متعدل

Higher Technological Institute
10th of Ramadan city

6th of October city Branch
Lectures in
Irrigation Works Design (2)

Dr. Eng. Amir M. Mobasher
Assistance Professor in Department of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Engineering – Al-Azhar University
‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬
‫الحمد هلل نحمده ونستعينه ونستغفره ونعوذ باهلل تعالى من شرور أنفسنا ومن سيئات أعمالنا من يهده‬
‫هللا فال مضللله له ومن يضلللفه فال ىاله له وأشلللهد أه إ له إ هللا وشده إ شلللرهد له وأشلللهد أه محمدا‬
‫عبده ورسوله صفى هللا عفيه وسفم تسفيما كثي اًر‪.‬‬
‫أما بعد‪ ,‬فإه المالة العفمية التى تتضلللمنها ىاه المحاتلللرات ُيرجى بها تقديم أسلللاسللليات عفم تصلللميم‬
‫أعمال الره فى طار يكفه لفدارس استيعابها فى سهولة وهسر رغم أنها فى معظمها نتائج لراسات عميقة‬
‫متخصلللصلللة فى شلللتى م اإت ىاا الفرع الهام من فروع العفوم الهندسلللية‪ .‬ولقد شرصلللت قدر اإلمكاه أه‬
‫يكوه عرض األفكار واتلللللللحاً وسلللللللفسلللللللاً لالد وتلللللللعت الكثير من األمثفة التوتللللللليحية فى نهاية ىاه‬
‫المحاترات‪.‬‬
‫أخير آمه أه يكوه ىاا ال هد المتواتللللل عوناً ألبنائنا الطالب الدارسلللللين بكفيات الهندسلللللة والمعاىد‬
‫و ًا‬
‫العفيا‪ ,‬والباشثين فى م ال ىندسة الره والهيدروليكا‪ ,‬وإخواننا المهندسين‪.‬‬
‫الفهم عفمنا ما ينفعنا وانفعنا بما عفمتنا وزلنا عفما ‪ ،‬الفهم نا نعوذ بد من عفم إ ينف ‪ ،‬ومن قفب إ‬
‫يخشللللللل ‪ ،‬ومن لعوة إ ُتسلللللللم ‪ .‬الفهم نا نسلللللللتلد فوات الخير وخواتمه وأوله وآخره وباىره و اطنه ‪،‬‬
‫ونسللللتلد من خير ما سللللتلد منه عبدك ورسللللولد محمد صللللفى هللا عفيه وسللللفم ‪ ،‬ونعوذ بد من شللللر ما‬
‫استعاذك منه عبدك ورسولد محمد صفى هللا عفيه وسفم ‪.‬‬
‫ل‪ /‬أميللللر محمللللد مباشلللللللللر‬
‫أستاذ الره والهيدروليكا المساعد‬
‫كفيلللة الهندسللللة – جامعللة األزىللللللر‬
‫القاىرة – جماله األولى ‪ 1440‬ىل – يناير ‪ 2019‬م‬

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131
Irrigation Works Design (2) Solved Problems
Solved Problems
Dr. Amir M. Mobasher 132

1-HYDRAULIC DESIGN FOR APRONS OF

CONTROL STRUCTURES
Problem 1-1
For the shown weir, you are given:
- Bligh's coefficient (C) = 10 and γf = 2.2 t/m3.
- The discharge per unit length of weir = 2.50 m3/sec/m
a) Find the dimensions a, b, c and the depth of sheet pile (d)

for the safety against undermining.
b) Draw to a suitable scale the full cross section of the weir.
c) Compute the actual piezometric head & pressure head
diagram, and hence check the thickness of apron at point e.
d) Calculate the ground water level at point e (behind the
abutments).

Solution
a = (1-2) H = (1-2) * 4 = 4 -8 m taken 5 m

L = 3 * 10 * (4/3)0.5 (2.50/7)0.5 = 20.70 m
L1 = 1.2 * 10 * (4/3.9)0.5 = 12.15 m
b = 12.15 – 7 = 5.15 taken 6 m
c = 20.70 – (7+6) = 7.70 taken 8 m
Lcreep = H * CB = 4 * 10 = 40 m
40 = 1 + 2 + (2)0.5 + 2 + 3 + 6 +2d + 6 + (2)0.5 + 1

d = 8.08 taken 9 m
Net piezometric heads

1/C = 4/41.828 = 1/10.457
h1 = 4 + (0) =4m
h2 = 5 + (-1) – (1/10.457) = 3.90 m
h3 = 6 + (-2) – (15.414/10.457) = 2.53 m
he = 6 + (-2) – (33.414/10.457) = 0.80 m

h4 = 5 + (-1) – (40.828/10.457) = 0.10 m
h5 = 4 + (0) – (41.828/10.457) = 0.00 m

Uplift Pressures
U2 = 5 – (1/10.457) = 4.90 m
U3 = 6 – (15.414/10.457) = 4.53 m
Ue = 6 – (33.414/10.457) = 2.80 m
U4 = 5 – (40.828/10.457) = 1.10 m

Checking of thickness of apron at point e
h
T=  1.3
 f −1
0.80
T=  1.3 = 0.86m  2m.( safe)
2.20 − 1
Estimation of G.W.L at point e

‫ منسوب مستوى المقارنة‬+ )h( ‫) = الضاغط البيزومترى‬G.W.L( ‫منسوب الماء األرضى‬
)A( ‫ منسوب النقطة‬+ )U( ‫= ضاغط الرفع‬
G.W.L = 0.80 + 6.00 = 6.80 m

G.W.L = 2.80 + 4.00 = 6.80 m

Problem 1-2
The figure shows the longitudinal section for a regulator, the
dimensions of aprons gives the safety against undermining
phenomena. It is required to:
a) Compute and draw the net piezometric heads & pressure

heads diagram.
b) Draw the ground water levels diagram around the

regulator (behind the abutments).
Solution
:"L" ‫الطول الكلى لخط الزحف‬
L = 1 + 1 + 1.414 + 5 + 2x3 + 10 + 2 + 1.414 + 1 + 1 = 29.828 m
‫" = ]ارتفاع سطح المياا ااألمااف فاوق نقطاة ن اطاة اط‬H" ‫صافى فرق الضاغط البيزومترى‬
[‫ ] عمق الميا فوق تلك النقطة‬- [‫الزحف‬
H = [22.75 – 20] – [0.00] = 2.75 m
H/L = 1/C 2.75/29.828 = 1/10.847

1- Net piezometric heads

1/C = 1/10.847
hn = p/γ + z – Ln (1/c)
h1 = 2.75 + (0) = 2.75 m
h2 = 3.75 + (-1) – 1 x (1/10.847) = 2.66 m
h3 = 4.75 + (-2) – 8.414 x (1/10.847) = 1.97 m
h4 = 4.75 + (-2) – 14.414 x (1/10.847) = 1.42 m
h5 = 3.75 + (-1) – 28.828 x (1/10.847) = 0.09 m
h6 = 2.75 + (0) – 29.828 x (1/10.847) = 0.00 m
2- Uplift Pressures heads
Un = p/γ – Ln (1/c)
U2 = 3.75 – 1 x (1/10.817) = 3.66 m

U3 = 4.75 – 8.414 x (1/10.817) = 3.97 m
U4 = 4.75 – 14.414 x (1/10.817) = 3.42 m
U5 = 3.75 – 28.828 x (1/10.817) = 1.09 m
3- Ground water levels
‫ منسوب مستوى المقارنة‬+ )h( ‫) = الضاغط البيزومترى‬G.W.L( ‫منسوب الماء األرضى‬
‫ منسوب النقطة‬+ )U( ‫= ضاغط الرفع‬
W.L1 = 2.75 + (20.00) = 22.75 m
W.L2 = 2.66 + (20.00) = 22.66 m or = 3.66 + (19.00) = 22.66 m
W.L3 = 1.97 + (20.00) = 21.97 m or = 3.97 + (18.00) = 21.97 m
W.L4 = 1.42 + (20.00) = 21.42 m or = 3.42 + (18.00) = 21.42 m
W.L5 = 0.09 + (20.00) = 20.09 m or = 1.09 + (19.00) = 20.09 m
W.L6 = 0.00 + (20.00) = 20.00 m

4 ‫مثال لحساب منسوب الماء األرضى عند النقطة‬

Problem 1-3
For the shown regulator, if the maximum discharge per meter
length of the regulator = 3.46 m3/sec, Bligh's coefficient (C) = 10
and γf = 2.2 t/m3. It is required to:
a) Find the dimensions: “a” and the depth of sheet pile (d) for
safety against undermining, piping and erosion of the bed.
b) Check the thickness of apron at the critical section.
c) Compute the piezometric heads & pressure heads diagram.
d) Draw flow net under the apron and hence draw the
piezometric head diagram (the impervious stratum at level
(38.45)).
Solution
Design for safety against erosion of the bed:
H = 56.64 – 52.45 = 4.19 m

H1 = 56.64 – 52.45 = 4.19 m

‫)‪Irrigation Works Design (2‬‬ ‫‪Solved Problems‬‬
‫‪L1 = 2.10 * 10 * (4.19/3.9)0.5 = 21.76 m‬‬ ‫طول الفرش بدون أعمال الوقاية‬
‫‪a = 21.76 – 13.45 = 8.31 m‬‬ ‫‪taken 9 m‬‬
‫‪L = 4.50 * 10 * (4.19/4.50)0.5 (3.46/7)0.5 = 30.53 m‬‬

‫‪Lprotection = L – L1 = 30.53 – 21.76 = 8.77 m‬‬ ‫‪taken 9 m‬‬
‫‪Design for safety against undermining:‬‬
‫الطول الكلى لخط الزحف "ادون افتراض قواطع رأسية" "‪"L‬‬
‫‪L = 1 + 3 + 1.414 + 2 + 3.55 + 13.45 + 2 + 1.414 + 6 + 1 = 34.828 m‬‬
‫صافى فرق الضاغط البيزومترى "‪] = "H‬ارتفاع سطح المياا ااألمااف فاوق نقطاة ن اطاة اط‬
‫الزحف[ ‪ ] -‬عمق الميا فوق تلك النقطة[‬
‫‪H = [56.14 – 52.45] = 3.69 m‬‬
‫‪H/L = 1/C‬‬ ‫‪3.69/34.828 = 1/9.938‬‬ ‫>‬ ‫‪1/10‬‬
‫‪Lmin = 3.69 x 10 = 36.90 m‬‬
‫أى أن طااول ااط الزحااف المناااار للنياادار ال ياادروليكى الم ا مون ‪ 1/10‬طجااأ أي طق ا ع ا‬
‫‪ 36.90‬متر‪.‬‬
‫اذا افترضنا صفا م القواطع ‪ d‬تيت ميور المجارى المازجوم مباةار (اى علاى اداد ‪3.55‬‬
‫مترا م مقدمة الركيز ) تكون‪:‬‬
‫‪2d = 36.90 – 34.828 = 2.072 m‬‬ ‫‪taken d=2 m‬‬
‫وطصبح طول ط الزحف = ‪ 38.828 = 4 + 34.828‬مترا‬
‫وطكون اينيدار ال يدروليكى على امتداج ط الزحف‪:‬‬
‫‪H/L = 1/C‬‬ ‫‪3.69/38.828 = 1/10.522‬‬ ‫<‬ ‫‪1/10‬‬
‫‪Dr. Amir M. Mobasher‬‬ ‫‪140‬‬

‫‪Check the thickness of apron at the critical section:‬‬
‫الضاغط البيزومترى اسف القطاع اليرم طتم حسااه كما طلى‪:‬‬
‫‪h1-1 = 3.69 – [(1+3+1.414+2+3.55+2x2) x (1/10.522)] = 2.27 m‬‬

‫‪2.27‬‬
‫= ‪T1−1‬‬ ‫‪ 1.3 = 2.46m‬‬ ‫)‪(Unsafe‬‬
‫‪2.20 − 1‬‬
‫لنفرض أنه قد تم زيادة عمق القاطع الى ‪ 4‬أمتار‬
‫‪H/L = 1/C‬‬ ‫‪3.69/42.828 = 1/11.606‬‬ ‫<‬ ‫‪1/10‬‬
‫‪h1-1 = 3.69 – [(1+3+1.414+2+3.55+2x4) x (1/11.606)] = 2.06 m‬‬

‫‪2.06‬‬
‫= ‪T1−1‬‬ ‫‪ 1.3 = 2.23m‬‬ ‫)‪(Unsafe‬‬
‫‪2.20 − 1‬‬
‫لنفرض أنه قد تم زيادة عمق القاطع الى ‪ 8‬أمتار‬
‫‪H/L = 1/C‬‬ ‫‪3.69/50.828 = 1/13.77‬‬ ‫<‬ ‫‪1/10‬‬
‫‪h1-1 = 3.69 – [(1+3+1.414+2+3.55+2x8) x (1/13.77)] = 1.73 m‬‬

‫‪1.73‬‬
‫= ‪T1−1‬‬ ‫‪ 1.3 = 1.87m‬‬ ‫)‪(Safe‬‬
‫‪2.20 − 1‬‬
‫ملحوظة هامة‪ :‬فى الواقع تكون هناك مفاضلة ع طرق تيلي اقتصاجى ااي عاد اادام ما‬
‫سمك الفرش ‪ T‬وما طناارها م أعماق القاطع ‪ , d‬طتخذ اددها القرار فيما طتدلق ا نساأ قيماة‬
‫للسمك م الناحية ايقتصاجطة‪.‬‬

Compute the piezometric heads & pressure heads diagram.
‫النقطة‬ ‫" االمتر‬h" ‫الضاغط البيزومترى‬ ‫" االمتر‬U" ‫ضاغط الرفع‬
1 = 3.69 – 0 = 3.69
2 = 4.69 + (-1) – (1/13.77) = 3.62 = 3.62 – (-1) = 4.62
3 =5.69 +(-2) –(10.96/13.77) = 2.89 = 2.89 – (-2) = 4.89
4 =5.69 +(-2) –(26.96/13.77) = 1.73 = 1.73 – (-2) = 3.73
5 =4.69 +(-1) –(49.828/13.77)= 0.07 = 0.08 – (-1) = 1.07
6 =3.69 - 0 –(50.828/13.77) = 0.00
Design for safety against Piping:
:‫لألمان م ااهر الفوارات‬
P = de/ he = 1/0.07 = 14.28 > 4 (Safe)

Drawing flow net under the apron and hence draw the
piezometric head diagram (the impervious stratum at level
(38.45)).

Problem 1-4
For the given seepage flow net in the figure below, if the soil
permeability is 10-6 m/sec and the critical soil gradient is 0.90,
calculate;
a) The rate of seepage losses.

b) Piezometric head and Pressure head at points A & B.
c) The exit gradient at point C and the factor of safety
against piping.

Solution
a- The rate of seepage losses:
Nf = 6 Nd = 20 H = 9m
Nf 6
q = k .H .( ) = 10−6.9. = 2.70x10−6 m 3 / m.s
Nd 20
b- Piezometric head and Pressure head at points A & B.
∆h = 9/20 = 0.45
hA = 10 ∆h = 10 x 0.45 = 4.50 m
hB = 4 ∆h = 4 x 0.45 = 1.80 m
UA = 4.50 – (-4.00) = 8.50 m
UB = 1.80 – (-4.00) = 5.80 m
c- The exit gradient at point C and the factor of safety against
piping.
h 9
h Ne
ie = = = 20 = 0.45 i c = 0.9
L L 1
ic 0.90
FOS = = =2
ie 0.45
critical soil gradient “ic” ‫ تتراوح قيمة االنحدار الهيدروليكى الحرج‬:‫ملحوظة هامة‬
‫ وهو ما يميل معظم المؤلفين إلى اتخاذه‬,‫ بمتوسط يساوى الوحدة‬1.20 ‫ إلى‬0.80 ‫بين‬
.‫رقما يعبر عن االنحدار الهيدروليكى الحرج‬

Problem 1-5
For the given seepage flow net under a dam in the figure below, if
the soil permeability is 2.50 x 10-5 m/sec, calculate using flow net;
a) The quantity of seepage under the dam.

b) Piezometric head and Pressure head at points A & B.
c) Piezometric head and Ground water level point C.
d) If you are given: the thickness of floor at point C is 1.00 m,
it is required to check this thickness
e) The hydraulic gradient between points D & E and also
check the safety against piping.
Solution
1. The flow rate of seepage under the dam in (m3/s/m/):
Nf = 3 Nd = 10 H = 5.00 m
Nf 3
q = k .H .( ) = 2.50x10−5 x5.00x( ) = 3.75x10−5 m 3 / s / m
Nd 10

2. The piezometric head and pressure head at points A & B. The

ground water level at point C:
∆h = 5.00/10 = 0.50
hA = 8 ∆h = 8 x 0.50 = 4.00 m UA = 4.00 – (-12) = 16.00 m
hB = 2 ∆h = 2 x 0.50 = 1.00 m UB = 1.00 – (-12) = 13.00 m
hC = 2.50 ∆h = 2.50 x 0.50 = 1.25 m
G.W.LC = 1.25 + (12.00) = 13.25 m
)0.00( ‫وذلك افرض أن منسوب الطبقة الصماء هو منسوب‬

3. Check thickness of apron at point C:
hC = 1.25 m t = (1.25 /1.2) x 1.30 = 1.35 m > 1.00 unsafe
4. The hydraulic gradient between points D and E:

iDE = (10 ∆h – 9.50 ∆h) / 1.40 = 0.18
The factor of safety against piping?
P = 0.80 / 1∆h = 1.60 <4 unsafe
...‫مع خالص الدعوات بالتوفيق والنجاح‬

‫ أمير محمد مباشر‬/ ‫دكتور مهندس‬
‫كلية الهندسة – جامعة األزهر‬


2-WEIRS
Problem 2-1
What is the distance between two adjacent weirs to decrease water
slope from 20 cm/km to 12 cm/km, the accumulating water head
on the second weir is 1.50 m.
Solution
L=R/(S2- S1) = 1.5*100/(20-12) = 18.75 km

Problem 2-2
If the distance between two successive weirs built across a canal is
6.0 km, How much is the accumulating water head on the second
weir if the design water surface slope is 15 cm/km. and the
average bed slope 30 cm/km
Solution

L=R/(S2- S1) R= L*( S2-S1)= 6 * (0.3-0.15) = 0.90 m
Problem 2-3
Given data are:
Q = 16.50 m3/s,
Bed Width = 8 m with contraction side = 0.50 m.
Determine the crest level for the weir?
Solution

3-REGULATORS
Problem 3-1
An intermediate regulator has to be constructed on a canal
according to the following data:
- Qmax = 70 m3/s, Qmin = 55 m3/s.
- Width of vents (S)= 6.0 m.
- Thickness of pier (tp) =1.5 m.
- Maximum allowable heading-up = 10 cm
It is required to give a complete hydraulic design of the regulator.
Solution


Problem 3-2
The figure shows a main canal cross section in which a plain
regulator will be constructed. The maximum discharge through
the regulator is Q = 45 m3/sec. It is required to:
- Give a complete hydraulic design of the regulator.
- Choose suitable dimensions for regulator abutments, piers

and the required floor length and thickness for the
transverse direction.
- Draw to a suitable scale with all dimensions and elevations

cross section for the regulator.
Solution
Hydraulic design:
𝐴𝑐 = 4 ∗ (15 + (1.5 ∗ 4 )) = 84 𝑚2
𝑣𝑐 = 45=0.536 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
84
𝑣𝑣 = (2 − 3)𝑣𝑐 = 1.07 − 1.50 = 1.2 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑄 45
𝐴𝑣 = = = 37.50 𝑚2
𝑣𝑣 1.2
37.50 = 𝑛 ∗ 𝑠 ∗ 𝐻 = 1 ∗ 𝑠 ∗ 4
𝑠 = 9.375 𝑚. 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑛 = 2 𝑛 ∗ 𝑠 = 2 ∗ 4.50

1- Check of velocity
45
𝑣= = 1.25 𝑚/ sec < 1.5 (𝑜. 𝑘)
2∗4.50∗4
2- Heading up
𝑣𝑐 2 𝐴
𝐻𝑢𝑝 = ∗ {( )2 − 1}
2𝑔𝑐2 𝑎
0.5362 84
= ∗ {( )2 − 1} = 0.07 𝑚. ok.
2∗9.8∗0.922 2∗4.5∗4
3- Check of geometry
Lt=2*4.50 + 1*1.25=10.25 m. < 15 m. (ok.)
4- Check of contraction
84 − 2 ∗ 4.5 ∗ 4
= 0.57 > 0.45
84
Empirical Dimensions ‫األبعاد االفتراضية‬
b 1 = 0.18 * 4.50 + 0.50 = 1.31 m take b1 = 1.35 m.

b 2 = 1.31 + 0.25* 5 = 2.56 m take b2 = 2.60 m.
𝑆 4.5
t= + 0.5√ℎ = + 0.5√4 = 2.13 𝑚.
4 4
t= √ℎ = √4 = 2.00 𝑚. take t = 2.20 m.

Problem 3-3
It is required to distribute the discharge passing through a main
canal A-B into three branch canals B-C, B-D, and B-E by
constructing three head regulators to act as a group at the inlet of
each branch canal as shown in Figures. The maximum discharges
passing through canals B-C, B-D, and B-E are 16, 26, and 22
m3/sec, respectively. The maximum heading up is 10 cm.
It is required to design the water way dimensions for the three

regulators.

Solution
Hydraulic design for canal (B-C):
𝐴𝑐 = 2 ∗ (7 + (2 ∗ 2 )) = 22 𝑚2
𝑣𝑐 = 16=0.727 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
22
𝑣𝑣 = (2 − 3)𝑣𝑐 = 1.45 − 1.50 = 1.45 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑄 16
𝐴𝑣 = = = 11.03 𝑚2
𝑣𝑣 1.45
11.03 = 𝑛 ∗ 𝑆 ∗ 𝐻 = 1 ∗ 𝑆 ∗ 2 S = 5.50 m
16
𝑣= = 1.45 𝑚/ sec < 1.5 (𝑜. 𝑘 )
1∗5.50∗2
2- Heading up
Q i 16
= = = 0.25
Q T 64
Vc2  i .Ac 2
H up i = 2
[( ) - cos 2  i ]
2g.C Av i
0.727 2 0.25 x22 2

H up = [( ) - cos 2 65] = 0.002 m = 0.20 cm  10 cm
2 x 9.81.x 0.92 2 11
Lt=1 x 5.50 = 5.50 m. < 7 m. (ok.)
22 − 1 𝑥 5.50 𝑥 2
= 0.50 > 0.45
22
Hydraulic design for canal (B-D):
𝐴𝑐 = 3 ∗ (11 + (2 ∗ 3 )) = 51 𝑚2
𝑣𝑐 = 26=0.51 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
51
𝑣𝑣 = (2 − 3)𝑣𝑐 = 1.02 − 1.50 = 1.25 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑄 26
𝐴𝑣 = = = 20.80 𝑚2
𝑣𝑣 1.25
20.80 = 𝑛 ∗ 𝑆 ∗ 𝐻 = 1 ∗ 𝑆 ∗ 3 S = 6.00 m
26
𝑣= = 1.44 𝑚/ sec < 1.5 (𝑜. 𝑘 )
1∗6.00∗3
2- Heading up
Q i 26
= = = 0.41
Q T 64
Vc2  i .Ac 2
H up i = 2
[( ) - cos 2  i ]
2g.C Av i
0.512 0.41 x51 2

H up = 2
[( ) - cos 2 0] = 0.005 m = 0.5 cm  10 cm
2 x 9.81.x 0.92 18
Lt=1 x 6.00 = 6.00 m. < 11 m. (ok.)
51 − 1 𝑥 6.00 𝑥 3
= 0.65 > 0.45
51

Hydraulic design for canal (B-E):
𝐴𝑐 = 2.50 ∗ (8 + (2 ∗ 2.50 )) = 32.50 𝑚2
𝑣𝑐 = 22
32.5=0.677 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑣𝑣 = (2 − 3)𝑣𝑐 = 1.35 − 1.50 = 1.40 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐

𝑄 22
𝐴𝑣 = = = 15.71 𝑚2
𝑣𝑣 1.40
15.71 = 𝑛 ∗ 𝑆 ∗ 𝐻 = 1 ∗ 𝑆 ∗ 2.50 S = 6.00 m
22
𝑣= = 1.47 𝑚/ sec < 1.5 (𝑜. 𝑘 )
1∗6.00∗2.5
2- Heading up
Q i 22
= = = 0.34
Q T 64
Vc2  i .Ac 2
H up i = [( ) - cos 2  i ]
2g.C 2 Av i
0.677 2 0.34 x 32.5 2

H up = 2
[( ) - cos 2 75] = 0.013 m = 1.30 cm  10 cm
2 x 9.81.x 0.92 15
Lt=1 x 6.00 = 6.00 m. < 8 m. (ok.)
32.5 − 1 𝑥 6.00 𝑥 2.5

= 0.54 > 0.45
32.5
Problem 3-4
The given figure shows a regulator pier, if you have the following
data:
- The regulator has 4 vents each 3 meter in width.

- The level of the pier top is (8.00) m, and width of the pier is
1.25 m.
- The upstream water level is (7.49) m, and the floor is
horizontal at level (3.80) m.
- The reactions from adjacent spans including the dead and
live loads that are transmitted from the bridge to piers
through points (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H) were calculated as
follows:
- RD.L. reaction/girder of bridge = 6 ton.
- RL.L. reaction/girder of bridge = 5 ton.
It is required to check the maximum and minimum stresses on the

base section of the pier from the different possible cases of
loading.
Solution
- Check stability of pier ‫التحقق من استقرار الركيزة‬
A = 1.25 x 10.90 = 13.625 m2

IXX = (10.90 x 1.253)/12 =1.77 m4

Iyy = (1.25 x 10.903)/12 =134.90 m4

Y = 1.25/2 =0.625 m
X =10.90/2 = 5.45 m
Case 1 : Max. Normal Stresses
‫ والميتة‬Live load ‫فى هذ اليالة طتم تيمي ك م فتيتى الكوارى ااألحمال اليية‬
Dead load
WPier = 10.90 x 1.25 x 4.20 x 2.20 = 125.90 t

N = 8 x 11 + 125.90 = 213.90 t
f1 = f2 = - 213.90 / 13.625 = - 15.70 < 500 t/m2
Case 2 : Max. Moment about X axis
Assuming that one vent is closed and dry, and the girders on its side are
loaded with Live load.
‫فى هذ اليالة تكون إحدى الفتيات مفرغة م الميا والطة الكوارى فوق ا ميملة ااألحمال‬
‫ والطة الكوارى فوق ا ي‬,‫ اينما الفتية المجاور تملؤها الميا االمنسوب األقصى‬,‫اليية‬
.‫تتدرض لألحمال اليية‬

‫‪N = 4 (6+11) + 125.90 = 193.90 t‬‬

‫‪Water presser force “P” = 0.5 x 3.69 x 3.69 x 10.90 = 74.21 t‬‬
‫‪Mx = (11 x 0.2 x 4) – (6 x 0.2 x 4) + 74.21 x (3.69/3) = 95.28 t.m‬‬
‫‪My = zero‬‬
‫‪193.90 95.28x0.625‬‬
‫‪f1 = −‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪= +19.41t / m 2 (tension) − unsafe‬‬
‫‪13.625‬‬ ‫‪1.77‬‬
‫‪193.90 95.28x0.625‬‬
‫‪f2 = −‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪= −47.88t / m 2  500t / m 2 safe‬‬
‫‪13.625‬‬ ‫‪1.77‬‬
‫فى هذ اليالة طتم زطاج عرض الركيز أو استخداف ركامز م الخرسانة المسلية‬
‫ملحوظة هامة ‪:‬‬
‫فى حالة ما إذا ذكر فى المثال أنه طوجد ةرخ ةدرى ‪ hair crack‬أسف الركيز ‪ ,‬ففى هذ‬
‫اليالة طتم اضافة مثلث ضغوط رفع أسف الركيز وطكون حساب اإلج اجات كالتالى‪:‬‬

U = 0.50 x 3.69 x 1.25 x 10.90 = 25.14 t

N = 4 (6+11) + 125.90 – 25.14 = 168.76 t
Water presser force “P” = 0.5 x 3.69 x 3.69 x 10.90 = 74.21 t
Mx = (11 x 0.2 x 4) – (6 x 0.2 x 4) + 74.21 x (3.69/3) + 25.14 x 0.21 =
100.52 t.m
My = zero
168.76 100.52x0.625
f1 = − + = +23.11t / m 2 (tension) − unsafe
13.625 1.77
168.76 100.52 x0.625

f2 = − − = −47.88t / m 2  500t / m 2 safe
13.625 1.77
Case 3 : Max. Moment about Y axis
Assuming that all vents are closed and dry and U.S. water pressure.
And live load ( L.L ) as shown in the fig below.
‫ وترتيااأ األحمااال م ا كماارات‬,‫فااى هااذ اليالااة تكااون فتيااات القنطاار مغلقااة والخلااف جااات‬
‫الكوارى كما هو موضح االشك‬
N = 4 (6+11) + 125.90 = 193.90 t

Water presser force “P” = 0.5 x 3.69 x 3.69 x (3 + 1.25) = 28.93 t

My = (2 x 11 x 3 + 2 x 11 x1 – 2 x 6 x 3 – 2 x 6 x 1) + 28.93 x (3.69/3)
= 75.58 t.m Mx = zero
193.90 75.58x5.45
f1 = − + = −11.18t / m 2  500t / m 2 safe
13.625 134.90
193.90 75.58x5.45
f2 = − − = −17.28t / m 2  500t / m 2 safe
13.625 134.90
Case 4: Compound moments
That is the case of one vent is loaded with live loads, D. S. is dry and U.S.
water pressure.
‫ اينماا تتاوزع األحماال ما الكاوارى ما‬,‫فى هذ اليالة تكاون الفتياات مغلقاة والخلاف جاات‬
‫الطة علي ا أحمال حية م ناحية واأل رى تتلقى أحمال ا الثااتة فقط‬

N = 4 (6+11) + 125.90 = 193.90 t

Water presser force “P” = 0.5 x 3.69 x 3.69 x (3 + 1.25) = 28.93 t
My = 28.93 x (3.69/3) = 35.58 t.m
Mx = 4 x 11 x 0.20 – 4 x 6 x 0.20 = 4.00 t.m
193.90 4 x0.625 35.58x5.45
f1 = − + + = −11.38t / m 2  500t / m 2 safe
13.625 1.77 134.90
193.90 4 x0.625 35.58x5.45

f2 = − − − = −17.08t / m 2  500t / m 2 safe
13.625 1.77 134.90

Problem 3-5
The figure shows abutment in a head regulator, if you know that:
- The regulator consists of three vents, each span = 4.50 m.

The pier thickness is 1.25 m.
- The width of the bridge = 10.0 m and it has two side
walks of 1.00 m width each. The equivalent Dead and
Live loads of the bridge are 1.00 and 2.50 t/m2,
respectively.
- The soil properties at the regulator site are: Φ = 30o, γbulk
= 1.80 t/m3, void ratio 40 %.
- It is required to check the stresses under the base of the
abutment.

Solution
- Check stability of abutments
a) Vertical loads
- Reaction force from the bridge ‫رج فد الكوارى‬

R = (3.50 x 5.75) /2 = 10.06 t
W1 = 5.00 x 1.35 x 2.20 = 14.85 ton ↓
W2 = 0.50 x 1.25 x 5 x 2.20 = 6.88 ton ↓
W3 = (2.60 – 0.625) x 2.50 = 4.94 ton ↓
W4 = 1 x (2.60 – 0.625) x 1.80 = 3.55 ton ↓

W5 = 1 x (2.60 – 1.35) x 1.80 = 2.25 ton ↓
W6 = 0.50 x 4 x 1 * 2.20 = 4.40 ton ↓
(γsub = 1.80–0.60 x1=1.20 t/m3)
(γsat = 1.20 + 1 = 2.20 t/m3)
∑W = 46.93 ton ↓
b) Lateral pressure
e1 = 2.50 x 0.333 = 0.83 ton/m2
e2 = 1.80 x 2 x 0.333 = 1.20 ton/m2
e3 = 1.20 + 0.83 = 2.03 ton/m2
e4 = 1.20 x 4 x 0.333 = 1.60 ton/m2
e5 = 1.00 x 4 = 4.00 ton/m2
c) Horizontal loads
E1 = 0.83 x 2 = 1.66 ton →
E2 = 0.50 x 1.20 x 2 = 1.20 ton →
E3 = 2.03 x 4 = 8.12 ton →
E4 = 0.50 x 1.60 x 4 = 3.20 ton →
E5 =0.50 x 4 x 4 = 8.00 ton →
d) Stresses Calculations
M = E1 x 5 + E2 x 4.67 + E3 x 2 + E4 x 1.33 + E5 x 1.33 + R x

0.99 + W1 x 0.625 – W2 x 0.467 – W3 x 0.31 – W4 x 0.31 –
W5 x 0.675 – W6 x 0.97

M = 1.66 x 5 + 1.20 x 4.67 + 8.12 x 2 + 3.20 x 1.33 + 8 x 1.33 +

10.06 x 0.99 + 14.85 x 0.625 – 6.88 x 0.467 – 4.94 x 0.31 –
3.55 x 0.31 – 2.25 x 0.675 – 4.40 x 0.97 = 52.65 t.m
e = M/N = 52.65/46.93 = 1.12 > 2.60/6 (unsafe)

2.60
46.93 52.65 ( )
𝑓21 = − ± 2
2.60 ∗ 1.00 1.00 ∗ 2.603 /12
f1= + 28.68 t/m2 (unsafe)
f2= -64.78 t/m2 < 50 kg/cm2
unsafe ‫قطاع األكتاف عند القاعدة غير آمن‬

Problem 3-6
A head regulator is to be constructed to feed a main canal from a
Rayah. The cross section of the regulator under the bridge is given
in the Fig. The available data for the regulator are:
- The regulator consists of two vents, each span = 5.00 m.

- The pier thickness is 1.0 m. The width of the bridge = 10.0
m and it has two side walks of 1.25 m width each.
- The equivalent Dead and Live loads of the bridge are 1.2
and 1.5 t/m2, respectively.
- The soil properties at the regulator site are: Φ = 30o, γbulk =
1.80 t/m3, void ratio 40 %, and the soil bearing capacity =
1.11 kg /cm2. (For the used R.C, k1=0.31& k2=1218).
It is required to:
1- Check the soil stresses under the floor.
2- Check the given floor thickness in the case of whether the

regulator will be constructed from plain concrete or
reinforced concrete

Solution
Case 1: Plain Concrete Apron
- Reaction force from the bridge

R = (2.70 x 6.10) /2 = 8.24 t
- Check of the soil stresses
WL.L = 1.50 x 1 = 1.50 t
Wearth = 1 x 3.50 x 1.80 = 6.30 t
Wabut. = 0.60 x 2.50 x 2.20 = 3.30 t

WPier= 1 x 2.50 x 2.20 = 5.50 t
Wfloor= 1 x 14.20 x 2.20 = 31.24 t
6.30 x 2 + 3.30 x 2 + 5.50 + 1.5 x 2 + 8.24 x 4 + 31.24

𝜎=
14.20
2
= 6.48 𝑡/𝑚
6.48 t/m2 < 11.10 t/m2 (safe)
- Check the floor thickness

- Check of shear stresses
)1-1( ‫تكون أكبر قيمة إلج اجات القص على الفرش عند القطاع‬
Qmax. = 1.50 + 6.30 + 3.30 + 8.24 +1.60 x 2.20 – 6.48 x 1.60 = 12.50 t
3 12500
q max = x = 1.87  5.0 Kg/cm 2 (safe)
2 100 x 100
- Check of max. stresses
zero ‫تكاون أقصاى إج ااجات ناتجاة عا عازف اينينااء عناد القطااع الماار انقطاة الا‬
:‫ ووالتى طمك تيدطدها كما طلى‬shear
1.50 + 6.30 + 3.30 + 8.24 + 2.20 (X) = 6.48 (X)
X = 4.52 m
E1. = 1.50 x 0.333 x 4.50 = 2.25 t
E2. = 0.50 x 1.80 x 0.333 x 4.50 x 4.50 = 6.07 t
Mmax. = (1.50 + 6.30) x (4.52 – 0.50) + (8.24 + 3.30) x (4.52 – 1-

0.30) + (4.52 x 1 x 2.20) x (4.52/2) - 6.48 x 4.522/2 –
6.075 x 1 – 2.25 x 1.75 = 14.78 t.m
N. = 2.25 + 6.07 = 8.32 t

- 8320 6 x 14.78x105
f1 = + = + 8.78 kg/cm 2 (tension) (Unsafe)
100 x 100 100 x 1002
- 8320 6 x 14.78x105
f2 = − = − 8.95 kg/cm 2 (comp.)
100 x 100 100 x 1002
Case 2: Reinforced Concrete Apron
- Check of the soil stresses
R = (2.70 x 6.10) /2 = 8.24 t

WL.L = 1.50 x 1 = 1.50 t
Wearth = 1 x 3.50 x 1.80 = 6.30 t
Wabut. = 0.60 x 2.50 x 2.50 = 3.75 t
WPier= 1 x 2.50 x 2.50 = 6.25 t
Wfloor= 1 x 14.20 x 2.50 = 35.50 t

6.30 x 2 + 3.75 x 2 + 6.25 + 1.5 x 2 + 8.24 x 4 + 35.50
𝜎= = 6.90 𝑡/𝑚2
14.20
< 11.10 t/m2 (safe)
- Check the floor thickness
‫ والتى طكون عندها أقصى عزف‬zero shear ‫تيدطد نقطة ال‬
1.50 + 6.30 + 3.75 + 8.24 + 2.50 (X) = 6.90 (X)
X = 4.50 m
E1. = 1.50 x 0.333 x 4.50 = 2.25 t
E2. = 0.50 x 1.80 x 0.333 x 4.50 x 4.50 = 6.07 t
Mmax. = (1.50 + 6.30) x (4.50 – 0.50) + (8.24 + 3.75) x (4.50 – 1-
0.30) + (4.50 x 1 x 2.50) x (4.50/2) - 6.90 x 4.502/2 –
6.075 x 1 – 2.25 x 1.75 = 15.00 t.m
N. = 2.25 + 6.07 = 8.32 t
15.00 𝑥 105
𝑑 = 0.31 √ = 37.97 𝑐𝑚 < 95 𝑐𝑚
100
Take dact = 95 cm , t = 100 cm

15.00 𝑥 105
𝐴𝑠 = = 12.96 𝑐𝑚2
1218 𝑥 95
Asmin = (0.25/100) x Ac = (0.25/100) x ( 100 x 100) = 25 cm2
Take As = 25 cm2 8 Ф 20 /m- Take As- 8 Ф 12 /m-
- Check shear stresses
)1-1( ‫تكون أكبر قيمة إلج اجات القص على الفرش عند القطاع‬
Qmax. = 1.50 + 6.30 + 3.75 + 8.24 +1.60 x 2.50 – 6.90 x 1.60 = 12.75 t
qmax. = Qmax /100 d = 12.75 x 1000/(100 x 95) = 1.34 < 5 kg/cm2
(safe)

Problem 3-7
The given figure shows a longitudinal section in a head regulator,
if you have the following data:
- The upstream water level is (25.00) m, and the apron is

horizontal at level (21.00) m.
- The level of the pier top is (26.00) m, and the main groove
is about 3.00 meters from the front of the pier.
- The discharge per unit length of regulator = 5.00 m3/sec/m.
- It is not allowed to increase the apron thickness more than
2.20 m.
It is required to give a complete design for the apron in the

longitudinal direction.
Solution
- Design of Apron in Longitudinal direction

1- Check the safety against downstream scour ‫الجرف الخلفى‬
L1 = 2.1 x CB x (H1/3.9)0.5
L1 = 2.1 x 10 x (5/3.9)0.5 = 23.7 m ~ 24 m
L = 4.5 x CB x (H/4.5)0.5 x (q/7.0)0.5
=4.5 x 10.0 x (5.0/4.5)0.5 x (5.0/7.0)0.5 =~ 40.0 m
Lprotection = L – L1 = 40.0 - 24.0 = 16 m
2- Check the safety against undermining ‫االستنزاف التحتى‬
(H/L) = (1/C) L= H x C= 4.0 x 10.0 = 40.0 m
Lact.= 1.1+8.0-1.1+1.55+3.0+24.0-1.1+1.55+1.1= 38.1 m
(H/L) = (1/C) (4.0/38.1) = (1/9.525) > 1/10 "Unsafe"
- Assume Cutoff (1.0 m ) at critical section (1-1)
L = 38.1 + (2.0 x 1.0) = 40.1 m
(H/L) = (1/C) (4.0/40.1) = (1/10.02) < 1/10 "Safe"
3- Check of apron thickness at critical section ‫التحقق من سمك الفرش‬
h1= 6.20+(-2.2)-(1.1+4.7+1.55+2.2+3.0+2.0 x 1.0) / (10.02) = 2.54 m
tf = (h1/Ɣf-1) x 1.30= ((2.54)/(2.2-1)) x 1.3 = 2.75 m > 2.2 "Unsafe"
Increase cutoff length to 4.0 m
Lcreep=(2.0/0.1)+(2.0 x 3.0) = 46.1 m
(H/L) = (1/C) (4.0/46.1) = (1.0/11.53) < 1/10 "Safe"
h1= 6.20 + (-2.2) - (1.1+4.7+1.55+2.2+3.0+2.0 x 4.0)/(11.53) = 2.27 m

tf= ((2.27)/(2.2-1))*1.3 = 2.41 m > 2.2 " Unsafe "
Increase cutoff length to 7.0 m
Lcreep = 46.1+2 x 3= 52.1 m
(H/L) = (1/C) (4.0/52.1) = (1.0/13.025)

h1= 6.20 + (-2.2)- (1.1+4.7+1.55+2.2+3.0+2.0 x 7.0) / (13.025)=1.46m
tf = ((1.46)/(2.2-1)) x 1.3 = 2.12 m < 2.2 "Safe"
4- Check the safety against Piping ‫الفوارات‬

Pizometric head At Point (5):
h5= 1.1 / 13.025 = 0.08
P = t/h5 = 1.1/0.08 = 13.7 > 4.0 "Safe"
- Calculation of pizometric heads
h1 = 4 m
h2 = 5.1+(-1.1) - 1.1\13.025 = 3.91m
h3 =h2 - losses = 3.91- ( 4.7+1.55+2.2+3)\13.025 = 3.03 m
h4 = h3 - losses = 3.03 – 2 x 7\13.025=1.95 m
h5 = 1.1 / 13.025 = 0.08 m
h6 = 0.0
- Calculation of uplift pressures
U2 = h2-Z = 3.91- (-1.1) = 5.01 m
U3 = h3-Z = 3.03 - (-2.2) = 5.23 m
U4 = h4-Z = 1.95 - (-2.2) = 4.15 m
U5 = h5-Z = 0.08 - (-1.1) = 1.18 m


Problem 3-8
The given figure shows a longitudinal section in an intermediate
regulator, if you have the following data:
- The upstream water level is (10.00) m and the downstream

water level is (7.00) m,
- The apron is horizontal at level (5.00) m.
It is required:
a) Draw flow net under the apron and hence draw the
piezometric head diagram.
c) Check the safety against piping phenomena.
d) Calculate the rate of seepage losses.

Solution

Problem 3-9
A regulator has 4 vents each 4 meter in width. The upstream
water level is (4.75) m, and the apron is horizontal at level (0.00)
m. Type of the used gates is a vertical lift steel gate and
horizontally supported by four beams only. It is required to:
a) Determine the locations and cross sections of the horizontal

four beams on the gate and design the gate thickness.
b) What is the required power for lifting the gate in two

minutes.
Solution
0.25 + ‫( = الدمق المامى األقصى ااألماف‬HG) ‫إرتفاع البوااة‬
0.40 + ‫) = عرض الفتية‬BG( ‫عرض البوااة‬
HG x BG = )AG( ‫المساحة السطيية للبوااة‬
HG = 4.75 + 0.25 = 5.00 m
BG = 4 + 0.40 = 4.40 m
Area of the gate “AG” = 5 x 4.40 = 22 m2 > 15m2
Double ‫ فإنه طتم استخداف اوااات مزجوجة‬2‫ ف‬15 ‫واما أن مساحة البوااة أكبر م‬
: ‫ وطمك حساب ارتفاع ك من ا كما طلى‬, gates
2 / )0.20 + 0.25 + ‫( = (الدمق المامى األقصى ااألماف‬HG) ‫إرتفاع البوااة‬
HG = (4.75 + 0.25 + 0.20)/2 = 2.60 m
1- Design of main horizontal girders ‫تصميم الكمرات األفقية الرئيسية‬

- Determination of positions of main girders ‫تحديد أماكن الكمرات‬
: ‫م الرسم المبي طتضح أن‬
)2.08( ‫" عند منسوب‬B1" ‫كمر‬

- Force on each beam ‫القوة المؤثرة على كل كمرة‬
Force on B1 = ((2.50+3.31)/2) x 0.812 x 4.40 = 10.38 t.
Force on B2 = ((3.31+3.96)/2) x 0.65 x 4.40 = 10.39 t.
Force on B3 = ((3.96+4.51)/2) x 0.552 x 4.40 = 10.28 t.
Force on B4 = ((4.51+5.00)/2) x 0.486 x 4.40 = 10.17 t.
Force on each beam = the biggest = 10.39 t
:‫وطمك حساب القو المؤثر على ك كمر اطرطقة أ رى كما طلى‬
Force on each beam = {((5.00+2.50)/2) x 2.50 x 4.40}/4 = 10.31 t.

- Design of main girders ‫تصميم الكمرات‬
Mmax = (10.39/4.40) 4.402/8 = 5.71 t.m
Shear force “Q” = 10.39 /2 = 5.20 t
Z = M/f = 5.71 x 100 /1.40 = 408 cm3 (f = 1.4 t/cm2)
qmax ‫وادد ا تيار القطاع م جداول اليدطد طتم التيقق م اج اجات القص‬
:‫م الدلقة التالية‬
Q
q max =  0.70 f
A web
2- Design of skin plate thickness ‫تصميم سمك اللوح الخارجى‬
P. a . b
t=
2f
- For span (1) = 0.42 m
P = (2.5 + 2.92)/2 = 2.71 t/m2 (f = 14000 t/m2)
2.71x 0.42 x 4.4

t= = 0.013 m
2x14000
- For span (2) = 0.72 m
P = (2.92 + 3.64)/2 = 3.28 t/m2
3.28x 0.72 x 4.4

t= = 0.019 m
2x14000

- For span (3) = 0.60 m
P = (3.64 + 4.24)/2 = 3.94 t/m2
3.94x 0.60 x 4.4

t= = 0.019 m
2x10000
- For span (4) = 0.52 m
P = (4.24 + 4.76)/2 = 4.50 t/m2
4.50x 0.52 x 4.4

t= = 0.019 m
2x14000
- For span (5) = 0.24 m
P = (4.76 + 5.00)/2 = 4.88 t/m2
4.88x 0.24 x 4.4

t= = 0.014 m
2x14000
t = 0.019 m = 1.90 cm

3- Force required to lift the gate ‫القوة الالزمة لرفع البوابة‬
F = ( P.µ + W ) . C
P = (2.50 + 5.00)/2 x 2.50 x 4.40 = 41.25 t
µ = 0.10
W = (0.06 x 4) x (2.50 x 4.40) = 2.64 t
F = (41.25 x 0.10 + 2.64 ) x 1.25 = 8.46 t
:) ‫وليساب قدر الونش (افرض أن الزم اللزف لرفع البوااة جقيقتي‬
Power = Force x Velocity
Velocity = 2.5/2 x 60= 0.021 m/s
Power = (8460 x 0.021)/75 = 2.35 HP

4-NAVIGATION LOCKS
Problem 4-1
It is required to determine the dimensions of the side culverts
attached to one of the navigation locks which are used to reduce
the level from 5.00 meters to 3.00 meters, if you know that the
dimensions of the chamber is 116 x 16 meters and the coefficient
of discharge = 0.90
Solution
Assume a = 2 x 2 m2
T1 2A√H 60 2x 116x 16x√2

T= + = + = 194.60 sec
2 Cd . а . √2g 2 0.90 x (2x2x2)√2x9.81
2x 116x 16
Q= = 19.08 m3 /sec
194.60
19.08
Q Cul. = = 9.54 m3 /sec
2
9.54
vCul. = = 2.38 m/sec < 2.50 m/sec (Safe)
2x2

Problem 4-2
The figure shows a cross section of the lock chamber in a plain
concrete navigation unsymmetrical lock, if the following data are
given:
- The ground water level is (6.00) m.

- γdry of soil =1.8 t/m3 , void ratio 40 % and φ = 30o
- The soil is non-homogeneous and durability below average.
It is required to:
a) Estimate the net modified reaction of soil.

b) Draw the stress diagram at section (1-1).
Solution
a) Estimation of the net modified reaction of soil.
a) Vertical loads
W1 = 2 x 6 x 2.20 = 26.40 ton ↓

W2 = 0.50 x 1 x 6 x 2.20 = 6.60 ton ↓
W3 = 9 x 3 x 2.20 = 59.40 ton ↓
W4 = 0.50 x 1 x 6 x 1.80 = 5.40 ton ↓
W5 = 3 x 6 x 2.20 = 39.60 ton ↓
W6 = 3 x 9 x 2.20 = 59.40 ton ↓
WL.L = 0.60 x 1 = 0.60 ton ↓ ‫طمك اهمال ا لصغر قيمت ا‬
∑W = 196.80 ton ↓
Uplift force = [(6+4.5)/2] x18 = 94.5 ton ↑
N = 196.80 – 94.5 = 102.3 ton ↓

b) Lateral pressure
Ka = (1-sin30)/(1+sin30) = 0.333
e1 = 0.60 x 0.333 = 0.20 ton/m2
e2 = 1.80 x 3 x 0.333 = 1.80 ton/m2
e3 = 1.80 + 0.20 = 2.00 ton/m2
e4 = 1.20 x 6 x 0.333 = 2.40 ton/m2
e5 = 1.00 x 6 = 6.00 ton/m2
e6 = 1.00 x 4.50 = 4.50 ton/m2
c) Horizontal loads
E1 = 0.20 x 3 = 0.60 ton →
E2 = 0.50 x 1.80 x 3 = 2.70 ton →
E3 = 2.00 x 6 = 12 ton →
E4 = 0.50 x 2.40 x 6 = 7.20 ton →
E5 =0.50 x 6 x 6 = 18 ton →
E6 =0.50 x 4.50 x 4.50 = 10.13 ton ←
∑H = 30.37 ton →
:‫ ) هو‬0.50 = ‫وطكون مدام األمان م اإلنزيق (افرض مدام احتكاك‬
F.S.S = (102.3 x 0.5)/30.37 = 1.68 > 1.5 OK
. ‫ ط‬30.37 = friction forces ‫وحيث أن مجموع قوى ايحتكاك الفدلية‬

= 18/30.37 = ‫واالتالى فإن مددل قوى ايحتكاك للمتر الطولى م عرض القاعد‬
‫ف‬/ ‫ ط‬1.69

‫حساب اإلجهادات عند مستوى القاعدة‪:‬‬
‫‪ΣM = W1x 7 + W2 x 8.33 + W3x4.5 + W4 x 8.67 + E6 x 1.5 - W6‬‬

‫‪x 4.50 – W5x7.5 – E1x7.5 – E2x7 – E3x3 – E4x2– E5x2‬‬
‫‪ΣM = 26.40x 7 + 6.6 x 8.33 + 59.40x4.5 + 5.40 x 8.67 + 10.13 x‬‬

‫– ‪1.5 – 59.40 x 4.50 – 39.60x7.5 – 0.60x7.5 – 2.70x7 – 12x3‬‬
‫‪7.20x2– 18x2 = 105.01 t.m‬‬
‫‪e = 105.01/196.80 = 0.534 m‬‬
‫‪196.80 105.01𝑥9‬‬ ‫𝑡‬

‫‪𝑓1 = −‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪−8.99‬‬ ‫𝐞𝐟𝐚𝐒‬
‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪183 /12‬‬ ‫‪𝑚2‬‬
‫‪196.80 105.01𝑥9‬‬ ‫𝑡‬
‫‪𝑓1 = −‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪= −12.89 2‬‬ ‫𝐞𝐟𝐚𝐒‬
‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪18 /12‬‬ ‫𝑚‬
‫وحيث أن التراة غير متجانسة وقو تيمل ا جون المتوسط‪ ,‬فضلً ع اتساع عرض‬
‫اليوض نسبياً‪ ,‬فإننا نقوف اتددط مؤةر اإلج اجات طبقا ً لمبدأ رج فد تراة الت سيس‬
‫‪ Soil reaction‬كما طلى‪:‬‬
‫مجموع األحمال الرأسية أطسر النقطة ‪: A‬‬
‫‪= W1 + W2 + W4 + (3 x 3 + 0.50 x 3 x 3 ) x 2.20 = 68.10 ton‬‬
‫‪f1/ = 68.10/6 = 11.35 t/m2‬‬
‫ومجموع األحمال الرأسية أطم النقطة ‪: B‬‬
‫‪= W5 + (3 x 3 + 0.50 x 3 x 3 ) x 2.20 = 69.30 ton‬‬
‫‪f2/ = 69.30/6 = 11.55 t/m2‬‬

‫أطضاً‪:‬‬
‫مساحة مؤةر اإلج اجات التقليدى = مساحة مؤةر اإلج اجات المددل‬
‫وعلى ذلك‪:‬‬
‫‪18 x (8.99 + 12.89)/2 = 9 x (fc/ + 11.35)/2 + 9 x (fc/ + 11.55)/2‬‬

‫‪fc/ = 10.43 t/m2‬‬
‫واطرح ضغوط الرفع وعكس اتجا األس م نيص على مؤةر صافى رج الفد‬
‫على الفرش ‪ Net modified soil reaction diagram‬كما طلى‪:‬‬
‫واذلك تصبح القوى أسف الفرش والمؤثر على طسار القطاع ‪ 1-1‬هى كما طلى‪:‬‬

‫‪b) Drawing the stress diagram at section (1-1):‬‬
‫لتيلي اإلج اجات عند ذلك القطاع‪ ,‬سنختار حساب الدزوف لك القوى على طسار‬
‫القطاع كما طلى‪:‬‬
‫–‪ΣM = W1x 7 + W2 x 8.33 + W3x4.5 + W4 x 8.67 – E1x 6‬‬

‫‪E2x5.50 – E3x1.50 – E4x0.50 – E5x0.50 – 46.62 x 4.50 – 0.77‬‬
‫‪x 6 – 15.21 x 1.50 = 267.62 t.m‬‬
‫‪N = 40.5 – 15.21 = 25.29 ton‬‬ ‫→‬
‫‪e = 267.62/25.29 = 10.58 m‬‬
‫‪25.29 267.62𝑥1.5‬‬ ‫𝑡‬

‫‪𝑓1 = −‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪= +169.98‬‬ ‫𝐞𝐟𝐚𝐒‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪𝑚2‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫‪25.29 267.62𝑥1.5‬‬ ‫𝑡‬
‫‪𝑓1 = −‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪= −186.84‬‬ ‫𝐞𝐟𝐚𝐒‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪𝑚2‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫وطتضح م تلك النتيجة ضرور تسليح الجانأ الدلوى م فرش حوض التدوطم‪.‬‬

5-DAMS
Gravity Dams
Problem 5-1
The figure shows a cross section in the solid part of P.C gravity
dam with a drainage gallery at the site (3), if you know that:
- The drainage gallery reduces the piezometric head value at

its location by 70 %.
- The dimensions of the dam base give the safety against
undermining phenomena.
-
It is required to:
a) Draw the net piezometric heads diagram at the base of the dam.
b) Draw the uplift pressures heads diagram at the base of the dam.
c) Calculate the factor of safety against overturning about point “4”.

‫‪Solution‬‬
‫‪a) Draw the net piezometric heads diagram at the base of the‬‬
‫‪dam.‬‬
‫الطول الكلى لخط الزحف ‪ 82,00 = 6 + 70+6 = "L" creep length‬مترا‬
‫صافى فرق الضاغط البيزومترى "‪] = "H‬ارتفاع سطح المياا ااألمااف فاوق نقطاة ن اطاة اط‬
‫الزحف[ ‪ ] -‬عمق الميا فوق تلك النقطة[ = ] ‪ 66 = [8,00 ] - [ 0 – 74,00‬متر‬
‫‪H/L = 1/C‬‬ ‫اينيدار ال يدروليكى قب تشغي المصرت ‪66/82 = 1/1.242‬‬
‫)‪h1 = 74 + (-8‬‬ ‫‪= 66 m‬‬
‫)‪h2 = 80 + (-14) – (6/1.242‬‬ ‫‪= 61.17 m‬‬
‫)‪h3 = 80 + (-14) – (26/1.242‬‬ ‫‪= 45.07 m‬‬
‫)‪h4 = 80 + (-14) – (76/1.242‬‬ ‫‪= 4.81 m‬‬
‫)‪h5 = 74 + (-8) – (82/1.242‬‬ ‫‪= 0.00 m‬‬
‫عند القاعدة نتيجة تشغيل مجرى التصريف عند القاعدة‪.‬‬
‫‪h3 = 45.07*(30/100) = 13.52 m‬‬ ‫بعد تشغيل مجرى التصريف‬

b) Draw the uplift pressures heads diagram at the base of the

dam.
U2 = 61.17 – (-14) = 75.17 m
U3 = 45.07 – (-14) = 59.07 m
U3 = 13.52 – (-14) = 27.52 m ‫بعد تشغيل مجرى التصريف‬
U4 = 4.81 – (-14) = 18.81 m
c) Calculate the factor of safety against overturning about point

“4”.
1- Uplift Forces
𝑅1 = 47.65x20x0.5 = 476.50 ton ↑
𝑅2 = 27.52x20 = 550.40 ton ↑
𝑅3 = 8.71x50x0.5 = 217.75 ton ↑
𝑅4 = 18.81x50 = 940.50 ton ↑
2- Water Pressures Forces

𝑃1 = (1x742) x0.5 = 2738 ton →
𝑃2 = (1x82) x0.5 = 32 ton →

3- Vertical Loads
𝑊1 = (0.2x80)x80x0.5x2.2 = 1408 ton ↓
𝑊2 = 80x6x2.2 = 1276 ton ↓
𝑊3 = 80x(0.6 x80)x0.5x 2.2 = 4224 ton ↓
𝑊4 = 6x70x2.2 = 924 ton ↓
𝑊5 = (0.2x74)x74x0.5 = 547.6 ton ↓
𝑊6 = (0.6x8)x8x0.5 = 19.20 ton ↓

Factor of safety against overturning ‫معامل األمان ضد االنقالب‬
Resistance Moment 𝑀𝑅 Over Turning Moment 𝑀𝑜
‫العزوم المقاومة لالنقالب‬ ‫العزوم المشجعة على االنقالب‬
Force Arm Moment Force Arm Moment

(ton) (m) (t.m) (ton) (m) (t.m)
P2 = 32.00 8.67 277.44 R1 = 63.33 30176.74

476.50
W1 = 1408 59.33 83541.33 R2 = 60 33024.00

550.40
W2 = 1276 51 65076 R3 = 33.30 7258.33

217.75
W3 = 32.00 135168 R4 = 25.00 23512.50

4224 940.50
W4 = 924 35 32340 P1 = 2738 30.67 83965.33
W5 = 65.07 35632.33
547.60
W6 = 3.2 61.44
19.20
∑ 𝑀𝑅 352096.54 ∑ 𝑀𝑂 177936.90
F.S =𝑀𝑅 /𝑀𝑜 =𝟑𝟓𝟐𝟎𝟗𝟔. 𝟓𝟒/𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟗𝟑𝟔. 𝟗𝟎 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟖 < 𝟐.
→ UNSAFE
ً ‫ مث‬1 : 0.30 ‫" بتعديل الميل األمامى إلى‬2" ‫ويمكن زيادة المعامل للوصول إلى القيمة‬
.‫ال‬

Problem 5-2
A storage plain concrete dam is to be constructed across a valley.
The max. design water level US the dam is (42.60) m. The slope of
the downstream face of the dam is 0.80 : 1 . The upstream face is
vertical. The road width over the dam is 8 m and it lies over the
water level by 3.40 m. The safe hydraulic gradient for the seepage
under the dam. It is required to:
a) Find the depth of upstream cutoff (d) for safety against

undermining, if you know that the safe hydraulic gradient
for the seepage under the dam 1 / 3.
b) Draw the uplift pressures heads diagram at the base of the

dam.
c) Calculate the factor of safety against overturning about

point “K”.

Solution
2d+52 = 40 + 12 + 2xd = "L" ‫الطول الكلى لخط الزحف‬
‫ متر‬31.80 = 4.80 – 36.60 = "H" ‫صافى فرق الضاغط البيزومترى‬
H/L = 1/C 31.80/(2d+52) = 1/3
95.40 = 2d + 52 d = 21.70 m
Uplift Pressures heads

Un = p/γ – Ln (1/c)
U2 = 42.6 – 6 x (1/3) = 40.60 m
U3 = 42.6 – 13 x (1/3) = 38.26 m
U4 = 42.6 – (13+2x21.7) x (1/3) = 23.80 m
U5 = 42.6 – (20+2x21.7)x (1/3) = 21.47 m
U6 = 39.6 – (23+2x21.7)x (1/3) = 17.47 m
U7= 39.6 – (37+2x21.7) x (1/3) = 12.80 m
U8 = 36.6 – (40+2x21.7) x (1/3) = 8.80 m
Uk= 36.6 – (52+2x21.7) x (1/3) = 4.80 m

Uplift Pressure Heads Diagram

- Vertical Loads
𝑊1 = 8x34x2.2 = 598.4 ton ↓
𝑊2 = 0.5x34x27.2x2.2 = 1017.28 ton ↓
𝑊3 = 14x12x2.2 = 369.6 ton ↓
𝑊4 = 14x9x2.2 = 277.2 ton ↓
𝑊5 = 12x6x2.2 = 158.4 ton ↓
- Uplift force
R1 = 38.26 * 7 = 267.82 ton ↑
R2 = 0.5 * 7 * 2.34 = 8.19 ton ↑
R3 = 7 * 21.47 = 150.29 ton ↑
R4 = 0.5 * 2.33 * 7 = 8.16 ton ↑
R5 = 14 * 12.8 = 179.2 ton ↑
R6 = 0.5 * 14 * 4.67 = 32.69 ton ↑
R7 = 12 * 4.8 = 57.6 ton ↑
R8 = 0.5 * 4 * 12 = 24 ton ↑

-Horizontal Forces
𝑷𝟏 = 0.5 x 36.6 x 36.6 = 669.78 ton →

𝑷𝟐 = 0.5 x 4.80 x 4.80 = 11.52 ton ←

Resistance Moments “MR” overturning Moments “Mo”
Force Arm Moment Force Arm Moment
(ton) (meter) t.m (ton) (meter) t.m
W1 = 36 21542.4 R1 = 36.50 9775.43

598.4 267.82
W2 = 22.93 23326.23 R2 = 37.67 308.49

1017.28 8.19
W3 = 33 12206.7 R3 = 29.50 4433.55

369.9 150.29
W4 = 19 5266.8 R4 = 30.67 250.27

277.2 8.16
W5 = 6 950.4 R5 = 19 3404.8
158.4 179.2
P2 = 1.6 18.432 R6 = 21.33 697.39

11.52 32.69
R7 = 6 345.6
57.6
R8 = 24 8 192
P1 = 12.2 8171.32
669.78
∑MR 63310.96 ∑Mo 27578.85
𝟔𝟑𝟑𝟏𝟎.𝟗𝟔
F.S = = 2.30 > 2 safe
𝟐𝟕𝟓𝟕𝟖.𝟖𝟓

Problem 5-3
The figure shows a typical practical dimensioned cross section of
P.C gravity dam, if you know that:
- The drainage gallery reduces the piezometric head

value at its location by 30 %.
- The dam may be subjected to horizontal earthquake
equal to 1 m / s2 from upstream to downstream.
- The depth of cutoff gives the safety against
undermining phenomena.
- It is required to:
d) Draw the piezometric heads diagram at the base of the dam
without taken the drainage gallery into consideration.
e) Draw the piezometric heads diagram at the base of the dam

with taken the drainage gallery into consideration.
f) Calculate the factor of safety against sliding at the base of

the dam.

Solution
a- Drawing the piezometric heads diagram at the base of the dam

without taken the drainage gallery into consideration.
‫ مترا‬90 = 20×2 + 50 = "L" ‫الطول الكلى لخط الزحف‬
‫" = ]ارتفاع سطح المياا ااألمااف فاوق نقطاة ن اطاة اط‬H" ‫صافى فرق الضاغط البيزومترى‬
‫ متر‬39 = [9 ] - [ 0 – 48 ] = [‫ ] عمق الميا فوق تلك النقطة‬- [‫الزحف‬
H/L = 1/C 39/90 = 1/2.308
h1 = 48 + (-9) = 39 m
h2 = 48 + (-9) – (10/2.308) = 34.67 m ‫عند موقع مجرى التصريف‬
h3 = 48 + (-9) – (22/2.308) = 29.47 m
h4 = 48 + (-9) – (62/2.308) = 12.13 m
h5 = 48 + (-9) – (90/2.308) = 0.00 m
b- Drawing the piezometric heads diagram at the base of the dam

with taken the drainage gallery into consideration.
h2 = 34.67 x 0.70 = 24.27 m ‫بعد تشغيل مجرى التصريف‬

Uplift Pressures heads
U1 = 39 – (-9) = 48 m
U2 = 24.27 – (-9) = 33.27 m

U3 = 29.47 – (-9) = 38.47 m
U4 = 12.13 – (-9) = 21.13 m
U5 = 0.00 – (-9) =9m

c- Calculate the factor of safety against sliding at the base of the

dam.

-Vertical Loads
𝑊1 = 6x30x2.2 = 396 ton ↓
𝑊2 = 0.5x30x18x2.2 = 594 ton ↓
𝑊3 = 0.5x10x20x2.2 = 220 ton ↓
𝑊4 = 24x20x2.2 = 1056 ton ↓
𝑊5 = 0.5x16x20x2.2 = 352 ton ↓
𝑊6 = 10x28x1 = 280 ton ↓
𝑊7 = 0.5x10x20x1 = 100 ton ↓
𝑊8 = 0.5x9x7.2x1 = 32.4 ton ↓
Uplift force = [(48+33.27)/2]x10 + [(38.47+33.27)/2]x12 +

[(21.13+9)/2]x28 = 1258.61 ton ↑
∑ N = 1771.80 ton ↓
-Horizontal Forces
:‫قوة الزلزال على جسم السد‬

𝟏
𝐹1 = 396 x = 40.41 ton →
𝟗.𝟖
𝟏
𝐹2 = 594 x = 60.61 ton →
𝟗.𝟖
𝟏
𝐹3 = 220 x = 22.45 ton →
𝟗.𝟖
𝟏
𝐹4 = 1056x = 107.76 ton →
𝟗.𝟖
𝟏
𝐹5 = 352 x = 35.92 ton →
𝟗.𝟖

‫قوة الزلزال نتيجة الديناميكية اللحظية لمياه البحيرة األمامية‪:‬‬

‫𝟏‬
‫‪𝐹6 = (0.555 x 482 ) x‬‬ ‫→ ‪= 130.48 ton‬‬
‫𝟖‪𝟗.‬‬
‫‪𝑃1 = 0.5 x 48 x 48 = 1152 ton‬‬ ‫→‬ ‫قوة ضغط المياه باألمام‬
‫‪𝑃2 = 0.5 x 9 x 9‬‬ ‫‪= 40.5 ton‬‬ ‫←‬ ‫قوة ضغط المياه بالخلف‬
‫‪∑ H = 1509.13 ton‬‬ ‫→‬
‫𝐍∑ 𝐱 𝛍‬ ‫𝟎𝟖‪𝟎.𝟓 𝐱 𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟏.‬‬

‫= ‪F.S‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 0.59 ˂ 1.5‬‬
‫𝐇∑‬ ‫𝟑𝟏‪𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟗.‬‬
‫‪Unsafe … we must increase the base width‬‬
‫ولزطاج مدام األمان م اإلنزيق إلى ‪ 1.50‬طمك ا حد حلي أو كلي ما مداُ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬تخفيض الضاغط البيزومترى ازطاج طاقة التصرطف‪.‬‬
‫زطاج عرض قاعد السد الى أكثر م ‪ 50‬متر اتقلي المي األمامى تيت منسوب (‪)20.00‬‬
‫إلى ‪ 1 : 0.80‬مثل‪ .‬وطلحظ فى هذ اليالة أن أحمال الميا ااألماف ستزطد فى صالح مدام‬
‫األمان م اينزيق‪.‬‬

Buttresses Dams
Problem 5-4
The given figure shows the cross section in a buttress dam, if you
know that:
a) Thickness of the buttress 1.00 m and the distance between

the buttresses 4 m.
b) The buttresses are based on isolated footings.
c) The R.C slab is connected with the buttresses by a flexible
connection and its thickness varies from 1.20 m at level
(0.00) to 0.60 m at level (10.00).
d) The thickness of the road slab is 0.40 m.
It is required to calculate the factor of safety against overturning
about the toe “K”.

Solution
Determination of C.G of the slab:
1 2 3 4
X 0 1.2 10.6 10
Y 0 0 10 10
For 𝚫 (1,2,3)
x1+x2+x3 0+1.20+10.60
𝑥 1= = = 3.93 m
3 3
y1+y2+y3 0+0+10
𝑌 1= = = 3.33 m
3 3
For Δ (1,3,4)
x1+x3+x4 0+10.60+10.00
𝑥 2= = = 6.87 m
3 3
y1+y2+y3 0+10+10
𝑌 2= = = 6.67 m
3 3
𝑥1∗A1+𝑥2∗A2
𝑥 -=
ΣA
y1∗A1+y2∗A2
𝑌-=
ΣA
A1= 0.5*1.20*10 = 6.00 m2 A2= 0.5*0.60*10 = 3.00 m2

3.93∗6.00+6.87∗3.00
𝑥 -= = 4.91 m
9.00
3.33∗6.00+6.67∗3.00
𝑌 -= = 4.44 m
9.00

Loads Calculations:
Vertical loads:
Wr = 4 x 0.40 x 4 x 2.50 = 16 ton
Ws = 9 x 4 x 2.50 = 90 ton
Wsbv = 90 x cos 45 x cos 45 = 45 ton
Wb1 = 4 x 10 x 1 x 2.5 = 100 ton

Wb2 = 0.50 x 10 x 10 x 1 x 2.5= 125 ton
Wf = 2 x 1.2 x 4 x 2.50 = 24 ton

Pv = 0.5 x 9 x 9 x 4 x 1 = 162 ton
Horizontal Loads:
PH = 0.5 x 9 x 9 x 4 x 1 = 162 ton
WsbH = 90 x cos 45 x sin 45 = 45 ton

Factor of Safety against Overturning
F.S (overturning) = 3660.90 ÷ 685.80 = 5.34 > 2 Very safe


Earth Dams
Problem 5-5
The figure shows an earth-fill dam with a toe filter founded on an
impervious foundation layer. For the given case, it is required to:
a) Draw flow net under the earth dam and then calculate the
seepage discharge per unit length of the dam (K = 10-4 m/s).
b) Sketch out the phreatic surface (seepage line) of the seepage
flow and use it to calculate the seepage discharge per unit
length of the dam.

Solution
From flow net:
H = 4.00 m Nf = 3.00 Nd = 15.00
q= K .H. Nf/Nd = 10-4 × 4 × 3/15 = 8×10-5 m3/s/m
From drawing:
S = 0.80 m
q= K . S = 10-4 × 0.8 = 8×10-5 m3/s/m

...‫مع خالص الدعوات بالتوفيق والنجاح‬

‫ أمير محمد مباشر‬/ ‫دكتور مهندس‬
‫كلية الهندسة – جامعة األزهر‬

Higher Technological Institute (HTI)
Civil Engineering Department
Dr. Amir M. Mobasher
Assignment (1): Hydraulic Design for Apron of Control Structures
1- Mention the main functions for the following irrigation Structures:
Dams – Regulators – Navigation Locks – Culverts – Syphons - Aqueducts
2- Suggest the suitable hydraulic structures for the following crossing:
- Two navigable canals.

- Canal and railway.
- Navigable canal and railway.
3- Explain, using neat sketches, effect of the control structures on the depth and water levels
and flow velocity of the waterway.
4- Explain, using neat sketches, effect of the control structures on the groundwater levels.
5- Mention and sketch the effect of existing heading up structures on the upstream and
downstream water level.
6- Briefly explain effect of the waterway on the control structures (use a graph to support your
answer).
7- What are the factors should be taken into consideration when designing apron of control
structures?
8- Explain, using neat sketches, the relationship between the groundwater level and both the
piezometric head and pressure head.
9- What is the difference between Bligh theory known as “creep length” and Lane theory
known as “weighted creep length”?
10- What is the effect of the distance between cutoffs on the creep along cutoffs (use a graph
to support your answer).
11- What are the most important methods used to protect the irrigation structures from the
effects of the downstream scour (use net sketch)?
Dr. Amir Mobasher 1

12- What are the most important methods used to protect the irrigation structures from the
effects of piping phenomena (use net sketch)?
13- For the shown weir, find the dimensions a, b, c and the depth of sheet pile (d) for the
following conditions:
- Safety against undermining.
- Bligh's coefficient (C) = 8 and γf = 2.2 t/m3.
- The discharge per unit length of weir = 2.50 m3/sec/m
a) Draw to a suitable scale the full cross section of the weir.

b) Compute the actual piezometric head & pressure head diagram, and hence check the
thickness of apron at point e.
14- The figure shows the longitudinal section for a regulator, the dimensions of apron give
the safety against undermining phenomena. It is required to:
a) Compute the net piezometric head & pressure head diagram.
b) Draw the ground water levels diagram around the regulator (behind the abutments).
Dr. Amir Mobasher 2

15- For the shown regulator, if the maximum discharge per meter length of the regulator = 5
m3/sec, Bligh's coefficient (C) = 9 and γf = 2.2 t/m3. It is required to:
a) Find the dimensions: “a” and the depth of sheet pile (d) for safety against undermining,
piping and erosion of the bed.
c) Compute the piezometric head & pressure head diagram.
d) Draw flow net under the apron and hence draw the piezometric head diagram (the
impervious stratum at level (38.45)).
Dr. Amir Mobasher 3

16- For the shown weir, Bligh’s coefficient (C) = 12, it is required to:
a- Determine length (L1) of apron and thicknesses of apron at sections (1-1) and (2-2).
b- Check the safety against undermining. In case of unsafe, what is the required depth of
sheet pile at section (2-2).
c- Draw to a suitable scale the full cross section of the weir.
d- Estimate and Draw the piezometric head diagram and hence check the thickness of
apron at distance 3.00 m downstream section (2).
Dr. Amir Mobasher 4

17- For the shown weir, find the depth of sheet piles (a) and (b), find also thicknesses of apron
(t1, t2) for the case of safety against undermining (Bligh’s coefficient (C) = 12) and check
the thickness of apron (t1) against uplift heads.
a- Draw to a suitable scale the full cross section of the weir.

b- Compute and draw the uplift pressure head diagram.
18- For the given seepage flow net in the figure below, if the soil permeability is 10 -6 m/sec and
the critical soil gradient is 0.90, calculate;
a) The rate of
seepage losses.
b) Piezometric head
and Pressure head
at points A & B.
c) The exit gradient
at point C and the
factor of safety
against piping.
Dr. Amir Mobasher 5

Assignment (2): Weirs
1- Weirs are used as control structures in the Fayoum region while regulators are used in the
upper and lower Egypt. Why?
2- What are the main functions of the weirs (use net sketch)?
3- How can weirs used to distribute water?
4- Mention the main types of weirs (use net sketch)?
5- What is the distance between two adjacent weirs to decrease water slope from 25 cm/km to
10 cm/km, the accumulating water head on the second weir is 2.00 m.
6- If the distance between two successive weirs built across a canal is 8.0 km, How much is
the accumulating water head on the second weir if the design water surface slope is
15.0cm/km. and the average bed slope 25.0 cm/km.
7- Given data are:
Q = 14 m3/s,
Bed Width = 6 m
Determine the crest level for the weir?
Best Regards
DR. AMIR M. MOBASHER
Dr. Amir Mobasher 6

Assignment (3): Regulators
1- Mention the main types of regulators and their main functions (use net sketch)?
2- Draw a sketch for the Nile River system starting from Aswan High Dam and down to the
Mediterranean Sea. Show in the drawing, all main canals, Rayahs and major water control
structures in Egypt.
3- Mention briefly the main element of regulator?
4- Draw a sketch showing the different models of reinforced concrete bridge, which model is
better?
5- What are the different types of the regulator gate (use net sketch)?
6- What are the different types of the regulators gates, with mention and drawing one of the
types of these gates?
7- A plain concrete head regulator with 150.0 m approach channel is to be constructed to feed
a branch canal from a main canal. The cross sections data for the canals at the crossing site
are given in the following table. The maximum allowable discharge through the canal is 7.2
million m3/day.
It is required to:
a) Give a complete hydraulic design of the regulator.

b) Choose suitable dimensions for regulator abutments, piers and the required floor length
and thickness for the transverse direction.
c) Draw to a suitable scale with all dimensions and elevations cross section for the regulator.
Dr. Amir Mobasher 7

8- The figure shows abutment in a head regulator, if you know that:
- The regulator consists of three vents, each span = 5.0 m. The pier thickness is 1.25 m.
- The width of the bridge = 8.0 m and it has two side walks of 1.25 m width each. The
equivalent Dead and Live loads of the bridge are 1.2 and 2.0 t/m2, respectively.
- The soil properties at the regulator site are: Φ = 30 o, γbulk = 1.80 t/m3, void ratio 40 %.
- It is required to check the stresses under the base of the abutment.
9- The given figure shows a regulator pier, if you have the following data:
- The regulator has 4 vents each 3 meter in width.

- The level of the pier top is (7.00) m, and width of the pier is 1.25 m.
- The upstream water level is (6.20) m, and the floor is horizontal at level (2.80) m.
- The reactions from adjacent spans including the dead and live loads that are
transmitted from the bridge to piers through points (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H) were
calculated as follows:
RD.L. reaction/girder of bridge = 9ton.
RL.L. reaction/girder of bridge = 7 ton.

Dr. Amir Mobasher 8
- It is required to check the maximum and minimum stresses on the base section of the
pier from the different possible cases of loading.
10- A reinforced concrete head regulator with 200 m approach channel is to be constructed to
feed a main canal from a Rayah. The cross section of the regulator under the bridge is given
in the Fig. The regulator consists of two vents, each span = 5.0 m. The pier thickness is 1.0
m. The width of the bridge = 10.0 m and it has two side walks of 1.25 m width each. The
equivalent Dead and Live loads of the bridge are 1.2 and 1.5 t/m2, respectively. The soil
properties at the regulator site are: Φ = 30 o, γbulk = 1.80 t/m3, void ratio 40 %, and the soil
bearing capacity = 1.11 kg /cm2. (For the used R.C, k1=0.31& k2=1218) It is required to :
1- Check the soil stresses under the floor, and
2- Check the given floor thickness.
Dr. Amir Mobasher 9

11- The given figure shows a regulator has 4 vents each 4 meter in width. Type of the used
gates is a vertical lift steel gate and horizontally supported by four beams only.
It is required to:
a- Find the dimensions a and the depth of sheet pile (d) for the following conditions:
- Safety against undermining.
- Safety against downstream scour.
- The safe hydraulic gradient for the water leakage through the soil no more than 1:10.
- The thickness of the floor at section (1) - (1) should not be more than 2.00 m.
b- Determine the location of the horizontal four beams on the gate, design the gate thickness
and what is the required power for lifting the gate in three minutes.
Best Regards
Dr. Amir Mobasher 10

Assignment (4): Navigation Locks
1- What are the main elements of the locks?
2- What are the different stages of lock operation cycle?
3- What are the necessary stages to transport a ship from downstream to upstream using a
navigation lock (use a sketch to support your answer).
4- What are the methods of filling and emptying the navigational lock (use neat sketches)?
5- Compare between American practice and European practice in filling and emptying a lock
(use neat sketches)?
6- What is the best position for the axis of the regulator’s bridge over the chamber (use neat
sketches)?
7- Determine the dimensions of a lock side culvert required to reducing the water head from
5 m to 3 m considering that the lock chamber has the dimensions of 116 x 16 m and the
discharge coefficient of side culvert being 0.90.
8- It is required to check the stability for the shown landing wall at sections (1-1) and (2-2).

9- The figure shows a cross section of the lock chamber in a plain concrete navigation
unsymmetrical lock, If the following data are given:
- The ground water level is (6.00).
- γdry of soil =1.8 t/m3 , void ratio 40 % and φ = 30o
- The soil is non-homogeneous and durability below average.
It is required to:
1- Estimate the net modified reaction of soil.

2- Draw the stress diagram at section (1-1).
Best Regards

Assignment (5): Dams
1- What are the main functions of the dams?
2- Classify the types of dams according to construction materials?
3- Mention the factors affecting the selection of dam site?
4- What are types of buttress dams?
5- What are the most important factors govern the choice of earth and rockfill dams?
6- What is meant by seepage line?
7- What are the main causes of the collapse of the earth dams?
8- Briefly state general description for Aswan High Dam.
9- Briefly state general description for Aswan High Dam Reservoir (Lake Nasser).
10- Draw a sketch for the different operation levels and corresponding storage volumes in
Aswan High Dam Reservoir “Lake Nasser”.
11- What is the usefulness of the dam's spillways, with mention and drawing one of the types
of these spillways?
12- For the shown gravity dam, you are given:
- γc= 2.30 t/m3.

- Ice pressure = 0.005 t/m2.
- Ice thickness = 0.5 m.
- Upward and “left-to-right” earthquake accelerations of 2 m/s2.
- If uplift is to be considered:
a) Check the stability of the whole dam cross section.
b) Check the safety against overturning.
c) Check the safety against sliding.

13- A storage plain concrete dam is to be constructed across a valley. The max. design water
depth US the dam is 32 m. The slope of the downstream face of the dam is 1:1.75 . The
upstream face is vertical. The road width over the dam is 8 m and it lies over the water level
by 3 m. The max. expected acting loads are:
- loads due to moderate earthquake (ae = 1 m/s2 from upstream to downstream).

- deposited silt load (silt depth = 4 m).
- There is pressure intensity on the upstream face equal to 5 kg / cm2 due to a layer
of ice thickness of 1 meter covers the surface of the lake.
d) Give the dimensions of the proposed practical cross section of the dam.
e) For a construction joint lies under the US water level by 21.50 m, for the case of full
reservoir and dry DS, calculate the vertical normal stresses distribution.
f) Calculate the factor of safety against overturning and sliding at the base of the dam.
14- The figure shows a typical practical dimensioned cross section of P.C gravity dam, if you
know that:
- The drainage gallery reduces the piezometric head value at its location by 20 %.
- the dam may be subjected to horizontal earthquake equal to 2 m / s2 from upstream
to downstream.
- the depth of cutoff gives the safety against undermining phenomena.
a) Draw the piezometric head diagram at the base of the dam without taken the drainage
gallery into consideration.
b) Draw the piezometric head diagram at the base of the dam with taken the drainage
gallery into consideration.
c) Calculate the factor of safety against sliding at the base of the dam.

15- The given figure shows the cross section in a buttress dam, if you know that:
a) Thickness of the buttress 0.80 m and the distance between the buttresses 3 m.
b) The buttresses are based on isolated footings.
c) The R.C slab is connected with the buttresses by a flexible connection and its thickness
varies from 1.00 m at level (0.00) to 0.50 m at level (10.00).
d) The thickness of the road slab is 0.50 m.
It is required to calculate the factor of safety against overturning about the toe “K”.

16- The figure shows an earth-fill dam with a toe filter founded on an impervious foundation
layer. For the given case, it is required to:
a) Calculate the seepage discharge per unit length of the dam.
b) Sketch out the phreatic surface of the seepage flow.
Best Regards

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Higher Technological Institute

10th of Ramadan city

Irrigation Works Design (2)

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Dr. Amir M. Mobasher 132

1-HYDRAULIC DESIGN FOR APRONS OF

- Bligh's coefficient (C) = 10 and γf = 2.2 t/m3.

- The discharge per unit length of weir = 2.50 m3/sec/m

a) Find the dimensions a, b, c and the depth of sheet pile (d)

Dr. Amir M. Mobasher 133

a = (1-2) H = (1-2) * 4 = 4 -8 m taken 5 m

40 = 1 + 2 + (2)0.5 + 2 + 3 + 6 +2d + 6 + (2)0.5 + 1

Net piezometric heads

he = 6 + (-2) – (33.414/10.457) = 0.80 m

h5 = 4 + (0) – (41.828/10.457) = 0.00 m

Dr. Amir M. Mobasher 134

Checking of thickness of apron at point e

Estimation of G.W.L at point e

G.W.L = 0.80 + 6.00 = 6.80 m

Dr. Amir M. Mobasher 135

a) Compute and draw the net piezometric heads & pressure

b) Draw the ground water levels diagram around the

:"L" ‫الطول الكلى لخط الزحف‬

L = 1 + 1 + 1.414 + 5 + 2x3 + 10 + 2 + 1.414 + 1 + 1 = 29.828 m

H = [22.75 – 20] – [0.00] = 2.75 m

H/L = 1/C 2.75/29.828 = 1/10.847

1- Net piezometric heads

U2 = 3.75 – 1 x (1/10.817) = 3.66 m

Dr. Amir M. Mobasher 137

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L=R/(S2- S1) R= L( S2-S1)= 6 (0.3-0.15) = 0.90 m