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TF2105-06-First Order Transient 2021 - Revisi
TF2105-06-First Order Transient 2021 - Revisi
TF2105-06-First Order Transient 2021 - Revisi
dan Elektronika
Team Teaching :
Dr. Endang Juliastuti ST MT, IPM (EY)
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First-Order Circuits
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First-Order Circuits
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The Source-Free RC Circuit
By KCL
v dv
iR iC 0 C 0
R dt
Decays faster
v (t ) V0 e t / where RC
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The Source-Free RC Circuit
Example 1
Refer to the circuit below, determine vC, vx, and
io for t ≥ 0.
Assume that vC(0) = 30 V.
Example 2
The switch in circuit below is opened at t = 0,
find v(t) for t ≥ 0.
di R Rt / L
dt i (t ) I 0 e
i L
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The Source-Free RC Circuit
t /
i (t ) I 0 e
L
where
R
• The time constant of a circuit is the time required for the response
to decay by a factor of 1/e or 36.8% of its initial value.
• i(t) decays faster for small and slower for large .
• The general form is very similar to a RC source-free circuit. 11
The Source-Free RC Circuit
L
i (t ) I 0 e t /
where v(t ) V0 e t / where RC
R
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The Source-Free RL Circuit
t / L
i (t ) I 0 e where
R
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Determine time contants
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Switch moves instantaneously from A to B at t=0 Find v for
t>0
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Unit-Step Function
• The unit step function u(t) is 0 for negative
values of t and 1 for positive values of t.
0, t0
u (t )
1, t0
0, t to
u (t to )
1, t to
0, t to
u (t to )
1, t to
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Unit-Step Function
Represent an abrupt change for:
1. voltage source.
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The Step-Response
of a RC Circuit
• The step response of a circuit is its behavior when the
excitation is the step function, which may be a voltage
or a current source.
• Initial condition:
v(0-) = v(0+) = V0
• Applying KCL,
dv v Vs u (t )
c 0
dt R
or
dv v Vs
u (t )
dt RC
• Where u(t) is the unit-step function 26
The Step-Response
of a RC Circuit
• Integrating both sides and considering the initial
conditions, the solution of the equation is:
V0 t0
v(t ) t /
s
V (V0 V s ) e t 0
t /
v (t ) v () [v (0) v ()] e
Note: The above method is a short-cut method. You may also
determine the solution by setting up the circuit formula directly
using KCL, KVL , ohms law, capacitor and inductor VI laws. 28
The Step-Response
of a RC Circuit
Example
Find v(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in below.
Assume the switch has been open for a long
time and is closed at t = 0.
Calculate v(t) at t = 0.5.
• Initial current
i(0-) = i(0+) = Io
t
Vs Vs
i (t ) ( I o )e u (t )
R R
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The Step-Response
of a RL Circuit
Three steps to find out the step response
of an RL circuit:
1. The initial inductor current i(0) at t = 0+.
2. The final inductor current i().
3. The time constant .
t /
i (t ) i () [i (0) i ()] e
Answer: i (t ) 2 e 10t 32
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a. If the switch has been open for a long time and is closed at t =0 , Vo(t)
b. If the switch has been closed for a long time and is opened at t =0 , Vo(t)
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If the switch has been in position a for a long time. At t=0 it move to
position b. Calculate i(t) for all t>0
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