Lebanese International University

School of Pharmacy
Pharmaceutical Sciences Department
Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory

1pt for the report presentation

Title: Back Titration of Stomch Antacid
Course name: Quantitave Analysis
Section: A
Submitted by: Rania Tahini/Esraa Shouaib
Submitted to: Mouhammad Elbast
Date of submission: Tuesday, 11 March 2019

Abstract (1 paragraph, 250 - 400 words, 3pts )

 Brief introduction
 Experimental method
How the experiment was conducted, the number of measurements that were
performed, conditions and modifications that were not mentioned in the
handouts)
 Brief description of the results and their discussion.

Brief introduction:
A back titration is a titration method where the concentration of an analyte is
determined by reacting it with a known amount of excess reagent. The
remaining excess reagent is then titrated with another, second reagent. The
second titration's result shows how much of the excess reagent was used in the
first titration, thus allowing the original analyte's concentration to be
calculated. A back titration may also be called an indirect titration. And it’s
used when molar concentration of an excess reactant is known, but the need
exists to determine concentration of an analyte.
Antacid undergoes back titration due to its insolubility in water 1
And the back titration was implemented in this experiment to determine the
neutralization capacity of commercial stomach antacid tablets.
Experimental method:
The experiment was conducted by many equipment and tools, followed by many steps
to achieve an accurate result.
The equipment and tools that was used in this experiment are:
 NaOH, Antacid tablet, HCl and phenolphthalein
 Analytical balance (+-0.0001g)
 Watch glass
 Morter and pestle
 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask and a graduated pipette
 Hotplate and container containing water for cooling
 Graduated burette (+-0.05ml) + stand + dropper
Whereas, the procedures that we have followed, using the above chemicals and
glassware, were as follow:
 We weighed an antacid tablet on Analytical balance using watch glass(1.3120+-
0.0001g).
 Then crushed the tablet using mortar and pestle.
 After that, we weighed (1.1002+-0.0001g) of the crushed tablet.
 Then put this weighed crushed tablet in a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask without using
funnel to avoid sticking the tablet. And added 15 ml 1 M HCl to the Erlenmeyer
flask using a graduated pipette(+-0.1ml).
 Heated gently on a hotplate until all the effervescence has ceased. Boiled 1-2
minutes more. After that, we cooled the solution to the room temperature by
immersing it in a container of tap water.
 We filled the graduated burette with 0.1 M NaOH after rinsing it with NaOH and
water.
 When the solution has cooled, we added 3-4 drops of phenolphthalein indicator.
 We opened then the stopcock of the burette until we achieved a pink color in the
Erlenmeyer flask which has indicated that reached to the endpoint. Then closed
gently the stopcock.
 Finally, we measured the volume of NaOH obtained on the burette when
reaching the endpoint: v=13.5+-0.05ml.

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Moreover, there are some conditions have to be followed in this experiment such as:
Heating:
 heat removes CO2 made in HCl/Antacid reaction:
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
 and removing CO2 allows maximum amount of acid to be neutralized.
Titration with NaOH:
Because antacid is an insoluble salt so it can’t do a direct titration. So HCl should be
titrated with NaOH to determine amount of HCl that has been reacted with antacid
thus allowing antacid’s amount to calculated which is our goal in this experiment.
 In addition, we can mention some modification that happened in this experiment:
 after adding phenolphthalein, color has been changed from colorless into pink
upon standardizing solution with NaOH which allowed us to reach the endpoint.

Brief description of the results and their discussion:

 after adding 15 ml 1 M HCl to 1.1002g Antacid, upon heating they will react with
each other obtaining the following reaction:
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
 and when we have done the titration of remaining excess of HCl with NaOH, we
have gotten the volume of NaOH where the endpoint has been reached: v=13.5+-
0.05ml, and color has changed from colorless into pink using phenolphthalein
indicator. By that we can determine amount remained from excess HCl that have
been titrated with NaOH using stoichiometric relation under the following
reaction:
HCl + NaOH H2O + NaCl
 From this point, amount of HCl reacted with antacid can be obtained by the
following formula: nHCl with antacid = ninitial HCl – nHCl with NaOH
Thus allowing us to determine the amount of antacid needed using
stoichiometric relation under the following reaction:
CO32- + 2Cl- H2O + Cl2 + CO2

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Results and calculation 4 pts (including the attached graph if
requested)
 Tabulate the raw data as presented in the lab manual.
 Detail treatment of the data including the calculation of error
analysis.
 All data, raw or final should be with proper units and proper
error.
 All tables and graphs should be clearly titled and labeled.

Active ingredient CaCO3 / MgCO3

Mg of ingredient (from the CaCO3: 680 mg
manufacturer label) MgCO3 : 80 mg
Weight of the tablet 1.3120 g +/- 0.0001
Weight of crushed tablet 1.1002 g +/- 0.0001
Molarity of HCl 1M
Volume of HCl added to the tablet 15.00 ml +/- 0.1
Molarity of NaOH 0.1 M
Initial burette reading 0.00 ml +/- 0.05
Final burette reading 13.50 ml +/- 0.05
Table as presented in lab manual including: recorded
measurements, units and proper error, and clearly
titled and labeled as shown below:

Title: A table showing all the recorded measurements in the lab

Detail treatment of the data including the calculation

of error analysis:

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 Note: Detail calculation of the
values are presented in the long
calculation of the appendix.

Discussion 2 pts (including sources of error.)

 The conclusion in terms of final calculated values.
 Interpretation of the final results.
 Error propagation, sources of error.
 Limitation of the experimental method and suggestion of possible
improvements

 The Conclusion in terms of final calculated values

As a result, we found the actual and the theoretical number of

mole of the neutralization capacity of the antacid:
n actual= 6.825*10-3 +- 0.00001 mole.
n theoretical= 6.49*10-3 +- 0.00001 mole.
And we recognized a change of color into pink after being
colorless, when we reached the end point.

 Interpretation of the final result

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  Error propagation, sources of error

1. Not calibrating the analytical balance before use.

2. Not closing the stopcock directly when the color changed
into pink.
3. Incomplete heating or overheating.
4. Contamination or dilution of solution.
5. Using a direct titration instead of back titration.

 Limitation of the experimental method and suggestion of

possible improvements

Limitation: The experiment takes too much time to reach final

results. Also the measurements are not accurate while using
these instruments.
Suggestion to improve: using a modern technique to have fast
results. And Improve instruments use, being more precise with
measurements and detection.

We certify that this report presents our results obtained in the lab after performing
this experiment in accordance with the requested rules and procedures.
Signature

Appendix (on 3rd page if necessary)

 Long calculations
 Answers of extra questions
 References

Long calculations:
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  To determine number of mole of antacid:
HCl: c= 1M
v= 15ml
c=n/v nHCl excess=c*v = 15*10-3 = 0.015 mole +- 0.001
o HCl titrated with NaOH:

HCl + NaOH H2O + NaCl

During titration, at equivalence point:

o HCl reacted with antacid:

n initialHCl = nHCl with antacid +nHCl with NaOH

o n(antacid)=?

CO32- + 2Cl- H2O + Cl2 + CO2

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Answers of extra questions:
1. Reaction of HCl with CaCO3:
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
Reaction of HCl with MgCO3:
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.

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References:
 Lab manual
 www.thoughtco.com
 Volumetric titration of Acid-Base