Fluid Mechanics lectures and Tutorials 96

When an open tank fill with liquid and drains through a port at the
bottom of the tank. The elevation of the liquid in the tank is constant
above the drain. The drain port is at atmospheric pressure. The flow is
steady, viscous effects are unimportant and velocity at liquid surface is
zero. The Bernoulli equation between points 1 and 2 on streamline:
2 2
1 1 2 2

ρ ρ
1 2

1 = 2 because the pressure at the outlet and the tank surface are the
same (atmospheric).
The velocity at the tank surface zero, then:
2

0 +0 + − = 0+ 2

2
1 2

2 = 2 ( 1− 2 )= 2

Fig.4.8
ℎ ℎ

• If the tank is closed with interior pressure of then Bernoulli’s

equation can be expressed as:
2
+0+( − ) = 0+ 2
then = 2 ( + )
g 2 g
1 2
2
Fluid Mechanics lectures and Tutorials 97

For cylindrical tank, the tank cross sectional area is . In a time the
level falls by

We have an expression for the discharge from the tank

= 2 2

This discharge out of the orifice is the same as the flow in the tank so,
− = 2 2

Integrating between the initial level, h1, and final level, h2, gives the
time it takes to fall this height:
− 2
∫ = ∫
2 2
− 0.5 2

1 1

[2 0.5
] 2

1
=
− 2 2
∆

2
1 − 2 = 2
∆
Fluid Mechanics lectures and Tutorials 98
Fluid Mechanics lectures and Tutorials 99
 Fluid Mechanics lectures and Tutorials 100

Example 1

- 34.3
Fluid Mechanics lectures and Tutorials 101

Two piezometers, one as normal and one as a Pitot tube within the pipe
can be used as shown below to measure velocity of flow

By applying Bernoulli’s eq.,

p1 v12 p2 v 22
+ + z1 = + + z2
 g 2g  g 2g
we have the equation for p2 ,

We now have an expression for velocity from two pressure measurements

and the application of the Bernoulli equation.
Fluid Mechanics lectures and Tutorials 102

The holes on the side connect to one side of a manometer, while the
central hole connects to the other side of the manometer
Using the theory of the manometer,

The Pitot/Pitot-static is:

 Simple to use (and analyse)
 Gives velocities (not discharge)
 Fluid Mechanics lectures and Tutorials 103

Example1
Fluid Mechanics lectures and Tutorials 104

The Venturi meter is a device for measuring discharge in a pipe. It is a

rapidly converging section which increases the velocity of flow and hence
reduces the pressure. It then returns to the original dimensions of the pipe by
a gently diverging ‘diffuser’ section.

Apply Bernoulli along the streamline from point 1 to point 2

2 2
1 1 2 2

ρ ρ
1 2

Substituting and rearranging gives

Or
+ − + −
1 1
−1 −1
Fluid Mechanics lectures and Tutorials 105

Actual discharge takes into account the losses due to friction, include a
coefficient of discharge (Cd ≈ 0.9)

1
1
1
1 4

In terms of the manometer readings

1 1 ∆ℎ ∆ℎ
1 1 ∆ℎ ∆ℎ ∆ℎ
1
1 ∆ℎ

Giving
∆ −1
1
−1

• This expression does not include any elevation terms. (z1 or z2) When used with a
.manometer, the Venturimeter can be used without knowing its angle

Example 1
Piezometric tubes are tapped into a Venturi
section as shown in the figure. The liquid is
incompressible. The upstream piezometric head is
1 m, and the piezometric head at the throat is 0.5
m. The velocity in the throat section is twice large
as in the approach section. Find the velocity in the
.throat section

Solution
The Bernoulli equation with v2 = 2v1 gives
p1 v12 p2 v22
+ +z = + + z2
 g 2g 1  g 2g
p1 p2 v22 v12 3  v12
+ z (  z )=  
g 1 g 2 2g 2g 2g
3
1.0  0.5   v12
2g
2g
v1   0.5  1.81 m/s
3
v2  21.81  3.62 m/s
Fluid Mechanics lectures and Tutorials 113

The energy line of liquid flow through turbine drops down directly due to
consumption of energy by turbine which call turbine head ( ) . While the
energy line of liquid flow through pump rises up directly due to adding of
energy to the flow by pump which call pump head ( ). So, the Bernoulli’s
equation will be:

Fig. 4.10

The head is the energy of unit weight: ℎ ℎ ℎ

Power is the energy per unit time: ℎ

∴ ℎ

and ℎ

ℎ
Fluid Mechanics lectures and Tutorials 114

1: Draw the E.G.L. and H.G.L. of the pipe system in Fig. and
determine the power of pump. The discharge is 0.15m3/s. neglect the friction of
pipe.

2: The depth of water in tank shown in Fig. is 10m and discharge

required through the system is 0.15m3/s. Determine the velocity and the
pressure in each pipe, the power of the pump. Plot E.G.L. and H.G.L.

3: Calculate the depth of water in tank shown in Fig. which will

produce a discharge of 85 l/s. The input power of the turbine is 15kW. What
flowrate may be expected if the turbine is removed?