By: Lurey James A.

Vacalares

SPECIAL
SENSES
Anatomy &
Physiology
Questions
1. DESCRIBE HOW STIMULUS BECOMES A SENSATION
2. EXPLAIN HOW PAIN IS REDUCED BY ANALGESICS AND HOW IT CAN BE MODIFIED ACCORDING TO THE
GATE CONTROL THEORY.
3. EXPLAIN REFERRED PAIN AND GIVE AN EXAMPLE.
4. HOW IS THE SENSE OF TASTE RELATED TO THE SENSE OF SMELL?
5. WHAT ARE THE FIVE PRIMARY TASTES? HOW DO THEY PRODUCE MANY DIFFERENT KINDS OF TASTE
SENSATIONS?
6. DESCRIBE THE FOLLOWING STRUCTURES AND STATE THEIR FUNCTIONS;
a. EYEBROWS
b. EYELIDS
c. CONJUCTIVA
d. LACRIMAL APPARATUS
e. EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLES
7. NAME THE THREE REGIONS OF THE EAR AND STATE EACH FUNCTIONS
8. STARTING WITH THE AURICLE, TRACE SOUND INTO INNER EAR TO THE POINT OF WHICH ACTION
POTENTIALS ARE GENERATED IN THE VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE.

 1. DESCRIBE HOW STIMULUS

BECOMES A SENSATION
Stimulus becomes a sensation when it is activated in the
enviroment by recieving signals. The transefering of signals in
neurons in our body need to develop into an action potential.
The sensations undergo conversion into electrical signals. Our
brain senses the environment indirectly for the reason that the
organ that is responsible for the senses convert stimulation
into the language of our nervous system which is neural
impulses
SOMATOSENSORY
MAP
 2.EXPLAIN HOW PAIN IS REDUCED BY
ANALGESICS AND HOW IT CAN BE
MODIFIED ACCORDING TO THE GATE
CONTROL THEORY.
The analgesics are drugs that are for relieving the pain. The analgesics are more unlikely
to the anesthetics that are used in the sugery, it does not swritches off nerves, change
your ability to identify your surroundings, or manipulate your awareness. Analgesics are
cathegorized as Nonsteroidical anti-inflammatory drugs. Nonsteroidical anti-
inflammatory drugs works by inhibiting the activity of our cyclo-oxygenase enzymes.
cyclo-oxegenase enzymes aids in the production of prostaglandins, which is a type of
molecule. In the location of the damage area, prostaglandins are implicated in the
development of pain and inflammation. but these are reducedwhen the prostaglandin
system is also reduced.
So in conclusion, analgesics are pain relieving drugs that work in reducing the
inflammation or altering the way you brain percieves pain, this is where we can associate
it with the gate control theory.
 3.EXPLAIN REFERRED PAIN AND
GIVE AN EXAMPLE.
An example of this type of pain is
when you cut vegetables and you
accidentally make a cut in your
finger, this cut results to bleeding on
the cut area. The cut will be a cause
of inflammation so the analgesics are
recommended if extreme pain in
experienced.
 HOW IS THE SENSE OF TASTE
RELATED TO THE SENSE OF SMELL?
Smell are more likely related to each other. The taste buds in
our tonhue identify the taste of our food,and the nerves in our
nose identify the smell of anyting. The sensation of smell and
taste are communicated to our brain, which consolidates the
information so that it will recognize the flavors. Our sense of
smell is responsible for about 80% of what we taste. Without the
sense of our smell, our sense of taste is only limited to only five
distinct which is the sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and the newly
discovered umami or savory sensation. All other flavours that we
experience come from smell.
WHAT ARE THE FIVE
PRIMARY TASTES? HOW DO
THEY PRODUCE MANY
DIFFERENT KINDS OF TASTE
SENSATIONS?
There are five basic taste in these are the sweet, bitter,
sour, and umami( this results from a chemical reaction
between stimuli in the mouth reacting with receptors.

Sweetness- This is the

taste most people find
pleasurable and
addictive, these is
common if anything has
a presence of sugar
Bitterness This type of taste
sometimes percieved as
unpleasant, this taste
can be sensed everytime
we drink or unduce
drinks like coffees and
vegatables, common in
bitter melon(ampalaya)
sourness This taste can be
detected when we eat
something that is acidic
such as the vinegar and
green mangoes.
Saltiness
Is produced primarliy by
the presence of sodium
ions, found in foods
from lox to potato chips
Savory/ Is a japanese word
Umami referring to a savory,
pungent, meaty
taste.While it seems to
to defy definition,
umami is often
translated as
deliciousness.
 DESCRIBE THE FOLLOWING
STRUCTURES AND STATE THEIR
FUNCTIONS;
Eyebrows is an area where we can find the short hairs , each
eye that follows the shape of the lower margin of the brow
ridges of some mammals. Ih humans the eyebrows serves as
into two main function which are communication through facial
expression and second is the prevention of sweat and other
debris from falling down into your eyesocket.
Eyelids is a thin layer of skin in out eyes that covers and protects
it. Our eyes contains muscle that retracts the eyelid to open
voluntarily or involuntarily. Human eyelids contai a row of lashes
the protects the eye from any debris or foreign bodies from
going inside into our eyes
Conjuctiva is a loose connective tissue that covers the surface
of the eyeball and reflects back upon itself to form the inner
later of the eyelid.
Lacrimal apparatus is a gland located within the orbit above
the lateral end of the eye, it continuouslt releases fuid which
cleanses and protects te eye surface as it lubricates and
moistens it.
Extrinsic eye muscles are attacged to the outside of the eyeball
and enable the eyes to moce in all directions of sight, The
instrinsic muscles which are involuntary, are situated inside the
eyeball and comprise the ciliary muscle and iris.
NAME THE THREE REGIONS OF THE
EAR AND STATE EACH FUNCTIONS.
THE OUTER EAR- the outer eae is the first port of call,
starting with the pinna which harnesses the sound waves
and directs them into the ear canal. The canal is a narrow
passageway leadin to the eardrum, sound travels in waves
thoruhg a narrow passageway called the ear canal to the
eardrum.
THE MIDDLE EAR- the ossicles are a tiny chain od three
bones: the malleus, incus, and stapes, ehich move in the
middle ear in a vibrating fashion as thehy react to the
movement of the eardrum.
NAME THE THREE REGIONS OF THE
EAR AND STATE EACH FUNCTIONS.
THE INNER EAR- the inner ear is the final part of the ear,
allowing us to translate sound waves into recognisable
information. The cochlea is spiral-shaped membrane which
is lined with over 15000 tiny hairs and has fluid moving with
it, when a tiny bone taps on the membraine of the cochlea
the fluid inside moves, stimulating the tiny hairs and
triggering electrical nerve impulses.
 STARTING WITH THE AURICLE, TRAVE SOUND
INTO INNER EAR TO THE POINT OF WHICH
ACTION POTENTIALS ARE GENERATED IN THE
VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE.
The sound is transmitted through the air as a sound waves from the enviroment. The
soundwaves that are being gatheres by the auricular and sent down the external ear
canal to the eardrum. The sound waves causes the eardrum to vibrate where it sets
the three ossicles in the middle ear into motion. It amplifies the sound vibrations and
send them through the oval window to perilymph the cochlea. The waves produced
in the perilymph pass through the vestbular membrane and cause vibrations of the
endolymph. Waves in the endolymph within the cochlear duct causes the
displacements of the hair cells. The microvilli of the hair cells are embedded in the
tectorial membrane which is rigid shelf that does not move. Because one end of the
microvillu moves with the hair cells and their other ends are embedded in the
nonmoving tectorial membrane, the microvilli bend, The bending of the microvilli
stimulates the hair cells to induce action potentials in the vestibular nerve