MS 127:INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

FOR MANAGERS

Dr. B. Hemantha Kumar

Professor,
Department of IT
RVR & JC College of Engineering
 MS 127:INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FOR
MANAGERS-Syllabus
UNIT I
• Introduction and definition of computer –
• Brief history (Analog, Digital, Binary language) –
• Major components of a computer system –
• Interfacing with a computer – Hardware and Software with examples
• Introduction to languages – compiler – interpreter and assembler.
• Operating Systems: Definition, Functions, Types and Classification
• Elements of GUI based operating system – Windows –
• Use of menus – tools and commands of windows operating system
• Linux and free and open software;
• Computer Networks: Overview and Types (LAN, WAN and MAN) –
• Network topologies – Internet;
• Data representation and computer security.

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 MS 127:INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FOR
MANAGERS-Syllabus
UNIT II
• MS OFFICE MS Word – editing a document – Formatting – Spell
Checking – Page setup – Using tabs,
• Tables and other features Mail Merge –
• MS Excel – building work sheet- data entry in work sheets – auto fill
• working with simple problems – formula –
• statistical analysis, sort, charts,
• MS Power point – Design – Side Show – Presentation.

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 MS 127:INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FOR
MANAGERS-Syllabus
UNIT III
• Fundamentals of computer network management:
• Communicating in a Network- Centric World –
• Communicating over the Network –
• Application Layer Functionality and Protocols –
• OSI Transport Layer –
• OSI Network Layer – Addressing the Network: IPv4 –
• OSI Data Link Layer –
• OSI Physical Layer –
• Ethernet – Planning and Cabling Networks –
• Configuring and Testing Your Network.

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 MS 127:INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FOR
MANAGERS-Syllabus
UNIT IV
• Introduction to e-business:
• Electronic Business –
• Electronic Commerce –
• Electronic Commerce Models –
• Types of Electronic Commerce –
• Value Chains in Electronic Commerce –
• E-Commerce in India.
• Internet – World Wide Web – Internet Architectures –
• Internet Applications –
• Web Based Tools for Electronic Commerce –
• Intranet – Composition of Intranet-
• Business Applications on Intranet – Extranets.

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 MS 127:INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FOR
MANAGERS-Syllabus
UNIT V
• Introduction to Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC).
• Various phases of SDLC: Study – Analysis Design – Development
– Implementation – Maintenance –
• Data and Information – MIS – Decision Making and role of MIS –
Planning for MIS;
• System Development Methodologies; Conceptual and detailed
designs of MIS –
• Decision Support System: Overview, components and classification
• Steps in constructing a DSS – Role in business –
• Group decision support systems –
• Expert systems.

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 MS 127:INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FOR
MANAGERS-Syllabus
REFERENCES:
• 1. Kenneth C. Laudon and Jane P. Laudon, “Information Systems”,
Pearson Publication.2013. Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
• 2. O‟Brien, Management, Info Systems, Tata McGrawhill, Latest
• 3. Giridhar Joshi, Management Information Systems, Oxford
University Press, 2013.
• 4. Sudalaimuthu&Hariharan, Information Technology for Managers,
Himalaya publications.
• 5. D.Monley& CS Parker, Understanding Computers Today &
Tomorrow, Cengage/Thomson.

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 OVER VIEW OF Computer SYSTEM
Functionality of computer is to execute user programs
For example : A simple “C” program
To execute this simple program user needs:
#include <stdio.h> Text editor (s/w) –to write the program
main() Key Board(h/w) – to type the program
{ int x,y,z; Monitor(h/w) – to display program, I/P & O/P
printf(“enter x, y Hard disk(h/w) – to store the program
values”); permanently.
scanf(“%d%d”, &x,&y); Compiler(s/w) – to compile the program
z=x+y; Processor(h/w)- to execute the
printf(“total= %d”, z); program(process)
} Memory (h/w)- to store data (x,y&z)
temporarily
OS(s/w)- to manage all these sw & hw
resources.
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 Components of computer system
Computer System Structure : Computer system can be divided
into four components
• Hardware – provides basic computing resources for the
system.
– CPU, memory, I/O devices
• Application programs – define the ways in which the system
resources are used to solve the computing problems of the
users
– Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database systems,
video games
• Operating system
– Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various
applications and users
• Users
– People, machines, other computers
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Components of computer system
User 1 User 2 User 3 - - - - - - - User n

Compiler Assembler Text Editor - - - - - - - Databse

System
System and Application Programs

Operating System

Computer Hardware

Components of computer system 10

Dr.B.H.K
 Introduction
• Computer is derived from the Latin word compute, which means to
calculate.
• A computer is an electronic machine, that can perform calculations
and controlling operations that can be expressed either in logical or
mathematical terms.
• In simple terms, a computer is an electronic device that performs
diverse operations with the help of instructions to process the
information in order to achieve the desired results.
• It performs the following three operations in sequence.
1. It receives data & instructions from the input device.
2. Processes the data as per instructions.
3. Provides the result (output) in a desired form.

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 Generations of computers :

• First Generation (1942-1954) : Vaccum tube based.

• Second Generation (1952-1964): Transistor based.

• Third Generation (1964-1972) : Integrated Circuit based.

• Fourth Generation (1972-1990) : VLSI(Very Large Scale

Integrated Circuits) microprocessor based.

• Fifth Generation (1990-onwards) :ULSI (Ultra Scale

Integrated Circuits) microprocessor based

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 CHARACTERISTICS(Advantages) OF COMPUTERS

• High speed : Computers have the ability to perform routine tasks at

a greater speed than human beings. They can perform millions of
calculations in seconds ie. They can perform from 4 MIPS (Millions
of instructions per second) to 100 MIPS.
• Accuracy : Computers are used to perform tasks in a way that
ensures accuracy. The accuracy of the computer is best achieved
by programming them in the most efficient manner.
• Storage : Computers can store enormous quantity of information.
Which is expressed in terms of Kilobytes (or) Mega Bytes (MB) or
Gega Bytes (GB). It is achieved through its „Main memory‟ or
„Primary storage‟ and through „auxiliary storage‟ or „Secondary
storage‟.
• Automation : Computers can be instructed to perform complex
tasks automatically ( which increases the productivity).

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 CHARACTERISTICS (Advantages) …

• Diligence : Computers can perform the same task repeatedly & with
the same accuracy without getting tired.

• Versatility : Computers are flexible to perform both simple and

complex tasks. They can perform any task, provided they are given
the appropriate logical steps.

• Cost effectiveness : Computers reduce the amount of paper work

and human effort, thereby reducing costs.

• Reliability: The computers give very accurate results with

predetermined values. They correct and modify the parameters
automatically, giving suitable signals. They give formatted results
with high degree of precisions.
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 IMPORTANCE OF COMPUTERS IN BUSINESS

Computer plays an important role in business environment towards

new and effective ways of processing business transactions, integrating
business processes, transferring payments and delivering services
electronically. It has affected the business in the following ways:

• 1. Office Automation
• 2. Stores large amount of data and information
• 3. Improves Productivity
• 4. Sharing of data and information
• 5. Competitiveness
• 6. Security
• 7. Cost Benefits
• 8. Marketing

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 IMPORTANCE OF COMPUTERS IN BUSINESS
• 1. Office Automation: Computers have helped automation of many
industrial and business systems. They are used extensively in
manufacturing and processing industries, power distribution systems, airline
reservation systems, transportation systems, banking systems, and so on.
Computer aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacture (CAM) are
becoming popular among the large industrial establishment.
• 2. Stores large amount of data and information: Business and
commercial organizations need to store and maintain big volumes of
records and use them for various purposes such as inventory control, sales
analysis, payroll accounting, resources scheduling and generation of
management reports. Computers can store and maintain files and can sort,
merge or update as and when necessary.
• 3. Improves Productivity: With the introduction of word processing
software, Computers have recently been applied to the automation of office
tasks and procedures. This is aimed at improving the productivity of both
clerical & managerial staff.
• 4. Sharing of data and information: Due to networking of computers,
where a number of computers are connected together to share the data and
information, use of e-mail and internet has changed the ways of business
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 IMPORTANCE OF COMPUTERS IN BUSINESS
• 5. Competitiveness: Computers offer a reliable and cost-effective means
of doing business electronically. Routine tasks can be automated. The
customers can be provided support round the clock, which is 24 hours a
day. With advancement in IT sector, corporates are spreading business
around the world thus, increasing their presence and entering new markets.
• 6. Security: To provide security to data and important computer programs,
almost every organization has some security programs to avoid the illegal
access of the company‟s information by unauthorized persons. The three
fundamental attributor of a security program are confidentially, integrity and
availability which allow access to only authorized persons in an
organization.
• 7. Cost Benefits:. Due to the presence of internet the role of the
middleman becomes less important as companies can sell their product or
services directly to the customer.
• 8. Marketing: Corporates engaged in e-business can take help of their
respective websites to create brand awareness of their products, thus,
creating new avenues of promotion of their products

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 Classification of Computers
• Computers are classified according to the storage capacity, speed and the
purpose for which they are developed. These can be classified into three
types: 1. Analog Computes , 2. Digital Computers , 3. Hybrid Computers
• 1. Analog computers: Analog is the Greek word, which means similar. So,
in analog computers, the similarities between any two quantities are
measure by electrical voltages or current. The analog computers operate by
measuring instead of counting. The analog computer works on the supply of
continuous electrical signals. The display is also continuous. Its output is in
the form of graphs.
Analog Signal: An analog signal is a continuous variable electromagnetic
wave. It can consume an infinite number of voltage or current values.
• 2. Digital Computers: These computers work with quantities represented
as digits. They operate on discrete quantities. In digital computer, both
numeric and non-numeric information are represented as strings of digits.
These computers use binary codes, 0‟s and 1‟s, to represent the
information. These are useful for evaluating arithmetic expressions and
manipulations of data.
• 3. Hybrid Computers: Computers which combine the features of analog
and digital computers are known as Hybrid computers.
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 Characteristics of analog computer
Characteristics of analog computer
The analog computer has the following important characteristics:
• a) It operates by measuring.
• b) It requires physical analog.
• c) It functions on continuously varying quantities.
• d) The output is usually represented in the form of graph.
• e) In analog, the calculations are first converted in equation and later
converted into electrical signals.
• f) The accuracy of the output is poor.
• g) It has limited memory space.
• h) It is not versatile. i.e., it has limited application.
• i) The speed of analog computer is low.
• j) Not suitable for business and industry.

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 Characteristics of digital computer
• Characteristics of digital computer
• The digital computer has the following characteristics:
• a) It operates by counting.
• b) It functions on discrete numbers.
• c) The calculations are converted into binary numbers i.e., 1s and
0s.
• d) The output is represented in the form of discrete values.
• e) Its accuracy is good.
• f) It has large memory space
• g) It is versatile in nature and is suitable for a number of applications
• h) In digital computers , the numbers, words and symbols can be
used.
• i) Its processing speed is high.
• j) It is highly suitable for business application.
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 Analog VS Digital computer
S. Analog computer Digital computer
No
1 It operates by measuring It operates by counting
2 It requires physical analog It functions on discrete numbers
3 The calculations are first converted The calculations are converted
to equations and later converted into into binary numbers(1s and 0s)
electrical signals
4 The output is in the form of graph The output is in the form of
discrete values
5 Less accurate More accurate
6 Less speed High speed
7 Limited memory is available More memory is available
8 Lacks flexibility Highly flexible
9 Cannot process alpha-numeric Can process alpha number
information Information
10 Limited application More number of applications
11 Not suitable for business Highly suitable for business 21
applications applications
 Computer system Block diagram
• The computer system consists of three units:
1. Input device 2. Central Processing Unit (CPU) 3. Output device

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

MEMORY UNIT

INPUT DEVICE ALU OUTPUT DEVICE

CONTROL UNIT

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 Computer system Block diagram
The computer system consists of three units:
1. Input device 2. Central Processing Unit (CPU) 3. Output device

1.Input device: Reads information from input media and enters to the
computer in a coded form.

2.CPU
(a) Memory unit: Stores program and data
(b) Arithmetic Logic unit : Performs arithmetic and logical functions
(c) Control Unit : Interprets program instructions and controls the input
and output devices

3. Output device : decodes information and presents it to the user

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 The CPU
The CPU has three components:
• a) The Control Unit
• b) The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and
• c) The Memory Unit.

CPU
MEMORY UNIT
INPUT OUTPUT

DEVICE ALU DEVICE

CONTROL UNIT

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 The CPU
a) Control Unit:
• It controls the overall operation of the computer system. It is
considered as the heart of the computer system. It controls all the
other units, directs them to operate in a proper way and co-ordinates
various operations performed.
• It instructs the input device to transfer the data and instructions to
the main memory and then to the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU).
Then, it sends the processed result from ALU to the memory unit for
storage and transfers it to the visual display unit or to the ' printer.
• The control unit coordinates the various parts of the computer
system - the arithmetic logic unit, the memory unit and the peripheral
units. Besides, it controls the flow of data into, from and within the
main storage as per the program instructions.

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 The CPU
b) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
• This unit performs two kinds of operations, the arithmetic processing
and logical processing. In arithmetic processing it performs all
mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division. In logical processing, it performs the relational and
logical operations such as comparing larger or smaller values, true
or false statements, etc.
c) Memory Unit
• This unit holds the intermediate results during the course of
calculations and provides the data as and when required. This
internal storage is also called primary memory or main memory. This
memory takes the data from an input device and stores it until the
computer is ready to process it. It also stores processed data and
intermediate results. When the processing is finished, it transfers the
results to an output device.

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 Components of a Computer

The five major components of a computer

are:

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 HARDWARE and SOFTWARE
• A computer system consists of both hardware and
software . Information stored on computer hardware is
often called software.
• Hardware: The physical components of the computer
are known as ―Hardware. It refers to the objects that we
can actually touch.
The major hardware components of a computer system
are:
• Processor(CPU)
• Main memory
• Secondary memory
• Input devices
• Output devices 28
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 HARDWARE and SOFTWARE
• Software: Software is a program or set of instructions
that causes the Hardware to function in a desired way.
There are five categories of software. They are:
1. Operating System
2. 2. Translators
3. 3. Utility programs
4. Application programs
5. General purpose programs

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 SOFTWARE
• Operating System :The software that manages the resources of a
computer system and schedules its operation is called Operating system.
The operating system acts as interface between the hardware and the user
programs and facilitates the execution of programs. Generally the OS acts
as an interface between the user and the Hardware of the computer.
• Translators : A program written in any other language should be translated
into machine language. The software that ―translates the instructions of
different programing languages is known as translators .
There are two types of translators : compilers and Interpreters.
The compiler translates the whole program before execution. If the source
program contains errors, the compilers produce a list of errors at the end of the
execution of the program
The interpreter translates one statement at a time and if it is error – free,
executes. This continues till the last statement.
• Utility Programs: These are pre-written programs supplied by the
manufacturer for maintaining day to day activities of computer system.
Example: COPY, SORT, MAILING, virus scanning software etc.,

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 SOFTWARE
• 4. Application Programs: These are user written programs to do a specific
job which can be changed to meet the individual needs. These programs
are written in different languages such as BASIC or C or by using database
packages like dBASE, Oracle.
Example: Payroll, Billing, Railway Reservation etc.
• 5. General Purpose Packages: These packages are developed to suit the
needs of research workers / scientists in different fields. These packages
are categorized as : i) Data Analysis ii) Word Processing iii) Spread Sheet
iv) Graphics and v) Databases
• Data Analysis: Ex: SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science), MSTAT,
MICROSTAT, GENSTAT, SAS etc.
• Word Processing: Ex: WORD PERFECT, WORDSTAR, MS-Word, etc.
• Spread Sheet: Ex: LOTUS, MS-Excel etc.
• Graphics: Ex: STORY-BOARD, POWER-POINT etc.
• Databases: Ex: dBASE, FOX-BASE, FOX-PRO, ORACLE, MS-Access etc.

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 Operating System
• Operating System :The software that manages
the resources of a computer system and
schedules its operation is called Operating
system. The operating system acts as interface
between the hardware and the user programs
and facilitates the execution of programs.
Generally the OS acts as an interface between
the user and the Hardware of the computer.

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 Operating System
Functions of Operating System : Today most operating systems perform the
following important functions :
• Processor management : It manages the assignment of processor to
different tasks being performed by the computer system.
• Memory management : It manages the allocation of main memory and other
storage areas to the system programs as well as user programs and data.
• Input / Output management : It manages the co-ordination and assignment
of different Input and Output devices while one or more programs are
executed.
• File management : It allows all files to be easily changed and modified
through the use of text editors or some other file manipulation routines.
• Establishment and enforcement of a priority system : It determines and
maintains the order in which jobs are to be executed in the computer
system.
• Interpretation of commands and instructions.
• Facilitates easy communication between the computer system and the
computer operator.
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 Operating System-Types

Different Types Of Operating System:

• Batch Processing Operating System :
• Multitasking/Time Sharing OS
• Multiprocessing OS
• Real Time OS
• Distributed OS
• Network OS
• Mobile OS

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 Operating System-Types
Batch Processing Operating System : Some computer processes
are very lengthy and time-consuming. To speed the same process, a
job with a similar type of needs are batched together and run as a
group.
The user of a batch operating system never directly interacts with the
computer.
Multitasking/Time Sharing OS: Time-sharing operating system
enables people located at a different terminal(shell) to use a single
computer system at the same time. The processor time (CPU) which is
shared among multiple users is termed as time sharing.
Multiprocessing OS: Multiple processing operating system is a system
in which multiple programs are processed at the same time. It makes
use of two or more CPUs within a single computer system. It requires
multiple CPU so that a program can run on more than one central
processing unit at a time. If one of the CPU fails to run the program or
shows disintegration then, the other CPU will undoubtedly take over its
job and start processing it. Operating system like Windows, UNIX, 35
Linux are multiprocessing. Dr.B.H.K
 Operating System-Types
Real Time OS: A real time operating system time interval to process
and respond to inputs is very small. Examples: Military Software
Systems, Space Software Systems are the Real time OS example.

Distributed OS: Distributed systems use many processors located in

different machines to provide very fast computation to its users.

Network OS: Network Operating System runs on a server. It provides

the capability to serve to manage data, user, groups, security,
application, and other networking functions.

Mobile OS: Mobile operating systems are those OS which is especially

that are designed to power smartphones, tablets, and wearables
devices.
• Some most famous mobile operating systems are Android and iOS,
but others include BlackBerry, Web, and watchOS.
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 Classification of Operating System
i) Multiuser OS: In a multiuser OS, more than one user can use the
same system at a same time through the multi I/O terminal or through
the network.
For example: windows, Linux, Mac, etc.
A multiuser OS uses timesharing to support multiple users.
ii) Multiprocessing OS: A multiprocessing OS can support the
execution of multiple processes at the same time. It uses multiple
number of CPU. It is expensive in cost however, the processing speed
will be faster. It is complex in its execution. Operating system like Unix,
64 bit edition of windows, server edition of windows, etc. are
multiprocessing.
iii) Multiprogramming OS: In a multiprogramming OS more than one
programs can be used at the same time. It may or may not be
multiprocessing. In a single CPU system , multiple program are
executed one after another by dividing the CPU into small time slice.
example: Windows, Mac, Linux,etc.
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 Classification of Operating System

• iv) Multitasking OS: In a multitasking system more

than one task can be performed at the same time but
they are executed one after another through a single
CPU by time sharing. For example: Windows, Linux,
Mac, Unix,etc.
• v) Multithreading: A program in execution is known as
process. A process can be further divided into multiple
sub-processers. These sub-processers are known as
threads. A multi-threading OS can divide process into
threads and execute those threads. This increases
operating speed but also increases the complexity.
For example: Unix, Server edition of Linux and windows.

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 User Interface
• Generally the OS acts as an interface between the user
and the Hardware of the computer.
• The User interface provided by the OS can be character
based or graphical.
• CUI -- Character user Interface
• GUI -- Graphical user Interface
• CUI : It is operated with keyboard only. Ex: MS-DOS,
UNIX
• GUI : The system can be operated with mouse and
keyboard. Ex: Windows 95, Windows XP etc

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