Straight Lines

One Shot
Nishant Vora
B.Tech - IIT Patna
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Cartesian Coordinate
System
Cartesian Coordinate System

Distance of P from x axis = |b|

Distance of P from y axis = |a|
P (a, b)
Distance of P from Origin =
Distance Formula

Q (x2, y2)

P (x1, y1)
Section Formula

P (x1, y1) R (x, y) Q (x2, y2)

R (x, y) P (x1, y1) Q (x2, y2)

Example
The intersection of three lines x – y = 0, x + 2y = 3 and 2x +y = 6 is a:
JEE Main 2021
A. Equilateral triangle

B. None of the above

C. Isosceles triangle

D. Right angled triangle

Example
The number of integral values of m so that the abscissa of point of
intersection of lines 3x + 4y = 9 and y = mx + 1 is also an integer, is :

A. JEE Main 2021

1

B. 2

C. 3

D. 0
Area of Triangle
P (x1, y1)

Q (x2, y2) R (x3, y3)

Example
If the area of the triangle formed by the points (1, 2), (2, 3) and (x, 4) is
40 sq. units then find x.
Area of Quadrilateral (#NVStyle)
Example
The area of quadrilateral whose vertices are A(1, 1), B(3, 4), C(5, -2) and
D(4, -7) is:

A.

B.

C.

D.
Example
Let two points be A(1, – 1) and B(0, 2). If a point P(x', y') be such that
the area of △PAB = 5 sq. units and it lies on the line, 3x + y - 4𝛌 = 0, then
a value of 𝛌 is:
JEE Main 2020
A. 4

B. 3

C. 1

D. -3
Slope of Line
Slope of Line

Slope of a line = m = tan 𝜃 where 𝜃 ∈ [0, π)

Slope of Line ( Two Point Form)

Q (x2, y2)

P (x1, y1)
Intercepts
Intercept
Note:
1. Line having equal intercept then m = -1.

1. Line having intercept equal in magnitude but opposite in sign

then m=+1

1. Line equally inclined with coordinate axes then m = ±1

1. Line cutting of equal non zero distance from origin then m = ±1

Collinearity of 3 Points
Collinearity of 3 Points

1.

2.
Example
If the points (sin θ, cos θ), (-2 √2, 2) and (-√2, 1) are collinear, then the
number of values of θ ∈ [0, 2π] is :

A. 0

B. 1

C. 2

D. Infinite
Equation of Straight Line
in Various Forms
Equation of SL
1. Point slope form
2. Two point form
3. Slope intercept form
4. Intercept form
5. Determinant form
6. Normal / Perpendicular form
1. Point Slope Form
2. Two Point Form
Find the equation of a line passing through (2, 3) and (4, 5).
3. Slope Intercept Form
4. Intercept Form
Example
Find the equation to the straight line cutting off an intercept 3 from the
negative direction of the axis of y and inclined at 120° to the positive
direction of x-axis.
Example
Find the equation of the straight line passing through the point (3, 4)
and cutting off intercepts, equal but of opposite signs from the two
axes.
5. Determinant Form
6. Normal/Perpendicular Form
Example
Find equation of a straight line on which length of perpendicular from
the origin is four units and the line makes an angle of 120° with the
positive direction of x-axis
Example
If the equation x cosθ + ysinθ = p is the normal form of the line
√3x+y+2=0 then values of θ and p are

A.

B.

C.

D.
Example
A man is walking on a straight line. The arithmetic mean of the
reciprocals of the intercepts of this line on the coordinate axes is 1/4.
Three stones A, B and C are placed at the points (1, 1), (2, 2) and (4, 4)
respectively. Then which of the these stones is/are on the path of the
man?
JEE Main 2021
A. B only

B. A only

C. All the three

D. C only
Example
If a straight line passing through the point P(-3, 4) is such that its
intercepted portion between the coordinate axes is bisected at P, then
its equation is :
JEE Main 2019
A. 3x - 4y + 25 = 0

B. 4x – 3y + 24 = 0

C. x-y+7=0

D. 4x + 3y = 0
Example
A straight line L at a distance of 4 units from the origin makes positive
intercepts on the coordinate axes and the perpendicular from the origin
to this line makes an angle 60° with the line x + y= 0. Then an equation
of the line L is
JEE Main 2019
A.

B.

C.

D.
Angle between Two
Straight Lines
ANGLE BETWEEN TWO STRAIGHT LINES
Condition For The Lines To Be Parallel
and Perpendicular
Example
Find the equation of a line passing through (1, 2) and making an angle
of 45° with the line 2x + 3y = 10.
Equation Of A Line Parallel To A Given Line
Example
Find the equation of straight line parallel to 3x + 2y + 4 = 0 and passing
through (1, 1).
Equation Of A Line Perpendicular To A Given
Line
Example
Find the equation of line perpendicular to 2x - y = 7 and passing
through point of intersections of line 3x + 4y = 8 and y-axis.
Example
If the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining the points P(1,
4) and Q (k, 3) has y-intercept equal to -4, then a value of k is

JEE Main 2020

A. -2

B. -4

C. √14

D. √15
Example
If the two lines x + (a–1)y = 1 and 2x + a²y = 1 (a € R - {0, 1}) are
perpendicular, then the distance of their point of intersection from the
origin is:
JEE Main 2019
A. √2/5

B. 2/5

C. 2/√5

D. √3/5
Five Important Points
w.r.t Triangle
 Five Important Points w.r.t. Triangle

Point of Intersection of

Centroid Medians

Incenter Interior Angle Bisectors

Orthocenter Altitudes

Circumcenter Perpendicular Bisectors for sides

Five Important Points w.r.t. Triangle
A (x1, y1)

B (x2, y2) C (x3, y3)

Five Important Points w.r.t. Triangle
A (x1, y1)

B (x2, y2) C (x3, y3)

Five Important Points w.r.t. Triangle
Find the circumcentre of the triangle with the vertices A(2,1), B (-2,3) and C
(1,-2)?
Five Important Points w.r.t. Triangle
Five Important Points w.r.t. Triangle
A (x1, y1)

B (x2, y2) C (x3, y3)

Five Important Points w.r.t. Triangle
A (x1, y1)

B (x2, y2) C (x3, y3)

Five Important Points w.r.t. Triangle
Special Cases: Right Angle Triangle
Special Cases: Equilateral Triangle
Important Note
● For any triangle Orthocentre (H), Centroid (G), Circumcentre (O)
are collinear and centroid divides orthocentre and circumcentre in
the ratio 2 : 1 internally.
● For isosceles triangle centroid, circumcentre, orthocentre and
incentre are collinear.
● For equilateral△, centroid, circumcentre, orthocentre and incentre
coincide.
PYQ
Consider a triangle having vertices A(-2, 3), B(1, 9) and C(3, 8). If a line L
passing through the circumcenter of triangle ABC, bisects line BC, and
intersects y-axis at point (0, ∝/2), then the value of real number ∝ is

JEE Main 2021

Example
In a triangle PQR, the coordinates of the points P and Q are (-2, 4) and
(4, -2) respectively. If the equation of the perpendicular bisector of PR
is 2x – y + 2 = 0, then the centre of the circumcircle of the △PQR is :

JEE Main 2021

A. (-1, 0)

B. (-2, -2)

C. (0, 2)

D. (1, 4)
JEE Main 2021
Locus of a Point
Locus of a Point
4 Easy Steps to Find Locus
1. Assume the coordinates of the point whose locus is to be
determined as (h, k)

1. Use Mathematical condition given in the question to find

relation between h and k

1. Eliminate other variables except h and k

1. Replace h → x and k → y
Example
The equation of locus of all points equidistant from the point (-1, 2) and
the origin is:

A. x - 3y - 7 = 0

B. 2x - 4y +5 = 0

C. 4x + y - 3 = 0

D. x + 2y + 1 = 0
Example
Let A(1, -3) and B(-2, 5) be vertices of △ABC. If the third vertex C of
△ABC move on the line 3x + y = 1, then locus of centroid is :

A. X-y=0

B. x-y=3

C. x+y=1

D. 3x + y = 0
Example
A stick of length 10 units rests against the floor and a wall of a room. If
the stick begins to slide on the floor then

A. Locus of middle point is x² + y2 = 25

B. Locus of middle point is x² + y2= 100

C. Locus of centroid of triangle formed by axes and stick is x² + y2 =

25/9
D. Locus of centroid of triangle formed by axes and stick is x² + y2=
100/9
Length of Perpendicular
Length Of The Perpendicular
Example
Find the point on y-axis whose perpendicular distance from the line 4x
– 3y - 12 = 0 is 3
Distance Between Two Parallel Lines
PYQ
If the line, 2x – y + 3 = 0 is at a distance 1/√5 and 2√5 from the lines 4x
– 2y + ∝ = 0 and 6x – 3y + ß = 0, respectively, then the sum of all
possible value of ∝ and ß is
JEE Main 2020
PYQ

JEE Adv. 2020

Parametric Equation of
Straight Line
Parametric Form Of A Line
Example
A triangle ABC lying in the first quadrant has two vertices as A(1, 2) and
B(3, 1). If ⦟BAC = 90°, and ar (△ABC) = 5√5 sq. units, then the abscissa
of the vertex C is:
JEE Main 2020
A. 1 + √5

B. 1 + 2 √5

C. 2 +√5

D. 2 √5 - 1
Position of Point w.r.t.
Straight Line
Position Of A Point W.R.T. A Line
Example
Are the points (3, 4) and (2, -6) on the same or opposite sides of the line
3x - 4y = 8?
Example
The set of all possible values of ∅ in the interval (0, 𝛑) for which the
points (1, 2) and (sin ∅, cos ∅) lie on the same side of the line x + y = 1 is :

JEE Main 2020

A.

B.

C.

D.
Concurrency of 3 lines
Concurrency Of Three Lines
Three lines are concurrent if
Example
Family of Straight Lines
Family Of Straight Lines
Equation of line passing through the intersection of L1 & L2 is given by L1 +λ L2 =0
Example
Two lines are given by L1 : 3x – 4y + 6 = 0 & L2 : x + y + 2 = 0.
Find the equation of line passing through the intersection of L1 & L2, if
it is parallel to y = 2x + 3
Example
It the family of straight lines x(a + 2b) + y(a + 3b) = a + b passes
through a fixed point for all values of a and b. Find the point.
Example
A variable line ax + by + c = 0 passes through a fixed point if a, b, c are
in arithmetic progression.Find the fixed point.
Example
Consider the set of all lines px + qy + r = 0 such that 3p + 2q + 4r = 0.
Which one of the following statements is true?
JEE Main 2019
A. The lines are concurrent at the point (¾, ½)

B. Each line passes through the origin.

C. The lines are all parallel

D. The lines are not concurrent.

Optics Based Problems
Optics Based Problem

Image of Point in Straight Line

Foot of Perpendicular of Point in Straight Line

Example
The image of the point (3, 5) in the line x - y + 1 = 0, lies on :

JEE Main 2021

A. (x - 2)2 + (y – 4)2 =4

B. (x – 4)2 + (y + 2)2 = 16

C. (x – 4)2 + (y - 4)2 = 8

D. (x - 2)2 + (y - 2)2 = 12
Shortcuts

Image of (a, b) in x-axis is (a, -b)

Image of (a, b) in y-axis is (-a, b)
Image of (a, b) in y=x line is (b, a)
Reflection Problems
PYQ
A ray of light coming from the point (2, 2√3) is incident at an angle 30°
on the line x = 1 at the point A. The ray gets reflected on the line x = 1
and meets x-axis at the point B. Then, the line AB passes through the
point:
JEE Main 2020
A.

B.

C.

D.
PYQ
Let the point B be the reflection of the point A(2,3) with respect to the line
8x – 6y – 23 = 0. Let TA and TB be circles of radii 2 and 1 with centres A and
B respectively. Let T be a common tangent to the circles TA and TB such
that both the circles are on the same side of T. If C is the point of
intersection of T and the line passing through A and B, then the length of
the line segment AC is_
JEE Adv. 2019
Equation of Angle
Bisector
Equation of Angle Bisectors
Identifying Acute and Obtuse Angle
Bisectors
Identifying Angle Bisector Containing
Origin and Not Containing Origin
Example
The equation of the bisector of the lines 3x - 4y + 1 = 0 and 5x + 12y - 11
= 0 which do not contain origin is

A. 7x - 56y + 34 = 0

B. 32x + 4y - 21=0

C. 3x + 7y + 11 = 0

D. 16x - 3y + 7 = 0
Example
The equation of the bisector of the acute angle between the lines 3x -
4y + 7 = 0 and 12x + 5y - 2 = 0 is

A. 21x + 77y - 101 = 0

B. 11x - 3y + 9 = 0

C. 21x + 77y + 101 = 0

D. 11x - 3y - 9 = 0
Example
Find the equations of the acute angle bisector between the straight
lines 4x - 3y + 4 = 0 and 6x + 8y - 9 = 0
Pair of Straight Lines
Pair of Straight Lines
Pair of Straight Lines

will represent pair of straight line if

Pair of Straight Lines passing through origin
Pair of Straight Lines passing through origin

General form of equation of POSL passing through origin

Factorising POSL passing through Origin

Method to factorise is put y = mx

Example : 12x² – 20xy + 7y2 = 0
Angle between POSL passing through origin
Special Cases
The condition that these lines are :

1. At right angles to each other if a+b=0.

i.e. coefficient of x2 + coefficient of y2 = 0.

2. Coincident if h2 = ab.

3. Equally inclined to the axis of x if h = 0. i.e. coeff. of xy = 0.

BISECTORS OF ANGLE BETWEEN THE LINES REPRESENTED
by ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 0
Example
Find the centroid of the triangle the equation of whose sides 12x² –
20xy + 7y2 = 0 and 2x - 3y + 4 = 0.
Homogenisation
Homogenisation
Example
Find the value of 'm' if the lines joining the origin to the points common
to x2 + y2 + x - 2y - m = 0 & x + y = 1 are at right angles.
If the straight line joining origin and the points of intersection of the curve
5x2 +12xy-6y2+4x-2y+3=0 and x + ky - 1 = 0 are equally inclined to coordinate axes then find k

A. 1

B. -1

C. 2

D. None
PYQs
JEE Adv. 2021
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