Structural Design 2012/13

Yield line method of analysis and design

An existing 250mm thick concrete slab measuring 7x9m is simply supported on all four sides and is
to have a hole 2mx3m formed at the location shown in figure. It carries finishes weighing 1.5Kn/m 2.
The concrete grade is C-30 and the drawing show that the reinforcement in the shorter direction
consists of Φ12 𝐶/𝐶150𝑚𝑚 bottom and Φ12 𝐶/𝐶300𝑚𝑚 in the other direction. The cover is 20mm.
The task is to establish what live load the slab with the hole can safely carry.
Grade of steel S-415

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Solution

 Design strength of materials (Steel and Concrete).

 Concrete
 𝛾𝑐 = 1.5 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 − 𝐼 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 𝐸𝐵𝐶𝑆 − 2 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 3.1
𝑓𝑐𝑢
 𝑓𝑐𝑘 =
1.25
30
 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = = 24𝑀𝑃𝑎
1.25
0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85 ( 24𝑀𝑃𝑎)
 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 13.6𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛶𝑐 1.5

𝑓𝑐𝑘 2/3 (24) 2/3

 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 = 0.21 = 0.21 = 1.165𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛶𝑐 1.5

 Steel
 𝛾𝑠 = 1.15 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 − 𝐼 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝
𝑓𝑦𝑘 415𝑀𝑝𝑎
 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = = 360.87𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝛾𝑠 1.15
𝑓𝑦𝑑 360.87
𝑚= = = 33.17
0.8𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.8 ∗ 13.6
 Loading
 Dead load:
𝐾𝑛
Self-weight of slab: 𝑆𝑤 = 𝛾𝑐𝑡 = 24 ∗ 0.25𝑚 = 6𝐾𝑛/𝑚 2
𝑚3

Finishing weight: = 1.5 𝐾𝑛/𝑚 2

𝐷𝐿 = 6 + 1.5 = 7.5𝐾𝑛/𝑚 2
 Analysis:
𝛷
𝑑𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝐷 − (𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 + )
2
12
𝑑𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 250𝑚𝑚 − (20𝑚𝑚 + 𝑚𝑚) = 218𝑚𝑚
2
 Moment capacity of Φ12 𝐶/𝐶150𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑎 𝑠
𝑆=
𝐴𝑠

𝜋(122 )
𝑏𝑎 𝑠 1000𝑚𝑚 ∗ 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 = = 4 = 753.98𝑚𝑚 2
𝑆 150𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 0.8𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 𝐾𝑥 (1 − 0.4𝐾𝑥 )
𝐾𝑥 = 𝜌𝑚

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𝐴𝑠 753.98𝑚𝑚 2
𝜌= = = 0.00346
𝑏𝑑 1000𝑚𝑚 ∗ 218𝑚𝑚
𝐾𝑥 = 0.00346(33.17) = 0.1148
𝑀𝑢 = 0.8(13.6 ∗ 106 )(1)(0.2182 ) ∗ (0.1148) ∗ (1 − 0.4 ∗ 0.1148)
𝑀𝑢 = 56.63 ∗ 103 𝑁𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 56.63𝐾𝑁𝑚
 Moment capacity of Φ12 𝐶/𝐶 300𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑎 𝑠
𝑆=
𝐴𝑠

𝜋(122 ) 2
𝑏𝑎 𝑠 1000𝑚𝑚 ∗ 4 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠 = = = 376.99𝑚𝑚 2
𝑆 300𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 0.8𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 𝐾𝑥 (1 − 0.4𝐾𝑥 )
𝐾𝑥 = 𝜌𝑚
𝐴𝑠 376.99𝑚𝑚 2
𝜌= = = 0.00173
𝑏𝑑 1000𝑚𝑚 ∗ 218𝑚𝑚
𝐾𝑥 = 0.00173(33.17) = 0.0574
𝑀𝑢 = 0.8(13.6 ∗ 106 )(1)(0.2182 ) ∗ (0.0574) ∗ (1 − 0.4 ∗ 0.0574)
𝑀𝑢 = 28.998 ∗ 103 𝑁𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 28.998𝐾𝑁𝑚

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 Structural Design 2012/13

Using virtual work method:

𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒

𝑊𝐸 = 𝑊𝐼

∑ 𝑊𝑛 ∆ = ∑ 𝑀𝑢 𝜃𝑛 𝑙𝑜

∑𝑊𝑛 ∆ = ∑ 𝑀𝑢𝑥 𝜃𝑥 𝑦𝑜 + ∑ 𝑀𝑢𝑦 𝜃𝑦 𝑋𝑜

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 Structural Design 2012/13

Internal work done for each segment:

Assume the slab deflects by an amount of δ.

 Segment-1/3

Rotations:
𝛿
𝜃𝑥 =
3
𝜃𝑦 = 0
Components of internal work done:

= 𝑀𝑢𝑥 𝜃𝑥 𝑦𝑜 + 𝑀𝑢𝑦 𝜃𝑦 𝑋𝑜

𝛿
= 𝑀𝑢𝑥 ( ) ∗ 7 + 𝑀𝑢𝑦 (0) ∗ 3
3

7𝛿
= ( ) 𝑀𝑢𝑥
3

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 Segment-2

Rotations:
𝜃𝑥 = 0
𝛿
𝜃𝑦 =
5
Components of internal work done:

= 𝑀𝑢𝑥 𝜃𝑥 𝑦𝑜 + 𝑀𝑢𝑦 𝜃𝑦 𝑋𝑜

𝛿
= 𝑀𝑢𝑥 (0) ∗ 𝑦𝑜 + 𝑀𝑢𝑦 ( ) ∗ (3 + 3)
5

6𝛿
= ( ) 𝑀𝑢𝑦
5

 Segment-4/5

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Rotations:
𝜃𝑥 = 0
𝛿
𝜃𝑦 =
2
Components of internal work done:

= 𝑀𝑢𝑥 𝜃𝑥 𝑦𝑜 + 𝑀𝑢𝑦 𝜃𝑦 𝑋𝑜

𝛿
= 𝑀𝑢𝑥 (0) ∗ 𝑦𝑜 + 𝑀𝑢𝑦 ( ) ∗ (3)
2

3𝛿
= ( ) 𝑀𝑢𝑦
2

External Work done by each segment:

 Segmet-1/3

1 𝛿 7𝛿
𝑊𝐸 = ( ∗ 3 ∗ 7 ∗ 𝑤𝑢 ) ∗ = ∗ 𝑤𝑢
2 3 2

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 Segment-2

1 𝛿 𝛿
𝑊𝐸 = 2 ∗ ( ∗ 5 ∗ 3 ∗ 𝑤𝑢 ) ∗ + (5 ∗ 3 ∗ 𝑤𝑢 ) ∗ = 12.5𝛿 ∗ 𝑤𝑢
2 3 2
 Segment-4/5

1 𝛿
𝑊𝐸 = ( ∗ 3 ∗ 2 ∗ 𝑤𝑢 ) ∗ = 𝛿 ∗ 𝑤𝑢
2 3
 ∑ 𝑊𝑛 ∆ = ∑ 𝑀𝑢 𝜃𝑛 𝑙𝑜

7𝛿 6𝛿 3𝛿 17𝛿
∑ 𝑊𝑛 ∆ = 2 ∗ ( ) 𝑀𝑢𝑥 + ( ) 𝑀𝑢𝑦 + 2 ∗ ( ) 𝑀𝑢𝑦 = ( ) 𝑀𝑢𝑥 + (4.2𝛿)𝑀𝑢𝑦
3 5 2 3

 ∑ 𝑊𝑛 ∆ = ∑ 𝑀𝑢𝑥 𝜃𝑥 𝑦𝑜 + ∑ 𝑀𝑢𝑦 𝜃𝑦 𝑋𝑜

7𝛿
∑ 𝑊𝑛 ∆ = 2 ∗ ( ∗ 𝑤𝑢 ) + 12.5𝛿 ∗ 𝑤𝑢 + 2 ∗ (𝛿 ∗ 𝑤𝑢 ) = 21.5𝛿 ∗ 𝑤𝑢
2

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 Structural Design 2012/13
 Virtual work equations:
𝑊𝐸 = 𝑊𝐼

∑ 𝑊𝑛 ∆ = ∑ 𝑀𝑢 𝜃𝑛 𝑙𝑜

17𝛿
( ) 𝑀𝑢𝑥 + (4.2𝛿 )𝑀𝑢𝑦 = 21.5𝛿 ∗ 𝑤𝑢
3

But, 𝑀𝑢𝑥 = 28.998𝐾𝑛𝑚 and 𝑀𝑢𝑦 = 56.63𝐾𝑛𝑚

17𝛿
( ) ∗ 28.998 + (4.2𝛿 ) ∗ 56.63 = 21.5𝛿 ∗ 𝑤𝑢
3

Solving for 𝑤𝑢 :

𝑤𝑢 = 17.57𝐾𝑛/𝑚 2

Applying 10% rule for an adverse pattern forming the allowable design load is:

17.57𝐾𝑛/𝑚 2
𝑤𝑢 = = 15.97𝐾𝑛/𝑚 2
1.1

𝑤𝑢 = 1.3𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝐿𝐿

15.97 = 1.3 ∗ 7.5 + 1.6 ∗ 𝐿𝐿

𝑳𝑳 = 𝟑. 𝟖𝟖𝟕𝟓𝑲𝒏/𝒎𝟐…..Answer

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 Structural Design 2012/13

Strip method of design and analysis

The following figure shows a 250mm thick concrete slab measuring 7x9m which is simply supported on
all four sides and is to have a hole 2mx3m formed at the location shown in figure. It carries finishes
weighing 1.5Kn/m2 and service load of 3.8875𝐾𝑛 /𝑚2 . The concrete grade is C-30. The cover is 20mm.

Design the slab using the Strip method.

Grade of steel S-415

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 Structural Design 2012/13

Solution

 Design strength of materials (Steel and Concrete).

 Concrete
 𝛾𝑐 = 1.5 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 − 𝐼 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 𝐸𝐵𝐶𝑆 − 2 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 3.1
𝑓𝑐𝑢
 𝑓𝑐𝑘 =
1.25
30
 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = = 24𝑀𝑃𝑎
1.25
0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85 ( 24𝑀𝑃𝑎)
 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 13.6𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛶𝑐 1.5

𝑓𝑐𝑘 2/3 (24) 2/3

 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 = 0.21 = 0.21 = 1.165𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛶𝑐 1.5

 Steel
 𝛾𝑠 = 1.15 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 − 𝐼 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝
𝑓𝑦𝑘 415𝑀𝑝𝑎
 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = = 360.87𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝛾𝑠 1.15
𝑓𝑦𝑑 360.87
𝑚= = = 33.17
0.8𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.8 ∗ 13.6
 Loading
 Dead load:
𝐾𝑛
Self-weight of slab: 𝑆𝑤 = 𝛾𝑐𝑡 = 24 ∗ 0.25𝑚 = 6𝐾𝑛/𝑚 2
𝑚3

Finishing weight: = 1.5 𝐾𝑛/𝑚 2

𝐷𝐿 = 6 + 1.5 = 7.5𝐾𝑛/𝑚 2
𝑃𝑑 = 1.3𝐷𝐿 + 1.3𝐿𝐿 = 1.3 ∗ 7.5 + 1.6 ∗ 3.8875 = 15.97𝐾𝑛/𝑚 2
 Analysis:
𝛷
𝑑𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝐷 − (𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 + )
2
12
𝑑𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 250𝑚𝑚 − (20𝑚𝑚 + 𝑚𝑚) = 218𝑚𝑚
2
The analysis is done using strip method of analysis as shown below.

Strip method analysis

Slabs containing openings can be dealt with by the provision of strong bands around the opening.

A strong band is a strip of slab of reasonable width that contains a concentration of reinforcement and
hence acts as a beam within the slab. Such a slab strip can be thickened if necessary to allow the
reinforcing steel in it to better carry the required design moment.

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2𝑚
Because of the hole, certain strips lack support at one end. To support them = 0.5𝑚 wide strong
4
3𝑚
band is provided in the X-direction at the long edges of the hole and = 0.75m wide strong bands are
4

provided in the Y-direction at the short edges of the hole.

Strip A-A

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Take moment about the left support ∑ 𝑀 = 0, 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒.

0.5 15.97 ∗ 4.52

𝑤1 ∗ (0.5) ∗ ( + 4.5) − =0
2 2
𝑤1 = 68.083𝐾𝑛/𝑚

 Maximum bending moment

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 → 𝑉 = 0

Take ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0:

𝑅 = 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡

𝑅 = 15.97 ∗ 4.5 − (𝑤1 ) ∗ 0.5

𝑅 = 15.97 ∗ 4.5 − 68.083 ∗ 0.5

𝑅 = 37.8235𝐾𝑁
For region 0 < 𝑥 ≤ 4.5

𝑉 = 37.8235 − 15.97𝑥

15.97𝑥 2
𝑀 = 37.8235𝑥 −
2
𝑉=0

37.8235 − 15.97𝑥 = 0

𝑥 = 2.37𝑚 < 4.5𝑚, 𝑜𝑘!

15.97 ∗ (2.37) 2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀(𝑥 = 2.37)) = 37.8235(2.37) − = 44.79
2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 44.79𝐾𝑛𝑚

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 Structural Design 2012/13

Strip B-B

Take moment about the left support ∑ 𝑀 = 0, 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒.

0.75 7.985 ∗ 1.752

𝑤2 ∗ (0.75) ∗ ( + 0.5 + 1.75) − =0
2 2

𝑤2 = 6.21𝐾𝑛/𝑚

 Maximum bending moment

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 → 𝑉 = 0

Take ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0:

𝑅 = 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡

𝑅 = 7.985 ∗ 1.75 − (𝑤2 ) ∗ 0.75

𝑅 = 7.985 ∗ 1.75 − 6.21 ∗ 0.75

𝑅 = 9.31625𝐾𝑁
For region 0 < 𝑥 ≤ 1.75m

𝑉 = 9.31625 − 7.985𝑥

7.985𝑥 2
𝑀 = 9.31625𝑥 −
2
𝑉=0

9.31625 − 7.985𝑥 = 0

𝑥 = 1.1667𝑚 < 1.75𝑚, 𝑜𝑘!

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7.985 ∗ (1.1667)2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀(𝑥 = 1.1667)) = 9.31625(1.1667) − = 44.79
2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 5.43𝐾𝑛𝑚

Strip C-C

The 0.5m width strip C-C carries 15.97Kn/m2 in the x-direction with reactions provided by the strong
bands 1-1 and 2-2.

1 3
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑛 1 − 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 − 2 = ∗ 7.985 ∗ = 15.97𝐾𝑛/𝑚
2 0.75

15.97𝐾𝑛/𝑚
Or = 31.94𝐾𝑛/𝑚 2
0.5

The maximum positive moment:

Point of maximum positive moment corresponds to point of zero shear,

𝑉 = 15.97 < 0.75 − 𝑥 >0 − 7.985 < 𝑥 − 0.75 >0 + 15.97 < 𝑥 − 3.75 >0

For region 0.75𝑚 < 𝑥 < 3.75𝑚

𝑉 = 15.97 ∗ 0.75 − 7.985(𝑥 − 0.75)

𝑉=0

15.97 ∗ 0.75 − 7.985(𝑥 − 0.75) = 0

𝑥 = 2.25𝑚 < 3.75𝑚, 𝑜𝑘!

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Take moment about the section ∑ 𝑀 = 0, 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒.

1.52 0.75
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 7.985 ∗ − 15.97 ∗ 0.75 ∗ (1.5 + )=0
2 2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 13.475𝐾𝑛𝑚

Strip 3-3

BM values for strip 3-3 are equal to the corresponding values for strip B-B.

Strip 4-4

BM values for strip 3-3 are twice of the corresponding values for strip B-B.

Strip 1-1 and 2-2

The strong bands in the y-direction (the strip along section 1-1 and 2-2) carry the directly applied load of
15.97Kn/m2 plus the 6.21Kn/m2 load from strip B-B, the 6.21Kn/m2 load from strip 3-3, the
6.21*2=12.42Kn/m2 load from the strip 4-4, and the 31.94Kn/m2 end reaction from strip C-C.

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𝑊1 = 15.97 ∗ 0.75 = 11.9775𝐾𝑛/𝑚

𝑊2 = 6.21 ∗ 0.75 = 4.6575𝐾𝑛/𝑚

𝑊3 = 31.94 ∗ 0.75 = 23.955𝐾𝑛/𝑚

𝑊4 = 12.42 ∗ 0.75 = 9.315𝐾𝑛/𝑚

𝑊5 = 6.21 ∗ 0.75 = 4.6575𝐾𝑛/𝑚

From analysis:

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 130.60𝐾𝑛𝑚

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Strip 5-5

15.97 ∗ 72
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 97.82𝐾𝑛𝑚
8

Strip 6-6

7.985 ∗ 1.752
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 12.23𝐾𝑛𝑚
2

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 Structural Design 2012/13

 Design of reinforcement

1 4 ∗ 𝑀𝑑
𝐾𝑥 = ∗ (𝐶1 − √𝐶1 2 − ) < 𝐾𝑥,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.448
2 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 2 ∗ 𝐶2

𝐶1 = 2.5 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐶2 = 0.32 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 0.32(13.6) = 4.352𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑏 = 1𝑚

𝐾𝑥 𝑓𝑦𝑑 360.87
𝜌= , 𝑚= = = 33.17
𝑚 0.8 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.8 ∗ 13.6

0.5
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝐵𝐶𝑆 − 2 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 7.2.2.2
𝑓𝑦𝑘

0.5
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.0012
415

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑

𝑑 = 218𝑚𝑚

𝑏𝑎 𝑠
𝑆=
𝐴𝑠

The spacing for main bars for slabs shall not exceed the smaller of 2𝐷 or 350mm

2𝐷
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ { EBCS-2/1995 Section 7.2.2.2(3)
350𝑚𝑚
Where 𝐷 = 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 (𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏)

2 ∗ 250 = 500𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ {
350𝑚𝑚

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 350𝑚𝑚

Moment (Knm) Kx Steel ratio ρmin condition As Φ Scalc. Sprov.

44.79 0.0898537 0.002708883 0.002708883 590.5366 12 60.96151 60
5.43 0.0105461 0.000317942 0.001204819 262.6506 12 137.0642 130
13.475 0.0263382 0.000794038 0.001204819 262.6506 12 137.0642 130
5.43 0.0105461 0.000317942 0.001204819 262.6506 12 137.0642 130
10.86 0.0211828 0.000638613 0.001204819 262.6506 12 137.0642 130
130.6 0.2850924 0.008594888 0.008594888 1873.686 20 53.37075 50
97.82 0.2061904 0.006216171 0.006216171 1355.125 20 73.79392 70
12.23 0.023881 0.000719959 0.001204819 262.6506 12 137.0642 130

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Design strip Φ Sprov. Provide

A-A 12 60 Φ12C/C60mm
B-B 12 130 Φ12C/C130mm
C-C 12 130 Φ12C/C130mm
3-3 12 130 Φ12C/C130mm
4-4 12 130 Φ12C/C130mm
1-1 and 2-2 20 50 Φ20C/C50mm
5-5 20 70 Φ20C/C70mm
6-6 12 130 Φ12C/C130mm

 Reinforcement Detailing

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 Structural Design 2012/13

Deep Beam Design

Determine the thickness and reinforcement for a simply supported transfer girder of length 5.25m
loaded from two columns at 1.75m from each end with 3750KN. Total depth of beam is 4.2m and the
width of support is 520mm. Assume grade of concrete C-40 and grade of steel Fe415

Solution

In EBCS much of the design of deep beams are not given and it is left for an Engineer to satisfy the
principal code requirements.

 Design strength of materials (Steel and Concrete).

 Concrete
 𝛾𝑐 = 1.5 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 − 𝐼 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 𝐸𝐵𝐶𝑆 − 2 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 3.1
𝑓𝑐𝑢
 𝑓𝑐𝑘 =
1.25
40
 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = = 32𝑀𝑃𝑎
1.25
0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85 ( 32𝑀𝑃𝑎)
 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 18.13𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛶𝑐 1.5

𝑓𝑐𝑘 2/3 (32) 2/3

 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 = 0.21 = 0.21 = 1.41𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛶𝑐 1.5

 Steel
 𝛾𝑠 = 1.15 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 − 𝐼 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝
𝑓𝑦𝑘 415𝑀𝑝𝑎
 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = = 360.87𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝛾𝑠 1.15

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 Determination of thickness of the beam:

According to EBCS-2/1995 Section 7.2.6.1 the thickness of deep beams shall not be less than 100mm.

According to EBCS-2/1995 Section 6.3.2.3 (1), (a):

The shear force 𝑉𝑐 carried by concrete is:

𝑉𝑐 = 𝛽(0.25𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑𝐾1 𝐾2 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 )

Where:

2𝑑
𝛽= ≥1
𝑎𝑣
𝑎 𝑣 ≤ 1.15𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡.

British code recommends that concrete should carry at least 65% of the ultimate shear and this can be
ensured by choosing a suitable thickness of the beam.

65% (3750𝐾𝑁) = 𝑉𝑐 (= 𝛽(0.25𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 𝐾1 𝐾2 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 ))

Where:

𝐾1 = 1 + 50𝜌 ≤ 2.0
𝐾2 = 1.6 − 𝑑 ≥ 1 , 𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑚
20𝑚𝑚
𝑑 = 4200𝑚𝑚 − (25𝑚𝑚 + ) = 4165𝑚𝑚
2
0.4
𝐾1 = 1 + 50𝜌 = 1 + 50 ∗ ( ) = 1.048
415
𝐾2 = 1.6 − 𝑑 = 1.6 − 4.165 < 1
𝐾2 = 1

2𝑑
𝛽= ≥1
𝑎𝑣
𝑎 𝑣 ≤ 1.15𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡.
𝑎 𝑣 = 1.15 ∗ (1750𝑚𝑚 − 520𝑚𝑚 ) = 1414.5𝑚𝑚

2(4165𝑚𝑚)
𝛽= = 5.9
1414.5𝑚𝑚

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 Structural Design 2012/13
2437.5𝐾𝑁 = 5.9(0.25 ∗ 1.41 ∗ 1.048 ∗ 1 ∗ 𝑏𝑤 ∗ 4165
𝑏𝑤 = 0.268𝑚 = 268𝑚𝑚

Take t=300mm

 Analysis:
 Design shear, 𝑉 = 3750𝐾𝑁
 Moment, 𝑀 = 3750 ∗ 1.75 = 6562.5𝐾𝑛𝑚

 Design for flexure:
Flexural equation for the section is given by:
𝑀𝑢 = 𝐴 𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑑𝑧
Where: Z is the lever arm.

To determine the value of lever arm EBCS does not provide the design of deep beam for flexure.
According to CEB(committee Euro-International du Beton) the value of Z can be determined as follows:
 For simply-supported beams,
𝑍 = 0.2(𝐿 + 2𝐷) when L/D is between 1 and 2

Z=0.6L when L/D is less than 1

 For continuous beams,

𝑍 = 0.5𝐿 when L/D is less than 1

𝑍 = 0.2(𝐿 + 1.5𝐷) when L/D is between 1 and 2.5

𝐿 5.25𝑚
For our case, = = 1.25
𝐷 4.2𝑚

𝐿
That is 1 <, ( = 1.25) < 2
𝐷

Therefore, 𝑍 = 0.5𝐿 = 0.5 ∗ 5.25𝑚 = 2.625𝑚

𝑀𝑢 = 𝐴 𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑑𝑧

𝑀
𝐴𝑠 =
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑧

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6562.5 ∗ 103 𝑁
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑁 = 6927.70𝑚𝑚2
(360.87 ) ∗ (2.625𝑚)
𝑚𝑚 2

𝐴 𝑠 = 6927.70𝑚𝑚 2
Using Φ20
𝐴 𝑠 6927.70𝑚𝑚2
#Φ20 = = = 22.05 ≈ 23
𝑎𝑠 𝜋202
4
Therefore, provide #23Φ20

 Supplementary Reinforcement (EBCS-2/1995 Section 7.2.6.2)

 To supplement the main reinforcement, one layer of mesh reinforcement shall be provided near
each face of deep beams. The minimum percentage of reinforcement of each mesh in each
direction shall be given by:
0.3
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑓𝑦𝑘
Where 𝑓𝑦𝑘 is in Mpa
 The spacing between adjacent bars shall not exceed twice the thickness of the deep beam or
3oomm.
2𝑡
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ {
300𝑚𝑚

For our case,

0.3
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.000723
415

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 = 0.000723 (300𝑚𝑚)(4165𝑚𝑚)
𝐴𝑠 = 903 .25𝑚𝑚2

Spacing of bars:

Use Φ20 bar

𝑏𝑎 𝑠
𝑆=
𝐴𝑠
𝜋202
300𝑚𝑚𝑥( )𝑚𝑚 2
𝑆= 4 = 104.34𝑚𝑚
903.25𝑚𝑚2

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 Structural Design 2012/13
2𝑡 = 2 ∗ 300𝑚𝑚 = 600𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ {
300𝑚𝑚

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 300𝑚𝑚

Therefore, provide Φ20 C/C 100mm

 Check for shear

Design for shear According to EBCS-2/1995 Section 6.3.2:

 The shear force 𝑉𝑠 transferred by vertical stirrups shall be given by:

𝑑
𝐴 𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑑 (𝑎𝑣 − ) 𝐴 𝑣 𝑑𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝑉𝑠 = 2 ≤
𝑆𝑣 𝑆𝑣
𝐴 𝑣 is the area of vertical stirrups
𝑆𝑣 is the spacing of the vertical stirrups (𝑆𝑣 ≤ 𝑑/4)

But, adequate thickness of deep beam in which 𝑉𝑐 ≥ 𝑉𝑑 is provided so no need for shear design,
and only minimum shear reinforcement is required.

According to EBCS-2/1995 Section 6.3.2.3 (2) and Section 7.2.1.2

The maximum spacing based on EBCS-2/1995 Section 7.2.1.2(2)

 The maximum spacing 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 between stirrups, in the longitudinal direction, shall be given below:
2
o If 𝑉𝑠𝑑 ≤ 𝑉
3 𝑅𝑑
0.5𝑑
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ {
300𝑚𝑚
2
o If 𝑉𝑠𝑑 > 𝑉
3 𝑅𝑑
0.3𝑑
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ {
200𝑚𝑚
So,
( )
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ {0.5𝑑 = 0.5 4165𝑚𝑚
300𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 300𝑚𝑚

Therefore, provide Φ8 𝐶/𝐶 300𝑚𝑚

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 Structural Design 2012/13

Design of Corbel

Design a corbel to carry an ultimate load of 600KN at a distance 250mm from the face of a column of
size 400x400mm. Grade of concrete 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 25𝑁/𝑚𝑚 2 and grade of steel 𝑓𝑦𝑘 415. Draw the
reinforcement detail.

Solution:

 Design strength of materials (Steel and Concrete).

𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 25𝑁/𝑚𝑚 2
𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 415𝑁/𝑚𝑚 2
 Concrete
 𝛾𝑐 = 1.5 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 − 𝐼 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 𝐸𝐵𝐶𝑆 − 2 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 3.1
0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85 ( 25𝑀𝑃𝑎)
 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 14.17𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛶𝑠 1.5

𝑓𝑐𝑘 2/3 (25) 2/3

 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 = 0.21 = 0.21 = 1.197𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝛶𝑐 1.5

 𝐸𝑐𝑚 = 29𝐺𝑝𝑎
 Steel
 𝛾𝑠 = 1.15 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 − 𝐼 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝
𝑓𝑦𝑘 415𝑀𝑝𝑎
 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = = 360.87𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝛾𝑠 1.15

 Check overall depth of corbel:

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According to EBCS-2/1995 Section 6.4.2 (5)

The effective depth d of the corbel shall be determined from considerations of shear.

Conservatively the maximum shear in the corbel should not exceed 𝑉𝑐. The depth of the corbel should
be reduced by putting 𝐹𝑣 ≤ 𝑉𝑅𝑑 but this would give an increased tie force and consequently detailing
problems.

According to EC-2 Section 4.3.2.3

𝑉𝑐 = [𝜏𝑅𝑑 𝐾(1.2 + 40𝜌1 ) + 0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝]𝑏𝑤𝑑

Where:
𝜏𝑅𝑑 =basic design shear strength
0.25𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘0.05
𝜏𝑅𝑑 = , 𝛾𝑐 = 1.5
𝛾𝑐
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘 =Characteristic axial tensile strength of concrete

The value of 𝜏𝑅𝑑 for different concrete stregth is given on Table 4.8 of EC-2

𝑓𝑐𝑘 12 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

𝜏𝑅𝑑 0.18 0.22 0.26 0.30 0.34 0.37 0.41 0.44 0.48

𝐾 = 1.6 − 𝑑 ≥ 1 , 𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑚. For members were more than 50% of the bottom

reinforcement is curtailed, 𝐾 = 1
𝐴𝑠
𝜌1 = ≤ 0.02
𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝐴 𝑠 = the area of tension reinforcement extending not less than 𝑑 + 𝑙𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑡 beyond the
section considered.
𝑏𝑤 =Minimum width of the section over the effective depth.
𝑁𝑠𝑑
𝜎𝑐𝑝 =
𝐴𝑐
𝑁𝑠𝑑 =Longitudinal force in the section due to loading or prestressing (compression
positive).

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According to EC-2 Section 4.3.2.2 (9)

For members without shear reinforcement, and for members with shear reinforcement where the
standard method of shear design is used and where the conditions set below are satisfied,

 The loading and support reactions are such that they cause diagonal compression in the element
(direct support).
 At an end support, the whole tension reinforcement required within a distance of 2.5d from the
support should be anchored into the support.
 At an intermediate support the tension reinforcement required at the face of the support
should continue for at least 2.5d+l b,net into the span.

If this conditions are satisfied an enhancement of shear reinforcement, only for concentrated loads
situated at a distance 𝑋 ≤ 2.5𝑑 from the face of the support, is permitted. Solely for this purpose, the
value 𝜏𝑅𝑑 in equation for may be multiplied by a factor 𝛽 when estimating 𝑉𝑐, where:

2.5𝑑
𝛽= , 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 1.0 ≤ 𝛽 ≤ 5.0
𝑥

By inspection 𝛽 will be a minimum when 𝑋 = 𝑎 𝑣 in the above equation for 𝛽.

2.5𝑑
𝛽= , 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 1.0 ≤ 𝛽 ≤ 5.0
𝑥

2.5 ∗ 365
𝛽= = 3.65 ≤ 5.0, 𝑂𝐾!
250

From the table given above or form Table 4.8 of EC-2 for 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 25𝑀𝑝𝑎 ,𝜏𝑅𝑑 = 0.30𝑀𝑝𝑎

𝐾 = 1.6 − 𝑑 ≥ 1 , 𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑚

𝐾 = 1.6 − 0.365 = 1.235

Assume 𝜌 = 0.006 ( #4Φ16 )

No provision has been made to limit horizontal forces at the support; therefore a minimum horizontal
force 𝐻𝑐 acting at the bearing area should be assumed. This is determined based on EBCS-2/1995.

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 Structural Design 2012/13

According to EBCS-2/1995 Section 6.4.2 (4):

Unless special provision is made to limit horizontal forces on the support, or other justification is given,
the corbel shall be designed for the vertical force 𝐹𝑣 and a horizontal force 𝐻𝑐 ≥ 0.2𝐹𝑣 acting at the
bearing area.

𝐻𝑐 = 0.2𝐹𝑣 = 0.2(600𝐾𝑁) = ±120𝐾𝑁

𝐻𝑐 = ±120𝐾𝑁

Therefore,

𝑁𝑠𝑑 −120 ∗ 103

𝜎𝑐𝑝 = = = −0.75𝑁𝑚𝑚 2
𝐴𝑐 400 ∗ 400
𝑉𝑐 = [𝛽𝜏𝑅𝑑 𝐾(1.2 + 40𝜌1 ) + 0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝 ]𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑉𝑐 = [3.65(0.3) ∗ 1.235 (1.2 + 40 ∗ 0.006) − 0.15 ∗ 0.75] ∗ 365 ∗ 400 = 267.90𝐾𝑁

𝑉𝑐 = 267.90𝐾𝑁 < 𝐹𝑣 = 600𝐾𝑁

So, increase the section of the Corbel;

Take ℎ 𝑐 = 600𝑚𝑚

𝑏 = 600𝑚𝑚

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2.5𝑑
𝛽= , 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 1.0 ≤ 𝛽 ≤ 5.0
𝑥

By inspection 𝛽 will be a minimum when 𝑋 = 𝑎 𝑣 in the above equation for 𝛽.

2.5𝑑
𝛽= , 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 1.0 ≤ 𝛽 ≤ 5.0
𝑥
2.5 ∗ 565
𝛽= = 5.65 > 5.0
250
So take 𝛽 = 5

𝐾 = 1.6 − 𝑑 ≥ 1 , 𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑚

𝐾 = 1.6 − 0.565 = 1.035

Assume 𝜌 = 0.006 ( #4Φ16 )

𝑁𝑠𝑑 −120 ∗ 103

𝜎𝑐𝑝 = = = −0.4𝑁𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑐 500 ∗ 600
𝑉𝑐 = [𝛽𝜏𝑅𝑑 𝐾(1.2 + 40𝜌1 ) + 0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝 ]𝑏𝑤 𝑑

𝑉𝑐 = [5(0.3) ∗ 1.035 (1.2 + 40 ∗ 0.006) − 0.15 ∗ 0.4] ∗ 565 ∗ 500 = 614.607 ∗ 103 𝑁

𝑉𝑐 = 614.607𝐾𝑁 > 𝐹𝑣 = 600𝐾𝑁 , 𝑂𝐾!

 Design for main reinforcement

According to EBCS-2 Section 6.4.2(1):

Corbels with 0.4𝑑 ≤ 𝑎 𝑣 ≤ 𝑑 may be designed using a simple strut and tie model.

0.4𝑑 = 0.4 ∗ (565𝑚𝑚 ) = 226𝑚𝑚 ≤ 𝑎 𝑣 = 250𝑚𝑚 < 𝑑 = 565𝑚𝑚

So, a simple strut and tie model may be assumed, as shown in figure below.

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Fig. a simple strut and tie model for the corbel design

Under the vertical load:

Take ∑ 𝑀@ 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝐶 = 0

𝑇𝑍 − 𝐹𝑣 𝑎 𝑣 = 0

𝐹𝑣 𝑎 𝑣
𝑇= ; 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑍
𝐶 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 0.8𝑋 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼

0.8𝑋
𝑍=𝑑− = 0.565𝑚 − 0.4𝑋
2

For equilibrium 𝑇 = 𝐶

𝐹𝑣 𝑎 𝑣
= 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 0.8𝑋 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼
𝑍
0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85 ∗ 25
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 14.17𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝛾𝑐 1.5
𝑎𝑣
cos 𝛼 =
√𝑎 𝑣2 + 𝑍2

600 ∗ 103 ∗ 0.250 0.25

= 14.17 ∗ 106 ∗ 0.8𝑋 ∗ 0.5 ∗ ( )2
0.565 − 0.4𝑋 √0.252 + (0.565 − 0.4𝑥) 2

Solving for X from this equation:

𝑋 = 0.2534𝑚

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𝑋 = 253.4𝑚𝑚

Therefore,
0.8𝑋
𝑍=𝑑− = 565𝑚𝑚 − 0.4 ∗ 253.4𝑚𝑚 = 463.64𝑚𝑚
2
𝐹𝑣 𝑎 𝑣 600 ∗ 250
𝑇= = = 323.53𝐾𝑁
𝑍 463.64

𝑇 = 323.53𝐾𝑁

In addition to these EBCS-2/1995 Clause 6.4.2 (4) requires a horizontal force of 𝐻𝑐 ≥ 0.2𝐹𝑣 acting at the
bearing area.

𝐻𝑐 ≥ 0.2𝐹𝑣 = 0.2 (600𝐾𝑁) = 120𝐾𝑁

𝐻𝑐 = 120𝐾𝑁

Therefore, total tensile force is:

𝑇𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑇 + 𝐻𝑐 = 323.53𝐾𝑁 + 120𝐾𝑁 = 443.53𝐾𝑁

𝑇 + 𝐻𝑐 = 443.53𝐾𝑁

𝑇𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐴 𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑑

𝑇𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 443.53 ∗ 103

𝐴𝑠 = = ∗ 106 𝑚𝑚 2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 360.87 ∗ 106

𝐴 𝑠 = 1229.05𝑚𝑚 2

𝐴 𝑠 1229.05𝑚𝑚2
#Φ20 = = = 3.91 ≈ 4
𝑎𝑠 𝜋202
4
Therefore, provide #4Φ20

 Check for diagonal compression failure of concrete, 𝑉𝑅𝑑 :

Adequate depth of concrete which ensures 𝑉𝑐 ≥ 𝑉𝑑 is provided which in turn ensures that 𝑉𝑅𝑑 ≥ 𝑉𝑑 .

Therefore, no diagonal compression failure of concrete will occur.

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 Check for the requirement of link reinforcement

According to EBCS-2/1995 Section 7.2.7(2):

In corbel with ℎ 𝑐 ≥ 300𝑚𝑚, when the area of the primary horizontal tie 𝐴 𝑠 is such that

0.4𝐴 𝑐𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝐴𝑠 ≥
𝑓𝑦𝑑

(where 𝐴 𝑐 is the sectional area of the concrete in the corbel at the column), then closed stirrups, having
a total area not less than 0.4𝐴 𝑠 , should be distributed over the effective depth d in order to cater for
splitting stresses in the concrete strut. They can be placed either horizontally or inclined as shown in fig.
below.

For our case,

0.4𝐴 𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.4 ∗ 600𝑚𝑚 ∗ 500𝑚𝑚 ∗ 14.17𝑀𝑝𝑎

= = 4711.95𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 360.87𝑀𝑝𝑎

0.4𝐴 𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝐴 𝑠 = 1229.05𝑚𝑚 2 < (= 4711.95𝑚𝑚 2 )
𝑓𝑦𝑑

Therefore, links are not required.

Nevertheless, in practice some links should be provided to assist in fixing the main reinforcement.

𝐴 𝑠,𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 = 0.4𝐴 𝑠 = 0.4 ∗ 1229.05𝑚𝑚 2 = 491.62𝑚𝑚 2

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Using Φ8:

𝐴 𝑠 491.62𝑚𝑚2
#Φ8 = = = 9.78 ≈ 10
𝑎𝑠 𝜋82
4
Therefore, provide 5Φ8 links (10 legs).

 Determine bearing area of corbel

𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 0.85𝑓𝑦 .. given on the problem

𝐹𝑣
Therefore, area of bearing required =
0.85𝑓𝑦

600 ∗ 103 𝑁
= = 1700.92𝑚𝑚2
0.85 ∗ 415𝑁/𝑚𝑚 2

Assume transverse bearing = 50𝑚𝑚

1700 .92𝑚𝑚2
Therefore, length of bearing = = 34.02𝑚𝑚 ≈ 35𝑚𝑚
50𝑚𝑚

 Anchorage of main bars into support

Required anchorage length according to EBCS-2/1995 Section 7.1.6.2(1)

𝐴 𝑠,𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐
𝑙 𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑎𝑙 𝑏 ≥ 𝑙 𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐴 𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣

Where:

𝐴 𝑠,𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐 is the theoretical area of reinforcement required by the design

𝐴 𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 is the area of reinforcement actually provided

1.0 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑎={
0.7, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑘𝑠

𝑙 𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛,

o For bars in tension,

10𝛷
𝑙 𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.3𝑙 𝑏 ≥ {
200𝑚𝑚
o For bars in compression,
10𝛷
𝑙 𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.6𝑙 𝑏 ≥ {
200𝑚𝑚

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Basic Anchorage length (𝑙𝑏 ):

𝛷 𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝑙𝑏 = ∗
4 𝑓𝑏𝑑

 Design bond strength ,𝑓𝑏𝑑 According to EBCS-2/1995 Section 7.1.5.1 (3,4,5,6)

o For good bond conditions, the design strength of plain bars may be given by:

𝑓𝑏𝑑 = 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑

o For deformed bars twice the values for plain bars may be used.
o For other bond conditions, the design bond strength may be takes as 0.7times the value
for good bond conditions.

In our case,

𝑓𝑏𝑑 = 0.7𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 = 0.7 ∗ 1.197𝑀𝑝𝑎 = 0.8379𝑀𝑝𝑎

20𝑚𝑚 360.87𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑙𝑏 = ∗ =
4 0.8379𝑀𝑝𝑎

𝐴 𝑠,𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐
𝑙 𝑏,𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑎𝑙 𝑏 ≥ 𝑙 𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐴 𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣

 Reinforcement detailing:

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