INTELLECTU

AL
REVOLUTION
S THAT
DEFINED
SOCIETY
 Copernicus
Darwin
Freud
Voltaire
Baron de Montesquieu
Johannes Kepler
Galileo Galilei
CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE

o Development of Science in
Mesoamerica
o Development of Science in Asia
o Development of Science in Middle
East
o Development of Science in Africa
 Cradles of Early
Science
Development of Science in Mesoamerica
• Entire area of
Central America
from Southern
Mexico up to the
border of South
America.
• Maya
civilization
lasted for
approx. 2000
years.
• Incorporated their
advanced
understanding of
astronomy into their
temples and
• The El Castillo pyramid at Chichen Itza is
situated is situated at the location of the
Sun during the spring and fall
equinoxes.
• Predicting eclipses
• Astrological cycles
in planting and
harvesting
• They built observatories so their priests
could watch the stars and plan the best
time for festivals, religious rituals and
cultural celebrations.
• Hydraulic
s

• Weavin
g
looms
• The Maya hieroglypich writing is arguably one of
the most visually striking writing systems of the
world. It is also very complex, with hundreds of
unique signs or glyphs in the form of humans,
animals, supernaturals, objects, and abstract
designs.
• largest empire in pre-Columbian America,
and possibly the largest empire in the
world in the early 16th century
• flourished in ancient Peru between c. 1400
and 1533 CE
1. Roads paved with stones
2. Stone buildings that
surmounted earthquakes
3. Irrigation system and technique for
storing water
4. Calendar with 12 months
5. First suspension bridge
6. Quipu
7. Inca textiles
• The Aztecs were an advanced and
prosperous civilization who built beautiful
and sophisticated cities.
• The highly developed empire had an
elaborate leadership and society that
consisted of four classes.
 Nobles (highest in power)
 Commoners (the majority of population, were
mostly farmers)
 Serfs (worked land for the nobles)
 Slaves (consisted of those captured and
indebted who couldn’t pay)
1. Mandatory education
2. Chocolates – cacao beans
3. Antispasmodic medication
4. Chinampa - irrigation
systems
5. Aztec calendar
6. Invention of the canoe
DEVELOPMENT OF
SCIENCE IN ASIA
INDIA
• Known for manufacturing iron and
in metallurgical works
• Medicine - Ayurveda
• Mathematics
– Tried to standardize measurement of length
to a high degree of accuracy.
• ARYABHATA
– first of the major first of the
major mathematician-
astronomers from the
classical age of Indian
mathematics and Indian
astronomy.
– Aryabhatiya:
• place value system
• Approximation of π
• Trigonometry
– Solar and lunar eclipses
were scientifically
explained by Aryabhata.
He states that the Moon
• BRAHMAGUPTA
– Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta
– defined the properties of the number zero, both
as a placeholder and a decimal digit
– Suggested that gravity was a force of attraction.
CHINA
• Traditional medicine – acupunture
• Compass, papermaking, gunpowder,
printing tools
• Astronomy – heavenly bodies, lunar
calendars
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MIDDLE
EAST
• Dominantly occupied by Muslims
• Greater value on science
experiments

• Hasan Ibn al-Haytham

– was an Arab mathematician,
astronomer, and physicist of the
Islamic Golden Age
– Father of Optics
• Muhammad ibn
Musa al-Khwarizmi

– concept of the
algorithm in
mathematics
– Algebra from al-
jabr (Hisab al-
Jabr wa-al-
Muqabala)
– calendars, calculating
true positions of the
sun, moon and
planets, tables of
sines and tangents,
spherical astronomy,
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN AFRICA
• Ancient Egyptian
Civilization
• Development of geometry
• Center of alchemy
• Studied human anatomy and
pharmacology
• Astronomy
• Mathematics
QUIZ ON WEDNESDAY :D
HAVE A GREAT WEEK!

End of
Chapter 2