Subject Index

A
Absolute judgments, 4, 9, 16, 19 Binaural/monaural loudness ratio, 119
Absolute magnitude balance (AMB), 116, 121 Brightness
Absolute magnitude estimation (AME) absolute magnitude estimation (AME), 25,
description, 18, 21, 29 30, 36, 38–40, 54, 63, 96, 98, 125
of brightness, 25, 30, 36, 38–40, 54, 63, 96, additivity, 54, 124
98, 125 curves, 70, 76
of line length, 22, 24, 25, 30, 31, 45–47, estimation, 37
54–57, 63 function, 39, 69, 98, 124
loudness, 36 magnitude, 37, 40, 99
of tone bursts, 58, 121 growth, 2, 38
vibration, 41, 43–45, 63 magnitude estimation, 18
Absolute magnitude production (AMP) monocular brightness, 126, 127
description, 29 numerical estimates, 38, 52, 53, 64, 76
of line length, 25, 101 power function, 2, 5, 25, 32, 34, 38, 53, 54,
loudness, 26, 27, 84, 86, 101 64, 69, 70, 100, 126
of tone bursts, 29–31, 37, 55, 57 power function exponent, 55, 104
Absolute psychological magnitudes, 29, 33, 51 ratio measurement, xiv
Absolute scaling, 22, 25, 26, 31, 33, 35, 36, 63 Brightness functions
Abstract sense of magnitude, 50 shape of, 39
Achromatic light, 36, 38, 125, 134 Bril scale, 99
Active finger pressure, 44
Adaptive forced-choice procedure, 137 C
Additivity Chorda tympani nerve measurement, 76
of brightness, 124 Cochlear implant loudness, 101
of loudness, 114, 116, 117, 121 Coefficients of variation, 159–162
subjective magnitudes, 109, 111, 121, 123 Compression, 71
Assimilation effect, 71 Context effect, 69–71
Attneave’s two-stage relationship, 63 Contrast effect, 70, 71, 98
Auditory masking, 83, 110, 119, 121 Cross-modality matching, 32, 155
Auditory nerve measurements in, 72, 73, 88
Automatic gain control (AGC), xvii D
DeciBels (dB), 2–4, 6–17, 20, 21, 27, 28,
B 31, 37, 40, 57, 59, 72, 73, 81, 99–101,
Bias (judgmental), 25, 26, 28, 38, 40, 97, 118, 103, 107, 116–118, 131, 132, 135, 137,
119 139–141, 154, 155, 158, 165, 168, 170,
Binaural loudness, 82, 111, 113–120, 152 172

165
166
Detectability of intensity increments, xvi
Differential sensitivity
differential intensity sensitivity, 131, 132,
134–137, 140, 141, 143, 144, 146, 147,
149, 150, 152–156, 159, 161
general law of differential sensitivity,
131–161
Differential thresholds
for light, 134
for pure tones, 136
for vibrotaction, 137
for white noise, 134
Direct fractionation, 110
Direct proportionality, 25, 54, 62, 63, 90, 92,
94, 100, 128
Discrimination of light intensity, 132
E Law of additivity
Equal loudness, 59, 87, 109, 115, 137, 140,
141, 143, 144, 146, 148
Equal subjective magnitudes, 2, 40, 41, 43, 53
Extent of a stimulus set, 71
F 104, 105
Fechner’s formula, 1, 2
Fechner, Gustav Theodor, 1
Fechner’s Law, 2, 109
First Law of Psychophysics, xv, 1–77
Forced-choice procedure, 39, 137, 140
G
Ganzfeld illumination
brightness function, 38, 75, 98
measurement of, 97
Glabrous skin, measurements of, 121
Growth of loudness, 109, 162
Growth of sensation magnitude, 18
Growth of subjective magnitude, 150, 152
Gustation, measurements of, 104, 128
H JND, 146, 148
Hearing loss, 47, 86, 87, 135–138, 140, 141,
143, 144
Hedonic scales, 67
Heterofrequency magnitude matching, 36
Hyperadditivity, 128
I 91, 106, 107, 109
Intensity discrimination, 137, 162
Intermodality constancy of subjective units, 35
Intermodal magnitude matching, 41, 156, 159
Intermodal sound-intensity adjustments, 161
Intermodal transitivity, 43
Subject Index
Intermodal transitivity of AME for loudness,
43
Internal noise intensity, 89, 92
Intramodal sound intensity adjustments, 161
Intramodal transitivity, 36
Inverse proportionality, 153
J
Just detectable intensity increments, xvi
Just noticeable difference (JND) /difference
limens (DLs)
intensity JNDs, 2, 131
interaural asymmetry in JND, 143
JND equation, 131
JND of loudness, 2
L
law of additivity of vibrotaction, 124
Law of asymptotic linearity, 81–106
Linear function, 90, 99
Linearity, 81–106
Linear relationship, 81–84, 88, 91, 93, 96, 98,
Linear summation, 55, 92
Line length
functions, 24, 55
scaling, 20, 55, 56
scaling in children, 23, 24
Logarithmic decibel scale, 2
Logarithmic function, 1–3, 35
Logarithmic function equation, 1–3, 35
Logarithmic law, 2
Loudness
additivity, 60, 62, 115–117, 121
estimation, 9, 11
function, 2, 9, 11, 16, 17, 21, 31, 36, 43, 47,
54, 55, 58, 61, 65, 69, 72–74, 82–87, 91,
101, 111, 117–120, 141, 149, 153
growth, 60, 86, 87, 109, 117, 119, 135, 140,
146, 155, 156
loudness balance, 28, 85, 144, 146
loudness equality, 28, 36, 110, 114, 115,
117, 118, 140–143, 145, 152, 158
loudness growth in hearing loss, 86, 87,
136–138, 140–144
loudness growth of auditory nerve, 17, 90,
magnitude, 2, 6, 18–21, 36, 39, 40, 47, 55,
56, 59, 61, 62, 81, 83, 111, 114–116,
119–121, 140, 143, 144, 146
matching, 27–29, 83, 86, 117, 136, 141, 154,
157, 159, 160
Subject Index 167

ratios, 6, 9, 11, 17, 55, 58, 110, 111, 113
recruitment, 27, 135, 136, 138, 140
scaling, 87, 119
Loudness function
shape of, 36
Loudness quantification, 3
Loudness summation, 54–56, 61, 113, 116,
118–120
Lüscher–Zwislocki method, 136
M Nonmonotonic pleasantness functions, 67
Magnitude balance, 25–32, 36–38, 42, 82, 84,
92–94, 102, 113, 116, 117, 121
Magnitude discrimination, 158
Magnitude estimation
of brightness, 5, 25, 30, 32, 34, 36, 37, 39,
63, 69, 70, 96–98, 124, 125
in children, 22, 23, 30, 47, 52
of line length, 20, 22–25, 30, 47, 63, 101,
102
of loudness, 3–26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 37, 39,
47, 52, 53, 63, 65, 70, 81, 82, 84, 111,
112, 115–119, 124, 125
of smell, 63
of taste, 65, 67, 128
of vibration, 32, 47, 63, 124, 125
of warmth, 9, 63, 65–67, 101, 102
Magnitude production
of line length, 25, 30, 31, 101
of loudness, 25–31, 34, 82, 84–86, 101
of vibration, 34, 94
Magnitudes
matching, 17, 18, 25, 32–37, 39, 41, 43, 44,
46, 51, 53, 54, 83, 86, 109, 150, 152,
156, 158, 160
of sweetness, 64, 68, 104, 128
of warmth, 33, 34, 64–67, 104
of weights, 33, 34, 64, 132
Masking, 26–28, 35, 36, 65, 69, 70, 72,
85–87, 92, 93, 101, 103, 144, 146–148,
150–153, 155, 160
Masking noise, 27, 28, 35, 69, 70, 85, 92, 93,
146–148, 151–153, 155, 160
Matching of variables, 18, 152
Measurement
definition, 47, 51
natural measurement, 50
without numbers, 47–49
Measurement of loudness, 62, 85, 101
Mechano-receptive system, 93
Method of adjustment, 28, 36, 140, 155
Method of constant stimuli, 132
Method of limits, 9, 37, 137
Method of numerical magnitude balance, 42
Monaural loudness, 92, 111–114, 116, 118,
119, 153
Monocular brightness, 126, 127
N
Near miss to Weber’s Law, 133, 137, 149, 152
Neural firing rate measurements of, 90
Neurons, 72, 73, 88, 90–92, 95
Newton’s Law, xiii
Non-metric conjoint measurement, 55
Numbers, 2, 4, 6–9, 13, 16–26, 29–31, 33, 35,
44, 45, 47, 49, 51–57, 61–63
Numeral, 47, 51, 53, 54, 109, 157
Numerical estimates
of brightness, 38, 47, 76
of loudness, 21, 38, 47, 58, 64, 71
Numerical magnitude balance, 26–28, 36–38,
42, 82, 84, 92–94, 102
Numerical scale of loudness, 3
Numerical scaling, 34
Numerosity
of children, 24, 52
O
Odor intensity, 65, 105, 128
Olfaction, 104, 128
P
Pacinian corpuscles, measurements on, 95, 121
Pacinian system, 122
Polynomial curve fitting, 101
Power function
of brightness, 70
equation, 67
exponent for brightness, 70
exponents, 5, 7, 17, 25, 55, 61, 128
of line length, 100
of loudness, 9, 69, 71, 117, 119, 158
of taste, 64, 65, 128
Power law
exponents, 63
functions, 22, 34, 47
Proportionality, 25, 54, 62, 63, 90, 92, 94, 100,
128, 149, 153
Psychological context effects, 69
Psychophysics, 1, 3, 4, 47, 50, 51, 106, 131
Pupil diameter, 75, 76
Pupillary reflex measurement
in retinitis pigmentosa, 75
R
Ratio-estimation, 9, 18
Ratio judgements, 11, 17, 110
168
Ratio measurement
of brightness, 75
of loudness, 62, 85, 86, 101
Ratio scaling, 6, 7, 26, 34, 40, 55, 109–110
Receptor potentials, 72, 90
Reference standards, 6–9, 16, 18, 24, 51, 71,
81, 102, 112, 115, 119, 124, 140
Regression effect, 25, 32
Retinitis pigmentosa, 75
Rod monochromats, 75
S Taylor expansion, 90
Saturation effects, 67
Scientific laws, 68
Second law of psychophysics, xvi, 81–106
Sensation level, 9, 86, 87, 93, 94, 123, 124,
150, 158
Sensation magnitudes, 1, 8, 18, 19, 33, 35–37,
44, 51, 53, 109, 121, 150
Sensation magnitudes (quantification of), 3
Signal to noise ratio, 88
Slope of loudness functions, 58
Slopes of subjective magnitude functions, 156
Sone scale, 3
Spontaneous neural activity, 90
Standard deviation
of intensity, 153, 155
of line length adjustments, 153, 156
of loudness adjustments, 142, 144, 153, 154,
156
of responses, 24, 132, 138, 145, 148
of stimulus values, 152
Stapedius-muscle contraction measurement, 73
Statistical distribution, 5, 6, 52, 53, 140, 152
Stevens’ power law, 1–77
Subjective intensity, 50, 67, 93–95, 106,
122–125
Subjective line length, 30, 54, 62, 100, 101
Subjective line-length magnitude, 24
Subjective magnitude
additivity, 109, 111, 121, 123
equality, 161
of numbers, 17–19, 25, 31, 33, 53, 62
of sweetness, 67, 68, 104
of taste, 64, 128
of vibration, 32, 33, 36, 40, 42, 43, 64, 94,
95
of warmth, 33, 64
Subjective measurement, 50
Subjective units, 32, 35, 40, 47, 54
Subject Index
Summation
loudness summation, 54–56, 61, 113, 116,
118, 119, 120
loudness summation (non simultantaneous),
123
summation (unequal loudness), 115
temporal summation, 104
Sweetness of sucrose, 64, 66
T
Taste/gustation, 104, 128
Theory of conjoint measurement, 117
Theory of measurement, 47–53
Theory of signal detectibliity, 87, 88, 146, 149
Third law of psychophysics, xvi, 109–128
Threshold
of audibility, 9, 11, 12, 16, 26, 27, 37, 65,
69, 81, 82, 84–87, 101, 133, 141, 145,
152, 153
of detectibility, 37, 66, 67, 73, 75, 83, 92, 95,
100, 103, 104, 106, 113, 122, 149–151
of detectibility of light, 100
detectibility of touch, 36
of pain, 66
threshold shift, 65, 85, 152
vibration detectibility, 121
of visibility, 36
Touch, 36, 50, 93, 121, 124, 128, 150
Transitivity, 32–47
U
Units of measurement, 6, 47
V
Variability of subject magnitudes, 152
Vibrotactile magnitude, 122
Vibrotactile stimuli, 36, 37, 93
Vibrotactile threshold, 121
Vibrotaction, 121, 124, 133, 137
Vision, 5, 36–39, 41, 65, 75, 88, 96, 98, 121,
128, 132, 134
W
Weber fraction
loudness, 144, 145, 149, 154, 156, 157
weight, 132
Weber’s law, 131–133, 137, 144, 149, 152
Whole nerve response, 72, 73
Author Index

Algom, D., 120 Diamant, H., 76, 77

Arpajian, D.J., 150, 151 Doerfler, L.G., 137
Atteneave, F., 53, 57
Ekman, G., 35
Barlow, H.B., 88 Eldredge, D.H., 72, 73, 91
Barlow, R.B., 39, 75, 96, 98, 99, 124, 127, Engen, T., 105, 131, 132
128
Bartoshuk, L.M., 128 Fechner, G.T., 1–3, 35, 109, 153
Beckwith, J.B., 23, 55 Feldman, A.S., 150
Burglund, B., 128 Feldtkeller, R., 81, 83
Benoit, J.-P., 120 Filion, P.R., 140, 158
Bernoulli, D., 1, 3 Fishkin, D., 118
Bolanowski, S.J., Jr., 36, 38–45, 47, 76, 93, Fletcher, H., 54, 109, 110, 114, 115, 117, 120,
95–97, 121, 122, 124, 126, 127, 150, 121
151 Flottorp, G., 120
Borg, G., 76, 77 Fraioli, A., 25, 36, 37, 42, 93–95
Brodhun, E., 132–134 Fuortes, M.G.F., 90
Buining, E., 41
Bunt, A.A., 55, 117 Gescheider, G.A., 21, 22, 24, 31, 35, 45–48,
Byrne, A.J., 135 50, 62, 71, 93, 95, 124, 150, 151
Glantz, J., 41
Cain, W.S., 63, 65, 104, 105, 128 Goldberg, J.P., 133, 135
Cannon, M.W., 120, 122 Goodman, D.A., 17–19, 21–25, 28, 30, 31, 33,
Caussé, R., 117 39, 42, 43, 50–55
Cefaratti, L.K., 152–156, 159, 161 Graham, C.H., 2, 32
Chatterjee, M., 72 Green, D.M., 87, 88
Chavasse, P., 117 Greenbaum, H.B., 25
Checkosky, C.M., 93, 95 Guirao, M., 25, 26, 28
Churcher, B.G., 2, 3
Cleveland, C.T., 128 Hall, K.L., 150, 151
Collins, A.A., 23, 24, 31, 45–48, 62 Hartline, H.K., 2
Cramer, G., 3 Hecht, S., 132, 134
Cudahy, E., 135 Hellman, R.P., 9, 10, 12–15, 17, 18, 25–29, 33,
36, 37, 47, 51, 72, 73, 81, 82, 84–87, 93,
Damianopoulos, E.N., 41 111–117
Davis, H., 72, 73, 91, 110 Hirsh, I.J., 113
Delboeuf, J., 1 Hughson, B.A., 21

169
170 Author Index

Irvin, G., 54 Riesz, R.R., 137

Riggs, L.A., 133, 134
James, W., 3 Robinson, D.W., 81
Jastrow, J., 2 Robles, L., 71
Jesteadt, W., 135, 137 Ross, J.S., 3
Johnson, J.H., 146–148 Rubin, H., 150
Jordan, H.N., 136–140, 146, 149 Ruggero, M.A., 71
Ketkar, I., 120, 122 Ryan, T.F., 150, 151
Kiang, N.Y.-S., 88
König, A., 132–134 Sanpetrino, N.M., 101
Sato, M., 76
Leshowitz, B., 135 Schacknow, P.N., 135
Levelt, W.J.M., 55, 117 Scharf, B., 81, 85, 118, 119, 144–146
Levitt, H., 140, 146 Schmidt, J.M., 50
Licklider, J.C.R., 134 Shaw, W.A., 113
Lüscher, E., 135–137 Shepard, R.N., 35
Luce, R.D., 55, 56, 117 Smith, J.J.B., 50
Smith, R.L., 37, 42, 93–96
Mack, J.D., 34 Sokolich, W.G., 120, 122
MacKay, D.M., 35 Stellmack, M.A., 135
Maire, F., 150 Stevens, J.C., 33, 34, 65, 67, 69, 99, 100, 102,
Mansfield, R.J.W., 39 103
Margolis, R.H., 146–148 Stevens, S.S., 1–9, 11, 16–18, 22, 25, 26, 28,
Marks, L.E., 2, 6, 18, 21, 55, 65, 67, 70, 102, 32–34, 47, 50, 51, 53, 61, 63, 64, 67, 69,
103, 115–120, 123–125 71, 81, 99, 100, 103, 110
Mascia, C., 150, 151 Stillman, J.A., 140–145
Matthews, B.H.C., 2 Ström, L., 76, 77
McGill, W.J., 133, 135 Stumpf, C., 3
Meiselman, C.H., 47 Swets, J., 87, 88
Miller, G.A., 87, 133, 134
Moore, B.C.J., 86–88 Teas, D.C., 72, 73, 91
Moskowitz, H.R., 64–68, 77, 104, 105, 128 Teghtsoonian, M., 23, 55, 144–146
Munson, W.A., 54, 109, 110, 114, 115, Teghtsoonian, R., 144–146
117 Triesman, M., 35
Tukey, J.W., 55, 56, 117
Newman, E.B., 113 Turner, C.W., 140, 146–148, 158
Narayan, S.S., 71
Nodar, R.H., 120, 122 Verrillo, R.T., 23–25, 36, 37, 39, 41, 42, 54,
55, 93–96, 98, 99, 121–124, 127, 128
Okulicz,W.C., 103 Viemeister, N.F., 135
Olsson, M.J., 128
Ozimek, E., 133, 136 Weber, E.H., 2
Wier, C.G., 135, 137
Penner, M.J., 135 Wegenack, T.M., 121, 122
Port, E., 81
Zhang, M., 140–145
Raab, D.H., 135 Zotterman, Y., 76, 77
Recio, A., 71 Zwicker, E., 81, 83, 120
Relkin, E.M., 150 Zwislocki, J.J., 10, 12–15, 17–31, 33, 36,
Rich, N.C., 71 37, 39, 41–43, 47, 50–58, 60–62, 69,
Richards, G., 135 72–74, 81, 82, 84–89, 91–93, 95–97,
Richardson, L.F., 3 100, 111–117, 120–122, 133, 136–140,
Riemersma, J.B., 55, 117 146–156, 159–162