Record 17-335

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 Record 17-335
Page 2 of 19
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 Record 17-335
Page 3 of 19
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 Record 17-335
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 Record 17-335
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 Record 17-335
Page 6 of 19
ASME BPVC.III.1.ND-2015

ð15Þ Figure ND-3325-1

Some Acceptable Types of Unstayed Flat Heads and Covers

0.20

0.20

GENERAL NOTE: The illustrations above are diagrammatic only. Other designs that meet the requirements of ND-3325 are acceptable.
NOTES:
(1) Circular covers, C = 0.33 m, C min. = 0.2. 0.20
(2) Noncircular covers, C = 0.33.
(3) When pipe threads are used, see Table ND-3361.3(a)-1.

50

For ASME Committee use only.


ASME BPVC.III.1.ND-2015
ND-3325.3 Values of C . For the types of construction
shown in Figure ND-3325-1, the minimum values of C to
be used in eqs. ND-3325.2(b)(4), ND-3325.2(b)(5),
ND-3325.2(c)(6), and ND-3325.2(d)(8) are given in (a)
through (o) below.
(a) In sketch (a), C = 0.17 for flanged circular and non-
circular heads forged integral with or butt welded to the
vessel with an inside corner radius not less than three
times the required head thickness, with no special re-
quirement with regard to length of flange.
(1) C = 0.10 for circular heads, when the flange
length for heads of the above design is not less than
0.20
(2) C = 0.10 for circular heads, when the flange
length l is less than the requirement in (1) above but
the shell thickness is not less than
for a length of at least .
(3) When C = 0.10 is used, the taper shall be 1:4.
(b) In sketch (b‐1), C = 0.17 for forged circular and non-
circular heads integral with or butt welded to the vessel,
where the flange thickness is not less than two times the
shell thickness, the corner radius on the inside is not less
than three times the flange thickness, and the welding
meets all the requirements for circumferential joints gi-
ven in Article ND-4000.
(c) In sketch (b‐2), C = 0.33m but not less than 0.3 for
forged circular and noncircular heads integral with or
butt welded to the vessel, where the flange thickness is
not less than the shell thickness, the corner radius on
the inside is not less than 1.5 times the flange thickness,
and the welding meets all the requirements for circumfer-
ential joints given in Article ND-4000. [See Figure
ND-4243.1-1 sketches (a) and (b) for the special case
where t f equals t s .]
(d) In sketch (c), C = 0.13 for circular heads lap welded
or brazed to the shell with corner radius not less than 3t
and l not less than required by (a)(1) above and the re-
quirements of ND-3358 are met.
(1) C = 0.20 for circular and noncircular lap‐welded
or brazed construction as above but with no special re-
quirement with regard to l .
(2) C = 0.20 for circular flanged plates screwed over
the end of the vessel with inside corner radius not less
than 3t , in which the design of the threaded joint against
failure by shear, tension, or compression, resulting from
the end force due to pressure, is based on a factor of
safety of at least 4 and the threaded parts are at least as
strong as the threads for standard piping of the same dia-
meter. Seal welding may be used, if desired.
51
For ASME Committee use only.
Record 17-335
Page 7 of 19
(e) In sketch (d), C = 0.13 for integral flat circular heads
when the dimension d does not exceed 24 in. (600 mm),
the ratio of thickness of the head to the dimension d is not
less than 0.05 nor greater than 0.25, the head thickness t h
is not less than the shell thickness t s , the inside corner ra-
dius is not less than 0.25t , and the construction is ob-
tained by special techniques of upsetting and spinning
the end of the shell, such as employed in closing header
ends.
(f) In sketches (e), (f), and (g), C = 0.33m but not less
than 0.2 for circular plates, welded to the inside of a ves-
sel, and otherwise meeting the requirements for the re-
spective types of welded vessels. If a value of m less
than 1 is used in calculating t , the shell thickness t s shall
be maintained along a distance inwardly from the inside
face of the head equal to at least . The throat thick-
ness of the fillet welds in sketches (e) and (f) shall be at
least 0.7t s . The size of the weld t w in sketch (g) shall be
not less than two times the required thickness of a seam-
less shell nor less than 1.25 times the nominal shell thick-
ness, but need not be greater than the head thickness; the
weld shall be deposited in a welding groove with the root
of the weld at the inner face of the head as shown in the
figure.
ForNote to editor:
noncircular the value
plates, welded ofto
0.3
theisinside
erroneous and
of a vessel
was corrected on record 16-2732. This is an
and otherwise meeting the requirements for the respec-
additional editorial change
tive types of welded vessels, C = to change
0.33. the 0.2
The throat to
thick-
0.20. Therefore, 0.20 is what should be published.
ness of the fillet welds in sketches (e) and (f) shall be at
least 0.7t s . The size of the weld t w in sketch (g) shall be
not less than two times the required thickness of a seam-
less shell nor less than 1.25 times the nominal shell thick-
ness, but need not be greater than the head thickness; the
weld shall be deposited in a welding groove with the root
of the weld at the inner face of the head as shown in the
figure.
(g) In sketch (h), C = 0.33 for circular plates welded to
the end of the shell when t s is at least 1.25t r and the weld
details conform to the requirements of ND-3358.3(e) and 0.20
Figure ND-4243-1 sketches (a) through (g).
(h) In sketch (i), C = 0.33m but not less than 0.3 for cir-
cular plates if an inside fillet weld with minimum throat
thickness of 0.7t s is used and the details of the outside
weld conform to the requirements of ND-3358.3(e) and
Figure ND-4243-1 sketches (a) through (g), in which the
inside weld can be considered to contribute an amount
equal to t s to the sum of the dimensions a and b .
(i) In sketches (j) and (k), C = 0.2 for circular and non-
circular heads and covers bolted to the vessel as indicated
in the figures. Note that eq. ND-3325.2(b)(5) or eq.
ND-3325.2(d)(8) shall be used because of the extra mo-
ment applied to the cover by bolting. When the cover
plate is grooved for a peripheral gasket, as shown in
 Record 17-335
0.20 Page 8 of 19
ASME BPVC.III.1.ND-2015

sketch (k), the net cover plate thickness under the groove (o) In Figure ND-4243.1-1, C = 0.33m , but not less than
or between the groove and the outer edge of the cover 0.3 when the dimensional requirements of ND-3358.4 are
plate shall be not less than met.

ND-3326 Spherically Dished Covers With Bolting

for circular heads and covers, nor less than
for noncircular heads and covers.
(j) In sketches (m), (n), and (o), C = 0.2 for a circular
plate inserted into the end of a vessel and held in place
by a positive mechanical locking arrangement and when
all possible means of failure (either by shear, tension,
compression, or radial deformation, including flaring, re-
sulting from pressure and differential thermal expansion)
are resisted using stresses consistent with this Article.
Seal welding may be used, if desired.
(k) In sketch (p), C = 0.17 for circular and noncircular
covers bolted with a full face gasket to shells, flanges, or
side plates.
(l) In sketch (q), C = 0.50 for circular plates screwed
into the end of a vessel having an inside diameter d not
exceeding 12 in. (300 mm) or for heads having an integral
flange screwed over the end of a vessel having an inside
diameter d not exceeding 12 in. (300 mm) and when
the design of the threaded joint against failure by shear,
tension, compression, or radial deformation, including
flaring, resulting from pressure and differential thermal
expansion, is based on stresses consistent with this Sub-
section. If a tapered pipe thread is used, the requirements
of ND-3361.3 shall also be met. Seal welding may be used,
if desired.
(m) In sketch (r), C = 0.33 for circular plates having a
dimension d not exceeding 18 in. (450 mm) inserted into
the vessel as shown and otherwise meeting the require-
ments for the respective types of welded vessels. The
end of the vessel shall be crimped over at least 30 deg,
but not more than 45 deg. The crimping may be done cold
only when this operation will not injure the metal. The
throat of the weld shall be not less than the thickness of
the flat head or shell, whichever is greater.
(n) In sketch (s), C = 0.33 for circular beveled plates
having a diameter d not exceeding 18 in. (450 mm), in-
serted into a vessel, the end of which is crimped over at
least 30 deg but not more than 45 deg and when the un-
dercutting for seating leaves at least 80% of the shell
thickness. The beveling shall be not less than 75% of
the head thickness. The crimping shall be done when
the entire circumference of the cylinder is uniformly
heated to the proper forging temperature for the material
used. For this construction, the ratio t s /d shall be not less
than the ratio P /S nor less than 0.05. The maximum al-
lowable pressure for this construction shall not exceed
P = S/5d .
Flanges
ND-3326.1 Nomenclature. The symbols used are de-
fined as follows:
A = outside diameter of flange
B = inside diameter of flange
C = bolt circle diameter
HD = axial component of the membrane load in the sphe-
rical segment, acting at the inside of the flange ring
= 0.785B 2P
hD = radial distance from the bolt circle to the inside of
the flange ring
Hr = radial component of the membrane load in the
spherical segment = H D cot β 1 , acting at the inter-
section of the inside of the flange ring with the cen-
ter line of the dished cover thickness
hr = lever arm of H r about centroid of flange ring
L = inside spherical or crown radius
Mo = the total moment, determined as in XI‐3230 for
heads concave to pressure, and XI‐3260 for heads
convex to pressure; except that, for heads of the
type shown in Figure ND-3326.1-1 sketch (d), H D
and h D shall be as defined below, and an additional
moment Hr hr shall be included11
P = Design Pressure
r = inside knuckle radius
S = maximum allowable stress value
T = flange thickness
t = minimum required thickness of head plate after
forming
β1 = angle formed by the tangent to the center line of
the dished cover thickness at its point of intersec-
tion with the flange ring, and a line perpendicular
to the axis of the dished cover where
ND-3326.2 Spherically Dished Heads With Bolting
Flanges. Circular spherically dished heads with bolting
flanges, both concave and convex to the pressure, and
conforming to the several types illustrated in Figure
ND-3326.1-1, shall be designed in accordance with the re-
quirements of (a) through (d) below. For heads convex to
pressure, the spherical segments shall be thickened, if
necessary, to meet the requirements of ND-3133. The ac-
tual value of the total moment M o may calculate to be
either plus or minus for both the heads concave to pres-
sure and the heads convex to pressure. However, for
use in all of the equations that follow, the absolute values
for both P and M o shall be used.

52

For ASME Committee use only.

 Record 17-335
Page 9 of 19
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 Record 17-335
Page 10 of 19
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0.20


 Record 17-335
Page 11 of 19
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 Record 17-335
Info Only, from 1980
Page 12 of 19
Edition
 Record 17-335
Page 13 of 19
Info Only, from 1980
Edition

Note: All of these

values of C were
changed between 1980
and 1983. The current
values appear in the
1983 Edition.
Info Only, from 1980 Edition Record 17-335
Page 14 of 19
 Record 17-335
Info Only Page 15 of 19
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 Record 17-335
Page 16 of 19
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2SVITVSHYGXMSRSVRIX[SVOMRKTIVQMXXIH[MXLSYXPMGIRWIJVSQ-,7 2SXJSV6IWEPI1(8
 Record 17-335
Page 17 of 19
ASME BPVC.III.3-2015

Figure WC-3225-1 0.20

Typical Flat Heads

e
r ts r ts ts
r r

For unstayed For unstayed For unstayed

flat heads: C ⫽ 0.33m flat heads: C ⫽ 0.33m flat heads:
but not less than 0.2, but not less than 0.2, C ⫽ 0.33m
when r is not less when r is not less but not less than
than 1.5 ts than 1.5 ts 0.2, when r is not
e is not less than ts less than 1.5 ts

Thickness of Thickness of
flat head flat head

(a) (b) (c)

tf

tf ts

e
ts
r For unstayed flat heads:
C ⫽ 0.17, when:
For unstayed
tf is not less than 2 ts
r flat heads: C ⫽ 0.17,
r is not less than 3 tf
when tf is not less
e is not less than tf
than 2 ts, and r is
not less than 3 tf

Thickness of Thickness of
flat head flat head
(d) (e)

WC-3232 Reinforcement Requirements for (b) No two unreinforced openings shall have their cen-
Openings in Shells and Formed Heads ters closer to each other, measured on the inside of the
WC-3232.1 Openings Not Requiring Reinforcement. containment wall, than 1.5 times the sum of their
The rules for openings not requiring reinforcement are gi- diameters.
ven in (a) through (c) below, where R is the mean radius (c) No unreinforced opening shall have its center closer
and t is the nominal thickness of the containment shell or than to the edge of a locally stressed area in the
head at the location of the opening: and locally stressed containment boundary.
area means any area in the containment boundary where
the primary local membrane stress exceeds 1.1S m , but ex-
cluding those areas where such primary local membrane
stress is due to an unreinforced opening.
(a) A single opening has a diameter not exceeding
, or if there are two or more openings within any
circle of diameter, , then the sum of the diameters
of such unreinforced openings shall not exceed .

155

For ASME Committee use only.

 Record 17-335
Page 18 of 19
ASME BPVC.III.3-2015

Figure WC-3225-2
Some Acceptable Types of Unstayed Flat Heads and Covers

0.20

GENERAL NOTE: All these illustrations are diagrammatic only. Other designs that meet the requirements of WC-3225.2 are acceptable.

WC-3232.2 Required Area of Reinforcement. The to-
tal cross‐sectional area of reinforcement A , required in
any given plane for a containment under interal pressure,
shall not be less than:
where
d = finished diameter of a circular opening or finished
dimension (chord length) of an opening on the
plane being considered for elliptical and oblong
openings in corroded condition
F = a correction factor that compensates for the varia-
tion in pressure stresses on different planes with
respect to the axis of containment vessel (a value
of 1.00 shall be used for all configurations, except
that Figure WC-3232.2-1 may be used for integrally
reinforced openings in cylindrical shells
t r = the thickness that meets the requirements of
WC-3220 in the absence of the opening
Not less than half the required material shall be on each
side of the centerline.
WC-3233 Required Reinforcement for Openings ð15Þ
in Flat Heads
Flat heads that have an opening with a diameter that
does not exceed one‐half of the head diameter shall have
a total cross‐sectional area of reinforcement A , not less
than that given by the equation:
where
d = the diameter as defined in WC-3232.2
t r = the thickness that meets the requirements of
WC-3225.2 and as defined in WC-3232.2
WC-3234 Limits of Reinforcement
The boundaries of the cross‐sectional in any plane nor-
mal to the containment wall and passing through the cen-
ter of the opening within which metal shall be located in
order to have value as reinforcement are designated as
the limits of reinforcement for that plane and are given
in the following subparagraphs.

156

For ASME Committee use only.

 Record 17-335
Page 19 of 19
ASME BPVC.III.3-2015

Figure WC-3225-3 ð15Þ

Attachment of Flat Heads to Containment Shell

tp
ts ts c
c ts
a
a a
b
b
a + b not less b
cL than 2ts a + b not less a + b but not less
cL than 2ts than 3ts
T b + c not less cL
than ts T C = 0.33m but not T b + c not less
less than 0.2 than ts
C = 0.33m but not
less than 0.2

(a) (b) (c)

b
0.20
c

c T c T

b
b

ts ts C = 0.33m but not

C = 0.33m but not
less than 0.2 less than 0.2

(d) (e)

cL cL

c
T T
c
c
C = 0.33m but not
C = 0.33m but not
less than 0.2
less than 0.2
ts ts

(f) (g)

GENERAL NOTE: C min. = 0.7t s or 1/4 in. (6 mm), whichever is less; b = the lesser of t s or T/2.

157

For ASME Committee use only.