8/10/2021

Qualitative
Research
Children now spend more than
seven and a half hours a day in
Quantitative front of a screen (e.g., TV,
Research videogames, computer).

1 2

47% of all online 80% of all internet users

orders include free own a mobile phone.
shipping.
https://www.websitehostingrating.com/internet-statistics-facts-2018/

3 4

1 in every 131 emails 74% of people say they use

Facebook for professional
contains a malware. purposes. (HubSpot, 2017)

https://www.websitehostingrating.com/internet-statistics-facts-2018/

5 6

1
 8/10/2021

On Instagram, photos showing

faces get 38% more Likes than RESEARCH
photos not showing faces.
(Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014)

7 8

What comes into your mind when you

Research in the hear the phrase “quantitative research” ?
Daily Life 2
“Quantitative Research”

9 10

RDL 2 RDL 2

It is also an inquiry
According to Creswell (1994), a quantitative
research is an inquiry process of understanding a about a social or
social or human problem based on building a human problem
complex, holistic picture formed with words,
reporting detailed views of informants, and based on testing a
conducted in a natural setting. theory.

RDL 2 RDL 2

11 12

2
 8/10/2021

RDL 2 RDL 2

What is quantity?
Quantity is the unit of analysis.
Amounts Model for
Frequencies Conceptualizing a
Degrees
Quantitative
Values
Intensity
Research
Uses statistics for greater precision and objectivity.
Based on the deductive model

RDL 2 RDL 2

13 14

RDL 2 RDL 2

METHODOLOGY Study Population and Sampling

This describes how each objective of the study Where did the data come from?
will be achieved. Be sure to provide enough detail How robust is it?
to enable the reader to make an informed
assessment of the methods being used to obtain
Note the procedures used for their selection.
results associated with the research problem.

RDL 2 RDL 2

15 16

RDL 2 RDL 2

Data Collection Data Analysis

*describes the tools and methods used to collect
information and identify the variables being
measured
*describe the methods used to obtain the data
*note if the data are pre-existing [i.e., government
data] or you gathered it yourself.
This describes the procedures for processing and
analyzing the data. If appropriate, describe the
specific instruments of analysis used to study
each research objective, including mathematical
techniques and the type of computer software
used to manipulate the data.

RDL 2 RDL 2

17 18

3
 8/10/2021

RDL 2 RDL 2

Research Hypothesis Types of Hypothesis

*Educated guess or presumption based on literature
*States the nature of the relationship between two or
more variables
*Predicts the research outcome
Directional hypothesis
This is a precise statement indicating the nature and direction
of the relationship/difference between variables.
Example:
I predict that stress and health are inversely related,
such that health decreases as stress increases.

RDL 2 RDL 2

19 20

RDL 2 RDL 2

Types of Hypothesis ASSESSING HYPOTHESIS

Non-directional hypothesis Simply stated?
This only states the relationship/difference Single sentence?
between the variables. At least two variables?
Variables clearly stated?
Example: Is the relationship/difference precisely stated?
I predict that stress and health are related. Testable?

RDL 2 RDL 2

21 22

RDL 2 RDL 2

NULL HYPOTHESIS NULL HYPOTHESIS

*Implicit complementary statement to the research
hypothesis
*States no relationship/difference exists between
variables
*Assumed to be true until support for the research
hypothesis is demonstrated
Hypothesis: Many teachers might subscribe to that
students work better on Monday morning than they do
on a Friday afternoon (IV- Day; DV- Standard of Work)
Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference in
the amount recalled on a Monday morning compared to
a Friday afternoon.

RDL 2 RDL 2

23 24

4
 8/10/2021

RDL 2 RDL 2

REMEMBER! RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Hypotheses are always tentative. *Preferred when little is known about a
communication phenomenon
Research hypothesis, not the null *Used when previous studies report conflicting
hypothesis, is the focus of the research and results
presented in the research report. *Used to describe communication phenomena

RDL 2 RDL 2

25 26

RDL 2 RDL 2

VARIABLE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

*Element that is identified in the hypothesis or research
question.
*Property or characteristic of people or things that varies
in quality or magnitude .
*Must have two or more levels
*Must be identified as independent or dependent
Manipulation or variation of this variable is the
cause of change in other variables
Technically, independent variable is the term
reserved for experimental studies
Also called antecedent variable, experimental
variable, treatment variable, causal variable, predictor
variable

RDL 2 RDL 2

27 28

RDL 2 RDL 2

DEPENDENT VARIABLE Example:

The variable of primary interest If you want to know how
Research question/hypothesis describes, explains, or much light a plant needs to grow, the amount
predicts changes in it.
of growth is the dependent. If you wanted to
The variable that is influenced or changed by the
independent variable.
see if a plant would grow better in hot or cold
In non-experimental research, also called criterion variable, areas, your independent variable would be
outcome variable the temperature of the area of the plant.

RDL 2 RDL 2

29 30

5
 8/10/2021

Example: RDL 2
You are interested in how stress affects heart
rate in humans.
Relationship Between IV and DV
*You cannot specify independent variables without
stress level and the
Your I.V. would be the _______________ specifying dependent variables.
*The number of independent and dependent variables
heart rate
D.V. would be the _______________. depends on the nature and complexity of the study.
*The number and type of variables dictates which
You can manipulate stress levels in your subject statistical test will be used.
and measure how those levels change heart rate.
RDL 2 RDL 2

31 32

RDL 2 RDL 2

Four Preoccupations of *MEASUREMENT

Quantitative Researchers
*Measurement
This speaks of This refers to the issue of
*Causality whether an indicator that
consistency of a
is developed to measure
*Generalization measure of a a concept really gauges
*Replication concept. that concept.

RDL 2 RDL 2

33 34

RDL 2 RDL 2

Issues of Reliability and Validity *CAUSALITY

A simple example of validity
and reliability is an alarm clock
that rings at 7:00 each
morning, but is set for 6:30am.

RDL 2 RDL 2

35 36

6
 8/10/2021

RDL 2 RDL 2

*GENERALIZATION *REPLICATION

RDL 2 RDL 2

37 38

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

39 40

STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES

*Study findings can Many groups such as sex
workers, drug users, illegal
be generalized to the immigrants, squatters and
population about ethnic minorities are always
difficult to reach, but the
which information is problems are often greater for
required. quantitative data collection
methods.
population being studied.
Samples of individuals,
communities, or
organization can be Studies are expensive
selected to ensure that
and time-consuming.
the results will be
representative of the

RDL 2 RDL 2

41 42

7
 8/10/2021

Other strengths of quantitative researches

STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES *They can generalize a research finding when it has

been replicated by many different populations and
Standardized Research methods are subpopulations.
approaches permit the inflexible because the
study to be replicated in instruments cannot be *They provide precise, quantitative, numerical data.
different areas or over modified once the study
time with the production begins. *Data analysis of relatively less time consuming.
of comparable finding.
*They are useful for studying large numbers of people.

RDL 2 RDL 2

43 44

Other weaknesses of quantitative researches

*The researcher’s categories that are used might not

reflect local constituencies’ understanding.

*The researcher’s theories that are used might not

reflect local constituencies’ understanding. END OF DISCUSSION
*Knowledge produced may be too abstract and general
for direct application to specific local situations,
contexts, and individuals.

RDL 2

45 46

S-cience
FIRST INDIVIDUAL T-echnology
ACTIVITY IN RDL 2 E-ngineering
M-athematics
47 48

8
 8/10/2021

Instructions:

1. Choose one discipline that you would like to focus on

in your quantitative research.
2. Compose a tentative or working research title.
3. Support your topic/research title by identifying an
existing problem in your community. This can be
done through internet search (include your source).
4. Write two to three objectives why you want to
conduct a study on the topic you chose.
5. Identify the beneficiaries of your chosen study.

RDL 2

49