 the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood

 homeostatic regulation of the body's pH

 protection against inhaled pathogens and irritants
 vocalization

Systemic complications related to obesity

Disiesis such as asthma, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and chronic obstructive pulmonary, these
are multifactorial diseases that involve interactions between environmental and genetic factors,
this is also associated with various diseases and is an important cardiovascular risk factor.

Obese patients exhibit a persistent pro-inflammatory state leading to insulin resistance,

endothelial dysfunction, systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), and dyslipidemia. These factors
culminate in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and promote atherogenesis, which in turn increases
the risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and heart failure.

The mechanisms involved include an increase in neck circumference, as well as the direct action of
adipose tissue in the airways through a decrease in the luminal diameter of the airway and an
increase in the probability of collapse of the airways.

Asthma is also correlated with obesity. The mechanisms involved in this association include
increased bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR), functional respiratory decline with decreased
respiratory volume and flow.

An epidemiological study of hundreds fifty thousand , patients revealed that the prevalence of
obesity was significantly higher in EPOC patients than in those without EPOC. Because pro-
inflammatory mediators are present in both obese people and people with EPOC, these mediators
may be the connection between these two conditions.

Lung volume

Static lung volume assessment primarily indicates a reduction in expiratory reserve volume,
functional residual capacity, and total lung capacity. Reductions in functional residual capacity and
expiratory reserve volume are detectable even with modest weight gain. This results from a
change in the balance of inflationary and deflationary pressures in the lung due to the load of
adipose tissue mass around the rib cage and abdomen. Elevated intra-abdominal pressure can be
transmitted to the chest and this dramatically reduces functional residual capacity and expiratory
reserve volume and requires patients to breathe in a less efficient part of their pressure-volume
curve, which in turn increases work respiratory.

According to a study, Abnormalities of lung function derived from obesity. Obesity decreases the
compliance of the respiratory system and creates mechanical restrictions on the muscles
responsible for respiration. In addition, fat deposition in the thoracic-abdominal region is one of
the main causes of the observed reduction in expiratory reserve volume, which can lead to
abnormalities in the distribution of ventilation, with closure of the airways in the dependent areas
of the lung and inequalities in the ventilation-perfusion relationship.

Dyspnea on exertion in obese individuals

Exertional dyspnea is a common complaint in obese adults. Almost 40% of obese people complain
of dyspnea on exertion. Obesity has a clear potential to directly affect respiration during exercise
because there is an increase in oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production due to the
tightening of the respiratory system with the increase in mechanical work necessary to maintain
exercise. Cardiopulmonary stress testing can provide valuable information on the performance of
the cardiac and respiratory systems in obese people with dyspnea on exertion. The level of
dyspnea was observed to be higher in obese patients with asthma.