Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 4 views

    1

    Uploaded by

    Rahul Singh Parihar

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content

    You might also like

    1

    Uploaded by

    Rahul Singh Parihar
    4 views26 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    4 views26 pages

    1

    Uploaded by

    Rahul Singh Parihar

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf
    of 26
    SOIL MECHANICS > The process of formation of soil is termed as ‘PEDOGENESIS’ > Soil is formed due to the ert physically or chemically. ion (Weathering) of the rocks and may be carried out either > Physical agency > water, air, ice, & gravity. > Chemical agencies > oxidation, reduction and carbonation. > Mineral constituents of the soil are same as that of parent rock if weathering is carried out physically and it differs if it carries out chemically. > In geological cycle involved in the formation of soil included erosion, transportation, deposition and finally upheaval. Vv If the eroded material is retained over the parent rock, the soil is said to be residual soil and if it is transported is termed as transported soil Type of Soils > Alluvial Soil- It is the type soil , that is deposited from suspension in running water. + Itis generally found along the banks of the river. > Lacustrine Soil :-It is the type of soil that is deposited from suspension in still or fresh water or lakes. it is Physical and transported soil > Marine Soil :- It is the soil, that is deposited from suspension in sea water. It is Transported soil. Itis the soil which is being transported by wind. > Glacial Soil Soil which transported by ice. > Colluvial Soi it is the soil that is formed due to transportation by gravity in mountain valleys. > Loess Soil :- Itis uniformly graded wind drawn soil that is slightly cemented by Calcium compounds and Montmorillonite. > Marl Soil :- It is finely graded calcium carbonated soil of marine origin. (Special case of marine soil). That is formed due to decomposition of dead cellmass and bones of aquatic life (plants and Animals both). > Bentonite Soil :- Formed due to chemical weathering of volcanic ash and is used asa lubricant in drilling . > Loam Soil :- Mixture of clay, silt and sand in definite proportion, that may also consist organic matter. > Tuff Soil :- It is finely graded slightly cemented volcanic ash, that may be transported due to wind or water. > = Sticky, highly plastic, black, coloured soil. (chemical weathering) > PeatSoil -- Highly organic soil, that almost entirely consist of vegetative matter in different stages of decomposition. Its color varies from black to dark brown and it passes organic odour. > Laterite Soil:- It is formed due to leaching (washing out of siliceous compounds) in hilly areas having humid environment. i > Muck Soi It is fined particle inorganic soil , that also consist of black decomposed organic matter. It is generally found in the areas having indeficient sewerage facilities and is generally observed after over flooding of the rivers. “ Both Peat & Muck Soil are also termed as cumulose Properties of the Si Soil Mass is a 3 phase system consisting of soil, water and air. That do not occupy separate spaces but are blended with each other resulting in the formation of complex material termed as soil, properties of which depends upon their relative proportion. PARTIALLY FULLY SATURATED SOU SATURATED SOIL tea = ae Water Content/ Moisture Content / % Moisture (W20) ~ we wiot Yohy = Ww x lod See cad df colrel wd \ Defined as the ratio of wt. of water to the wt. of solids present in given soil Mass. > Water Content (w’) can also be expressed in terms of wt. of soil NA ws vot ef Watur _ WW xI00 taf Aol Adi Me Josw’s tod¢ ' Ww Ne geeec) = try pr? Va Note:- Both W’&W indicates the wt. of waterin terms of wt. of soil & wt. of solid respectively. But since wt. of solids are constant (Ie it does not changes with change in parameters of the soil) (hence engg. Significance of W is more than W’). Water content of fined grain soil is generally more that of coarse grainéd soil._ > Void Ratio (e) Defined as the ratio of volume of voids to the volume of solids, present in given soil mass C= Vo) of voidA © Vy = Vol. ot gol ae Ve - |e 70 Size of individual voids is more in coarse grained soil. Total volume. of voids is more in fine grained soil hence void ratio for fine grained soil is generally observed to be more that coarse grained soil. ds (ub ot L vel oy ei of void Zz Note:- Porosity and void ratio both represent volume of voids but the former in terms of volume of soiland later in term of volume of solid and which is stable parameter than volume of soil iNT Le. Hence engg. Significance of void ratio is more than porosity. > Degree of saturation /% saturation(S) Defined as the ratio of volume of water to the volume of voids, present in given soil mass. Ge Nol ok WAtyiog Via, x00 vol. of va Vy > Depending upon the degree of saturation the soll may be termed as dry, humid, damp moist, wet and saturated=— = - oe > Air Content (a él ol Defined as the ratio of volume Sir to the volume of voids present in given soil mass Avs Vo): of aur Val. oF voids > Percentage Air Voids (Ve) Defined as the ratio of volumé of ir to the volume of soil in given soil mass Na: Vp). of Gat ~ ol. of go) | SIS SNR Ny Waa > Unit wt/ Density of Soil :- a) Bulk unit wt/Bulk Density of the soil:- ( y) \d2.to the volume of soil Defined as the ratio of wt. of the soil in existing cond ‘wt. of the soilin Ye Wet of ool a! a a, Vel. oF sod (eal eal b) Dry unit wt of soil or dry density of soil:- { J a Defined as the ratio. Of wt. a in its dry state to the volume of the soil Ea Ey = Vat Dry unit wt. is an indicator of denseness of the soil as higher isits value the more compactly are the solid packed in given volume of soil resulting in its increased degree of denseness > Saturated Unit wt/Saturated density { Yc, Defined as the ratio of saturated wt. of the soil to the volume of the soil Weak Wad ews Weak Wad ews tw Note :- When the soil is completely saturated its saturated unit wt. is same as that of bulk unit wt, when the soil is completely dry, its dry unit wt is same as bulk unit wt. “ 7 4) Submerged Unit wt/ Submerged Density [Yap / i When the soil is submerged below the ground water table it is being acted upon by force of buoyancy, it acts in vertical upward dir?.and is equal to the magnitude of the wt. of the water spaced by the solids, which result in decrease in wt. of the soil, This reduced effective wt. of the soilis termed as buoyant wt or submerged unit wt. Tsubo = “ia Ysok 10 Niet Soub Pc Sgat —F 9 > Unit wtof Solid /Densitvetsolid [ Y “) Ratio of wt of the solids to the volume of the Sofids Present in given soil mass = mH bag Note. > Tats almost twice the value of jw) lence ub is app. Halfofsat = = Yat YO eae foot Yd {Ove Va 7) wn, (oes ES F127 Yoot 217074 >Ys &)d both represents the wt of solids in terms of volume of solids and volume of soil respectively Poni ft > Volume of solid is stable parameter than volume of soil Significance of is more than a. Vill) Specific Gravity a) True / Absolute SpecificGravity (Gs) put Unit wt. of solids of given volume to the unit of standard fluid of same volume G,- unirut A old ot 9 1Mtn vol - x Dye ae aged ORL. KOO oe ed wa Ws Re eigenen Nk ecske : Wa Wa Vs Or arc ee a Pe oe oR te sale Vy so Md c Movg ao’ aid se 6-2 Note Note, > For coarse grained soil sp. Gravity is less, for fine grained soil sp. Gravity is more. > with increase in organic content of soil, its sp. Gravity decreases, > with increase in mineral content like iron and mica, it sp. Gravity increases. eseinn ponte mica, ravity increases. b) Mass / Bulk / Apparent specific gravity (Gm) Defined as the ratio of unit wt of soil of given volume to the unit wt of standard fluid of same volume. Gos unit wt of cal oF grensel. was eee 7 We Sart + Note :-__ in India sp. Gravity is reported at 27°C. But if it is desired to be computed at any other temperature then corresponding change in unit wt of water should also be considered. 1X) Density Index ree of Density / Relative Density(I,) Density index is used to represent the relative compactness of natural cohesion less soil. Defined as the ratio of difference of void ratio of the soil poser t. hada) reo0 Clenait Spots |) Th e=@mox [gil 141” [Tp = Or (Co Thre Sena [sol Taoyue 1 = ey (So ate Ry In loosest state and void ratio of soil in natural state to the difference of void ratio of soil in its losef.state and its densest state Mhe=@max (soil isin loosest state) C=Ein (soil is in densest state) Density index is better indicator of den: represent the densress in absolute ti jl than void ratio and dry d Ni MN > 2soll having similar shape & size grain will passes difference proportion. Moher densty index ders om eothotir FEU AN\ Soil having higher density index will be more. will passes higher shear strength and will have low compressibility, A SANT 1of96) RC=80+0.; max soil isin loosest state | in soilis in densest state (SomeRc<100% |= ——= Note:- For partially saturated soil (0

    You might also like