ll3 . - ...

... ..
•• .
PHASES OF INDIAN NATION AL J)Jd,1hlM1 ~aornji, Sur~ndranalh Ba
MOVEM ENT .i.nJ Cop.ii Krishn;i Gnl.'hale. ""It.
The h1,ton or th I d . oer11an dso
e
Ied b, the Con..,_n ,.,n Ln.ition,11 moH•ment
. · - •
,... ·' c,,n ,.., divided hroadly Beliefs 111at1onahst
m10 th r,x- phases.
• Eul) nation.dist ph.i,e: 1885-!90S
• 6-il• ckl~ ~atinn,,lbts believed that British fhl! early natio
rule was a bl~,ang beca~t had COl1iftre,! uce ccrta1
• A,scrth e n.:1tion.ahst phase: 1905-18 1otrod ,
sewral benefit, on ll)d.i.iJ They felt ~ .._..:UN'~ of tnu1
• Gandhian phase: 1916-4, at lhat ~tagc ol hi,tory. 11 wa~ in theu thl' 13ritish "o
own inlen>'ih to remain und~r th~ BntJll! the'/ \,rer"" \.·<>n
J

THE EARLY NATJONALISTS ,Inn• U11?y w..-rc not yet ready lo govern reoso11.1blc an
them elve•,.
(THE MODERA TES) (1885- 1905)
• The l',irly nJllonah,t, were ron,inred tlwi contnb utl
Dunng 115 1m11al years, the Cnn~r,•,~ ,,·a, thl1 Bnti,h could bf., persuaded to inlrodlltf
11.!d b) lc,1d1?1"!> who ,n•n tlcscribt•tl by l~ler Ol'CcssJn
Nationa li
tom,, and the gonmm<'Ilt
lu,tor1an, ,1, early nalion,1li~ts. Th,• nu:mbers ,·nulJ be lrnn,fnrmed to suit thl' interests /\,,ording
of lhe Conl;T('s, Junng lhc earl~ n,1lion,1list '!!, th,• Ind Ian
,ubject;). f ...._ nationali
pha"<! belonged mainl>• to the eJuc.,ted •f 1
h,·y had great ta1Ui tn t!)e Bnh,h l!Cl1Se o1 obtt-,--tive
middle-class inlelleclua l communil\ ' JUshce and iair p ~ 1-1 ~ truth in
(lawy,•r,, leach,•r,, Jnumalists. official~, the earl
profession ab, induslriJlis ts and other~). rl1e Objectiv es
.
important leaders during this penoJ were
Jlui early nationalists wanted
participatio n of the Indians in the
Ul Lhl• near future and a gradual
1,elf-govemmenl in the di

Method s
I , I r.,
l!l:!!' \Moderates
constilulional mcth
rli grievances to the
p•tlently for
:c Oadabha1 Naoro11
Gopa( Knihno Gokho/r remove those en..-N
 .,,,',rn•2,' "rea d u ill
. I wnuld .,
11" ~ '1•111,111,b. F- I b ' ) >1ivp In l
(\ 1.unir
~·· 10 iarr,~J th
gov.e•nmc~ " 111 W lh
ii" r.,,ri111lllll'"unit, ' !-.pr,•,1d , ,d,·,1! ot fr
~ flt'~i ,111wng tlw p1.•tmf. 11011tir,,1 natum"ll \dc;,oc,acy ,cdom,
1 m, t~ • sccubri\m
bl' t l ,111(! 1
11 1hrllll~h 'Uill "I' II~ know! I
tiff r,111111,g I •
,·
..,i,: pu IC o1l11}1f~
I !I\".
,111<1 llw 11 ._., 11 r111•1•lin1•s n,11t1111,,i1\l8 'lh1c.il aff urir, h~~ ~f ;nd
:111r<'' · wy 11 I 11 ,. • 11i11in '" orgi1111,.. n 1,1n
I' ,1rtn, ~ to I ngl,111<1 l11 Iwr.,, 1~ I Hl'l1I t n,,I n111,,•,n1•111 t •nd ra, •• tlw
,J,S• th(! " ll ,t.ag_P "'
, .• c;,...,,"•innwnt tu mtrIll1lll l' ''' ,. llw I l"Vt•h1p1111•111 fJ
.
II l •ll'Ss,u-y
'.-, 11"' l>(•Jid s 1,f ti
W~arly
llt•rjcil Ohlnly chnngc and :atron.,tr
~ pu«ful,
.
1h11I ion.ii prnbltm~-hav uculu nnn.Oilch t
~r- o
111
ands of the Early rt• l'Volnu, in lud.i •·s • c oc,1111rcJ l~flal
rnmmunal pohtiJ. Aworld of v1olmce and
t onalists
lht• complex problems :~~rat, approach lo
British · • ,Jrh• nationalb
... . b wanted u,". . 8 r1Ush
..to
only mo~t viabt' I
world.
a) is perhaps~
c "° ution that can heal ow
..,,n,Jucei:er tam I forms for thew lf
1 forrcd ~ - . . . e are of alt
rt lhat ,,'1itJ!'..' ol lnd1an society. Tuey believed lhal
et6nti-.h would . gr.int them lheir reques1s ·r
1
By the beginning of the .,0th
character of the national :iov=ry • the
1 tlwir
M M'r. ,om·'.m:t.>d that lhe demands were lo changt! 1':ew trends appeared llll~
[nti,h leadership of the Congr~-ss passed from the
f 0\ <.'l'.n
'1'1,m,1blt.> and 1usl.
hands of the early nation.ihsts lo those of the
as,;erlive nationalist!>-
d that
1 {ontribution of th e Early
~ ationalists "j C '"'i m
nmcnt Do you think the Bnt,sh w"e genuinely
I ' • I'
wirdin~ to Sl,,mC historians, the early concerned about the welrare of the Indians,
t.!tionali,t leaders i ,ii, ·d to achieve their G,ve reasons for your answer
se of iLJfdl\e,. lnere is, no doubt, some clement of
tr:ttiin Lhtircribasm. f Jowever, il we examine THE ASSERTIVE M
~. early nationalist phase in Lhe context of (THE RADICALS)
L'imtire mo\"emenl, lhe achievements of lhe
The transition in
Cr-:.6res.~ tome obvious. marked the beg. ·
' The early nationalists established a solid the national movem
oundatiofl which served as a base ~ a
.q;f ~ical approach in later years./
Y ~pread polt1ic:1I awarenes s among
assertive nationali
outstanding men I
Lala ..wjrat Rai,
JX'<>ple and instilled in them a sense of Aurobind o G
n11i,,naJ unity. The people began to think aims and methods

and
of ~~'JCh,~ ~
members of one ,tnP atoseofffie ea
llaho lh~ lnclian natio n.~
their
1
l ited ' '-'d naliofll truggle
1

r,~: • ~ongre £°
ltained the
educated
 fI
the Bri· I"1' h Sense ••I ju<lice .111.t t,1ir pl,!)I
.
"\ C.n· ,1 radical mt'lhod of active oppos,r .
111
tlw 11ovemmcnt wuuld have to be a 111
n)'-'Y bduiwd that tlw llri•s~,1ul1• 111 1ndln
Sw,1r,1j would h,1vc to ht· a,hicvl'cl !'Pll·d
\\',1' 11 ''1 ' 1 1' 1l"-,mg hut a cur~l' I lw1 wt•n•
,1 pt1lillc,1l, ,111tl•gove rnment agitatt 'Oui,
connn,·,~i that tlw Hnti,h h,nl 1111 inh·nlion•
1' 1 111tr,'1,.l11,1z rch~ll;, h•t tlw w,•lt n, 111
with the i1w11lwment Jnd suppor/'~ l1lj
mo1sscs. The Congre<~ W1)11IJ hav 11-t
~lw lnd1.1ns.~~ l'\ r.•,11!1,•d lh,1t thl lhlli~h .: to .._
1,·,,nst,,rnwd trorn a pl,1llorm for Ut•b1"I
mll'H'5h \\ 1'tl' lfiltcrent ,1ml d,1,hl'll with I Ill' •111
wl•M,•rmll'<I. lndi,u, intdl'111 11
,11111mg tlw
ln,lian inll'rc.-~b Indio .. ,1.~lll'\'Ct 11,ow ,mtl
an to., rcg1111enl o f I ree d 001 fighters- " . "'-
•
progrc.-"" un,'kr Briti,h n;., tf Jr ,klcrnune
• J, con fid I ent
'
I willing to
..,.
u "lltA
._
llli1t
~.,crifice,.

t. m
Do you agree w,th the methods of the
rtie su
early nattonahru or those of the asser-w ,e 111e r"r:
nat1onaltsts' Give reasons for your ans·,,er. tJ,.e ear~
nationah
~upport
Leaders ble Lala LOJPOt Ra, (ltft), Bal Gangadhar Tllak THE PARTIT~N OF BENGAL
Ice :t'J) and 8,t)fll Chandra P" ,ght) led the national
~.a-,-r~t ,nm asser:r, e pha~, from 1905 to 1918 ( 9os1 V agitatio
agaiJl~I
llw Briti5h partitioned Bengal in l 'l05 111 unity
Objecti vef pursuance of their poliq of dh:ide and rult ti, ed .
After the partition in 1905, the a~rbll
The goal 01 th~ a,..,..rti\'I? n.:tlionilli~ti,; was not
nationali-.b adopted the methods of boycott.
,,clf-go\ 1.:mment in ' 0radu.:tl ~t.1gvs but
o;wadesh i .:tnd national educ.ition to achim
immed.1.ale fn•Piinm (sw3raj) frnm 13rilish the goal 01 o;waraj. The people were asked ID
ruli'

Method s
The a,:-.ertive nationalist s
had no faith in the
constituti onal met ~ods
followed by the early
nationalist~. Twl'ntv, vears .
of prayers, petitions,
appeal:., resolution s ,1nd
represent ations had f.liled
.
to \'ll'ld an,• , cum:rete
resulh.
Tilak km•,,· lh<1 I tlw British
t would nl•,·cr concede to
0
the ,k mand for swaraj
I without ,1 struggle.
 ti .ill Bnfuh S<>ods a d
inr, i,ii1~~.te•h• gOQJs. n u~ imlv lndi,1n lhe••
ov1u,11
t11v'l',;j
l1)
f.' .;('rtin: nallunah~t s,150
°
0111 11 Muil11.ea&\lch1 l'it'\ !ht-
m.tlnobjl'(hves
r . Na' 1 , . l im I (;agu., w .
Ot1gh v ,\'ti J~s1gns ut thl' B . ,lw thruu.,h
rtlf ll <1111.1
.1.11
,,. ,1 ,,n cnnunu tt.,I 1•
•"'S I J
nh,h
•n1?s
.111" ,;". " prorn.,t,
,hvidin i; ~ lht, M •1mo11K
. w,1,
I l11,
,

r....1,·11 11,tlrns a
""' ;as I ,Uow,

1e r·. •rJti' \ ,me t11~F•1 u ,, the. .

• r•t
to b<, !\ of I11
~ ,1u,linl' ~nd ,1,..,trnr th1: I l111du, fr11m t11w,1r,I 11,'-··
.., 11
Y•lt)
l'bi'ltes i!t, 11u• Bntt-.h p1,licr 0 t umtv bl'twC?1•11 Sllv1•r n1nrn1 nti,h
tl'nt, · · n d1vld,•
p"fo .rt'3t.:'J a gap beh"w I
r ~•a t . ,1111 rull• • lo
lllited, 1 I protect
:,1 111 ccimmunitie~. he hndu and promote and
ll'lake 1
polltiral right\~~
f1,e surat Sr,,li• ,, on7 , lhe Muslims.
• To prevent leelin<><

D '.')! r3rtition · of Bengal

. . fl Y brour11,,t
b ne of ho SIii'ItJ towards
M uhammadAI Jmnah
o-

!It orI} nationalists and the assertiv I;>'· other communities

• • . h e
. The early na t'10na1·151s The . a polihcal platform
. n.·ed a,;
sc
fl.lti(lll<lhsb toget er. for League
u
f .
. l methods o po11llcal lhe pper-cla<s :\lus\im, lt supported
.r·. d th e radica
.;;rnllrte
.;::unon th- ~wade. .sh1 and bovcot
, t to protest. d partition of Bt>ngal. The League
1
isaJ!bl e partition of Bengal How1ivcr, the . em~nded special safoguanb for Muslim_~
ur,i~· t,etween lhc two groups was shorl- m &lWt!~mcnl .-.ervice. In 1906, ll appealed
05 in l' \ iceroy for sep.ir.ite eledon tn 1hls
1i1-e.l Cracks bctw1:.-en the two wings of the to th
p rule.
Congn.~s began to ap~.1 r in the course of the
me.mt lhat lhc Muslim \'Olers would eh"\
f!!rlive Muslim reprc~enlaliv,s The intrliduction ol
r.ir,•tJJ1cnt again<.\ partition. separate elt.'l;urak-s sound,-d the dr.ith knell
~ycott,
chicve foe early nation Jlisb and their assertive of national unity. II w,h tludm-tdclinitestep
ked to cruntcrparl!> faihid lo agree on various aspects on the road to the partition ot India
rlthe,wad1.~hi and boycott movement, and in
!'Xii, al th!! Surat -.ession of the Congress, the THE FIRST WORLD WAR AND
w:ynalionalisl leader s expelled the assertive
na:iorulist leaders from the Congress. The INDIA (1914-18)
~lier continued to function as a separate The outbrea\.. of the First
£:OOp lilt 1916. ln the meantime, the British 191-1 had a significant e
cr.ished the swade shi movement. Tilak was mo\'ement. A5 a colony
lenlenred to c;ix years of imprisonment. India was automaticall
Ini\ially, there was an
the Indian nationalist
THE MUSLIM LEAGUE (1906) British go\'~rnment
I ,\ The ~tuslim League was established In More thal1 a milbOI\
D~mlx- 1906, under the. leader shi of
(now sent oversea~ to JOU\
,.-...! .. 0 "c:ll
~!<1 million
' ~ Salim ullah J(han in _a.. 11111
go,cnunent
b;,wn a, Ohak.i). a
~ the Musi
tnnah, a pro
 ti ,,,.,,1 Jmli,1 ~1111•,1dinun Iii•• ' 'llt-1
1 lw 11111,-h nn,I th, Ir ,,lht'!i ,h·, l,11,•d Ill,11 th,·\' ,• , 11 n11 M•II •ruIt•. I he move... lt1:1
11 r•''1•'11 "'-t 1:i.;::_ ~
01

h"\'n• hr,httng lh<' ".u

tn rn 11.,'llw ""ii.I fi,th•
\ rrY 1"'1" '"
11 .'"'-
for d,•111,>uMt ,md t.1 prn111ult• tlu•, 1~ht nl ,,II
n.illon, 111 form <c'lf•g•"••nu wnr. I hi• lt·d tlu
Indian ni,tu,n,tli•t• t,1 h1•h1•, ,. lh,tl ,1 II' ,11t•l11I tUl LUCKNOW SESSION OF
lhttam \\oul.t "'"Jr,I hult,1 • h1\ 1111 ,111.I ttECONG RESS (1 916)
lulttl 11, Jrmand, fur 1rlf,guH•n1111rnt
unrortanl de, i.'iopm<111 d"ririg
1h1• Ch•ngr .
ll'f
lfC\\, ••H•r a• th,• \\i'lr dragg,•d 011. th,• hup,•s '''"' ll
w,11 \\'ii~
..
111 the 1!1ito,1_
_., of ,o.
,md l'\pt.'Ctilltmis of ll1t• ln,han l,•,1.t,·rs lwwm
111 "atw lh,• 111111,h ,·,,nt,nu,•.t 111 lg110H'
thl' ln,t1.m d,'111,m.t, t,,r r,•lurm lly IIJ I5,
Muslm>' 1<1w.uJ, th~ Bnttsh goven, ..
11 ,.. 11,.,.Jlrili~h ,1t~1tu~~
Mu,11111' b,:cJm1• anh•Bnhsh
of the
. urge lecliaii.
i::
Talal,. (\\ ho \\ ii, n·l,·.,...,.d in l '1 l-1 ,1I 11'1 ·., yt•.irs
,,1rho: l.Jucated ~luslim~ b.!gan to sul'POn
of 1mpn-orum'lll) "a, c,,m~ntt•.I 1l1<1t lhl' lit
nJllonalist movement.
Bnu-.h had"'' l"E'.tl 1111,•nt,,,n, ol gr,mling ,my
t"<.mC\.,,t,m, lo th,• lnd1.m,. lh1.: C:ung1 c~~ was N,itiunahst Muslim5 like the Ali brotht:i
p.t,!.l "' ,md tnllrllH .,1 lhi, 1111w. durninated M,,ul,ma ~ohamm,>d Ali and Mau1.i;,,
b\ th,, l'arl,· n.1t1011ah,1, who h,111 l11sl U,e '>h.iu~ h ;1nd Maula n~Kalam ~
,uppor1 and re,pt,--i ol Ulc ~1t.,plt• T1lak ,prfJ,i natiC1nah~1 idea.s a.ll¾'"ltibt MU51iiitt
~ahn-d the nl'Cd to re, h c the n,1tiu11,1I ,pml ,\..:vrJr.ng to them, there wa~ no cor,k
and enthu-c and rnrrglzl' peopll•. b••I w,•cn Islam ,md natlon.ihsm. Abul Kaba
Az.u1 critiriLcd thl' British polky of clJ,'Jdi
THE HOME RULE LEAGUES ,md rule .ind urg,.J Muslim~ to tom 111 a.
,tnrggl<' again,1 the real tnt'my-Brlli9
(1916) ,
imp • iii n
Tho Home Rull' I \'Jgues 1wri lurnw.t in
I 11l' , h,mged ,1tt1tude of the lnd1.in Muslim
1916, onl' undo:r tlw k,1,ll·r,hlp ul l'lluk ,rnd
lhl' othl'r under th,• le,1dersh1p ,,1 <\nnie brought the I l•J~Ul' and the C:ongrc~) dOl!e
lk1SJnl. Tog('thcr, th('}' ~rre.id tlw liuml' Rule 1m•· ,moth('r. The growing urut,· b,•h-,·eenda
movement 10 d11t,•ren1 parts of tho: country ),'<.I to!~~in g of the Lucknow Pid In
The mam aim 01 lli•• l.••.igu~ was tu ,H:hie;e l he Li!cknow Pact was an a re11ment
S~.l!lIWl .t!Jlt w1lh1n the Brilish empire by the _M_l.ll;lim League and the Co
pav(' the wa,t i9r a I
affl'f tl1(' wa1 Ti.Lii(andAJ'lnie ~anl Iravelled
refo.rm, io Jodi:,'( ·~l!i:-- --
Under the Lucknow Pact. the Le
wilh th4 Co'ngre~s, put forward
In June 1917, .i.nnie Besant was placed under
for ,1 Domiruon Status for India.
l}c)u~ arrest To show her defiance, she flew
a red and grern flag 111 the garden, wh1eh impo~~t ep towards Hmdu•
later brcame the flag of I~ fnd,an Na11on1i ~e u?c~ow session of the
Congress Her rrluse was demanded by stver,I
~ t e d the Moderates and
leade~, from lnd1111nd abroad, 1ncludlng the
formPr President of the USA, Woodrow Wilson, The two wings of the Congrtll
meeting for the first time since dlt
In 1901 The Ntionahsts realli,d
 \r \C::., ~
l111lh,11,1lis r
lhl• l1lhe l~ ,ind lh1· ~~....,
,111,l r' Mou.,,.,I r!I~, n,1honah,1J
~I' 1'11"tl nJthr<>lllll (.,l l!ntlu ,.,;p,m
111~,ll
.,, w,wd llw ' n
m,, mo,·1: mcnt

in g th11 ·•'d ,,rv ,mpartant to unde i,~ndt~-

~nest ,n e•ery sphere of life O ,..,t honesty b
of 1h11 ,..i.iependabfe are 1mponant virtues h both
andhurts
•shonesty ul\d,oursel
trust, It is necessary to••
11.trte11l • w~ai are the ways ,n which ef1>s to build mVes ond others. Be,ng
,nlort.e tlt•1 we sh0<.1111 be
we can help 10 ma utval trust. hollOUrab!•, I• r•motld,d
lndia11 ~e our soc·1ety an honest,_
.-1ety>
:ecnons

lI
>ort the
The Esmblost,men1 ol lho 1,lusln,
·others
t
ea,ty Mll0<1ahsl plll,$,U L\.ICkflOff 1e5r- ~
t ··~·J
u,,p
""'c,,,,ps
aulan~
l Azad r
~lim~. I ) Tte7~
:onflict
,i t\ \j
~ ~
Kalam I

divide Pnrt,110~ 01 B•nw

,
\
flomeRulo~,....-
,..,
in the
Sura1,p11i
IJri tish TheUSe,11~flb,l10nrs1:t plllSO

u.sllms
lose to
l them lmport~nt words Muslim League sei-ed as a polmul p14tfwnl fol
, 1916. Eiriy nationar.sts were the nationalist leadeis who led upper-dass Musl,ms. ttsestabl,shmenttheotdtht
growth of oauonal urniv and ~al(et1<d the ,_,.a
ngned tl>e Congress ,n ,ts initial years
movement
·ess to l,mrt••e- nationalists were those leaders of the

-
Separate •IKtOrates ,e!tr 10 the v
,Jilical Congres, who believed in the radical method of the coun1rv, dwid!d ,nto d,ff
actNe oppos,uon to the Bnbsh government. on factori lil<e 1el,91on, uste,
Swu1j means self-rule. It refers 10 the end of foreign eiample, ,t munt that Mu1l•
ointly n;'e
Muslim rep1escn11toves
~

rnand Part,t,on of Bengal was done 1n 1905 by Lord Cun.on Home Rule Leag~u w•"foeffltd
communal Imes, destroying the unity between aesant w,1h 1he a,m 10 i1Ch1
ras an

.~
011
within tht 8!1111h
U,nilY· the H,ndus ,nd the MushrnS hi l,U(lmO"' P1<t wt! 119ned
Boycott of foreign goods refers to the refldll to ijll nd tnt (O(ICJ!~l ,n 1
f pc,1,1I01 refOIIN 1n I
Br,ush goods
ti~ s.-4deshi means the use rA indl~ Ie.
1oit1I goods produced and~~
split
I wcJS
 4 The assertive n~bonal1sts had no faith In the constitultonal methods follow
ed by th
nat10.,ahsts - ,, , -{ eea-1..
·,
5. T1lak knew that the British would concede to the demand of swaraJ easily
Without any
struggle

0 ~nswer the follow"".,;::. ""

ing questions In one or two words /sente nces.
/. 1 Mention two leaders of the early nationalist phase
\/.,. 2 Mention two leaders of the assert1Ve nationalist phase
3 Why were the as!.t!rt1ve nationalists d1s1llus1oned with the leadership of the
early nat1onahsts?
.. When and why was Bengal p.-i1llt1oned'
5 Where and under whose leadership was the Muslim League established'
6 Mention two objectives of the Muslim League.
7 Why was the introduction of separate electorates a death blow to national Unity?
8 Why did the Indian nationalists support the war effort of the British when the
First World War broke out?
9 Whal was the main aim of the Home Rule Leagues?

0 Ai:tswerthe following quest io,, briefly.

1 With reference to the early nat1onahsts discuss the
following:
/ (a) Belief,; of the early nationalists
bl
(b) Methods of the early nationalists
(c) Important contributions made by the early nationalists to the national movem
bl
ent (ij
2. With reference to the rise of the assertive n11tion
nltsts w1th1n the Congress discuss:
(a The beliefs of the assertive nationalists
(b' -he ob1ectives ot the assertive nattonahsts kl
(C) How the methods of the assertive nationalists differed M
from those of the early
nationalists
3 W,t reference to the Lucknow session of the Congress of 1916, answer the
following
questions
(a) What was the Lucknow Pact'
(b What was the objective of the Lucknow Pact?
(c) What were the results of the Lucknow Pact?

(D Pictur e study
This is the picture of a nationalist leader
1 . Identify the person 1n the picture.
2 . Whteh poltt1cal organization did he Join and when?
3. When and by whom was this organization founded?
4. What were the obJecttves of this organizatton?

0 Map work B Goc>w>P"]t'

On the outline map of lnd,a, mark and l1b1I the partition of Bengal, With a
the border to show the partition of Bengal