo, nhung
ngudi dgc lgi thd'y rdng trong thdng bdo d'y hinh nhu cd mgt cdi gi dd khdng
binh thudng?
Vl suy y la mdt hinh thfle suy luan ndn quy tdc suy y cd tfnh phd quat,
ph6 bid'n trong tdt ca cac ngdn ngfl tu nhidn. Nhung suy y la mdt hinh thfle
suy luan gdn dung, lai phu thugc vao ngdn canh, ndn quy tdc suy y thudng
khdng chat che nhu nhflng quy tdc suy If Idgic.
(Luge ddn theo Hoang Phe, Logic -Ngdn ngif hge,
NXB Da Ndng - Trung tam Tfl dien hoc. Ha Ndi - Da Ndng, 2003)
436
MUC LUC
Tuan Tiet Noi dung Trang
Ldi noi dau 3

1-2, van hoc Td'ng quan nen van hoc Viet Nam qua cac thdi ki lich sfl 5
1 3, Tieng Viet van ban 12
4, Lam van Phan loai van ban theo phuong thdc bieu dat 19
5-6, Van hoc Khai quat van hoc dan gian Viet Nam 24
2 7, Tieng Viet Phan loai van ban theo phong each chfle nang ngon ngfl 32
8, Lam v§n Luyen tap ve cac kieu van ban va phuong thfle bieu dat 37
9-10. van hoc Chien thang Mtao Mxay 49
3 11, Lam v§n van ban van hoc 58
12. Lam van Bai viet so 1 65
13-14, Van hoc Uu-lit-xo trd ve 69
15. Lam v§n van ban van hoc 77
4
16. Lam van Thuc hanh lap y va viet doan van theo cac yeu cdu 86
khac nhau
17-18, Van hoc Ra-ma budc tdi 89
5
19-20, van hoc Truyen An Duong Vuong va Mj Chau - Trong Thuy 98
21-22, Van hoc Ta'm Cam 109
6 23. Van hoe Hudng dan doc them ChdDonq Td 120
24, Lam van Tom tat van ban tu sU 122
25, van hoc Nhung no phai bang hai may 140
Tam dai con ga 146
7
26-27, Van hoc Ldi tien dan 153
28. Tap lam van Tra bai vie't so 1 157
29-30. Van hoc Ca dao yeu thuong, tinh nghTa
8
31-32, Lam van Bai vie't so 2 169
33, van hoc Ca dao than than 171
34, van hoc Ca dao hai hu6c, cham biem 176
9
35, Tieng Viet Luyen tap ve nghTa cua tfl 180
36, Lam van Chon sU viec, chi tie't tieu bieu 188
37-38, van hoc. Tuc ngfl ve dao ddc, loi sdng 190
10 39. Tieng Viet Hoat dong giao tie'p bang ngon ngfl 197
40. Lam van Quan sat, the nghiem ddi song 201
437
Tuan Tiet Noi dung Trang
205
11 43. Lam van Doc ~ hieu van ban van hoc 211
44, Lam van Doc tich luy kjen thfle __ _ _„ 21^
45;46. Van hoc Khai quat van hpc Viet Nam tfl the ki X de'n het the ki XIX 216
47. van hoc To Idng f7/7uar A)oa/;) 228
12
Tra bai vie't so 2 232
48, Lam van
'Bai viet sd 3 (Van bieu cam - Bai la^m d nha) 234
49, Van hoc Ndi long 236
50. van hoc Canh ngay he {Bao kinh canh gidi - bai sd 43) 240
13
51, Van hoc Hu6ng dan doc them 249
52, Tieng Viet Dac diem cua van ban ndi va van ban vie't 256
53, van hoc Nhan 264
54, Van hoc Doc Tieu Thanh kl (Doc r r u y e n j / e u r/7an/7j ..274
14
55, Tieng viet Luyen tap ve bien phap tu tfl 294
56, Lam van Lien tuang, tuang tuang 296
57, van hoc Tai lau Hoang Hac, tien Manh Hao Nhien di Quang Lang 306
58, van hoc Cam xuc mua thu (Thu hitng) 311
Tl ba hanh .._318.
15 Doc them 6 nha 338
59-60. van hoc * Ndi oan cua ngudi phong khue
* Lau Hoang Hac
* Khe chim keu
61-62. Van hoc Tha hai-cu 344
Vien Mai ban ve tha (Trfch Tuy Vien thi thoai) 353
16
63, Lam van Tra bai viet so 3 . 354
64, Lam van On tap ve Lam van 355
65-66 On tap van hoc 360
17
67-68 Bai viet sd 4 366
69, Tie'ng Viet Phong each ngdn ngfl sinh hoat 370
18 70, Tieng Viet Phong each ngon ngfl sinh hoat 375
71-72. Lam van Viet ke hoach ca nhan 377
P h u l i JC 380
438
Chiu trach nhiem xuit ban:

C}iam doc : DINH NGOC: BAO
Tdng bien tap : LE A
Chiu trach nhiem ngi dung vi ban quyen:

CONG IT TNUTI SACH GlAO DUC HAI ANH
Bien tap va .^da bai: NGUYfiN NGCX: 11A

Kftiiuat vi tinh : IT lAl SON SON L A M
Trinh bay hia : THU HUONG

Ma sd : 02.02.83/158. PT 2006
THIET KE BAI GIANG NGLT VAN 10, Nang cao - Tap mot
In 1000 cudn, khd 17 x 24 cm, tai Cdng ty Co phan In Phuc Yen.

Sd d§ng ki KHXB : 219 2006/CXB/83 - 25/OHSP ngay 28/3/06.
In xong va nop li/u chieu thang 10 nSm 2006.

sec 2014J83
•' 43.000 D
Gia: 43.000d

Thiết Kế Bài Giảng Ngữ Văn 10 Nâng Cao

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Thiết Kế Bài Giảng Ngữ Văn 10 Nâng Cao

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NGUYEN VAN DirONG (Chu bien)

\SP( NHA XUAT BAN BAI HOC SU PHAM

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TS. NGUYEN VAN Ol/ONG (Chu bien) - ThS. HOANG DAN

NANG CAO - TAP MOT

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Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com

Jlai not ddu

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TONG QUAN N^N VAN HOC VIET NAM

A. Ket qud cdn dqt

B. Chudn bj cua thdy va tro

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C. Thiet ke bai dqy hpc

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- HS quan sat SGK, tra ldi.

Nen van hoc Viet Nam

Van hpc dSn gian Van hpc vi^t

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So sanh cac mat VH dan gian VH Viet

VAN HOC VIET

VH chur Han VH chur Nom VH chiifquoc ngQ"

Van hoc viet

Thdi ki / giai doan Dac diem

TO the kl X den - VH dan gian va VH viet phat trien song song. ,

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* Bdi tap nhanh

4. SOc sd'ng va trie'n - Tidm tang, deo dai, manh Iidt.

- GV nha'n manh ndi dung phan Kdt luan.

Sang tao cua

2. Cao cliay xa bay. (THN) Lieu ma cao chay xa bay

2. Bdi tap 2 (lam d nha)

A. Ket qua cdn dqt

B. Thiet ke bdi dqy tipc

- Ca'u true ba phdn: md bai, than bai, kel bai.

2- TKBGNGO VAN 10/1 (NC)-A 1 J

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- Ba trieu ddn Singapore se khdng eon mdt xu

18 2- TKBGNGCT V A N KJM (NC)-B

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PHAN LOAI VAN BAN

A. Ket qua cdn dqt

TO sir Mieu ta Bieu cam Lap luan Thuyet minh

Thuyet minh Lap luan Mieu ta

2. Dien vao d trdng:

KHAI QUAT VAN HOC DAN GIAN VIET NAM

A. Ket qua cdn dqt

B. Chudn bj cua thdy vd tro

C. Chudn bj cua thdy va tro

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2. Vi' ngdn ngu vd nghi thudt eua VH ddn gian

Cac pht/crng dien

Cac phu'dng dien

Tg sg van xudi, ke lai sg tfch cac vj than thanh, phan anh

Tg sg van xudi, ke lai cac sg-kien, nhan vat lich sO da

Tg sg van xudi, ke' ve sd phan cac nhan vat lao ddng

Tg sg van xudi, ke lai chuyen trong dd nhan vat la chii

Van van, ke lai va binh luan ve nhOng sg kien, con ngodi

- Nhdt Y nhi Duge, tgm duge Bdeh khoa...

PHAN LOAI VAN BAN

A. Ket qua cdn dqt

B. Thiet ke bai dqy tiqc