Anatomy &

Physiology
CU 1-The
HUMAN BODY
Ppt tjs’21
Learning Objectives & Outcomes:
▪ Discuss & describe the levels of anatomy & physiology.
▪ Explain the importance of the relationship between structures &
functions & ascertain two major goals of physiology.
▪ Describe & discuss the six levels of organization of the body, &
the major characteristics of each level.
▪ Discuss the eleven organ systems, identify their components, &
describe the major functions of each system.
▪ Relate the six different characteristics of life.
▪ Define & discuss homeostasis, & explain why it is important for
proper body function.
▪ Describe a negative-feedback mechanism & positive-feedback
mechanism & give an example for each.
▪ Describe a person in anatomical position. Define the directional
terms for the human body, & use them to locate specific body
structures.
 INTRODUCTION
Human (species Homo sapiens) is a very
complex multicellular organism in which the
maintenabce of life depends upon a vast
number of physiological & biochemical
activities. The sum of these activities enables
human beings to live & utilize their
environment & to maintain species for
reproducing.
Humans have many ways to maintain
homeostasis, the state relative stability of the
body’s internal environment. Disruptions to
homeostasis often set in motion corrective
cycles, called feedback systems, that help
restore the coditions needed for health & life.
 INTRODUCTION
WHY STUDY HUMAN ANATOMY &
PHYSIOLOGY?
❖ Human body has many intricate parts with
coordinated functions maintained by
complex system of balances.
❖ Comprehend how the body responds to
stimulus.
❖ Provides basis of understanding the
disease
❖ Prepares health care team to provide care
& evaluate treatments.
 TERMINOLOGIES
Anatomy - study of the structures of the body.
Physiology - study of the processes & functions of the
body
Organelles - small structures that make up some cells.
Organism - any living thing considered as a whole,
whether composed of one cell, such as a bacterium, or of
trillions of cells, such as a human.
Metabolism - ability to use energy to perform vital
functions, such as growth, movement, & reproduction
Growth - refers to an increase in size of all or part of the
organism
Reproduction - formation of new cells or new organisms.
 ANATOMY
Anatomy - scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the
body. It means to dissect, or cut apart & separate, the parts of the body
for study. (VanPutte, Regan, & Russo, 2016)
Studying anatomy involves structure of body parts, its microscopic
organization, how each develops including its relationships & functions.
Basic approaches in anatomy namely:
1. Systemic - dwells on body systems such as skeletal & muscular
system.
2. Regional - reviews specific areas; head, abdomen.
3. Surface Anatomy & Anatomical Imaging are yet another approach
to anatomists. These two general ways examines a living person
through its internal structures.
For instance, Surface anatomy focuses study of external features like
bony projections.
Anatomical imaging utilizes different imaging samples like ultrasound &
X-rays to evaluate internal structures.
 PHYSIOLOGY
Physiology deals with processes or functions of living
things as an ever-changing organism. This is to aid in
predicting body’s responses to different stimuli & to
understand how the body maintains homeostasis.
(Van Putte, Regan, & Russo, 2016)

Therefore, Physiology is the science of body

functions. (Tortora & Freudenrich, 2011)
Moreover, there are subdivisions of physiology that
focuses on different organizational level such as
cellular physiology & systemic physiology.
For the human as a specific organism, the study is
called Human Physiology. (VanPutte, Regan, & Russo,
2016)
HUMAN BODY - STRUCTURAL & FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATON
There are six structural levels that our body can be studied & these are chemical, cell,
tissue, organ, organ system & organism as shown below in figure 1.
 CHEMICAL LEVEL of ORGANIZATION
Chemical Level of organization deals with how different atoms like
hydrogen & carbon interact to form molecules.
In Cell Level, which is the basic unit of organisms, we correlate how a
molecular substance affects a living organism.
Ex. Our cells contains nucleus that contains hereditary information.
And though cells differ in structure & function, knowledge of these
differences would greatly help in grasping concepts of anatomy &
physiology.
Tissue Level- Tissues are combined cells that are similar. Their
similarity in characteristics & surrounding materials determines its
functions. The epithelial, connective, muscle & nerve tissues, when two
or more tissue types work together to perform one or more functions,
this will be called Organ. Examples of which includes our heart &
stomach , even our brain (figure 1.2).
 ORGAN SYTEM
Organ System Level- pertains to group of organs working
together to sustain a specific function. The works of the
kidneys, urinary bladder, ureter & urethra is an example
displaying coordinated function for the urinary system to be
efficient in its purpose. But though this system has specific
roles to perform, remember that all systems are interrelated.
Figure 1.2 Major Organs Human Body *taken from Seeley’s Anatomy &
Physiology by VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016) A problem on one
organ system may have serious effects on other systems.
Figure 1.3 provides an illustration of the different organ systems in the
human body.
Organism Level - the last level of organization, as a living thing
with organ systems considered as a whole.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
Humans share one or many characteristics with other
organism. (Vanputte, Regan, & Russo, (2016)
These are characteristics of life:
1. Organization – living things are highly organized. They have
specific interrelationships to perform functions essential
for the living organism to thrive. In effect, any problems
that affects its organization will greatly disrupt its function.
2. Metabolism - chemical reactions taking place in an
organism. Ability of an organism to break down food
molecules (Catabolism), which are used as a source of
energy & raw materials to synthesize the organism’s own
molecules.(Anabolism) Ability of the organism to use
energy to perform functions essential to growth, movement
& even reproduction.
3. Responsiveness – capability to react or adjust to whether
a stimulus or a change.
Ex. Our body perspires when temperature rises during hot
weather.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
4. Growth – an increase in number or length. In the human
body, growth is an evidence when bones become larger as
the number of bone cells increases.
5. Development – occurs when an organism changes through
time. Like the developmental changes happening before
birth, a human being changes through time. Though growth
signifies development, differentiation also embodies
development. Differentiation can be seen as a change in
structure & function from a generalized to a specialized
structures. Ex. following fertilization, generalized cells
specialize to become specific cell types, such as skin, bone,
muscle, or nerve cells. These differentiated cells form tissues
& organs.
6. Reproduction - is the ability to form new organism, giving
possibility to tissue repairs & continuity.
 HOMEOSTASIS
Homeostasis - (h ′m - -st ′sis; homeo-, the same, stasis- standing
still) is the ability to maintain balance despite changes in the
internal & external environment. VanPutte, Regan, & Russo, (2016)
Ex. Temperature regulation, our body produces sweat (as
water) in attempt to lower down body temperature caused by
the external environment. And since homeostasis involves
complex mechanisms, these regulations are also affected by
different variables. Variables are conditions like volume,
chemical content & in this case, temperature. Their values may
easily change & so, does the response of the organism.
Ex. Sweating aids in the regulation, maintaining the body
temperature near the ideal normal value. If temperature was
the variable, the sweating is considered as the Homeostatic
mechanism. Most homeostatic mechanisms are governed by
the nervous system or the endocrine system.
 HOMEOSTASIS
Note that homeostatic mechanisms are not able to maintain body
temperature precisely at the set point (figure 1.4). Instead, body
temperature increases & decreases slightly around the set point,
producing a normal range of values. As long as body
temperatures remain within this normal range, homeostasis is maintained.
(VanPutte, Regan, & Russo, 2016)

Figure 1.4 Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the maintenance of the carriable, such as temperature around an ideal normal value or
set point. *taken from Seeley’s Anatomy and Physiology by VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016)
 HOMEOSTASIS
Homeostasis is maintained by many feedback systems. Each
monitored condition in a feedback system, or feedback loop, is
termed a controlled condition. Any disruption that causes a change
in a controlled condition is called a stimulus. Some stimuli come from
outside the body, while others come from within.
In addition to the controlled condition & the stimulus, feedback
systems have three other components:
1. Receptor - monitors the controlled condition & sends information
(input) to a control center.
2. Control center- receives the input, compares it to a set of values
that the controlled condition should have (set point) & sends output
commands (nerve impulses or chemical signals) to an effector.
3. Effector - receives output commands & produces a response that
changes the controlled condition.
HOMEOSTASIS
HOMEOSTASIS
 HOMEOSTASIS
If a feedback system reverses the change in the
controlled condition to restore it to the set point, this is a
negative feedback system. Ex. Negative feedback
system controls blood pressure.
However, if a feedback system further strengthens a
change in the controlled condition, this is a positive
feedback system.
Ex. Childbirth is an example of positive feedback. During
labor, uterine contractions force the baby’s head into
the cervix, which stretches. The stretching causes the
hypothalamus to secrete a hormone called oxytocin,
which induces more uterine contractions. Negative
feedback systems tend to maintain stable conditions,
whereas positive feedback systems tend to be unstable
& must be shut off by some event that is outside the
feedback loop, such as the delivery of the child.
 TERMINOLOGY & THE BODY PLAN
BODY POSITIONS
Anatomical Positions - descriptions of any part of the human
body assume that the body is in a specific position. In the
anatomical position, the body is upright when the subject stands
erect with the head level, eyes facing forward, feet at on the
floor, & directed forward, & arms at the sides, with the palms
turned forward. However, two terms describe a reclining body.
If the body is lying face down, it is in the prone position. If the
body is lying face up, it is in the supine position. (VanPutte, Regan, &
Russo, 2016)
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
Directional terms describe parts of the body relative to each
other. Directional terms are generally grouped in pairs of
opposites.
Ex. Superior – towards the upper & Inferior-towards the lower
part of the body.
TERMINOLOGY & THE BODY PLAN
 DIRECTIONAL TERMS
TERMS ETYMOLOGY DEFINITION EXAMPLES
Right Toward the body’s right side The right ear
Left Toward the body’s left side The left ear
Inferior Lower Below The nose is inferior to
the forehead
Superior Higher Above The mouth is superior
to the chin
Anterior To go before Toward the front of the body The teeth are anterior
to the throat
Posterior Posterus, Toward the back of the body The brain is posterior to
following the eyes
Dorsal Dorsum, back Toward the back (posterior) The spine is dorsal to
the breast bone
Ventral Venter, belly Toward the belly (anterior) The navel is ventral to
the spine.
 DIRECTIONAL TERMS
TERMS ETYMOLOGY DEFINITION EXAMPLES
Proximal Proximus, Closer to a point of The elbow is proximal to the
nearest attachment wrist.
Distal Di + sto, to Farther to a point of The knee is distal to the hip.
be distant attachment
Lateral Latus, side Away from the midline The nipple is lateral to the
of the body breastbone.
Medial Medialis, Toward the middle or The bridge of the nose is
middle midline of the body medial to the eye.
Superfici Superficialis, Toward or on the The skin is superficial to the
al surface surface muscle.
Deep Deop, deep Away from the surface, The lungs are deep to the ribs
internal
 Body Parts and Region
Figure 1.6 illustrates different
regions in the body. This will help to
properly identify specific area/s of a
patient body to be evaluated upon.

As seen in the image, the central

region of the body consists of the
head, neck, & trunk.

The trunk can be divided into the

thorax (chest), abdomen (region
between the thorax & pelvis), &
pelvis (the inferior end of the trunk
associated with the hips).
The upper limb is
divided into the arm,
forearm, wrist, & hand.

The arm extends from

the shoulder to the
elbow, & the forearm
extends from the elbow
to the wrist.
The lower limb is divided
into the thigh, leg, ankle, &
foot. The thigh extends
from the hip to the knee, &
the leg extends from the
knee to the ankle.
(VanPutte, Regan, & Russo,
2016)

Make sure to familiarize

because these terms would
facilitate better
communication between
health care providers.
 Abdominal Regions & Quadrants
One portion of the body that
occupies a large area would be the
abdominopelvic cavity.
Determining exact location of
possible problems concurrent to
different organ/s can be difficult.
For this reason, it was subdivided
further into regions & quadrants. It
is also best to appreciate that some
organs may extend over multiple
quadrants as shown in figures 1.7 &
1.8. (Thompson, 2015)

Figure 1.7 Abdominopelvic Quadrants

*taken from Visualizing Anatomy & Physiology
by Freudenrich & Tortora (2011)
Abdominal Regions & Quadrants

Figure 1.8 Abdominopelvic Regions & some Organs

found in each Region *taken from Visualizing Anatomy & Physiology
by Freudenrich & Tortora (2011)
 PLANES OF THE BODY

Figure 1.9 Planes of the Body

*taken from Understanding Anatomy and Physiology :
A Visual, Auditory, Interactive Approach by Gale Sloan Thompson (2015)
 PLANES OF THE BODY

Figure 1.9 Planes of the Body

*taken from Understanding Anatomy and Physiology : A Visual, Auditory,
Interactive Approach by Gale Sloan Thompson (2015)
PLANES OF SECTIONS
Organs are often sectioned to
reveal their internal structure
(figure 1.10).
A cut through the long axis of
the organ is a longitudinal
section.
If a cut at a right angle to the
long axis is a transverse
section, or cross section.
If a cut is made across the long
axis at other than a right angle,
it is called an oblique section. Figure 1.10 Planes of Section through an Organ
*taken from Seeley’s Anatomy and Physiology by
VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016)
Body Cavities
The body contains space
called cavities that house
the internal organs.

The two major body

cavities are the dorsal
cavity & the ventral cavity.

Each of these cavities is

subdivided further, as
shown

Figure 1.11 Body Cavities

*taken from Understanding Anatomy and Physiology : A
Visual, Auditory, Interactive Approach by Gale Sloan
Thompson (2015)
 Serous Membranes
VanPutte, Regan, & Russo, (2016)
specifies that;
Serous membranes lines
cavities & cover the
organs of these cavities.
They are filled with
minimal fluid to lubricate
its surfaces thereby
reducing friction.
Figures depict different
serous membranes found
in our body
Figure 1.12 Location of Serous Membranes
*taken from Seeley’s Anatomy and Physiology by
VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016)
 Serous Membranes
The trunk cavities are lined by
serous membranes.
The parietal part of a serous
membrane lines the wall of the
cavity, & the visceral part
covers the internal organs.
The serous membranes
secrete fluid that fills the space
between the parietal & visceral
membranes.
The serous membranes
protect organs from friction.

Figure 1.12 Location of Serous Membranes

*taken from Seeley’s Anatomy and Physiology by
VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016)
 Serous Membranes
The pericardial cavity surrounds
the heart, the pleural cavities
surround the lungs, & the peritoneal
cavity surrounds certain abdominal
& pelvic organs. Mesenteries are
parts of the peritoneum that hold
the abdominal organs in place &
provide a passageway for blood
vessels & nerves to organs.
Retroperitoneal organs are found
“behind” the parietal peritoneum.
The kidneys, the adrenal glands,
the pancreas, parts of the
intestines, the urinary bladder are Figure 1.12 Location of Serous Membranes
examples of retroperitoneal organs. *taken from Seeley’s Anatomy and Physiology by
VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016)
 Serous Membranes
.

Figure 1.12 Location of Serous Membranes

*taken from Seeley’s Anatomy and Physiology by
VanPutte, Regan & Russo (2016)
Serous Membranes
Serous Membranes
References:
From Module:
Rizzo, D. C. (2016). Fundamentals of Anatomy
and Physiology (Fourth ed.). Boston,
Massachussetts: Cengage Learning.

Thompson, G. S. (2015). Understanding

Anatomy & Physiology: A Visual, Auditory,
Interactive Approach,2nd Edition. Philadelphia:
F. A. Davis Company.

Tortora, G. J., & Freudenrich, C. C. (2011).

Visualizing Anatomy & Physiology. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. .

VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2016).

Seeley's Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology. Ppt by: TJSalcedo’21
New York, New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
1.QUIZ # 1 HUMAN BODY- 10 MCQs
2. Course Task from Canvas:
Thanks!!!
TJSALCEDO