Table 1 List of indicators, their construction, and rationale for their selection for the all-India state-

level analysis.

Category
Construction (year of (relevant
Indicators Dimension Rationale for selection
data in parenthesis) sectors is in
parenthesis)
Percentage of population
living below the poverty Socio- People with extremely low incomes,
Percentage line. A person earning less economic are among the most vulnerable: they
Sensitivity
BPL than Rs. 965 per month in features and have little to no financial capital; so,
(Positive)
population urban areas and Rs. 781 in livelihood they have the least capacity to adapt to
rural areas are the poverty (General) impacts of climate risks.
lines (2011)
Climate variability and change directly
affect the productivity of natural
Total value output from resources. Any alteration in the quality
natural resources, i.e., and availability of natural resources will
Income Socio-
agriculture, forestry, have far-reaching implications on
shares Sensitivity economic and
livestock, and fishery/ resource users and the extensive social
from natural (Positive) livelihood
GSDP. (2015-16 and 2014- and economic systems they support
resources (General)
15 respectively with 2011- (Marshall 2011) Thus, higher
12 constant price) dependency on natural resources for
income generation increases
vulnerability.
Horticulture trees are hardy and more
resilient to climate variations compared
to agricultural crops. They provide
Share of Value of output of Socio-
Adaptive alternate income sources to agriculture.
horticulture horticulture/Value of economic
Capacity Once established, they are far less
in agricultural output (2015- and livelihood
(Negative) sensitive to the impacts of climate risks,
agriculture 16) (Agricultural)
particularly rainfall variability and
droughts (Raza et al. 2019)
.
Marginal and smallholder farmers
experience immediate hardship in face of
Number of marginal and any climatic hazard. They are unable to
Socio-
Marginal small operational holdings, make adequate decisions about when to
Sensitivity economic
and small i.e., up to 2 hectares/Total sow, what to grow, and how-to time
(Positive) and livelihood
landholdings number of operational inputs (Sathyan et al. 2018). They also
(Agriculture)
holdings (2015-16) find it difficult to cope with the high
food price and the fluctuations in the
same.
A high variability in crop yields
indicates fluctuations in agro-
climatic conditions. The agriculture
Coefficient of Variation,
sector is extremely sensitive to
(i.e., Standard Deviation
Yield climate fluxes, particularly rainfall
divided by the arithmetic Sensitivity Biophysical
variability of variability (delayed rainfall, dry
mean) calculated for 10 (Positive) (Agriculture)
food grains spells, drought, extreme rainfall, and
years of food grain yield
floods) and this indicator captures
data (2005-2016)
this sensitivity
(Davis et al. 2019)

Area Crop area insured under Crop insurance helps farming households
Adaptive Institution and
covered PMFBY and RWBICS/ mitigate losses caused by climate risks.
Capacity infrastructure
under crop Net sown area This enhances their adaptive capacity
(Negative) (Agriculture)
insurance (2017-18) (Swain 2016).
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