Trabajo Autónomo Inglés

Curso Introductorio 2018
English sessions
Self-access material
Traductorado Literario y
Técnico Científico en Inglés
English sessions
Reading Skills
READING TEXT 1
Before you do the exercises on this Reading passage, work on the tips below
TIPS: MATCHING HEADINGS/ summary sentences. Mark each sentence with a tick or a
cross.
a) ________ Read instructions carefully. They include some information about the text
b) ________ Skim the text quickly for its general meaning.
c) ________ Read the text word by word.
d) ________ Read the list of possible headings for each section of the text.
e) ________ Read the text section by section and underline any words which go with a heading.
f) ________ You must be able to understand every word.
g) ________ Check that each heading fits before you make a final choice of answer. You might need
to read some sections more carefully.
[ KEY: a. Tick b. Tick c. Cross d. Tick e. Tick f. Cross g. tick]
TIPS: YES, NO, NOT GIVEN OR TRUE, FALSE, NOT GIVEN QUESTIONS.
Fill in the gaps with only one word/ phrase from the box below.
●Read the (1) .................................... carefully.
●Quickly read through all the (2)................................... to get an idea about the topic.
●Read the (3) .................................. more carefully. (4).......................... the (5) ...............................
so you understand the main point.
● (6) ..................... for the section of the text which deals with the idea or fact.
●Once you have found (7) .............................., read it carefully. For the (8) .................................
type,if the statement disagrees with the writer’s opinion, then select ‘no’ and if the author doesn’t
give an opinion, select ‘not given’. For the (9)................................... type, if the statement is the
opposite to the information in the text, then select ‘false’ and if there is no mention of it, select ‘not
given’.
Underline - the relevant section - Yes, No, Not Given - Statements - key words -
instructions - Search - True, False, Not Given - first statement
[ KEY 1. Instructions 2. Statements 3. First statement 4. Underline 5 key words 6. Search 7. The relevant section
8. yes/no/not given 9. true/false/not given]
IES “Olga Cossettini”
Traductorado Literario y Técnico-Científico en Inglés
Read the following text and work on the exercises below.
First Impressions Count

A
Traditionally uniforms were – and for some industries still are – manufactured to protect the
worker. When they were first designed, it is also likely that all uniforms made symbolic sense
– those for the military, for example, were originally intended to impress and even terrify the
enemy; other uniforms denoted a hierarchy- chefs wore white because they worked with
flour, but the main chef wore a black hat to show he supervised.
B
The last 30 years, however, have seen an increasing emphasis on their role in projecting the
image of an organization and in uniting the workforce into a homogeneous unit- particularly in
‘customer facing’ industries, and especially in financial services and retailing. From uniforms
and workwear has emerged ‘corporate clothing’. “The people you employ are your
ambassadors,” says Peter Griffin, managing director of a major retailer in the UK. “What they
say, how they look, and how they behave is terribly important.” The result is a new way of
looking at corporate workwear. From being a simple way of identifying who is a member of
staff, the uniform is emerging as a new channel of marketing communication.
C
Truly effective marketing through visual cues such as uniforms is a subtle art, however.
Wittingly or unwittingly, how we look sends all sorts of powerful subliminal messages to other
people. Dark colours give an aura of authority while lighter pastel shades suggest
approachability. Certain dress style creates a sense of conservatism, others a sense of
openness to new ideas. Neatness can suggest efficiency but, if it is overdone, it can spill
over and indicate an obsession with power. “If the company is selling quality, then it must
have quality uniforms. If it is selling style, its uniforms must be stylish. If it wants to appear
innovative, everybody can’t look exactly the same. Subliminally we see all these things,” says
Lynn Elvy, a director of image consultants House of Colour.
D
But translating corporate philosophies into the right mix of colour, style, degree of branding
and uniformity can be companies supplying the workwear and corporate clothing market. Of
these, 22 account for 85% of total sales- £ 380 million in 1994.
E
A successful uniform needs to balance two key sets of needs. On the one hand, no uniform
will work if staff feel uncomfortable or ugly. Giving the wearers a choice has become a key
element in the way corporate clothing is introduced and managed. On the other, it is
pointless if the look doesn’t express the business’s marketing strategy. The greatest
challenge in this respect is time. When it comes to human perceptions, first impressions
count. Customers will size up the way staff look in just a few seconds, and those few
seconds will colour their attitudes from then on. Those few seconds can be so important that
big companies are prepared to invest years, and millions of pounds, getting them right.
3
In addition, some uniform companies also offer rental services. “There will be an increasing
specialization in the marketplace,” predicts Mr Blyth, Customer Services Manager of a large
UK bank. The past two or three years have seen consolidation. Increasingly, the big
suppliers are becoming ’managing agents’, which means they offer a total service to put
together the whole complex operation of aging the inventory, budget control and distribution
to either central locations or to each staff member individually. Huge investments have been
made in new systems, information technology and amassing quality assurance
accreditations.
G
Corporate clothing does have potential for further growth. Some banks have yet to introduce
a full corporate look; police forces are researching a complete new look for the 21st century.
And many employees now welcome a company wardrobe. A recent survey of staff found that
90 per cent welcomed having clothing which reflected the corporate identity.
1.1 The passage has seven paragraphs A-G. Which paragraphs discuss the following
points? Write the appropriate letters A-G
1. Different types of purchasing agreement ______
2. The original purposes of uniforms ______
3. The popularity rating of staff uniforms ______
4. Involving employees in the selection of a uniform ______
5. The changing significance of company uniforms ______
6. Perceptions of different types of dress ______
1.2 Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer of the passage?
Write:
YES if the statement agrees with the writer’s views
NO if the statement contradicts the writer’s views
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
1. Uniforms were more carefully made in the past than they are today. ______
2. Uniforms make employees feel part of a team. ______
3. Using uniforms as a marketing tool requires great care. ______
4. Being too smart could have a negative impact on customers. ______
5. Most businesses that supply company clothing are successful. ______
6. Uniforms are best selected by marketing consultants. ______
7. Clothing companies are planning to offer financial services in the future. ______
4
READING TEXT 2
TIPS: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS. Match the Do's and Don'ts
DO'S DON'TS
1. Read the text quickly from beginning to a) Don't guess. Look for real evidence.
end.
2. Read the questions very carefully. Work b) Don't be too confident about the answer
out whether they are asking for specific or you have chosen until you have evidence that
general information. the others are not correct
3. Read the text again, this time more c) Don't stop to think about individual words
carefully. Look for the parts that contain the you do not understand.
information you need.
4. Choose the answer you think is correct. d) Don't hurry in your second reading.
Make sure whether only one answer is Understanding individual words is more
expected or if several can be chosen. important now.
5. Try to eliminate the other answers by e) Don't rush this process or guess the
finding reasons why they are wrong. answers yet.
[ Key: 1.C 2.E 3.D 4.A 5.B]
Read the text and answer the questions.
Why do we fall in love?

Everyone does it at one time or another, but why? We’re talking about falling in love.
Professor Arthur Aron from State University of New York at Stonybrook has been exploring
the dynamics of what exactly happens when two people are falling in love.
He claims that our primary motivation as human beings is to expand the self and to increase
our abilities and our effectiveness. One of the ways we accomplish this is through our
relationships with other people. He says, ‘We have learned in our research that it is important
to feel that you have the ability to be an effective person, especially in relationships.’
But how does this theory of self-expansion explain the process of falling in love? Usually, we
fall in love with a person who we not only find attractive and appropriate for us but is also
someone who demonstrates that they are attracted to us. According to Professor Aron, this
creates a situation with great scope for self-expansion. The fact that they are attracted to us
offers a significant opportunity –when we perceive this, we feel a surge of exhilaration!
However, his studies show that it does not always work this way. An interesting exception to
this occurs if we feel badly about ourselves. The process gets thrown off if we can’t believe
that another person is interested in us –like the Groucho Marx joke where we don’t want to
5
belong to a club that would have us for a member. We tend to miss out on opportunities for
falling in love if we don’t feel good about ourselves.
Professor Aron has also managed to define the conditions which are best for meeting
someone and falling in love. He claims that when you meet someone under conditions that
are highly arousing–a political demonstration, turbulence on a plane, a stimulating
performance- a time when the body is stirred up and excited, we tend to experience
attraction at a heightened level. This effect is well documented, but the explanations for it are
very controversial. Professor Aron believes that we come to associate the arousal of the
situation with this person and our own self-expansion.
It’s also interesting to look at when people fall in love. How long do you have known
someone before you realise you are in love with them?
Contrary to what most people think, the statistics show that most people fall in love with
someone that they have known for a while. People only report falling in love quickly about 30
to 40 percent of the time,’ says Professor Aron. He also points out that this varies from
culture to culture –falling in love happens differently between cultures, but it does occur in
most cultures.
I think most of us think that appearance must factor into the equation of falling in love.
Professor Aron says, ‘This is interesting. We have found that if you are very unattractive, it
can hurt you a lot in forming romantic relationships. However, being attractive doesn’t help
that much.’ The professor has found that two important characteristics, kindness and
intelligence, are vital to the process of falling in love. And attractiveness is not connected to
these things. These two attributes are things that people learn about someone from knowing
them over time. Intelligence is critical in all aspects of life, especially in love. But kindness is
the strongest indicator for a successful long-term relationship.
Other research confirms what we all know –that love can make you mad or sad. Some
people suffer from a form of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder when they are in love, which
means that they are, for example, constantly checking things. At the same time, this disorder
can also make you depressed as it affects serotonin levels in the brain. Levels can drop so
low that they trigger anxiety and depression. But it doesn’t last for ever –after a year levels
usually return to normal. It may be that we need this chemical response for relationships to
survive as some have suggested that you have to be mad to fall in love!
Choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.
1) In the first paragraph, we learn that Professor Aron has been researching
A -the uniqueness of human motivation.
B -how humans achieve success.
C -the forces behind human relationships.
D -different ways in which humans are effective.
2) Professor Aron’s theory explains that we fall in love when we find somebody who
6
A -we think is good-looking.

B -is the right kind of person for us.
C -gives us a chance to like them.
D -shows that they like us.
3) The Groucho Marx joke is mentioned in the fourth paragraph to show

A -how some people think when they lack self-esteem.
B -that we all want to be part of a group.
C -how people behave when they find someone unattractive.
D -that we can miss opportunities for falling in love.
4) According to Professor Aron, people easily fall in love when

A -they are engaged in doing something else.
B -they are affected by a particular situation.
C -they are frightened and need protection.
D -they share an experience with another person.
5) In the sixth paragraph, what does professor Aron say is a mistaken belief?
A - That people fall in love with old friends.
B -That many people fall in love at first sight.
C -That love is the same in most countries.
D -That there are different varieties of love.
6) Professor Aron claims that being attractive

A -can cause problems in a relationship.
B -can hide other more important qualities.
C -is less of an advantage than other qualities.
D -makes other people think you are unintelligent.
7) Other research into chemical response to love shows that

A -depression can be a normal part of falling in love.
B -love can cause unnecessary suffering and illness.
C -certain chemical levels are raised in the brain.
D -the response can vary depending on the time of year.
7
READING TEXT 3
TIPS: GAPPED TEXT QUESTIONS: Missing sentences or paragraphs. Put these actions in order
from 1 (what you should do first) to 5 (what you should do last).
a) _____________ Check for language and topic links before and after the gap.
b) _____________ Read the text around each gap carefully and try to predict the missing
information.
c) _____________ Read the whole text again. Does it make sense?
d) _____________ Read the whole of the gapped text carefully. Think about what information
might be missing.
e) _____________ Read the paragraphs or sentences that have been removed and look for the
one that fits the meaning. Remember: there may be one more than you need.
Remember to pay special attention to:

● Pronouns such as he, it, they, them, etc
● Words such as this, that and these
● Words or phrases which make no sense unless something mentioned earlier is
taken into account: another, still, also, such, etc.
● Logical sequence of ideas
[Key 1. D 2.B 3.E 4.A 5.C]
You are going to read an article about herons. Seven sentences have been removed
from the article. Choose from the sentences A-H the one which fits each gap. There is
one extra sentence which you do not need to use. There is an example at the
beginning.
HERONS
Herons are beautiful birds. Years ago, as I walked to work in a fish factory in Aberdeen,
herons would always bring a little bit of light to the dark winter mornings. Usually there would
be a couple of them standing on the river’s edge. 0) ____H_____
This natural cautiousness is usual in herons. They prefer to spend the day in areas where
they can hunt for fish in peace. They seldom allow close approach and are quick to take to
the air when they sense humans are about. 1) __________.
This cruel treatment is now on the decline and consequently the latest Bird Atlas estimates
there are probably twice as many herons breeding in Britain today than in the late 1960s.
2)__________ This means herons can feed and survive in areas which were previously
8
unavailable because they were either too cold or ruined by poisonous substances in the
water.
Weather is probably the single most important factor in the improvement in the heron
population. In effect, new areas of habitat have been opened up. 3) _________ The one of
1963 had a notable impact, but surprisingly there is little to suggest that the same happened
in the freezing temperatures of 1979 and 1892.
4)_________ As well as the UK, similar increases have been recorded throughout Europe.
By the early 1970s, the heron had become threatened in many parts of central Europe, but
has since recovered dramatically. And if not persecuted, will even breed in city centres, such
as happens in Amsterdam.
5)_________ There are still numerous threats, mostly to do with habitat degradation, and
which certainly affect populations on a local scale. Drainage of fields and excavation reduce
food supplies. The planting of forests, while providing nesting sites, may also reduce the
water flow in some water courses and hence fish availability.
The heron lives on fish. 6)__________ On other occasions a different tactic is adopted, this
time slowly stalking through the water, looking intently at any stirrings. If the need arises, the
heron will wade deep until the body is afloat and it can even swim for a short distance. They
are such a delight to watch, particularly on the morning when they go hunting in the frost-
draped winter semi-darkness.
A) Another reason for this increase can be found in the milder winters and the reduction
in water pollution.
B) Further north the bird is equally widespread, although it is absent from areas of high
ground.
C) Such nervousness is understandable, given that they have suffered from persecution
from fish farmers.
D) While heron numbers have increased, it is important not to be complacent.
E) However, a hard winter will temporarily set numbers back.
F) The commonest hunting technique is to stand still by the water’s edge, with only the
eyes twinkling as it carefully scans for fish.
G) It appears, however, that all is well for the heron at the moment.
H) But once dawn broke, the herons would move upstream to quieter stretches of the
river.
9
READING TEXT 4
TIPS: SUMMARY COMPLETION. Order the steps below.

A___________Skim through the summary to get an idea of the topic.
B___________Quickly read through your completed summary to check that it makes sense.
C__________ Read through the summary, referring to the list of words each time you reach a
gap. Select one or more possible words from the list to fill each gap. Reject any words that do
not fit grammatically,even if the meaning seems correct. Confirm your choice by referring to
the relevant sections of the text.
D_________ Decide whether the summary covers the whole text or only one section.
Identify which section of the text the summary covers if applicable.
E_________ Read the instructions carefully.
[ KEY: 1. E 2.A 3.D 4.C 5.B]
TIPS: SUMMARY COMPLETION. Order the steps below.

A___________Skim through the summary to get an idea of the topic.
B___________Quickly read through your completed summary to check that it makes sense.
C__________ Read through the summary, referring to the list of words each time you reach a
gap. Select one or more possible words from the list to fill each gap. Reject any words that do
not fit grammatically,even if the meaning seems correct. Confirm your choice by referring to
the relevant sections of the text.
D_________ Decide whether the summary covers the whole text or only one section.
Identify which section of the text the summary covers if applicable.
E_________ Read the instructions carefully.
[ KEY: 1. E 2.A 3.D 4.C 5.B]
10
Read the text and do the exercises below.
‘Salty’ rice plant boosts harvests

British scientists are breeding a new generation of rice plants that will be able to grow in soil
contaminated with salt water. Their work may enable abandoned farms to become productive
once more, writes Sean Hargrave.
Tim Flowers and Tony Yeo, from Sussex University’s School of Biological Sciences, have
spent several years researching how crops, such as rice, could be made to grow in water
that has become salty.
The pair have recently begun a three-year programme, funded by the Biotechnology and
Biological Sciences Research Council, to establish which genes enable some plants to
survive saline conditions. The aim is to breed this capability into crops starting with rice.
It is estimated that each year more than 10 m hectares of agricultural land are lost because
salt gets into the soil and stunts plants. The problem is caused by several factors. In the
tropics, mangroves that create swamps and traditionally form barriers to sea water have
been cut down. In the Mediterranean, a series of droughts have caused the water table to
drop, allowing seawater to seep in. In Latin America, irrigation often causes problems when
water is evaporated by the heat, leaving salt deposits behind.
Excess salt then enters the plants and prevents them functioning normally. Heavy
concentration of minerals in the plants curbs the process of osmosis and stop them drawing
up the water they need to survive.
To overcome these problems, Flowers and Yeo decided to breed rice plants that take in very
little salt and store what they do absorb in cells that do not affect the plant’s growth. They
have started to breed these characteristics into a new rice crop, but it will take about eight
harvests until the resulting seeds are ready to be considered for commercial use.
Once the characteristics for surviving salty soil are known, Flowers and Yeo will try to breed
the appropriate genes into all manner of crops and plants. Land that has been abandoned to
nature will then be able to bloom again, providing much needed food in the poorer countries
of the world.
4.1 Complete the notes below. Choose ONE WORD FROM THE PASSAGE for each
answer.
Aim of research:
to identify a) ____________________ that promote growth in salt water
Problem:
b) __________________ inhibits plant growth
Causes of problem:
• Natural c)____________________ to seawater have been destroyed (in
tropics)
• Water levels have gone down after d) _______________________ (in
Mediterranean)
• Salt remains after e) _______________________ (in Latin America)
11
4.2 Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS, complete the following sentences WITH
WORDS FROM THE PASSAGE.
Some farms have been a) ______________________________ because the soil
is too salty. The research team hope to assist in the adaptation of other b)
________________________________ to salt water. c)
___________________________________ of farmland are ruined annually. The
team aims to develop rice plants that d)
__________________________________ excess salt. The team must wait for e)
______________________________________ before they know whether they
have been successful.
READING TEXT 5
TIPS: MULTIPLE MATCHING QUESTIONS. Put these actions in order from 1 (what you should do
first) to 6 (what you should do last).
a) ________ Read the questions carefully. You need to know exactly what
information you are looking for.
b) ________ Read the first section of the text and go through all the questions/
prompts checking which ones refer to that section. (Look for key words).
c) ________ Have a quick look at the instructions, as well as the title and opening
sentences of the text, to see what it is about.
d) ________ Repeat the same with the other sections.
e) ________ Underline key words in the questions and predict words and ideas you
might find in the text.
f) ________ If there are any points you are not sure about, read the sections again
concentrating on those topics.
[KEY: 1) C 2) A 3)E 4)B 5)D 6)F ]
You are going to read a magazine article about the best way to see certain artistic
masterpieces in various buildings. For questions 1-10 choose from the buildings (A-D)
The buildings may be chose more than once.
Of which building are the following stated?
12
1. Different categories of visitor are anxious to view the masterpiece. ________

2. Some people have the wrong idea about when the building is open. ________
3. You may have some difficulty making your arrangements for your visit. _______
4. On your return journey through the building, you can look at works of art you missed
earlier. ________
5. You will be able to get to the masterpiece before other visitors, because they will stop
to view other works of art. ________
6. Holidaymakers do not normally visit the building but it’s an excellent place. ________
7. A rule prevents people from viewing the masterpiece for too long. __________
8. Make sure you remain in front of the crowds of people as you go through the building.
________
9. There is a period when most visitors have left the building. _________
10. One suggestion for visiting the building is not as unrealistic as it may appear.
_________
Smart Art: The queue-busters’ guide to the world’s greatest

masterpieces
Early openings, private viewings- here’s everything you need for a magic moment with the
world’s most famous masterpieces.
A The Birth of Venus

Uffizi, Florence, Italy.
The Florentine master Sandro Botticelli created one of the most graceful and joyful images of
the modern age, and the single most popular painting in the Uffizi. To see it at its best, you
need to pre-book a ticket for timed entry at 8.15 a.m., courtesy of the Firenze Musei booking
service; don’t be put off if you can’t get through on the phone first time. Once inside, head
straight for the suite of rooms 10-14 , where the Botticellis are displayed. Then take in the
other highlights of the collection- the Da Vincis in room 15, the Raphaels in room 26, and the
Caravaggios in room 43- staying ahead of the hordes as you go. If there are any gaps you
want to fill in, work backwards towards the entrance: by now, the crowds will be unavoidable,
but you’ll have already had the masters to yourself.
B The Death Mask of Tutankhamun.

Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt.
It is, of course, impossible for one object to embody the vigour and sophistication of ancient
Egypt’s culture. But the funerary mask of the boy-king Tutankhamun comes close. Eleven
kilos of solid gold. Inlaid with lapis lazuli, glass paste and semi-precious stones, it’s the
13
undisputed star of the Egyptian Museum- which, given the array of mummies, colossi,
thrones and jewellery on show here, gives you an idea of its charisma. Whatever the season,
there are people clamouring to see it.: hefty groups from the cruise liners and Red Sea
resorts in the summer and a steady stream of culture-vultures on Nile tours in the cooler
months. At least the museum’s policy of not allowing guides to stop and talk in front of its
display case, in room 3 up on the first floor, means that the flow of visitors doesn’t get too
congested. But if you want some proper quiet, you need to come at lunchtime. There are
fewer independent travellers about, and it’s changeover time for the tour parties too. The
quietest time is between 11.30 a.m. and 2 p.m. on midweek days in July and August, when
the bus tours take all the tourists away for their lunches.
C The Sistine Ceiling

Vatican Museums, Rome, Italy
The really smart way to see Michelangelo’s masterwork is on a private tour. At first sight, this
looks prohibitively expensive. But form a group of like-minded friends, and suddenly you
have the experience of an art-loving lifetime for the price of dinner for two in a posh
restaurant. If that’s not an option, then you’ve got to be first in, which means arriving at the
vast Vatican Museums complex at least an hour before the doors open, armed with a good
map (most Rome guidebooks have them) and a pair of binoculars. Once you’re inside, hurry
to the chapel- it’s at the far end of the complex, and most people will be distracted by some
of the other world-class exhibits. The binoculars, by the way, are essential. Michelangelo’s
forms hover some 20m overhead.
D Girl with a Pearl Earring

Mauristshuis, The Hague, The Netherlands
Vermeer’s delicate, deeply ambiguous portrait is one of the most finely observed in all
western art. Its home, the Mauristshuis, is some way off the tourist map- even though it’s one
of the best small museums in Europe- but Dutch school kids make the pilgrimage in droves.
A Monday in summer is your best bet for a private view- it’s closed that day in winter, and
locals assume it’s a year-round day off.
14
READING TEXT 6
TIPS: CROSS-TEXT MULTIPLE MATCHING. Fill in the blanks using these words
identify different underline negative similar all read attitude subject
evaluated opinion positive key aspect option
1-________ the texts to gather the general 2- ________ of each writer on the 3- ________ being
discussed.
4- ________ the part or parts of a text that express an 5-________ or attitude. Determine whether
this is 6- ________ or 7-________ .
Look at each question and underline the 8- ________ words. If a question asks you for 'a 9-
________ or 10- ________ opinion to' for example, writer B on a subject, underline what 11-
________ of B's opinion is being 12-________ and then find and underline that opinion in 13-
________ B. Then look at 14-________ the other writers and 15-________ a similar or different
opinion.
[KEY: 1-Read 2-attitude 3- subject 4- Underline 5- opinion 6- positive/ negative 7- negative/ positive 8- key 9-
similar/ different 10- different/ similar 11- aspect 12- evaluated 13-option 14- all 15-identify ]
You are going to read four reviews of visiting Venice during Christmas time. For
questions 1-4, choose from reviews A-D. The reviews may be chosen more than once.
Venice for Christmas

Which reviewer
1. disagrees with the other three reviewers, finding Venice over-crowded and
unpleasant? _________
2. like D, refers to the understated way that Venetians celebrate Christmas? _________
3. like C, refers to the captivating nature of Venice? _________
4. comments on the lack of tourists at Christmas time in the city? _________
15
A I first saw Venice in June 1984. It was a B My dream has always been to spend
sewer. I had arrived in Rome with an insane Christmas in Venice, during the off-peak
man (a misanthropic friend with all the season. This was brought on by reading a
composure of a bag of cats), his new wife, travel article about a writer who did lust that
and an image of myself sitting in a white suit years ago - it sounded just magical. This
in the Piazza San Marco listening to violins year my dream came true. I have always had
while pigeons flew. Lord knows where this a real passion for Venice and with my love of
image came from. I had never read Thomas photography, it's a totally unique destination.
Mann's Death in Venice nor seen Katharine My husband Brian and I spent 12 days in
Hepburn in Summertime. I picked up the suit Venice for Christmas and New Year and we
in Rome, ditched my friends and drove to revelled in the absence of ostentatious
Florence and on to Venice. At a mediocre decorations that are, unfortunately, so
trattoria on my first evening, I met a common, back home. We left home on the
photographer, a young woman from Mexico 21st of December arriving in glorious
travelling through Italy. After snapping a sunshine that lasted for the whole holiday.
picture of me in the suit, standing among the There is nothing more pleasurable than
pigeons in the Piazza San Marco while arriving by water taxi, especially with the light
violins whined the Beatles, she skipped streaming onto the palazzi of the Grand
town. Following a quick tour of the Doge's Canal, turning them to burnished gold with
Palace, I also fled the hordes for an Orient- the light once again reflected back into the
Express train through the quiet Tyrol. canal streaked gold and blue; just divine,
and the thing of Venice legends. Speeding
C Venice at Christmas time is truly magical.
along towards the Grand Canal it's the light
The misty grey weather makes Venice
that seduces you every time and makes you
hauntingly beautiful and absolutely
feel so very alive
enchanting. Canals seem to belong, once
again, to those long lost centuries; past and D True to its authentic nature, Christmas is
ancient palaces seem to float upon white not a big commercial event in Venice.
clouds. Ancient history and magical Typical Christmas decorations such as
kingdoms meet in a delightful experience lights, garlands and trees are confined to the
you'll never forget. Venice at Christmas is busiest parts of the city: the Merceria, the
surprisingly lacking the tourist crowds. Rialto and San Marco - mercifully not
lnstead you'll find it full of locals and thronged with masses of tourists at this time
Christmas markets. Most of the main of year. Occasionally, one can see a window
squares or campos have a market. Plenty of or a balcony timidly decorated. Nativity
delightful Christmas concerts are held scenes, or presepi, on the other hand, are
throughout Venice. They are easily much dearer to the Italians. After all, the first
discovered by reading the posters around Nativity scene is said to have been the
the city or asking your hotel for advice. La creation of Saint Francis. lt was a living one
Pieta church on the Riva degli Schiavoni, and took place in Greccio, a small town
where Vivaldi was once choir master, hosts south of Assisi in 1223. Christmas trees,
some of the best. lf you would like to Germanic in origin, came to ltaly, and the
experience Venice in all its magnificence rest of the world, via England and the United
and you have a big budget for sumptuous States and much later than the presepi. You
luxury, then the following hotels are the ones can find Christmas trees in Venice, even
I can recommend. natural ones, but only rarely in public areas.
16
READING TEXT 7
You are going to read an article about jobs that involve international travel. Six
sentences have been removed from the article. Choose from the sentences A-G the
one which fits each gap. There is one extra sentence you do not need to use.
Want to join the jet set?

You could be jetting off to exotic locations, staying in five-star hotels, eating in top-class
restaurants, and it’s all paid for by your employer. Who wouldn’t want a job that involves
foreign travel? 1)__________ The number of jobs requiring international travel is growing
significantly. And citing business travel experience on your CV can bring enormous
professional benefits.
But it’s not always as exciting as it sounds. There is a big difference between travelling to
Milan as a tourist and travelling there to spend a day in the type of hotel meeting room that
can be found anywhere in Europe. It can be very exciting, but you need to keep your feet
firmly on the ground. 2)__________ Flights can be delayed, things can go wrong and it’s
easy to get exhausted. Many jobs mean travelling alone, so you can be lonely.
Simply targeting any job that involves foreign travel is not the way to start. Instead, you
should consider all the usual factors, such as qualifications and experience, and only then
choose a sector or company that offers opportunities for international travel. The travel and
hotel trades are obvious areas, but the commercial sector also offers good prospects for
travel. In the retail sector, buyers often travel, especially if they work in fresh produce, where
they have to check the suitability of crops. 3)__________Jobs in the engineering and
environment sector can involve travel, too. Almost any career can mean international travel,
if you choose the right company and role. The number of jobs involving travel, especially at
middle-management level, is growing.
So what will help you secure a role with an international flavour? 4)__________ A second
language is a good indication of how well someone will adapt. You need to show you are
flexible and willing to learn. If your company has a sister company in the Czech Republic, for
instance, learning some Czech will boost your chances.
Find out what the company offers as a support package. Many now guarantee that you can
return home at the weekends, or they will limit the amount that people travel each year.
5)__________One company asked graduates fresh out of university to move to another
country over a weekend, alone, and to find their own accommodation.
And it’s as well to remember that international travel can be stressful. People can get burned
out by international business travel. You need to be in control of your schedule, rather than
leaving it to the company. You must ensure you get time to rest and talk to your employer all
the time about how you are coping. Don’t wait for formal appraisals or until they ask for your
views. 6)__________ Most sensible companies ask people to commit to two to three years.
This increases the likelihood of success. And most people who travel on business remember
it fondly.
17
A. On the other hand, it does bring personal benefits, and it also has a dramatic effect
on promotion prospects.
B. And realize you might not want to travel for ever.
C. Employers look for candidates with an international outlook.
D. And there are plenty of opportunities.
E. But not all employers are like this.
F. Speak to seasoned international business travellers to get an idea of what you will
face.
G. Employment in communications, banking and finance, and property management is
also worth looking at.
READING TEXT 8
You are going to read extracts from four reports written by secondary-school students
from different countries. Each student has written about an educational exchange
he/she went on to another country. For questions 1-10, choose the students A-D. The
students may be chosen more than once.
At school abroad
A Divya Singh from Cardiff went to Chile
I went to a talk given by a couple of older students who had been on an exchange
programme the previous year, and it occurred to me that if I could persuade my mum, this
would be just the sort of break from normal school routine that I needed. I filled in my
application while holding out little hope of being selected. However I was, and was soon was
immersed in a totally different educational culture, which helped me to appreciate many
aspects of my school back home. Another great advantage of my year abroad was that I
picked up Spanish much more quickly than in classes back home and, because my teachers
were pretty demanding, I even feel confident writing it now. As a result, I’m considering doing
Spanish and Latin American studies at university and perhaps after that going into the
diplomatic service.
B Bruce Brown from Sydney went to England
Although my parents had insisted that I went, I knew what a sacrifice they were making to
pay for my year abroad, so I was determined to make the most of the opportunity. My host
family was really welcoming, but what I found hard to get used to were the seemingly
endless days of grey drizzle and the fact that it got dark so early in winter. Even so, I took
every chance to get out and meet people, make friends and get a real, in-depth experience
of English life. At the same time, I was keen to make an impact at school and get good
grades, although I found the schoolwork quite challenging and not really the highlight of my
18
stay. Even so, I learned far more than I expected, made a lot of friends and came away with
the impression that the British are a lot more interesting than I had been given to expect by
people back home.
C Nelson Grace from Boston went to New Zealand
I lived on a farm on South Island, where my host family had a vast flock of about 3,000
sheep. Being a city boy, the experience of farming life was totally novel, but I loved it and
took every opportunity to go out and help with the work of the farm. I also got involved in lots
of sporting activities with my school, including sailing, rugby and skiing - all firsts for me. I
found New Zealanders so enthusiastic about everything that I used to get up with a buzz of
excitement and, unlike back home, I actually look forward to going into school every day, I
also think I matured a lot during my year abroad. I’m not so depend now on my family or my
teachers to make me study, and I’ve learned to get on with all sorts of different people, even
if they’re not my type. I’ve also learned a bit about the value of money!
D Carmen Echevarria from Bilbao went to Scotland
After four years in a state secondary school in Bilbao, it was a huge shock to find myself in a
private all-girls school in the Highlands of Scotland, where everyone wore uniforms. Studying
there was a complete revelation to me: gone were the hours spent in the evenings
memorising huge numbers of useless facts for texts the next day which I would forget as
soon as the test was over. Instead, we spent a lot of time discussing issues, solving
problems and writing creatively. I missed my friends back home, but really appreciated
learning to think in new ways and seeing that education could be so creative. I missed not
sharing my classes with boys, but on the other hand, we probably concentrated harder and
may have felt more relaxed about the opinions we expressed.
Which person
1. was surprised by the different approach to education? __________
2. enjoyed cooperating with their host family? __________
3. believes they are more adult as a result of the exchange? __________
4. feels the exchange has helped to equip them for the future? __________
5. felt a responsibility to take as much advantage as possible of exchange? _________
6. had a different attitude to attending school while abroad? __________
7. wanted a change from their normal school life? __________
8. had not expected to be able to do an exchange? __________
9. had mixed feelings about the type of school? __________
10. changed their opinion of people as a result of the exchange? __________
19
READING TEXT 9
You are going to read an article by a psychologist about happiness. For questions 1-6
choose the answer (a-d) which you think fits best according to the text.
THE SECRETS OF HAPPINESS

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi has devoted his life to studying happiness. He believes he has
found the key.
I’ve been fascinated by happiness most of my life. When I was a small boy, I noticed that
though many of the adults around me were wealthy and educated, they were not always
happy and this sometimes led them to behave in ways which I, as a child, thought strange.
As a result of this, I decided to understand what happiness was and how best to achieve it. It
was not surprising then, that I decided to study psychology.
On arrival at the University of Chicago 50 years ago, I was disappointed to find that
academic psychologists were trying to understand human behaviour by studying rats in a
laboratory. I felt that there must be other more useful ways of learning how we think and feel.
Although my original aim had been to achieve happiness for myself, I became more
ambitious. I decided to build my career on trying to discover what made others happy also. I
started out by studying creative people such as musicians, artists and athletes because they
were people who devoted their lives to doing what they wanted to do, rather than things that
just brought them financial rewards.
Later, I expanded the study by inventing a system called ‘the experience sampling method’.
Ordinary people were asked to keep an electronic pager for a week which gave out a
beeping sound eight times a day. Every time it did so, they wrote down where they were,
what they were doing, how they felt and how much they were concentrating. This system has
now been used on more than 10,000 people, and the answers are consistent: as with
creative people, ordinary people are happiest when concentrating hard.
After carrying out 30 years of research and writing 18 books, I believe that I have proved that
happiness is quite different from what most people imagine. It is not something that can be
bought or collected. People need more than just wealth and comfort in order to lead happy
lives. I discovered that people who earn less than $10,000 are not generally as happy as
people whose incomes are above that level. This suggests that there is a minimum amount
of money we need to earn to make us happy, but above that dividing line, people’s
happiness has very little to do with how much poorer or richer they are. Multi-millionaires turn
out to be slightly happier than other people who are not so rich. What is more, people living
below the dividing line and in poverty are often quite happy too.
I found that the most obvious cause of happiness is intense concentration. This must be the
main reason why activities such as music, art, literature, sports and other forms of leisure
have survived. In order to concentrate, whether you’re reading a poem or building a
sandcastle, what you need is a challenge that matches your ability. The way to remain
continually happy,therefore, is to keep finding new opportunities to improve your skills. This
20
may mean to learn to do your job better or faster, or doing other more difficult jobs. As you
grow older, you have to find new challenges which are more appropriate to your age. I have
spent my life studying happiness and now, as I look back, I wonder if I have achieved it.
Overall, I think I have, and my belief that I have found the keys to its secret has increased my
happiness immeasurably.
1. What does ‘this’ in line 4 refer to?

a. The writer’s decision to study psychology.
b. The writer’s interest in happiness.
c. The writer’s observations of adults.
d. The writer’s unhappy childhood.
2. What sort of people did the writer choose to concentrate on at the start of his career?
a. People who were clearly happier
b. People with more freedom
c. People whose main aim in life was not making money
d. People whose objective was to become richer
3. The ‘experience sampling method’ showed in general that
a. creative people are happier than other people.
b. uncreative people are just as happy as creative people.
c. people’s happiness depends on who they are with.
d. people are happier when they are very focused on an activity.
4. ‘that dividing line’ in line 25 refers to a division between
a. living more comfortably and less comfortably.
b. poor countries and rich countries.
c. happy people and unhappy people.
d. millionaires and poor people.
5. According to the writer, people concentrate more when they are doing
a. something which they find enjoyable.
b. something which they find difficult but possible.
c. something which they find quite easy.
d. many things at the same time.
6. What impression do you have of the writer of the text?
a. He has become happier by studying happiness.
b. He has been unhappy most of his life.
c. He has always been a happy person.
d. He has only been happy for short times
21
READING TEXT 10
10.1 Read the article below. Six paragraphs have been removed from the article.
Choose from the paragraphs A-G the one which fits each gap (1-6). There is one extra
paragraph which you do not need to use.
How the internet is altering your mind

Like most newspapers' content, what you are about to read was written using a
computer connected to the internet. Obviously, this had no end of benefits, mostly
pertaining to the relative ease of my research and the simplicity of contacting the
people whose thoughts and opinions you are about to read.
1 _____
It often feels as if all this frantic activity creates a constant state of twitchy anxiety.
Moreover, having read a hotly controversial book about the effect of digital media on
the human mind, I may have very good reason to feel scared. Its thesis is simple
enough: not only that the modern world's relentless informational overload is killing
our capacity for reflection, contemplation and patience but that our online habits are
also altering the very structure of our brains.
2 _____
The writer then argues that the internet's 'cacophony of stimuli' and 'crazy quilt' of
information have given rise to ‘cursory reading, hurried and distracted thinking, and
superficial learning’ – in contrast to the age of the book, when intelligent humans were
encouraged to be contemplative and imaginative.
3 _____
Dr Small, the director of the Memory and Ageing Research Centre at the University of
California, Los Angeles, is a specialist in the effects on the brain of the ageing
process. 'Even an old brain can be quite malleable and responsive to what's going on
with technology,' he tells me.
4 _____
When I ask him how I might stop the internet's more malign effects on my own brain,
he sounds slightly more optimistic than Carr: 'Try to balance online time with offline
time,' he tells me. 'What's happening is, we're losing the circadian rhythms we're used
to; you go to work, you come home, you spend time talking with your kids.'
5 _____
'His argument privileges activities of the skimming and browsing kind. But if you look
at research on kids doing this, or exploring virtual worlds such as Second Life, the
argument there is about immersion and engagement.'
6 _____
This all sounds both comforting and convincing, until I return to The Shallows and
read a particularly sobering sentence: 'We are welcoming the frenziedness into our
souls.' There's something chilling about those words and even twenty stupid minutes
22
on YouTube and an impulse buy from Amazon cannot quite remove them from my
brain.
A But here is the really important thing. Carr writes: 'If, knowing what we know today about
the brain's plasticity, you were to set out to invent a medium that would rewire our mental
circuits as quickly and thoroughly as possible, you would probably end up designing
something that looks and works a lot like the internet.'
B The Shallows is a book by Nicholas Carr. It is an elegantly written cry of anguish about
what one admirer calls 'the uneducating of Homo sapiens' and a rewiring of neural pathways
and networks that may yet deprive the human race of the talents that, ironically enough,
drove our journey from caves to PC terminals.
C 'The point is, to play successfully, you have to pay an incredible amount of attention to
what your team-mates are doing, to the mechanics of the game. You can set up a thesis for
The Depths, just as much as The Shallows. And it seems to me that to say that some neural
pathways are good and some are bad- well, how can you possibly say that?'
D 'It's a basic principle that the brain is very sensitive to any kind of stimulation. If you have
repeated stimuli, your neural circuits will be excited. But if you neglect other stimuli, other
neural circuits will be weakened.' Carr argues that the online world so taxes the parts of the
brain that deal with fleeting and temporary stuff that deep thinking becomes increasingly
impossible. As he sees it: 'Our ability to learn suffers and our understanding remains
shallow.'
E Among the people with walk-on roles in The Shallows is Scott Karp, the editor of a
renowned American digital media blog called PublishZ, whose reading habits are held up as
proof of the fact that plenty of people's brains have long since been rewired by their
enthusiastic use of the internet.
F I get a more convincing antidote to the Carr thesis from Professor Andrew Burn of the
University of London's Institute of Education. Equating the internet with distraction and
shallowness, he tells me, is a fundamental mistake, possibly bound up with Carr's age (he is
fifty). 'Is there anything in his book about online roleplaying games?'
G But then there is the downside. The tool I use to write can also double as many other
things. Thus, while writing this, I was entertained by no end of distractions. I watched
YouTube videos, bought something on Amazon and at downright stupid hours of the day – 6
a.m. or almost mid night – I once again checked my email on either my phone or computer.
10.2 Match the underlined words in the article with their meanings.
1 harmful _________ 5 persistent _________
2 related _________ 6 short-lived _________
3 impressionable _________ 7 superficial _________
4 answer _________
23
READING TEXT 11
Read the text below and do the exercises that follow.
................................................
Anyone who owns a pet is familiar with the range of communication possible between
animals and humans. A cat, for example, makes noises to indicate it’s hungry,
injured, scared, contented, or playful, and if the owner calls its name, it usually
comes, even from a distance. Cats signal each other vocally – they hiss to threaten
intruders; they wail when seeking a mate. But to what extent is their communication a
form of language similar to our own?
Myths and legends in all cultures contain stories with speaking animals, so
presumably people once believed animals possessed language. The power and
wisdom of animals were also a significant component, and in English today, we still
describe someone as ‘a wise old owl’. But were these tales merely indirect ways of
teaching moral concepts? Perhaps once it was considered easier to learn from a bear
stung by bees while stealing honey that theft is antisocial, or from a tortoise who says:
‘I shall win this race with the hare!’ that being slow but determined results in success.
However, because human relationships with animals have diminished due to today’s
highly urbanised culture, our overall interest in them has dwindled.
For thousands of years, people have recognised that parrots can speak, or more
precisely, that they reproduce words and phrases taught to them. Likewise, mynah
birds are mimics and can produce around 200 different sounds, ranging from the
songs of other birds to the ring tones of mobile phones. Yet none of this confirms that
birds understand the sounds they make since vocalisation does not define language.
Moreover, deaf people communicate effectively without vocalisation through signing,
and all humans react to body language.
In the 1970s, ornithologists thoroughly researched the sounds birds make to each
other. Birdcalls (one or more short notes) provide information to other birds of the
same species concerning the immediate environment; whether danger is present;
whether it’s time to return to the nest for food; or, whether it’s time to depart together
in a flock. Birdsong (longer, more complex note patterns) claims territory and attracts
mates, but research into many bird species has demonstrated that a bird may sing
the notes of its song in any order, suggesting that the individual notes lack particular
meaning. By contrast, consider the sentences: ‘The boy killed the dog,’ and ‘The dog
killed the boy,’ –clearly different, and clearly proof of an underlying grammatical
system. Secondly, the pitch of the notes in birdsong is the only indicator of what a bird
feels about its territory. A higher-pitched song indicates: ‘I’ll defend this place or die.’
In English, prosodic features like pitch, stress, and intonation convey some, but not
the entire meaning, for as we know from automated voices on the telephone, even
with slightly strange prosody, we understand the message.
But what about animals with larger brains than birds? A dog can distinguish between
the words ‘sit’ and ‘fetch’, and phrases like ‘go around the back’, and act accordingly.
24
Show dogs, guide dogs, and farm-working dogs have learnt more commands than
others, yet the total is still not high, and estimated to be around 30. Just as the parrot
speaks because it knows it'll be fed, dogs respond to stimuli rather than actually
understanding language.
What about primates – chimpanzees, gorillas, monkeys, and others – who are more
closely related to humans? They certainly make numerous sounds in the wild, yet
once again, their vocalisations and gestures relate solely to their immediate
environment. Unlike humans, they are unable to hypothesise, ponder the future, or
discuss the past.
There have been numerous attempts to teach primates language as we know it, yet
all have proven useless. The primary reason for this failure is that the animals do not
spontaneously apply the target language as human children do. When with a trainer,
they will answer a question, but they won't then ask the trainer a question, and in the
company of other animals of their species, they don't use or teach the language as
human parents do with their children. People who find themselves in any environment
where they can't speak the language, however, will attempt to use the new language.
Secondly, primates never learn grammar. Kanzi, a male bonobo chimp, considered
one of the best non-human language users, was taught a special sign language since
chimp mouths cannot form most human sounds. Although evidently clever, Kanzi
never passed the grammatical level of a three-year-old – his language remained
simple (two to three words combined) and inflexible. Lastly, primates imitate sign
language, but rarely create anything new with it themselves. Conversely, human
children, as early as 18 months old, are creative, copying language only 40% of the
time, while also generating completely new sentences from the elements they have
learnt. Even if not totally accurate, all these new sentences follow the grammatical
structure of their particular language.
Studies into the linguistic abilities of animals are far less popular now than 50 years
ago, due largely to the widely accepted theory proposed by Noam Chomsky in the
1980s. It declares that language is innate to humans – we are all born with the
capacity for it – and despite needing to be exposed to language at a critical period in
early childhood to learn it perfectly, almost all humans everywhere have language.
Mickey Mouse may talk in cartoons; Aslan the lion may save Narnia; clever chimps
may live at the zoo, bur flexible, creative, heritable language remains a uniquely
human preserve.
11.1 Which of the following is the most suitable title for the passage?
A Fascinating animal language
B Effective animal communication
C Animals make good companions.
D Animal language- fact or fiction?
E Language is a purely human creation.
25
11.2 Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in the passage?
Write:
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
1. A cat appears to understand when a human calls its name.

2. The speeches of animals in myths and legends were mainly for entertainment.
3. Mynahs make an amazing number of different sounds.
4. Parrots lack the ability to combine language elements creatively.
5. For some birds, the order of the notes in their songs alerts other birds.
6. It is more likely that a dog responds to the stimulus attached to language than the
language itself.
11.3 Complete the summary below. Choose ONE WORD from the passage for each
answer.
Like birds and small mammals, 7 ........................ only produce sounds connected to their
environment. One reason they do not learn language is they fail to use the language they
have been taught 8 ........................ . Secondly, they do not master 9 ........................ ; their
language stays 10 ........................ and fixed. The number of scientific 11 ........................ into
the linguistic ability of animals has probably decreased because Chomsky's theory of the
innateness of language is 12 ...................... universally.
READING TEXT 12
Spoken corpus comes to life

A The compiling of dictionaries has been historically the provenance of studious professorial
types - usually bespectacled - who love to pore over weighty tomes and make
pronouncements on the finer nuances of meaning. They were probably good at crosswords
and definitely knew a lot of words, but the image was always rather dry and dusty. The latest
technology, and simple technology at that, is revolutionising the content of dictionaries and
the way they are put together.
B For the first time, dictionary publishers are incorporating real, spoken English into their
data. It gives lexicographers (people who write dictionaries) access to a more vibrant, up-to-
date vernacular language which has never really been studied before. In one project, 150
volunteers each agreed to discreetly tie a Walkman recorder to their waist and leave it
running for anything up to two weeks. Every conversation they had was recorded. When the
data was collected, the length of tapes was 35 times the depth of the Atlantic Ocean. Teams
26
of audio typists transcribed the tapes to produce a computerised database of ten million
words.
C This has been the basis - along with an existing written corpus - for the Language
Activator dictionary, described by lexicographer Professor Randolph Quirk as “the book the
world has been waiting for”. It shows advanced foreign learners of English how the language
is really used. In the dictionary, key words such as “eat” are followed by related phrases such
as “wolf down” or “be a picky eater”, allowing the student to choose the appropriate phrase.
D “This kind of research would be impossible without computers,” said Delia Summers, a
director of dictionaries. “It has transformed the way lexicographers work. If you look at the
word “like”, you may intuitively think that the first and most frequent meaning is the verb, as
in “I like swimming”. It is not. It is the preposition, as in: “she walked like a duck”. Just
because a word or phrase is used doesn’t mean it ends up in a dictionary. The sifting out
process is as vital as ever. But the database does allow lexicographers to search for a word
and find out how frequently it is used – something that could only be guessed at intuitively
before.
E Researchers have found that written English works in a very different way to spoken
English. The phrase “say what you like” literally means “feel free to say anything you want”,
but in reality it is used, evidence shows, by someone to prevent the other person voicing
disagreement. The phrase “it’s a question of” crops up on the database over and over again.
It has nothing to do with enquiry, but it’s one of the most frequent English phrases which has
never been in a language learner’s dictionary before: it is now.
F The Spoken Corpus computer shows how inventive and humorous people are when they
are using language by twisting familiar phrases for effect. It also reveals the power of the
pauses and noises we use to play for time, convey emotion, doubt and irony.
G For the moment, those benefiting most from the Spoken Corpus are foreign learners.
“Computers allow lexicographers to search quickly through more examples of real English,”
said Professor Geoffrey Leech of Lancaster University. “They allow dictionaries to be more
accurate and give a feel for how language is being used.” The Spoken Corpus is part of the
larger British National Corpus, an initiative carried out by several groups involved in the
production of language learning materials: publishers, universities and the British Library
12.1 This reading passage has seven paragraphs (A-G). Choose the most suitable
heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. Paragraph C has been
done for you as an example. There are more headings than paragraphs so you will
not use all of them. You may use any heading more than once.
List of Headings
i Grammar is corrected vii Written English tells the truth
ii New method of research viii New phrases enter dictionary
iii Technology learns from dictionaries ix A cooperative research project
iv Non-verbal content x Accurate word frequency counts
v The first study of spoken language xi Alternative expressions provided
vi Traditional lexicographical methods
27
Paragraphs
1 Paragraph A ______
2 Paragraph B ______
Paragraph C ___xi____
3 Paragraph D______
4 Paragraph E______
5 Paragraph F______
6 Paragraph G______
12.2 The diagram below illustrates the information provided in paragraphs B-F.
Complete the labels on the diagram with an appropriate word or words. Use NO MORE
THAN THREE WORDS for each space.
12.3 Answer this question. Choose the appropriate letter A-D.

Why was this article written?
A To give an example of a current dictionary.
B To announce a new approach to dictionary writing.
C To show how dictionaries have progressed over the years.
D To compare the content of different dictionaries
28
READING TEXT 13
Here is a text with some phrases missing. Choose from the list A-K the best phrase to
fill each of the spaces. Each correct phrase may only be used once. Some of the
suggested answers do not fit at all.
You're in a crowd of people who are all asking for the same thing. How do you make your
voice (1) ....................................... ? Be different. Don't shout. Lisa, 25, was waiting to board
a plane flying from London to Austria for Christmas when the flight was cancelled.
'There were about a hundred of us stranded,' she says. 'Everyone else was yelling at the
airport staff. Instead of joining in, I walked up to the man behind the ticket desk very quietly
and said, "This must be so awful for you! I don't know (2) ....................................... - it's not
even your fault. I could never handle it as well as you are." Without my even asking, he found
me a seat on another airline with an upgrade to first class. He was happy to do a favour for
someone (3) ....................................... '
Flattery is an essential element of the sweet-talk strategy. 'lt's human psychology that
stroking a person's ego with a few well-directed compliments makes them (4)
................................. ,' says a psychologist. 'Tell someone they're pretty and they'll instantly
fix their hair; praise their sense of humour and they'll rattle off a joke. So, if you give someone
the opportunity to be your hero, (5) ....................................... .'
You need help and there's absolutely no reason the person will want to lend a hand. Allison,
26, a solicitor, realised she'd made a huge mistake on a batch of documents she needed for
a client meeting that began in two hours. 'The only way I could fix the problem was to enlist
the aid of a colleague (6) ...................................... ,' she says.
Blatant bribery is difficult to offer – slipping someone cash or trying to strike a specific deal
will usually backfire but you can usually glean wooing power if you subtly offer a little
payback. Allison went to the woman's office, wearing a panicked expression and explained
her dilemma. Then she offered the oh-so-subtle bribe. 'I said, "As I was saying to the boss
the other day you're the only person who would know (7) ....................................... , what
would you suggest I do?" Feeling pumped up, she set about helping me and we finished the
job on time. The trick was (8) ....................................... - then she was happy to help.'
A acknowledging her as the pro G they don't know what to do next

B getting her to do the job for me H they'll rise to the role
C heard above the rest I want to prove you right
D how often I make mistakes J who I knew didn't like me
E how to handle a situation like this K who was appreciative instead of hostile
F how you deal with these situations
29
READING TEXT 14
Read the text below and do the exercise that follows.

It was his last chance. The capital had been taken, cities were falling by the hour and border
towns like this one would soon be subjected to military ‘protection’.
He had known that a through ticket would have meant suspicion followed by questions; his
accent would have immediately identified him as a foreigner. But as soon as he stepped off
of the train, ten minutes before the customs post closed for the night, he realized he would
have to ask for directions. Two words: ¿La frontera? He had practised under his breath, just
in case, for the last 200 kilometres. He had worked on the vowels--no diphthongs, keep them
clear; the consonants--roll both ‘r’s; the intonation--start low, rise a little.
Then he saw the stationmaster. His uniform and bearing reeked of authority. But there were
no porters, there were no other passengers: it had to be him. A shiver as the sweat on his
back turned suddenly cold, a few determined paces forward, eye contact established and the
question was asked. Not the question he had intended, though. At the last moment the name
of the town across the frontier flashed into his mind and he pronounced it faultlessly.
The answer was brisk and dismissive; there would be no repetition for a native speaker. Had
he said derecho--straight on, or derecha-- to the right? The railway line--no lights, no bends
in sight--seemed both the safer and the quicker option, but after covering a few hundred
metres he found himself in a winding cutting where the trees blocked out such moonlight as
there was. Still no sign of the border, and although he could not see his watch in the gloom
he knew it was very close to midnight. His senses were scalpel sharp; he had already picked
up the characteristic smells of eucalyptus wafting on the lazy warm air when he heard low
voices ahead. He was getting near. He turned off to the right, following a path for some
minutes and miraculously found himself right outside the border post just as the sound of
helicopter blades clattered through the night.
The building was in darkness except for one office; he strode and greeted the seated
policemen with a well-rehearsed buenas noches, simultaneously registering the unfamiliar
uniforms. He was wondering whether they were part of a newly-arrived specialist force, and
what the implications of that would be, when one of them answered him in Portuguese and
took his passport. It dawned on him: he had unwittingly walked right across the frontier. He
had made it.
Find evidence in the text to support or disprove these statements. Write true or false
and justify your choice quoting key words or phrases from the text. Do not quote full
sentences. The first one has been done for you.
0. The man was determined to cross the border.
TRUE: ‘It was his last chance’
1. The man had bought a ticket to get across the border into Portugal.
____________________________________________________________
30
2. He was able to pronounce the question to the stationmaster properly because he had
been practising it on the train.
____________________________________________________________
3. Asking the stationmaster to repeat his answer would have betrayed his foreign origin.
____________________________________________________________
4. Although at first the railway line had seemed to him the safer and quicker option, then
he decided to take a short cut through the woods.
____________________________________________________________
5. He realized he had managed to cross the frontier when he found himself outside the
border post.
____________________________________________________________
READING TEXT 15
14.1- Read the following magazine article. Choose which of the paragraphs from A to
G fit into the gaps. There is one extra paragraph, which does not fit in any of the gaps.
Paragraphs
A Gum made from this resulted in a smoother, more satisfying and more elastic chew, and
soon a whole industry was born based on this product.
B Meanwhile, the world’s gum producers are finding ingenious ways of marketing their
products. In addition to all the claims made for gum – it helps you relax, peps you up and
eases tension (soldiers during both world wars were regularly supplied with gum) – gum’s
greatest claim is that it reduces tooth decay.
C Research continues on new textures and flavours. Glycerine and other vegetable oil
products are now used to blend the gum base. Most new flavours are artificial – but some
flavours still need natural assistance.
D This was not always the case, though. The ancient Greeks chewed a bum-like resin
obtained from the bark of the mastic tree, a shrub found mainly in Greece and Turkey.
Grecian women, especially, favoured mastic gum to clean their teeth and sweeten their
breath.
E Each chiclero must carry the liquid on his back to a forest camp, where it is boiled until
sticky and made into bricks. Life at the camp is no picnic either, with a monotonous and often
deficient maize-based diet washed down by a local alcohol distilled from sugar cane.
F The chicleros grease their hands and arms to prevent the sticky gum sticking to them.
The gum is then packed into a wooden mould, pressed down firmly, initialled and dated
ready for collection and export.
G Today the few remaining chicle gatherers, chicleros, eke out a meagre and dangerous
living, trekking for miles to tap scattered sapodilla in near 100 % humidity. Conditions are
appalling: highly poisonous snakes lurk ready to pounce and insects abound.
31
Chewing gum culture

It’s fashionable, classless and Americans chew 12 million sticks of it a day.
Discover how an ancient custom became big business.
Chewing gum contains fewer than ten chiclero will shin up a mature tree in
calories per stick, but it is classified as a food minutes to cut a path in the bark for the
and must therefore conform to the standards white sap to flow down to a bag below.
of the American Food and Drug
Administration. 4
Today’s gum is largely synthetic, with
added pine resins and softeners which help to Yet, punishing though this working
hold the flavour and improve the texture. environment is, the remaining chicleros
fear for the livelihood.
1 Not so long ago, the United States
alone imported 7,000 tonnes of chicle a
American colonists followed the example of year from Central America. Last year
the Amero-Indians of New England and just 200 tonnes were tapped in the
chewed the resin that formed on spruce trees whole of Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula.
when the bark was cut. Lumps of spruce for As chewing gum sales have soared, so
chewing were sold in the early 1800s, making the manufacturers have tuned to
it the first commercial chewing gum in the synthetics to reduce costs and meet
country. demands.
Modern chewing gum has its origins in the
late 1860s with the discovery of chicle, a 5
milky substance obtained from the sapodilla
tree of the Central American rainforest. Plaque acid, which forms when we
eat, causes this. Our saliva, which
2 neutralises the acid and supplies
minerals such as calcium, phosphate
and fluoride, is the body’s natural
Yet repeated attempts to cultivate sapodilla
defence. Gum manufacturers say 20
commercially have failed. As the chewing
minutes of chewing can increase your
gum market has grown, synthetic alternatives
salivary flow.
have had to be developed.
6
3
In addition, one hundred and thirty-
Most alarming is the unpleasant little chicle
seven square kilometres of America is
fly that likes to lodge its eggs in the tapper’s
devoted entirely to producing the mint
ears and nose.
that is used in the two most popular
Braving these hazards, barefooted and with chewing gums in the world.
only a rope and an axe, an experienced
2- Say if these statements are True or False. Justify your answer quoting from the text.
a- The ancient chewing gum was not synthetic.
b- The gum business started in the 19th century.
32
c- Sapodilla was found in Greece and Central America.

d- Manufacturers are concerned about the serious dangers chicleros are exposed to.
e- Mint is the most popular substance in the world.
3- Look at the words underlined in the passage. Read the text around each of them
carefully and decide WHO or WHAT is referred to in each case.
a- it ...................................................................................... .
b- their ................................................................................ .
c- it ...................................................................................... .
d- this ................................................................................. .
e- tapper’s .......................................................................... .
f- hazards ........................................................................... .
g- their ................................................................................ .
h- this .................................................................................. .
READING TEXT 16
Here is a text with some phrases missing. Choose from the list A-I the best phrase to
fill each of the spaces. Each correct phrase may only be used once. Some of the
suggested answers do not fit at all.
The pen-and-paper signature is dying. In fact, it may soon be dead. There is a current rash of
laws being passed worldwide 1)________ to digital signatures on digital documents as to
pen signatures on paper ones. A digital signature can be one of many things. It may mean a
unique physical attribute, for example, your face, iris or fingerprint, 2)________ at the
entrance to a secure building before you are allowed access. But where financial affairs are
concerned, it generally means a string of numbers 3)________ . Eventually, once the right
background checks have been carried out, and 4 )________ , we will all be able to ‘sign’
electronic forms and correspondence with our personal digital signature.
But the real death blow to the manual signature is likely to come 5 ) ________ with cards that
carry built-in digital signatures. In future, your signature will no longer be held in your brain
but in your pocket. It will be a signature invented by a computer, and lent to you for use only
6 ) ____________ and no longer.
A while you are creditworthy F with the arrival of the paperless office
B with the help of the appropriate software G which are allocated exclusively to you
C which give the same legal status H which is a modem invention
D while they check your bank details I which is electronically scanned
E when banks start replacing the old-style
plastic cards
33
READING TEXT 17
DO MEN AND WOMEN SPEAK THE SAME LANGUAGE?

A Do men and women understand the same things from the spoken word? Judging by
the misinterpretation, misunderstanding and general mystification that can arise from a single
simple sentence, there are grave reasons for doubt. In fact, I would put it even stronger. Do
we even speak the same language?
 First – and contrary to the general impression – men use language more. “Like
everyone else, I used to believe that women were the talkative sex,” says Dale Spender, a
sociolinguist. “But when I analysed the results of over one hundred and forty recorded
conversations between men and women, the result was quite the opposite. Whether we’re
talking about social gatherings or business meetings, one element never changes: in any
conversation with a man, a woman who talks more than a third of the time is seen as talking
too much.
 Nowhere is this more obvious than on radio or TV talkshows. One host, Robert
Robinson, once said, “It’s difficult to find the right kind of woman to participate in my
programme. Most of them can’t stand up to me and so stay silent. They also find interrupting
a bit tricky.” On one occasion, a well-known female thinker became so cross and unhappy at
being what she regarded as “shouted down” that she remained silent for the last fifteen
minutes of the programme. Even those women who are perfectly capable of holding their
own are notably less talkative than their male counterparts.
 Another female characteristic is the belief that conversation should be a reciprocal

exchange rather than an attempt to dominate the other person. According to sociologist
Jennifer Coates, “When a woman in a group raises a topic, the others will encourage,
sympathise or elaborate. The next female speaker may enlarge on some point, add a
personal anecdote, or simply make ‘Go on’ interjections. But one thing she won’t do is flatly
contradict the previous speaker and abruptly change the subject. But men in a group with
women often get bored with what they see as the slow build-up of a topic.” The tried and
tested method of avoiding this hazard is by doing what most women hate: interrupting.
 “The effect constant interruption has on women is that they become silent,” says Dr
Coates. It isn’t solely that men regard conversation as a contest; there is also a clash of
styles.” We all think we know what a question is. But with men and women it triggers different
reactions. Men think questions are requests for information, whereas women think they are
part of the way in which a co-operative conversation works. If a woman asks a man a
34
question, she’s trying to keep the conversation going, while the man thinks this is a request
for information, so he gives her a lecture.” In social situations, this different view of the polite
enquiry can often cause bad feeling. “The woman thinks, ‘What is he on about? I didn’t want
a run-down on company accountancy,’ and the man thinks, ’Why is she looking so cross? If
she didn’t want to know, why did she ask?’ “
 Although women have much greater sensitivity to what the other person is feeling, it is
equally true that, in situations where power is concerned, the men’s cut-and-thrust style is
the norm. “Male language allows them to have clear goals, stick to decisions, answer directly
without fudging and assert themselves,” says Natasha Josefowitz, author of Paths to Power.
“Women say ‘I think I can’, where men say, ’I can’. And though the woman may be right –
who knows if she can carry out a particular task until she is doing it? – what employers go for
is confidence.” In female conversation, this general tentativeness emerges in the use of ‘soft’
phrases such us ‘ I wonder if I might ...?’, and ‘ Perhaps this isn’t the moment to disturb you
but ...’ instead of the simpler expressions ‘Please may I ...?’ or ‘Can I come in?’.
 Dr Coates believes female politeness involves other factors as well. “Partly it is a

recognition that other people may not be imposed on. If I go next door, I say, ‘ I hope you
don’t mind, but could you possibly lend me a pint of milk, please?’ not ‘ Can I have some
milk?’, which allows my neighbour the freedom to say ‘Yes, of course’ or ‘ I’m sorry, I haven’t
got one.’ What it is doing is giving the other person a chance to get out of an obligation
without losing face. Partly, too, it is a question of giving what Dr Coates calls ‘positive face’,
which means reassuring others about their own value.
 The reason for such discrepancies is something that frequently makes male English a
rather different language from the female version of English: most men use language to
conceal their feelings whereas women see it as means of revealing their emotions
For questions 1 – 5, choose the answer which you think fits best.
1) Before Dale Spender undertook her research, she
A intended to show what made women aggressive.
B thought she knew what the outcome would be.
C realised men tended to speak more than women.
D wanted to discover the situations where women spoke most.
2) When women appear on his chat show, Robert Robinson
A is delighted they have agreed to appear.
B provide special support.
C has found their behaviour inappropriate.
D has thought them to be impolite.
35
3) According to Dr Coates, in a mixed group of speakers

A men tend to contradict.
B women concentrate on talking about themselves.
C women discuss boring topics.
D men experience feelings of frustration.
4) Dr Coates considers that questions can cause bad feelings if
A the reason behind the question is misunderstood.
B a sensitive subject has been raised.
C there is a desire to hide the truth.
D an uninteresting topic has been introduced.
5) Dr Coates thinks that the politeness of female language
A works against women.
B is helpful to other people.
C could easily be modified.
D allows others to be assertive.
For each of the eight paragraphs, choose the sentence that best summarises the main
idea. The first one has been done for you.
a) Usual misunderstandings between men and women hint that their use of language
in conversation is different.
b) Women regard male interruptions as an offensive strategy.
c) The incompatibility between men and women lies in the way they choose to reveal
their emotions.
d) In an employer-employee relationship, the men’s style shows self-assurance
whereas the women’s shows caution.
e) Research beats the belief that women are the talkative sex.
f) Women’s co-operative style vs. men’s tendency to dominate.
g) The female tactful style encourages freedom of choice in the interlocutor.
h) Women want to keep the flow of the conversation while men just inform.
Explain the following expressions in your own words.

1. “Most of them can’t stand up to me ...”
2. “... the slow build-up of a topic...”
3. “... co-operative conversation...”
4. “ ... the men’s cut-and-thrust style...”
36
Suggest an alternative for:

a) “ shouted down ”
b) “ flatly ”
c) “ hazard ”
d) “ a run-down “
e) “ fudging “
ANSWERS READING SKILLS

READING TEXT 1
1.1 1.2
1. F 1. Not given
2.A 2. Yes
3. Yes
3.G
4. Yes
4. E 5. No
5. B 6. Not given
6. C 7. no
READING TEXT 2 READING TEXT 3

1. C 1. C
2. D 2. A
3. A 3. E
4. B 4. G
5. B 5. D
6. C 6. F
7. A
READING TEXT 4
4.1 4.2
a) genes a)abandoned
b) salt b) crops
c) barriers c) 10m hectares
d)droughts (in Mediterranean) d) store
e) irrigation e)8/eight harvests
37
READING TEXT 5
1. B 6. D
2. D 7. B
3. A 8. A
4. A 9. B
5. C 10. C
READING TEXT 6
1. The correct choice is A. 'l first saw Venice in June 1984. lt was a sewer.' 'l also fled the
hordes for an 0rient-Express train through the quiet Tyrol.'
2. The correct choice is B. '...1 spent.l2 days in Venice for Christmas and New Year and we
revelled in the absence of ostentatious decorations that are unfortunately, so common, back
home.'
3. The correct choice is B. '...it's the light that seduces you every time and makes you feel so
very alive.'
4. The correct choice is C. 'Venice at Christmas is surprisingly lacking the tourist crowds
READING TEXT 7 READING TEXT 8 READING TEXT 9

1. D 1. D 1. C
2. F 2. C 2. C
3. G 3. C 3. D
4. C 4. A 4. A
5. E 5. B 5. B
6. B 6. C 6. A
7. A
8. A
9. D
10. B
READING TEXT 10
10.1
1G 2B 3 A 4D S F 6C
10.2
1 malign 2 pertaining 3 malleable 4 antidote 5 relentless 6 fleeting 7 cursory
READING TEXT 11
11.1 D.
11.2 1. Y /Yes; 2. NG/Not Given; 3. Y /Yes;; 4. Y /Yes; 5. N/No: 6. Y /Yes;
11.3 7. primates; 8. spontaneously; 9. grammar; 10. simple; 11. studies; 12. accepted;
38
READING TEXT 12
12.1 12.2
1 vi 7 existing
2 ii 8 (related) phrases
3 x 9 meanings / forms
4 viii 10 spoken/ real / oral
5 iv 11 noise/ pauses/ noises and pauses
6 ix
12.3 B
READING TEXT 13
1- C 2- F 3- K 4- I 5- H 6- J 7-E 8- A
READING TEXT 14
Items between brackets are correct but not necessary for a full mark.
1. FALSE: ‘a through ticket would have meant suspicion followed by questions; his
accent would have immediately identified him as a foreigner’.
2. FALSE. ‘and the question was asked… Not the question he had intended, though.’
3. TRUE: ‘there would be no repetition for a native speaker’
4. FALSE: ‘(but after covering a few hundred metres) he found himself in a winding
cutting’
5. FALSE: ‘when one of them answered him in Portuguese and took his passport’
READING TEXT 15
14.1
1–D 4–E F – Extra paragraph!
2–A 5–B
3–G 6–C
14.2
a – TRUE. “The ancient Greeks chewed a bum-like resin obtained from the bark of the
mastic tree”
b – TRUE “Lumps of spruce for chewing were sold in the early 1800s”
c – FALSE “the mastic tree, a shrub found mainly in Greece and Turkey”. “the sapodilla
tree of the Central American rainforest.”
d – FALSE . No mention in the text.
e – FALSE. ”mint that is used in the two most popular chewing gums in the world”
14.3
a- It: chewing gum.
b- Their: Grecian women’s.
c- It: lump of spruce.
d- This: chicle (the substance obtained from the sapodilla tree).
39
e- Tapper’s: chiclero’s
f- Hazards: the dangers chicleros are exposed to such as poisonous snakes, insects
and the chicle fly.
g- Their: producers’.
h- This: tooth decay.
READING TEXT 16
1C 21 3G 4B 5E 6A
READING TEXT 17
Exercise 1
1–B 2–C 3–A 4–A 5–D
Exercise 2
Paragraph 1: Usual misunderstandings between men and women hint that their use of
language in conversation is different. (a)
Paragraph 2: Research beats the belief that women are the talkative sex. (e)
Paragraph 3 : Women regard male interruptions as an offensive strategy. (b)
Paragraph 4: Women’s co-operative style vs. men’s tendency to dominate. (f)
Paragraph 5 : Women want to keep the flow of the conversation while men just inform. (h)
Paragraph 6: In an employer-employee relationship, the men’s style shows self-assurance
whereas the women’s shows caution. (d)
Paragraph 7: The female tactful style encourages freedom of choice in the interlocutor. (g)
Paragraph 8: The incompatibility between men and women lies in the way they choose to
reveal their emotions. (c)
Exercise 3
1. they can’t defend themselves against the offensive interruptions of the host.
2. the topic is gradually enlarged by the different contributions of the women
involved in the conversation.
3. conversation built up with the many contributions of the women taking part so as
to keep the flow and enlarge the topic.
4. their style consists of interrupting and moving quickly to another subject. Their
language is much more assertive and straight-forward.
Exercise 4
a- addressed loudly so that her voice couldn’t be heard.
b- firmly / definitely.
c- danger
d- a report, a brief summary ( informal )
e- avoiding important decisions.
40
Writing Skills
Exercise 1. Say whether these statements are True or False
Argumentative compositions
1. Argumentative compositions are always written in a formal style. ____
2. To justify your point of view examples and reasons are not necessary. ____
3. Quotations should be avoided. ____
4. Strong feelings make an argumentative compositions more interesting. ____
5. Overgeneralisations should not be used in argumentative compositions. ____
6. Linking words are not normally used. ____
7. Each paragraph should begin with a topic sentence which sums up the point you are going
to make____
8. The reader cannot be addressed directly. ____
9. The last paragraph should not give the reader something to consider. ____
10. A rhetorical question can be used either in the first or the last paragraph of an
argumentative compositions. ____
11 . When giving arguments for or against a topic you should not be objective____
12. Each point is introduced in a new paragraph. ____
13. When writing an opinion composition your personal opinion should be included in the
main body. ____
14. The other side of the argument should not be presented. ____
Exercise 2. Consider this writing task

In order to be happy. you need to have plenty of possessions and a
well-paid job. Do you agree?
2.1 Match the comments (1-3) with three introductions to the essay (A-C) written by
different students.
1 Inappropriate- it does not focus on the topic of the essay. ____
2 Inappropriate - the style is too informal. ____
3 Appropriate- the style is formal, the topic of the essay is stated and the writer’s opinion is
clear. ____
A In order to get a well-paid job, you need qualifications
and many years of experience in your career.
B Many people believe that they can only be successful if

they earn large sums of money and own plenty of luxury
goods. Clearly, this is not true.
41
C It’s not money that’s going to make you happy. Think

about your friends and stuff like that.
2.2 Order these sentences and arrange them into paragraphs to continue the essay
above.
a. Finally, you are more likely to feel happy if you choose a job or course of study you
enjoy.
b. For instance, a strong network of friends and a good relationship with our family
members is vital if you want to be happy.
c. Furthermore, being fit and healthy is definitely much more important than being
surrounded by wealth.
d. If you are ill, you can’t enjoy your wealth anyway, so you won’t be happy.
e. In my opinion, plenty of possessions and a well paid job may make your life
comfortable but they do not make you happy.
f. Obviously, we need some money to pay for things like rent or food but other things
are more important when it comes to happiness.
g. Some people argue that you should choose the highest-paid careers but surely, the
happiest people do something they love rather than something that is well paid.
Exercise 3. Consider this writing task and the plan written by a student
Should famous people be given more protection from the media?
Plan
Para 1: state viewpoint and your opinion
Para 2: first viewpoint and reasons/ examples
Para 3: second viewpoint and reasons/ examples
Para 4: opposing viewpoint and reasons/ examples
Para 5: restate topic and your opinion
Order these paragraphs to reflect the plan above and choose the correct linking word
A. Firstly/Secondly, facing the media is part of being famous and comes
with the job. If someone doesn't like being in the limelight and being
pursued by the paparazzi, then they shouldn't choose to follow a celebrity
career.
B. "There is only one thing in the world worse than being talked about, and
that is not being talked about;' playwright Oscar Wilde once said. I
completely disagree/agree with him. Celebrities do not require any
special treatment to protect their privacy.
C. However/Additionally, many celebrities actually court the media to
attract attention to themselves. They know that the media makes them the
famous personalities they are. Therefore/On the other hand, seeking to
avoid it would work against the interests of their career.
42
D. Last but not least/To conclude, I believe that Oscar Wilde was
absolutely right. Celebrities should welcome attention from the media as
part of their job.
E. What is more/Nevertheless, some claim that exposure to the media may
adversely affect celebrities' lives. For example/ For this reason, the
children of famous people can suffer from undesirable publicity.
Exercise 4. Complete the essay below with the words and phrases in the box.
another major advantage - however, in my view - in my opinion - last but not
least - on the other hand - one of the main advantages - some people believe -
then there are - to sum up - what’s more
The pros and cons of using computers

Nowadays many people are accustomed to using computers in their daily lives. Whilst there
are advantages to their use, some people argue that computers have a negative impact on
both human behaviour and health.
(1) ____________________ of using a computer is that through the internet, it can be an
efficient means of communicating worldwide and offers people a choice of formats with which
to send messages or information at any time of day. (2) ____________________ ,
computers and the memory devices which we can connect to them allow us to store huge
amounts of data and consequently save us an enormous amount of space. (3)
____________________ is that people can obtain information on any subject through surfing
the internet and can also spread information to others.
(4) ____________________ , as people increasingly opt for computer-based communication
mediums such as email or social networks, less and less time is spent interacting face-to-
face. (5) ____________________ that this is changing our society and our behaviour
towards others. The virtual world is becoming more important than our actual community. (6)
____________________ the health risks to consider: sitting in front of a computer for hours
on end can lead to eye strain, headaches, backache and other such problems. (7)
____________________ , keeping up with the latest technology is an expensive pastime, as
too is paying for the electricity needed to fuel computer usage.
(8) ____________________ , there are strong arguments both for and against computer
use. (9) ____________________ , computers are very useful tools and can make our lives
easier and our working practices more efficient. (10) ____________________ , people do
need to ensure that they make time for non-computer-orientated activities and also for
speaking to people in the real world. It is also very important to take regular breaks when
using a computer so as to reduce the associated health risks.
43
Exercise 5. Order these Tips for writing argumentative compositions. What should
you do first?
A. Brainstorm the topic. This will help you to know what ideas you are confident to
express in English. _____
B. Decide how you will back up and give examples of the key points. The quality of an
essay very much depends on whether a writer has something to say and expresses
their thoughts and opinions clearly and logically. Avoid unjustified generalisations by
using “may” and “might”. _____
C. Leave enough time to check your writing for spelling and punctuation mistakes.
_____
D. Make a paragraph plan showing how the essay will be structured. Make notes of
key points to include in the introduction, conclusion and the other paragraphs in the
main body. You must really be aware of what you are going to write before you
write the first sentence. It is wrong to change your attitude in the middle of the text.
_____
E. Read the instructions carefully so that you know what points you need to include
and what format is appropriate to the task type. _____
F. Try to keep approximately within the recommended word limit. If you write too
much, you run the risk of including irrelevant information and repetition of ideas. If
you write too little, you may not include all the required points. _____
G. Use a wide range of vocabulary and sentence structures, including complex
sentences where appropriate. It helps to know how to use certain linking devices to
connect sentences logically. Don’t use them slavishly, though, or even wrongly,
especially words like “furthermore” or “moreover”. _____
Some useful expressions for argumentative writing

Almost every day you hear....
Today we are repeatedly confronted with the problem of....
It is interesting to weigh up the pros and cons of.../the benefits and drawbacks of..../the
arguments in favour of and against...
I am convinced that …
I am of the opinion that …
Personally I feel that …
As I see it, ......
Some people say that…
One example out of many is...
There are also a number of disadvantages that must not be overlooked.
44
It is vital/ crucial / essential to ....

have a positive/ negative impact on sth
have a beneficial/ detrimental effect on sth
All things considered, I must say that...
I hope that in the future.........
ANSWERS WRITING SKILLS

Exercise 1
1. Argumentative compositions are always written in a formal style. __T__
2. To justify your point of view examples and reasons are not necessary. __F__
3. Quotations should be avoided. __F__ (Though not essential )
4. Strong feelings make an argumentative compositions more interesting. _F___ (resort to
logical argument instead)
5. Overgeneralisations should not be used in argumentative compositions. _T___
6. Linking words are not normally used. __F__
7. Each paragraph should begin with a topic sentence which sums up the point you are going
to make__T__
8. The reader cannot be addressed directly. __F__ (Though essays usually adopt a less
personal perspective and discuss the general/ abstract topic )
9. The last paragraph should not give the reader something to consider. __F__
10. A rhetorical question can be used either in the first or the last paragraph of an
argumentative compositions. __T__ (Though not essential )
11 . When giving arguments for or against a topic you should not be objective_F___
12. Each point is introduced in a new paragraph. __T__
13. When writing an opinion composition your personal opinion should be included in the
main body. _F___ (only if it is an opinion piece. Usually better in the conclusion
14. The other side of the argument should not be presented. _F___ (to show logical
argument, consider both sides, at least to disagree)
Exercise 2
2.1 d. 4.
1- A e. 7.
2- C f. 1.
3- B g. 6.
2.2 Paragraph 2: f- b
a. 5. Paragraph 3: c- d
b. 2. Paragraph 4: a- g
c. 3. Paragraph 5: e
45
Exercise 3
Correct order and choices
"There is only one thing in the world worse than being talked about, and that is not being
talked about;' playwright Oscar Wilde once said. I completely agree with him. Celebrities do
not require any special treatment to protect their privacy.
Firstly, facing the media is part of being famous and comes with the job. If someone doesn't
like being in the limelight and being pursued by the paparazzi, then they shouldn't choose to
follow a celebrity career.
Additionally , many celebrities actually court the media to attract attention to themselves.
They know that the media makes them the famous personalities they are. Therefore,
seeking to avoid it would work against the interests of their career.
Nevertheless, some claim that exposure to the media may adversely affect celebrities' lives.
For example, the children of famous people can suffer from undesirable publicity.
To conclude, I believe that Oscar Wilde was absolutely right. Celebrities should welcome
attention from the media as part of their job.
Exercise 4
3 another major advantage 10 however, in my view 9 in my opinion 7 last but not
least 4 on the other hand 1 one of the main advantages 5 some people believe 6
then there are 8 to sum up 2 what is more
Exercise 5. Some small variations are possible, but make sure you don’t omit any of these
stages
1. E
2. A
3. D
4. B
5. G
6. F
7. C
46
Grammar and vocabulary practice
The exercises below provide practice only on a selection of topics.

You are strongly advised to review other grammar points you may be unsure
about in a book such as the following (provided):
Walker, E., & Elsworth, S. (2000). Grammar practice for upper intermediate students:
With key. Harlow: Longman.
In order to develop your vocabulary, it is a good idea to read newspapers and
magazines and watch TED talks. See some links below for free options:
The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/international
Issuu https://issuu.com/
10 Ted Talks Every English Student Should Watch
https://www.ieltsadvantage.com/2015/04/26/ted-talks-english-students/
Exercise 1- Identify the tenses, then match them with the correct description.
1 They are getting married this summer. a fixed arrangements in the near future
2 The robber waves his gun and everyone b personal experiences/changes that have
gets down on the floor. happened
3 The sun rises in the east and sets in the c actions taking place at or around the
west. moment of speaking; temporary situations
4 The course starts on 10th October.. d actions started at a stated time in the past
5 Clare is looking for a new flat.. and continuing up to the present
6 We've been sharing a flat for years. e reviews/sports commentaries/dramatic
narratives
7 They employ staff from all over the world.
f permanent situations or states
8 Paula has become more independent
since starting university . g permanent truths or laws of nature
9 The child has been missing since last h emphasis on duration of an action that
night. began in the past and continues up to the
present
i timetables/programmes (future meaning)
1 Tense: Present Continuous. 2 .............. . 3.............. 4 .............. . 5 . .............. 6

.............. 7.............. 8 .............. 9 ..............
1.. a ... 2 ....... . 3....... 4 ....... . 5 . ..... .6 ....... 7....... 8 ....... 9 .......
1 Bill always stops to buy milk on his way to a past actions of certain duration having
work. visible results/effects in the present
2 The new serial is growing in popularity. b changing or developing situations
3 There goes the last bus!. c recently completed actions
4 Scientists have just discovered a way to d exclamatory sentences
prevent memory loss.
e frequently repeated actions with 'always'
5 Andrea has phoned me every day this expressing the speaker's annoyance or
week. criticism
6 Laura is always criticising my appearance f actions which happened at an unstated
past time and are connected to the present
7 I feel exhausted as I have been working on
my assignment all night.. g emphasis on number, frequency
8 He's been asking to borrow money again. h repeated/habitual actions
9 The Kellys have moved to Manchester. i expressing anger, irritation, annoyance or
criticism
1 Tense: Present Simple. 2 .............. . 3.............. 4 .............. . 5 . .............. 6 ..............

7.............. 8 .............. 9 ..............
1 ... h ... 2 ....... . 3 ....... . 4 ....... . 5 ....... . 6 ....... . 7 ....... . 8 ....... . 9 ...... .
1 had read most of his novels by the end of a action in progress at a stated past time
the holiday. b complete action or event which happened
2 I was talking on the phone while Tim was at a stated past time
watching football on TV. c past actions which happened one
immediately after another
3 We got up at half past six this morning.
d past action in progress interrupted by
4 They were still considering his proposal another past action
that evening.
e action continuing over a period up to a
5 She jogged five miles every day when she specific time in the past
was young. f complete past action which had visible
6 She had a shower, got dressed quickly and results in the past
left for the airport. g past action which occurred before another
7 Reporters had been telephoning all action or before a stated time
morning. h past habit or state
8 A crowd of tourists were waiting outside i Past Perfect Continuous as the past
the hotel when the lights went out. equivalent of the Present Perfect Continuous
j action not connected to the present and
9 He made his last film in Poland. which happened at a definite past time not
10 They had been going out for five years mentioned
before they decided to get married.
48
11 She was upset because she had just k Past Perfect as the past equivalent of the
heard the news. Present Perfect
12 The police officer changed her phone l two or more simultaneous past actions
number because she had been receiving m past action of certain duration which had
anonymous calls for several weeks. visible results in the past
13 The dancer had always dreamed of
becoming successful..
1 Tense: Past Perfect. 2 ....... . 3 ....... . 4 ....... . 5 ....... . 6 ....... . 7 ....... . 8 ....... . 9 ...... 11 .
........ 12 ........ 13 .......
1 .. g .. 2 ...... 3 ...... 4 ...... 5 ...... 6 ...... 7 ...... 8 ...... 9 ...... 10 ..... 11 ..... 12 ..... 13 .... .
1 The builders are going to start work a prediction about the future
tomorrow.
b asking politely about people's
2 She'll be waiting outside the station as arrangements
usual.
c action which may (not) happen in the future
3 I forgot to tell Jim the news. I'll ring him
d action which is the result of a routine
now.
e action intended to be performed in the near
4 By the end of the year we will have been
future
working together for ten years.
f action which will be finished before a stated
5 Be careful. You're going to fall off your
future time
bicycle.
g action in progress at a stated future time
6 The meeting starts at 9 o'clock.
h evidence that sth will definitely happen
7 I'm sure things will work out in the end.
i duration of an action up to a certain time in
8 Perhaps your mother will change her mind.
the future
9 Will many people be coming to the
j timetable/programme
wedding?
k fixed arrangement in the near future
10 They will have finished the plans by the
end of the week. I decision taken at the moment of speaking
11 Hospital staff are beginning a two-day
strike tomorrow.
12 By the year 2020 more people than ever
will be moving to the cities ..
1 Tense: Going to future. 2 .............. . 3.............. 4 .............. . 5 . .............. 6 .............. 7

.............. . 8.............. 9 .............. . 10 . .............. 11 .............. 12 .............. 13 ..............
1 e.. 2 ........ 3 ........ 4 ........ 5 ........ 6 ...... .. 7 ........ 8 ........ 9 ........ 10 ....... 11 ....... 12 ......
49
Exercise 5. Complete the text with the present simple or present continuous form of
the verb in brackets. Where both are possible, write both.
Students now taking longer to finish studies
In the USA some university students nowadays a (spend) are spending more and more time
in university before graduating. In American universities, many students b (pay)
…………………. their own fees, and this c (mean) …………………. more time working and
less studying. Alan Chester is a 25-year-old journalism student from Ohio who d (take)
…………………. six years to complete his undergraduate degree. In order to pay tuition fees
and other expenses he e (work) …………………. four days a week in the university kitchen,
while in the university holidays he f (do) …………………. a full-time job. 'I g (find)
…………………. it difficult at the moment to study and pay my bills at the same time,' he h
(admit) …………………. 'But I i (try) …………………. my best and I j (manage)
…………………. to keep the wolf from the door.' Alan's parents k (understand)
…………………. his decision to take longer to graduate. 'They l (know) …………………. what
I m (go) …………………. through, and they n (help) …………………. me as much as they
can. It’s hard, but I o (learn) …………………. to look after myself and I p (experience)
…………………. stuff that might be useful one day when I'm a journalist.' He q (point out)
…………………. that some students r (take) …………………. more time to graduate because
they s (not really know) …………………. what they t (want) …………………. to study. 'New
courses of study u (develop) …………………. all the time, new subjects v (appear)
…………………. on the curriculum. Some students w (spend) …………………. time
experimenting with different courses before choosing their major. So it's not all about money.
I x (think) …………………. universities y (go) …………………. through a period of change
like everything else, and students have to adapt to this changing situation.'
Exercise 6. Complete the text using the present perfect simple, present perfect
continuous or past simple form of the verb in brackets.
The ageing population
The number of men and women in the US aged 60 or over still in work a (rise) __has been
rising_ for more than a decade. Economists b (give) __________________ a number of
reasons for this trend. First, since 1985 the US economy c (expand) __________________
so there d (be) __________________ an increased demand for labour. At the same time,
the cost of some services, such as health care, e (increase) __________________ so
workers need to earn more money in later life. In addition, changes in social security benefits
and rules f (have) __________________ a considerable effect on labour patterns. First, in
1977 and 1983 changes to the Social Security Act g (raise) __________________ the full-
benefit age from 65 to 67 and h (introduce) __________________ other changes that make
delaying retirement more attractive. Then, in 1986 the Age Discrimination Act i (end)
__________________ compulsory retirement for all workers, allowing them to work later in
life. Changes to pension laws j (also encourage) __________________ workers to stay in
employment longer, as this gives them more chance of a larger pension when they retire.
Exercise 7. Decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each space.

The latest news
Dear Linda,
I'm sorry I (1) B to you for so long, but I (2)........... very busy lately. All last month I
(3).............. exams, and I (4)............ anything else but study for ages. Anyway, I (5).............
studying now, and I (6)............. for my exam results. As you can see from this letter, I
50
(7)............ my address and (8)............... in Croydon now. I (9)............... that I wanted a

change from central London because it (10)............ so expensive. A friend of mine
(11).......... me about this flat, and I (12)............ here about two months ago. When you
(13)............. to London this summer, please visit me. I (14)............. here until the middle of
August. Then I (15)............. on holiday to Scotland.
Please write soon,
Margaret
1) A don’t write B haven’t written C am not writing D wasn't writing

2) A was being B had been C am D have been
3) A had B was having C had had D have had
4) A haven’t done B don’t do C wasn't doing D am not doing
5) A stop B will have stopped C have stopped D was stopping
6) A wait B am waiting C have waited D was waiting
7) A am changing B had changed C will change D have changed
8) A will live B have been living C live D have lived
9) A decided B have decided C was deciding D decide
10) A will become B becomes C has become D will have become
11) A tells B told C was telling D will tell
12) A have moved B had moved C was moving D moved
13) A will come B came C come D were coming
14) A am staying B stayed C stay D have stayed
15) A have gone B went C am going D will have gone
Exercise 8. Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate present or future forms.
A Bill Haynes, author of the immensely popular novel 'Black Roses', 1) ................................
(write) a new novel. "I 2) ................................ (start) next Monday - or at least that's the plan,"
says Bill. "it's amazing to think that by next year it 3) ...................... (be) ten years since I last
picked up a pen." Despite his long break, Bill is confident. "I think this book 4)
.............................. (be) even better than 'Roses'. I 5) ............................. .(Include) the usual
elements of action and adventure but this time there 6) ................. .............. (be) some
romance too. I hope it 7) ............................. (be) successful. Of course, we 8)
.............................. (not/know) until it 9) ......... ..................... (be/published) next year."
B Jeanne and Paul 1) .............................. (move) to London next month. Paul is being
transferred there and Jeanne hopes she 2) ........................... (find) a job by the time they 3)
............................. (move) there. They 4) ............................ (drive) down next weekend to
look for a flat. They hope they 5) ............................. (find) something in a nice area, but with
prices the way they are, they will have to be satisfied with whatever they 6) ............................
(find). Jeanne is afraid she 7) .. .......................... (miss) living in Nottingham, but Paul is
convinced that they 8) ............................ (be) happier in London because there is so much
more to do there.
C The staff of Cottenham Primary School 1) .......................... ..... (hold) an open day on
August 21st. In the morning you 2) ............................... (be able to) meet your child's
teachers. At 12.30 the Headmaster. Mr Patterson. 3) ................ ............... (show) the plans
for the new adventure playground. We hope that this 4) ............................... (finish) by
51
December. If your child 5) ............................... (start) school this September. bring him or her
along! The programme 6) ........... ... ...... ........... (begin) at 9 am. See you there!
Exercise 9. Grammar practice

Put the verbs in brackets in the correct conditional form.
1. I wish I _________ ( not eat ) so much last night.
2. If I _________ ( be ) you, I _________ ( not go ) to work tomorrow.
3. As long as nothing _________ ( go ) wrong, he _________ ( fly ) home tonight.
4. What _________ ( happen ) if they _________ ( win ) the next election?
5. If she _________ ( tell ) the truth ten years ago, she _________ ( not go ) to prison.
6. Supposing you _________ ( see ) a ghost, what you _________ ( do )?
7. If you _________ ( wait ) a moment, I _________ ( call ) the manager.
8. They _________ ( not hear ) us unless we _________ ( shout ) louder.
9. He _________ ( buy ) a map of the city in case he _________ ( get ) lost.
10. If we _________ ( have ) wings, we _________ ( not need ) aeroplanes.
Exercise 10. Complete the text with one word in each gap.
Environmental issues
Everyone agrees that a __unless__ the world's tiger population is protected, tigers b
___________ eventually become extinct. If it c ___________ not for the efforts made by
international campaigns over past decades, the extinction d ___________ already have
become a fact. Tigers can coexist with human beings, e ___________ local people are
involved in conservation. However, f ___________ if tiger habitats are redeveloped there is
no guarantee of success. Government agencies must be involved, and there must be
adequate finance: g ___________ conservation projects are neglected. An organized
programme with safeguards must be introduced. If h ___________ the illegal hunters quickly
move back in. i ___________ there were no tigers left in the world: how j ___________ we
all feel? According to some environmentalists, that day may be coming sooner rather than
later.
Exercise 11. Choose the correct option, A, B or C, to complete the sentences about the
generation gap.
a) It's time that older people ..C .. listening to what younger people say.
b) Some older people treat teenagers as if they … all dangerous criminals.
c) Some older people wish there … more police officers on the street, and blame all bad
behaviour on the young.
d) Perhaps it's time that young people … more responsibly towards other people.
e) Generally speaking, young people … spend their time with other young people.
f) Many older people … the world to be just the same as it was when they were young.
g) Older people also wish that young people … more politely.
h) Some people think … that 16-year-olds were given the vote.
i) Many young people, however, have no faith in politics, and just wish the world …
different.
j) Some of them … if everyone just left them alone and stopped asking them for their
opinions.
52
a. A would start B start C started

b. A were B would C prefer
c. A were B had been C are
d. A acted B would act C act
e. A wish B would rather C hope
f. A rather B would prefer C as though
g. A had behaved B didn’t behave C would behave
h. A as if B it’s time C they wouldn’t prefer
i. A is B had been C were
j. A would rather B as though C would prefer it
Exercise 12. Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words.
1 Many people believe that eating too fast causes indigestion.
believed It ... ................................... ... too fast causes indigestion.
2 The teacher will send you out if you keep on talking.
be You .................... ..................................................................... the teacher if you keep on
talking.
3 They are going to transfer him to Portugal.
be He ...... .................................................................. ....................................................... to
Portugal.
4 They will have completed the construction by September.
been The ......................................................................................................................... by
September.
5 They are holding the caretaker responsible for the problems.
is The ..................................................................................................................... for the
problems.
6 They will have appointed a new director by the end of the week.
been A new director ......................................................................................... by the end of
the week.
7 The mother told her son off for shouting.
was He ..........................................................................................his mother for shouting.
8 They are opening the new restaurant this evening.
is The new restaurant ..............................................................this evening.
9 Jane insisted that I have some more cake.
made Jane ..... ............................................................................................................ some
more cake.
10 They are resurfacing our drive tomorrow.
resurfaced We ..........................................................................................................................
tomorrow.
53
11 Our furnace will need servicing soon.

have We will need ...... ................................................................................................. soon.
12 Someone cleans my house every week.
have I ................................................................................................................... every week.
13 How did he persuade you to do it?
get How ............................................................................................................................ do it?
14 She got a friend to make her an evening dress.
made She .... ....................................................................... .................................. by a friend.
15 Their house had been burgled when I last saw them.
had They .......................................................................................................... when I last saw
them.
Exercise 13. Complete the following in a suitable active or passive tense using the
verbs given.
A soldier (1 shoot) ____________ and critically wounded as he (2 sit) _______________ in
his car outside an army careers office in north London yesterday. Two men who (3 believe)
______________ to be members of a terrorist organization, (4 approach) ______________
his car on a motorcycle just after 1pm. The pillion passenger (5 run) _______________
towards the car, which (6 park) ______________ outside the office. He (7 shoot)
____________ the soldier three times, then (8 run) ______________ back to the motorcycle
and (9 flee) _______________ in the rush-hour traffic. The victim, a 28-year-old married
man, (10 hit) ______________ in the chest. He (11 say) _____________ to be in a critical
but stable condition in hospital.
Anti-terrorist detectives later (12 cordon) ______________ off the area. ‘This attack (13 plan
well) ______________ and it is likely that the office (14 target) ______________ for some
time.’
A motorcycle (15 find later) _______________ abandoned about ten miles away, but it (16
not know) ____________ yet whether this was the getaway machine.
Exercise 14. Complete the text with one word in each gap, or leave blank where
possible.
Jane Austen
Jane Austen, a. __whose__ novels feature many clergymen, had two brothers b.
____________ joined the church, and two others c. ____________ careers in the navy are
also reflected in her novels, in d. ____________ several naval officers appear. She also had
a sister, Cassandra, with e. ____________ she had a close relationship. They exchanged
frequent letters, from f. ____________ historians have learnt much about g. ____________
Jane was doing and thinking during a life h. ____________ was fairly uneventful. All i.
____________ we know of Jane Austen's appearance is based on Cassandra's coloured
sketch j. ____________ hanging in the National Portrait Gallery in London. We know Jane
was encouraged to write by her brother Henry, k. ____________ also wrote himself, and that
the family borrowed novels from the local library, l. ____________ influenced Jane's writing.
Although Jane Austen wrote during the period of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic
Wars, m. ____________ she wrote about was largely confined to n. ____________ she
54
knew: the manners of mainly well-off people o. ____________ living in small-town society
near London, and the problems p. ____________ faced by women in choosing a marriage
partner. Her novels also show women q. ____________ have chosen the wrong partner, or
those r. ____________ difficult financial situation influences their behaviour.
Exercise 15. Choose the best answers

1- Why didn’t you go to work yesterday?
I needn’t have gone / didn’t need to go / mustn’t go / could have gone.
2- Actually I thought you always worked on Tuesday evenings?
I might / must / would / used to years ago, but not now, thank goodness.
3- In fact at one time I ought to / had to / must / was to work two evenings a week.
4- That can’t have been / couldn’t be / mustn’t be / shouldn’t have been very pleasant.
5- Oh, it wasn’t so bad. I had lots of friends there. We might have / will have had / would
have / would have had lots of fun.
6- Looking back, I find it odd that I would enjoy / would have enjoyed / should have
enjoyed / ought to have enjoyed evening work so much.
7- But now you may not / mustn’t / needn’t / used not to work evenings, am I right?
That’s right.
8- Of course. You did tell me. I could remember / may have remembered / should have
remembered / might remember.
1 Perhaps the car needs a new engine.
need The car ... may/might need ... a new engine.
2 Why don't you go to Canada for a holiday?
could You ............................................................................................................ for a holiday.
3 Shall I get you a cup of tea?
me Would ................................................................ .................................... you a cup of tea?
4 Sue will probably go and see her aunt.
is Sue ............................................................................................................ and see her aunt.
5 lt wasn't necessary for them to buy such a big car as they did.
have They ......................................................................................................... such a big car.
6 it's forbidden to eat in this building.
not You............................................................... .. ........................................... in this building.
7 lt would be a good idea to change your hairstyle.
better You ....... ....................... .... ... ............................... ...... .................................................
your hairstyle.
8 Why didn't anybody warn me about the bus strike?
55
have Somebody........................................................................................ about the bus strike.

9 lt isn't necessary for you to attend the meeting.
need You .......................................................................................................... the meeting.
10 Let's go to the cinema.
going What .......................................................................................................... the cinema?
11 I'm sure he is seeing Ruth.
be He ............................................................................................................................... Ruth.
12 lt isn't necessary for you to come early tonight.
have You .............................................................................................................. early tonight.
13 I'm sure he didn't send you this letter.
sent He .................................................................................................................... this letter.
14 May I read your newspaper?
mind Would ................................................................................................... your newspaper?
15 I'm sure she wasn't lying to you.
been She ..................................................................................................................... to you.
16 She is likely to fail her exams.
that lt is .................................................................................................................. her exams.
17 lt's forbidden to talk to the driver while he is driving.
must You .................................................................................... the driver while he is driving.
18 lt wasn't necessary for him to give me the money back so soon.
given He ........................................................................................... the money back so soon.
19 Perhaps she went to her uncle's.
have She ............................................................................................................ to her uncle's.
20 Shall I help you lengthen your dress?
me Would ........................................................................................ you lengthen your dress?
Exercise 17. The following passage describes the attitudes of two families, one French
and one British, towards money. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form:
infinitive with to, infinitive without to, or gerund.
A. "What’s the point in (worry)1..................too much about the future?" says Francine
Beudet. Francine, her husband Hervé, and daughters, Marine, live 100 miles south of Paris.
"We don’t save much. We prefer (spend) 2................... our money now to (have) 3................
a good life".
B. In England, Gordon and Fiona Robinson take the same approach to money. Fiona
decided (stay) 4................. at home (look after) 5....................... their daughter, Chloe, who is
nearly 3. " I have considered ( take) 6............................ a part -time job, but as it’s impossible
for Gordon (be) 7.................. home at a set time each evening, it’s too difficult (arrange)
8................................at the moment."
C. On the other side of the Channel , Francine has found an ideal solution to the problem of
56
(combine) 9................ work with (run) 10 ............. a home and (bring up) 11 ..............
children. She’s a nurse and she works part-time at an old people’s home. Although the
hospital is close to Francine’s home, she needs a car (get)12 .............. there quickly.
D. Hervé is expected (buy) 13........................... his own car but he does receive hotel and
petrol expenses for his work, which involves(drive)14....................... an enormous distance
each year. He organises his work so that when Francine is on night duty, he can
(get)15........................... home every evening (take) 16.................... care of Marine.
E. Gordon’s car is provided by his employer and he is lucky enough(get) 17..........................
a new one every two years. He also spends each working day (travel) 18.....................
around his area, but instead of (stay)19....................... overnight in hotels, he manages(get)
20................................. home.
Exercise 18..Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. Use between two and
five words, including the word given.
1. “I won’t tell anyone what you did”, George said. PROMISED
George _____________________________________what I had done.
2. “I’ll buy the theatre tickets,” Peter said. INSISTED
Peter ________________________________________the theatre tickets.
3. “Can I have a piece of cake?” Doug asked. WHETHER
Doug asked ___________________________________ another piece of cake.
4. “Why didn’t you arrive on time, John?” Sally asked. WHY
Sally asked John _________________________________on time.
5. “You’ve broken my watch, Simon!” Alan said. ACCUSED
Alan ___________________________________________watch.
6. “Don’t leave the mountain footpath, Paul!” Patricia said. WARNED
Patricia _______________________________________leave the mountain footpath.
7. “Would you like to go to a rock concert this weekend, David?” Maria asked. INVITED
Maria _____________________________________ go to a rock concert that weekend.
8. “We haven’t reserved you a seat, I’m afraid,” the airline representative said. ADMITTED
The airline representative ____________________________reserved me a seat.
9. “I’m sorry about the mistake I made”, John said. APOLOGISED
John __________________________________________ a mistake.
10. “Let’s go to the cinema,” Alice said. SUGGESTED
Alice _____________________________________________ a film.
Exercise 19. Rewrite each sentence, starting as shown. You can use as many words as
you need.
1. It was only when the office phoned me that I found out about the meeting.
Not until the office phoned me did I find out about the meeting.
57
2. The facts were not all made public until later.

Only .....................................................................................................................................
3. If I had realised what would happen, I wouldn’t have accepted the job.
Had ......................................................................................................................................
4. The response to our appeal was so great the we had to take on more staff.
Such .....................................................................................................................................
5. Harry broke his leg, and also injured his shoulder.
Not only ................................................................................................................................
6. The police didn’t at all suspect that the judge was the murderer.
Little ......................................................................................................................................
7. If you don’t happen to see Helen, could you ask her to call me?
Should ...................................................................................................................................
8. The bus driver cannot be blamed for the accident in any way.
In ............................................................................................................................................
9. The snowfall was so heavy that all the trains had to be cancelled.
So ...........................................................................................................................................
10. If the government raised interest rates, they would lose the election.
Were ......................................................................................................................................
11.As soon as I got into the bath, someone knocked at the door.
Exercise 20. Read the sentences and use the word given in capitals to form a word
that fits in the gap.
1 What were your first _______________ when you saw him? IMPRESS
2 She was bursting with _______________ to tell us what had happened. PATIENT
3 _______________ , I found someone who knew where my long-lost sister might be living.
ORDINARY
4 When he said, ‘_______________ is a lie, women are better,’ we couldn’t help laughing.
EQUAL
5 We were completely _______________ with the hotel – we’re certainly not going back next
year! SATISFY
6 The police found no _______________ evidence which linked the man to the crime.
CONCLUDE
7 He smiled at her in _______________ . How did she always know when he needed her
help? APPRECIATE
8 I do wish my boss would stop _______________ everything I do! CRITIC
9 Can you imagine how an astronaut must feel when they travel _______________ through
space? WEIGHT
58
10 He wanted to take some time off so he could relax and _______________ his batteries.
CHARGE
11 Her article was really _______________ and had us laughing. ENTERTAIN
12 After receiving hundreds of _______________ , they had to reconsider their plans.
COMPLAIN
13 The police need to find __________ that the man was in the flat at the time of the
burglary. PROVE
14 You need to get __________ for your travel expenses from the department manager.
AUTHORITY
15 His behaviour at that time was __________ stupid. He should have known better.
CREDIBLE
16 Gemma pushed the doorbell and waited __________ for someone to answer. NERVE
17 He shook his head in __________ . ‘You shouldn’t have done that,’ he said. APPROVE
18 Young children tend to ask __________ questions about anything and everything around
them. END
19 The manager’s attempt at motivating everyone was __________ and everyone ignored
him. LAUGH
20 Today, a term in prison doesn’t seem to act as a much of a _________ to potential
criminals. DETER
21 The __________ of alcohol is not allowed on the streets of this town. CONSUME
22 I haven’t got the __________ idea what you’re talking about. SLIGHT
23 There must have been some kind of __________ – this is not the model I ordered.
UNDERSTAND
24 The hotel prides itself on a very high standard of __________ . CLEAN
25 Unfortunately, his application for the course was __________ . SUCCEED
26 Although they are completely different __________ , they get on well with each other.
PERSON
27 Who has been the most __________ person in your life so far? INFLUENCE
28 It was very __________ of her to send me flowers after the accident. THOUGHT
29 He lives in Ecuador now but he’s __________ from Scotland. ORIGIN
30 She said she’d seen a __________ character hiding in the bushes behind her house.
SUSPECT
31 It wasn’t until later that they realised the __________ of the events they had just
witnessed. SIGNIFY
32 The police asked him for some kind of __________ when they stopped his car. IDENTIFY
33 The room was small, dirty and painted in an __________ shade of grey – awful! APPEAL
34 Please make sure you take all your __________ with you when you disembark. BELONG
35 It’s important to give young children __________ when they are trying new things.
ENCOURAGE
36 The country is seeing a gradual __________ of the social system. EVOLVE
59
37 The witnesses’ statements were __________ , so the police couldn’t make an arrest.
CONTRADICT
38 Their appearance at the airport was completely _____________ and left me speechless.
EXPECT
39 In these uncertain times it helps to understand how to manage financial _____________ .
SECURE
40 Her news was so _____________ that she spent ages convincing us she wasn’t joking.
BELIEVE
Exercise 21. Use the word given in capitals to form a word that fits in the gap.
Feng Shui
According to (0) believers in the Chinese science BELIEF
of feng shui, houses and other (1)......................... BUILD
should be arranged in a certain way. Some of the basic
(2)............................ of feng shui experts are as follows: RECOMMEND
It is considered (3) ............................ if a stove can be LUCK
seen from the front door as stoves are (4) ..................... CLOSE
associated with death; similarly, a staircase pointing
towards the front door can bring (5) ............................. FORTUNE
because it means money will (6) ............................... flow CONSTANT
out through the door. Until (7) ..............................., people RECENT
might have dismissed the idea of feng shui as
(8) .......................... , but builders and estate agents in LOGIC
the USA are taking feng shui masters (9) ............................ SERIOUS
as the number of buyers from the East is rising and they
are (10) ..................................... becoming more influential. RAPID
Exercise 22. Use the words in capitals to form longer words to fit the spaces.
Guilty or not guilty?
Yet another 1) )________ athlete has been branded a cheat. NATION
A highly-qualified panel of experts has 2 )________ all the VIEW
evidence in the case of Anna Morris, who was sent home in
3 )________ from the Olympics after a random drugs test GRACE
proved positive. She continues to maintain her 4 )________ INNOCENT
however. Her defence is based on the alleged 5 )________ LIKELY
that her urine sample was tampered with, although the
authorities claim that no 6 )________ occurred in the REGULAR
60
handling of the sample.

Now Anna has been found guilty of taking an 7 )________ LEGAL
substance, and she is 8 )________ by the verdict. ‘I find it HORROR
9 )________ ,’ she told our reporter outside her home. ‘It BELIEF
just isn’t true! For me this verdict is simply 10)________ . ACCEPT
And although I 11)________ there is very little chance of REAL
my 12)________ in clearing my name, I’m still determined SUCCESS
to appeal against the ruling.’
Exercise 23. Complete the passage by putting a suitable preposition in each space
1 ) ____ the whole, Flora was content with her life. 2)_____day she was a librarian in a large
city library, but 3)____ her spare time she lived in a world of dreams. Her secret, all-
devouring passion was reading – novels 4)____ particular - and she had read almost all the
classics that the library had 5)____ stock. She read voraciously, 6) _____ her lunch hour, her
tea break, and the long evenings 7)____ home. She would even read 8) ____ her way home,
walking slowly 9 )_____ her book open.
The small flat where she lived 10)____ herself was piled high II ) ____books. She knew her
favourites 12) _____ heart, empathising with the characters and thinking 13)____ them as
real people. 14)_____ short, she had found that books fulfilled her emotional needs better
than people did, and 15)____ any case, she had now completely forgotten how to relate to
people other than characters in novels.
Exercise 24. Grammar and vocabulary practice

Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions, if necessary.
Reginald Andrews, 29, was standing………………(1) the subway platform……….(2) 14th
Street, waiting………………..(3) the train to take him back……………….(4) his flat………..(5)
Harlem. He was worried……………(6) being………..(7) of work. He had been unemployed
……….(8) a year, and he owed a lot of money…………..(9) the bank. But he had had an
interview…………..(10) that morning ……………….(11) Jamac Frozen Foods…………….(12)
Manhattan, and he was hoping they would offer ………..(13) him a job.
His train pulled……………(14) the station, and suddenly Andrews’ thoughts were
interrupted ……………..(15) a crisis. David Schnair, 75, a blind war veteran, had
fallen….…………(16) two carriages and was lying ……………….(17) the
rails…………………(18) less than no time, Andrews climbed down…………(19) the platform,
and he pulled Schnair…………(20) of danger just as the train was about to move. Neither
suffered more than a few cuts and bruises.
The President saw the rescue story …………….(21) a newspaper and rang Andrews to
congratulate him ……………….(22) his courageous action. He also made a
call…………….(23) Jamac Food’s Vice President, and as a result, Andrews has a job now.
What’s more, all Andrews’ debts have been paid ……………(24) an anonymous well-wisher.
Said Andrews, “I’m no hero, but I couldn’t stand there and do nothing. I’m just
grateful…………….(25) everybody who’s helped me get back to work again.”
61
Exercise 25. Complete the following using phrasal verbs from the box and putting the
objects of the phrasal verbs in the appropriate place:
put up bring up invite out / take out ring up split up warm up
take back work out send away get up set off pick up
Mike and Judy have two young children: Alison, aged 8 and Peter, aged 5. They are very
lively and affectionate children, and both parents have enjoyed (1) (them). But
Mike and Judy’s marriage wasn’t (2) , and six months ago they decided
to (3) . Judy and the two children stayed in their small suburban house, and
a friend from work (4) (Mike) in his flat. Then Mike’s company (5)
(him) to open a new office in the south of the country.
Now Mike only sees his children once a month, although he (6) (them) once
or twice a week. On the first Saturday of each month he (7) on the 300
mile journey to the north.
He (8) (the children) from their home about lunchtime and (9)
(them) to lunch at a hamburger restaurant. At first, father and children are almost like
strangers, but then the conversation (10) , and they begin to talk about what
they’ve been doing for the last month –life at school, their friends, their new toys. After
playing in the park or seeing a film, it’s time to (11) (Alison and Peter) and
leave them with their mother. The next day, Mike (12) early, (13)
(the children) for lunch again, says goodbye to them with a heavy heart, and
returns to the south. When he sees the expressions on his children’s faces, he sometimes
wonders whether his visits do more harm than good.

Put each of these phrasal verbs in its correct place in the sentences below.
take to stand for get over account for
come into get round run into take after
a) The initials V.I.P. …………………..Very Important Person.

b) Scientists are mystified by the sudden increase in the world’s temperature. They are
quite unable to……………………..it.
c) I don’t think he’ll ever completely…………………..his wife’s death. He’ll always miss
her.
d) John works in that office. I quite often………………..him in the streets round here.
e) I can’t think of a way to …………………….the problem.
f) She has a very pleasant manner. I’m sure the children will………………..her at once.
g) He expects to………………….a lot of money in his grandfather’s will.
h) My father and I have the same character. I ………………him much more than my
brother.

Complete the second sentence so that it is has a similar meaning to the first sentence,
using the word given.
1. Could you move up so that I can sit down too? ROOM
Could you …………………………………….to sit down too?
2. Although it was raining heavily, they decided to go for a ride SPITE
They decided to go for a ride ……………………………………. rain.
62
3. I didn’t realise your house was so far from the station SUCH
I didn’t realise your house was …………………………………….the station
4. After seeing all the candidates they’ll announce the decision ONCE
They’ll announce the decision …………………………………….all the candidates.
5. You should be in bed now! HIGH
It’s …………………………………….to bed!
6. I’ll phone you only if there’s a problem HEAR
Don’t expect to …………………………………….there’s a problem.
7. I hope you haven’t got flu coming on. DOWN
I hope you’re …………………………………….flu.
8. He went to an eye specialist for an examination EXAMINED
He …………………………………….a specialist
9. We tried very hard to talk him into coming with us PERSUADE
We did everything we could …………………………………….with us
10. It’s a three-hour train journey TAKES
It ……………………………………there by train
Exercise 28. Complete the second sentence so that it is has a similar meaning to the
first sentence, using the word given.
1. The roadworks have caused a major traffic jam RESULT
There’s a major traffic jam ……………………………………the roadworks
2. He asked if it was alright for him to smoke a cigar. MINDED
He asked ……………………………………a cigar
3. It might rain later so take an umbrella. CASE
Take an umbrella ……………………………………later.
4. They’ve worked very hard on their house. DEAL
They’ve……………………………………work on their house
5. Don't worry, the pain won’t last for very long WEAR
Don’t worry, the pain ……………………………………after a while.
6. You shouldn’t have bought me a present. NEED
There ……………………………………me a present
7. I’m trying to find someone with experience to look after children USED
I’m trying to find someone ……………………………………after children
8. He asked what my reaction to the news was. FELT
He asked ……………………………………the news.
Exercise 29. Complete the second sentence so that it is has a similar meaning to the
first sentence, using the word given.
1 I'm sure that it was the sound of the rain that disturbed me. MUST
63
It .......................................... of the rain that disturbed me.

2 I managed to finish all the homework before the deadline SUCCEEDED
I .......... the homework before the deadline'
3 I took the only course open to me and changed my job. DID
What I................................. , which was the only course open to me.
4 They don't allow people who arrive late at the opera house in until the interval. ARE
People who arrive late at the opera house ............................... until the interval.
5 It's impossible that you saw John last night - he's in the USA! HAVE
John's in the USA, so ………………………..... him last night
6 I couldn't go away for the weekend because I didn't have enough money. PREVENTED
I was ............................................... for the weekend by lack of money.
7 Jane was advised to work harder by her Maths teacher RECOMMENDED
The Maths teacher ……………………………………………...harder.
8 I wish I had tried harder when I was at school. REGRET
I really ................................. when I was at school!
9 I don't want to take part in the project. RATHER
I. ............................. part in the project.
10 Some people have been saying what a good move emigrating would be. ARGUED
It …………………………………………emigrating would be a good move.
Exercise 30.
A) Choose the correct words to complete the first part of this text.
Celebrities have immense social capital: they have many social perks and get jobs that are
(I) rarely I readily available to ordinary people. Long after they are at the peak of their career,
celebrities can still get (2) expensive I lucrative work in areas unconnected to their (3)
benefits I talents. A former footballer, for example, might be paid to attend a public (4)
appearance I entrance and speak on a subject totally unrelated to their accomplishments.
The mass (5) medium I media plays a key role in promoting the (6) exposure I exposé of
celebrities and this has led to celebrity becoming a sought-after status. While many people
aspire to achieve fame and envy celebrities, the lifestyle is not without its drawbacks. Some
stars who have (7)attained I undergone celebrity often suffer from life in the public eye and
the risk of being (8) stalked I obsessed by fans.
B) Complete the second part of the text with words from the box.
attaining rewards consultancy credibility non-famous reality
talented royalty sectors value
Celebrity culture has pervaded almost all (1) _______ sectors of society. It is no longer
restricted to (2) _______ film stars and singers. However, only a small number of people can
achieve celebrity. For those who do, the (3) _______ can be huge (4) _______ work is often
a lucrative area, as is advertising branded products. Watch any (5) _______ TV show and
you will find contestants who dream of (6) _______ celebrity. However, any fame they
achieve is likely to be fleeting and with limited social or economic (7) _______ In many
64
industries, such as the arts, celebrity can be advantageous. Many (8) _______ people
working in the arts are likely to be relatively poorly paid even though they may be as (9)
_______ as their more famous counterparts. This results in resentment amongst colleagues,
with people actually facing a loss of (10) _______ .
Exercise 31. Complete the text with words and phrases from the box.
access to – directly - expert analyst - media channels - mobile
devices - reported - stay up to date - subscribe to - targeted
information - tuning in
Information sources of the future
The first and most dramatic change is the advent of social news. Social news is rapidly
becoming the means by which we (1) _______ with what is going on in the world. News is no
longer (2) _______ solely by journalists. News can now come from anyone – bypassing the
traditional (3) _______ Instead of having an edited version of what a(n) (4) _______ is
saying, we hear it straight from the source. Social news is about getting information (5)
_______ and unfiltered.
A new wave of entertainment has also arrived, one dominated by games, video and audio
streams. Instead of (6) _______ to a TV channel, we decide what to watch and when to
watch it. We no longer have to (7) _______ channels on which other people choose what we
see. We control everything ourselves. And a new concept in the form of (8) _______ is
slowly emerging. We are already seeing an increasing number of services on (9) _______
which provide information for the particular area that you are in. For example, there are so-
called `geo-targeting services' which provide you with a list of restaurants within reach of
your location rather than showing you establishments worldwide.
The number of these services is going to explode in years to come. In a world where we
have (10) _______ more information than we can consume, selecting that which is relevant
will be a very important element of delivery. And this will expand far beyond the simple geo-
targeting that we see today.
Exercise 32 Complete the text using a phrase from the list in each gap
an effect on - annoyed by - at fault - aware of - better at - by mistake -
different from - in business - without exception - wrong about
Effective communication:
a In business how staff communicate with each other and with customers is vitally
important. Not everyone is b _________ the importance of using both the right language and
the appropriate tone of voice. You can give someone the right information, but be c
_________ the way you have chosen to express yourself when you do this. In this case, you
could be sending the wrong message d _________, by putting it in an inappropriate way.
The same issues apply to writing. The way you come across in an email may be very e
_________ the way you speak on the phone, or talk to someone face to face. Some people
may even be f _________ what you say if you appear too friendly or too distant. In writing,
the organization of a letter or email, its typeface and general appearance can also have g
_________ how the message is understood. In this case your style of writing may be h
_________ and you may need more practice. It may be true that some people are naturally i
_________ communicating than others, but all staff, j _________, need training in this area,
and their performance should be monitored.
65
Exercise 33 Choose the correct word or phrase from the pair in brackets to complete
each sentence.
1 If you work longer than your contract stipulates, you will be paid. (flexitime/overtime)
2 Every year there are at least 50,000________ for that particular examination. (applicants /
candidates)
3 People who are unable to find work may be eligible for unemployment________ . (payment
/ benefit)
4 Dr Brewer decided to spend his________ year on research into comparative religions,
(secondment / sabbatical)
5 As the shipyard had run out of orders, all the workers were made ________ (redundant
/sacked)
6 Chris really is very talented, but he can’t possibly expect to make a from his painting,
(profession / living)
7 University students who take out a ________ to pay for their studies may be seriously in
debt when they graduate. (loan /mortgage)
8 I hope Jane Eyre will be on the_________ again next year. (studies/syllabus)
Exercise 34 Decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each space

1 When Lucinda graduated, she had no idea which_________ to choose.
a) living b) business c) career d) work
2 The sales manager failed to negotiate a suitable ____________with his Japanese
counterpart.
a) deal b) transaction c) business d) accord
3 The job you’ve applied for isn’t ________ . It’s only temporary, I’m afraid.
a) long-lasting b) permanent c) eternal d) durable
4 Pete has a well-paid position with a local________ .
a) firm b) association c) house d) society
5 When you send in your application, remember to supply the names of two________ .
a) umpires b) judges c) supporters d) referees
6 The day-to-day running of the school is handled by the headteacher, who is responsible to
the________ of governors.
a) board b) table c) committee d) meeting
7 Silvio was the first member of staff ever to be _____ _ for gross professional misconduct.
a) dispatched b) sacked c) released d) shot
8 Employers are often less interested in an applicant’s academic than in his or her
experience.
a) papers b) certificates c) qualifications d) degrees
9 Gary accepted the job in Lisbon, although he would only be half his previous salary.
a) winning b) gaining c) deserving d) earning
10 Depending on their circumstances, university students live on a ________ from the bank,
an allowance from their parents or income from part-time jobs.
a) loan b) pension c) fund d) purse
66
Exercise 35. Read the text and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each
space.
Ask most people for their Top Ten fears, and you'll be sure to find being burgled fairly
high on the (1) ________ An informal survey I (2) ________ among friends at a party
last week revealed that eight of them had had their homes broken into more than twice,
and two had been burgled five times. To put the record (3) ________ , none of my
friends owns valuable paintings or a sideboard full of family silverware. Three of them
are students, (4) ________ .
The most typical burglary, it seems, (5) ________ the theft of easily transportable items -
the television, the video, even food from the freezer. This may have something to do with
the fact that the (6) ________ burglar is in his (or her) late teens, and probably wouldn't
know what to do with a Picasso, (7) ________ selling an I-pod or a vacuum cleaner is a
much easier (8) ________ . They are perhaps not so much professional criminals, as
hard-up young people who need a few pounds and some excitement. Not that this
makes having your house (9) ________ upside down and your favourite things stolen
any easier to (10) ________ . In most (11) ________ , the police have no luck (12)
________ any of the stolen goods. Unless there is definite evidence, they are probably
unable to do anything at all. And alarms or special locks don't (13) ________ to help
either. The only advice my friends could (14) ________ .was 'Never live
on the ground floor' and 'Keep two or three very fierce dogs', which reminded me of a
case I read about, where the burglars' (15) ________ included the family's pet poodle.
1) A rank B rating C grade D list

2) A called up B held with C set about D carried out
3) A straight B right C correct D steady
4) A as well B however C in fact D at any rate
5) A means B involves C affects D covers
6) A common B medium C average D middle
7) A whereas B as yet C much as D as soon as
8) A concern B event C situation D matter
9) A put B turned C stood D pulled
10) A submit B receive C accept D admit
11) A examples B cases C items D occasions
12) A taking B making C tracking D recovering
13) A sound B look C show D seem
14) A come up with B make do with C go through with D get off with
15) A takings B profit C loo t D receipts
Exercise 36. Read the text and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best completes
each gap.
Ecotourism is a (1) ____ business that many tour operators cite as being helpful to nature.
Every year, millions of people (2) ____ on protected and pristine natural areas to observe
rare species. However, a new report (3) ____ doubt on the value of this form of tourism. In
fact, it suggests that ecotourism is more damaging than helpful to nature. Details are in a
report published in the journal 'Trends (4) ____ Ecology and Evolution'. Researchers believe
tourists are disrupting animals in their natural (5) ____. They pointed to a recent event where
sea turtles in Costa Rica had problems laying their eggs because of the hordes of tourists
who had (6) ____ to watch the turtles' nesting habits.
The report says that ecotourism is making animals bolder and that this could (7) ____ the
animals. A regular human presence might make animals tamer and (8) ____ cautious about
67
other animals around them, and this could put them at risk of being attacked by their natural
(9) ____. "Then they will suffer higher mortality when they encounter real predators," the
report says. It added: "When animals interact in 'benign' ways (10) ____ humans, they may
let down their guard." The report said it was essential, "to develop a more comprehensive
understanding of how different species in different situations respond (11) ____ human
visitation and under what precise conditions human exposure might put them at (12) ____."
1. (a) brimming (b) booming (c) blooming (d) bombing

2. (a) rescind (b) descend (c) decant (d) reside
3. (a) lurches (b) spirals (c) peels (d) casts
4. (a) by (b) in (c) at (d) to
5. (a) habitual (b) habitat (c) cohabitate (d) inhabit
6. (a) congealed (b) congested (c) congregated (d) congratulated
7. (a) engender (b) danger (c) endanger (d) endemic
8. (a) lessen (b) lesser (c) less (d) lessening
9. (a) threatens (b) threads (c) treats (d) threats
10. (a) with (b) by (c) at (d) of
11. (a) to (b) for (c) as (d) on
12. (a) riskiness (b) risky (c) risk (d) risked
each collocation or fixed phrase.
Very few popular (1) ________ sports today remain amateur in any sense of the word. In
the past, even in cases where payment to players or athletes was forbidden, many sports
tolerated what became known as 'shamateurism', and even the sports governing (2)
_____ turned a blind eye to such (3) _____ as the paying of 'expenses'. More recently,
sport has become, in effect, a (4) _____ of the entertainment industry, and the elite (5)
_____ in sports such as swimming, tennis, football and track athletics can expect to
become very rich. This worries some people, who complain that the old Olympic ideal has
been lost, but the fact is, sport has become more and more professional in the wider
sense, not only requiring total dedication from (6) _____ champions, but also expensive
facilities, training and nutritional advice.
1) A audience B watching C spectator D viewing
2) A associations B confederations C authorities D bodies
3) A practices B occurrences C acts D operations
4) A branch B division C wing D limb
5) A doers B players C makers D performers
6) A hopeful B aspiring C striving D wishful
Exercise 38. Read the text and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each
space.
Ours is a vanishing world, one in which the familiar is constantly disappearing and
technological change is often difficult to cope with. So it should come (1) ________ no
surprise to most of us to hear that yet another part of everyday life is about to go for ever.
68
Apparently, within the next decade, money as we (2) ___________ it will probably (3)
__________ to exist in technologically advanced countries. (4) __________ Professor
Gerry Montague of the Institute for Economic Reform, the familiar coins and banknotes will
soon be replaced entirely by credit cards of various kinds. And the shop of the future will be
linked directly to the network of banking computers. The assistant will simply key in your
bank account code number and the amount you have spent, and thank you politely. You
won't have to dig (5) ___________ in your pockets for change. You may not even have a
number for your account as such, as the computer may by then be able to read your
handprint. So no more instances of credit card (6). ________ .
But I am afraid that I shall miss money. I have felt (7) ________ attached to it, ever since I
received my first pocket (8) ________ when I was five, and kept it in a money-box. Even
if my credit card of the future will be able to tell me exactly how much spending (9)
________ I have left in the computer files, even if it lights up and plays a happy (or sad)
tune at the same time, nothing will be able to replace the (10) ________ pleasure I gained
from rattling the coins in my money- box.
1) A with B as C to D in
2) A have B see C know D believe
3) A cease B stop C fail D conclude
4) A With reference to B Further to C According to D Owing to
5) A far B long C tall D deep
6) A deceit B trickery C pretence D fraud
7) A heavily B strongly C widely D largely
8) A cash B coins C money D gold
9) A capacity B potential C capability D power
10) A sheer B complete C entire D downright
each collocation or fixed phrase.
Whenever we read about the natural world nowadays, it is generally to be given dire
predictions about its (1) ....... destruction. Some scientists go so (2) ________ as to
assert that from now on, the world can no longer be called 'natural', insofar as future
processes of weather, climate and all the interactions of plant and animal life will no
longer carry on in their time-honoured way, unaffected by humans. There will never be
such a thing as 'natural weather' again, say such writers, only weather affected by global
warming. It is hard to know whether to believe such (3) ________ of doom, possibly
because what they are saying seems too terrible to be true. There are other equally
influential scientists who argue that climate, for example, has changed many times over
the (4) ________ , and that what we are experiencing now may simply be part of an
endless (5) ________ of change, rather than a disaster on a global (6) ________ .
1) A coming B close C imminent D nigh

2) A much B deep C long D far
69
3) A prophets B champions C warriors D giants

4) A generations B millennia C centuries D eras
5) A revolution B circle C round D cycle
6) A measure B scale C proportion D extent
Exercise 40. Think of the word which best fits in each space. Write only one word.
Although all major life changes, even positive ones 0) ...such... as getting married or moving
house, are difficult to cope with, perhaps none is 1) ............ traumatic than unexpectedly
losing your job. While people are in work, they constantly complain 2) ............ stress, lack
of freedom and 3) ............ on. When, however, they find themselves without employment
they suddenly realise 4) ............ lucky they were to have a monthly pay packet to depend
5) ............. Money isn't the main problem either. To a certain extent we all define 6) ............
by what we do. A job, no 7) ............ how menial, gives us a feeling of self-respect, while
providing a dependable structure for our day. Many people who lose their jobs find
themselves wondering who they are and 8) ............ the purpose of their life is. This is, of 9)
............, an illogical reaction since you are still the same person you 10) ............ while
employed. it's best not to 11) ............ your dismissal personally because companies all 12)
............,the world are making drastic labour-cuts. Therefore, if you happen to be one of 13)
............ employees dismissed, it is probably not 14) ............ of your personality or the quality
of your work. Also, keep in 15) ............,that when you succeed in finding suitable work, your
self-confidence will get an enormous boost. A positive attitude is the key to coping with this
very difficult and increasingly common problem.

Fill in the blanks with only one word
Reach for the stars - or the sci-fi book?
Would scientists bother (0) .............. to ....... read science fiction? We often imagine them (1)
................................ hard-headed people who would find fiction like this frivolous but,
apparently, many enjoy (2) .............................. . They claim to love the possibilities that
science fiction presents - (3) .............................. aliens might look like or the development of
new life forms. Science fiction (4) ................................. us out of our comfort zones, our
familiar and known environment, and encourages us to think (5) ............. the box. Science
fiction also provides an alternative perspective, giving fresh insights into life in general. The
act (6) ................................ creating a new society peopled with strange beings enables
science fiction writers to raise issues of morality in a meaningful yet unthreatening way. This,
in turn, allows those of us who read their work to question (7) ................................. and the
values we hold dear. And the issue of whether the science in fiction is really far-fetched is
debatable - who knew (8) .......................... things as mobile phones were possible when Star
Trek came up with them?
Exercise 42. Read the text below and think of the word which best fits in each space.
Write only one word.
Why is it that 0) ...when... you look around the streets all the young people seem to 1)
..................... wearing the same clothes? Why does every single one of them appear to
have 2) .............. their hair cut – or not cut – at the same hairdresser's? Just watch a few
70
music videos and you will begin to understand 3) ............ it all works. Popular music
seems to 4) ............ become the most important means of self-definition 5) ............ young
people. Whether they prefer heavy metal, grunge 6) ............ pop, the musicians they see
on TV soon become their role models. They not 7) ............ want to hear the sound, they want
to become the sound as well, and the most obvious way to do this is to copy the musician's
style. The result is long, straggly hair which 8) ............ shaved at the sides, multiple earrings,
baggy shirts and trousers and trainers as big 9) ............ shoe boxes. Comfort is not
essential 10) ............. Big shoes may be easier to slip out of 11) ............ to actually walk in,
but if you want to keep 12) ............ with the trends you wear them anyway. Peer pressure is
another influence. To most young people, dressing to 13) ............ like their friends seems to
be the surest way to be accepted. Unfortunately, the first victim of "fashion victimisation" is
individuality. While style should ideally be a way of showing people 14) ............ you really
are, following the trends means that you end up 15) ............ - or seeming to be - exactly like
everyone else.
Exercise 43. Think of the word which best fits in each space. Write only one word.
Cyber history for sale
In the spring of 1946, J. Presper Eckert and John Maunchly sent out a business plan for a
company that 1 _______ sell 'electronic computors'. In their eight-page proposal for financing
of this enterprise, sent to a small group of prospective backers, the two engineers predicted
that the market for 2 _______ a machine might consist 3 _______ scientific laboratories,
universities and government agencies. Such 4 _______ the beginnings of the Electronic
Control Company of Philadelphia, which produced the Univac, the first computer be
commercially sold in the United States.
Recently, Christie's in New York auctioned the original typescript of the Eckert-Maunchly
proposal 5 _______ $72,000 to a private buyer. It was sold 6_______ part of a collection
called 'The Origins of Cyberspace', which contained about 1,000 books, papers, brochures
and 20 artefacts from the history of computing.
'It's becoming the new frontier in scientific collecting,' said Thomas Lecky, who 7 _______
charge of the auction. Mr Lecky said two items 8 _______ particular had generated interest
among bidders: the Eckert-Maunchly business plan and a technical journal containing the
idea for TCP / IP, the standard system for the transmission of information over the Internet. 9
_______ someone had approached him 10 years ago with the May 1974 issue of the
engineering journal in 10 _______ the TCP / IP paper appeared, he would have thought that
it would have been of absolutely 11 _______ interest to anyone. 'You don't really know when
history is 12 _______ made,' he said.
71
ANSWERS GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Exercise 1
1 Tense: Present Continuous. 2 Present Simple . 3. Present Simple 4 Present Simple ..
. 5 . Present Continuous. 6 Present Perfect Continuous 7 Present Simple 8 .Present
Perfect 9 Present Perfect Continuous
1.. a ... 2 e . 3 g 4 ....i... . 5 . .c.... .6 ...h.... 7...f.... 8 ..b..... 9 .....d..
Exercise 2
1 Tense: Present Simple. 2 Present Continuous. . 3 . Present Simple.. 4 . Present
Perfect.. . 5 . Present Perfect.. 6 . Present Continuous.. 7. Present Perfect Continuous.. 8
Present Perfect Continuous.. 9 Present Perfect.
1 ... h ... 2 .b. . 3 ..d. . 4 .c.. . 5 ..g. . 6 ..e. 7 .a.. . 8 .i.. . 9 ..f. .
Exercise 3
1 Tense: Past Perfect. 2 Past Continuous. . 3 Past Simple. 4 Past Continuous . 5 . Past
Simple 6 .. Past Simple . 7 Past Perfect Continuous. . 8 Past Continuous.. 9 Past
Simple. 10 . Past Perfect Continuous 11 . Past Perfect. 12 Past Perfect Continuous. 13
Past Perfect
1 .. g .. 2 l. 3 .b 4 .a.. 5 h. 6 c.. 7 i 8 d. 9 j 10 e. 11 f 12 m. 13 k
Exercise 4
1 Tense: Going to future. 2 Future Continuous . 3. Future Simple. 4 .. Future Perfect
Continuous . 5 Going to future 6 .Present Simple. 7 Future Simple . 8. Future Simple 9 .
Future Continuous . 10 . Future Perfect 11 Present Continuous . 12 Future Continuous
1 e.. 2 .d. 3 l. 4 i 5 h. 6 .j.. 7 .a 8 .c. 9 b. 10 f. 11 k. 12 g.
Exercise 5
a. are spending n. are helping/ help
b. pay o. am learning
c. means p. am experiencing
d. is taking q. points out
e. works r. are taking
f. does s. do not really know
g. am finding t. want
h. admits u. are developing
i. am trying v. are appearing
j. am managing w. are spending
k. understand x. think
l. know y. are going
m. am going
72
Exercise 6 Ageing population

a. has been rising
b. have given
c. has been expanding
d. has been
e. has been increasing
f. have had
g. raised
h. introduced
i. ended
j. have also encouraged
Exercise 7 The latest news

1) B 9) A
2) D 10) C
3) A 11) B
4) A 12) D
5) C 13) C
6) B 14) A
7) D 15) C
8) C
Exercise 8
A. 1 is going to write - 2 am starting/ am going to start – 3 will have been – 4 will be - 5 am
going to include - 6 is going to be 7- will be - 8- will not know – 9 is published
B. 1 are moving – 2 will have found – 3 move – 4 are driving/ are going to drive – 6 find – 7
will miss – 8 will be
C. 1 is/are/ will be holding – 2 will be able to – 3 will show – 4 will have been finished - 5 is
starting/ starts 6 begins
Exercise 9
1.had not eaten 6.saw / would you do
2.were / would not go 7.wait / will call
3.goes / will fly 8.will not hear / shout
4.will happen/ win 9.bought / got - gets
5.had told / wouldn’t have gone 10.had / wouldn’t need
Exercise 10 Environmental issues

a. unless f. even
b. will g. otherwise
c. were h. not
d. would i. Supposing
e. provided j. would
73
Exercise 11 Generation gap

a. C f. B
b. A g. C
c. A h. B
d. A i. C
e. B j. C
1 is believed that eating. 8 is being opened
2 will be sent out by 9 made me have
3 is going to be transferred 10 are having our drive resurfaced
4 construction will have been completed. 11 to have our furnace serviced
5 caretaker is being held responsible 12 have my house cleaned
6 will have been appointed 13 did he get you to
7 was told off by 14 had an evening dress made
15 had had their house burgled
Exercise 13
1- was shot 9- fled
2- sat / was sitting 10- was hit
3- are believed 11- is said
4- approached 12- cordoned
5- ran 13- was well planned
6- was parked / had been parked 14- had been targeted
7- shot 15- was later found
8- ran 16- is not known
Exercise 14 Jane Austen

a. whose j. ---
b. who k. who
c. whose l. which
d. which m. what
e. whom n. what
f. which o. ---
g. what p. ----
h. which/ that q. who
i. --- r. whose
Exercise 15
1- didn’t need to go 5- would have
2- used to 6- should have enjoyed
3- had to 7- needn’t
4- can’t have been 8- should have remembered
74
Exercise 16
1 may/ might need 11 must be seeing
2 could go to Canada 12 don’t have to come
3 you like me to get 13 can’t have sent
4 is likely to go 14 you mind me/my reading // you mind if I
read
5 needn’t have bought
15 can’t have been lying
6 mustn’t eat/ aren’t allowed to eat
16 likely that she will fail
7 had better change
17 must not talk
8 should have warned me
18 needn’t have given me
9 don’t need to attend/ needn’t attend
19 may/ might have gone
10 about going to
20 you like me to help
Exercise 17
1-worrying 11-bringing up
2-spending. 12-to get
3-having 13-to buy
4-to stay 14-driving
5- to look after 15-get
6-taking 16-to take
7-to be. 17-to get
8-to arrange 18-travelling
9-combining 19-staying
10-running 20-to get.
Exercise 18
1. promised not to tell anyone
2. insisted on buying
3. whether he could have
4. why he hadn’t arrived
5. accused Simon of breaking his/having broken his
6. warned Paul not to
7. invited David to
8. admitted that they hadn’t / had not
9. apologised for making / having made
10. suggested going to (see)
Exercise 19
1. Not until the office phoned me did I find out about the meeting.
2. Only later were all the facts made public.
3. Had I realised what would happen, I wouldn’t have accepted the job.
4. Such was the response to our appeal that we had to take on more staff.
75
5. Not only did Hary break his leg, but he also injured his shoulder.
6. Little did the police suspect that the judge was the murderer.
7. Should you see Helen, could you ask her to call me?
8. In no way can the bus driver be blamed for the accident.
9. So heavy was the snowfall that all the trains had to be cancelled.
10. Were the government to raise interest rates they would lose the election.
11. No sooner had I got into the bath than someone knocked at the door.
12. Hardly had the play started when there was a power failure.
Exercise 20
1 impressions 2 impatience 3 Extraordinarily 4 Equality 5 dissatisfied 6 conclusive 7
appreciation 8 criticising/criticizing 9 weightlessly 10 recharge 11 entertaining 12 complaints
13 proof 14 authorisation 15 incredibly 16 nervously 17 disapproval 18 endless 19
laughable 20 deterrent 21 consumption 22 slightest 23 misunderstanding 24
cleanliness 25 unsuccessful 26 personalities 27 influential 28 thoughtful 29
originally 30 suspicious 31 significance 32 identification 33 unappealing 34
belongings 35 encouragement 36 evolution 37 contradictory 38 unexpected 39
insecurity 40 unbelievable
Exercise 21 Exercise 22
1 buildings 1 international
2 recommendations 2 reviewed
3 unlucky 3 disgrace
4 closely 4 innocence
5 misfortune 5 likelihood
6 constantly 6 irregularity/-ies
7 recently 7 illegal
8 illogical 8 horrified
9 seriously 9 unbelievable
10 rapidly 10 unacceptable
11 realise/-ize
12 succeeding
Exercise 23
1 On 9 with
2 By 10 by
3 in 11 with
4 in 12 by
5 in 13 of
6 in/during 14 In
7 at - 8 on 15 in
76
Exercise 24
1. on 2.in/on (Am) 3.for 4.to 5.in 6. about 7.out 8.for 9.
to 10. none 11. at 12.in 13. none 14. in/into 15. by 16.between
17. on 18. in 19. none 20.out 21.in 22. on 23.to 24.by 25. to
Exercise 25
1. bringing (them) up 7. picks (the children) up(the children)
2. working out 8. takes (them) out
3. split up 9. warms up take (Alison and Peter) back
4. put (Mike) up (Mike) (Alison and Peter)
5. sent (him) away rings (them) up 10. gets up
6. sets off 11. invites (the children) out
Exercise 26
a. stand for b. account for c. get over d. run into
e. get round f. take to g. come into h. take after
Exercise 27
1. make room for me 6. hear from me unless
2. in spite of the heavy 7. not coming / going down with
3. such a long way from / such a distance from 8. had his eye(s) examined by
4. once they have seen 9. to persuade him to come
5. high time you went 10. takes three hours to get
Exercise 28
1. as a result of
2. I/we minded him/his smoking – I/we minded if he smoked
3. in case it rains
4. done a great deal of
5. will wear off
6. was no need to buy
7. who is used to looking
8. (me) how I (had) felt about
Exercise 29
1- must have been the sound 6- prevented from going away
2- succeeded in finishing all 7- recommended that Jane should study
3- did was change my job 8- regret not trying harder
4- are not allowed in 9- would rather not take
5- you can’t have seen 10- has been argued that
Exercise 30
A) 2 lucrative 3 talents 4 appearance 5 media 6 exposure 7 attained 8 stalked
77
B) 1 stay up to date 2 royalty 3 rewards 4 Consultancy 5 reality 6 attaining 7 value 8 non-

famous 9 talented 10 credibility
Exercise 31
reported 3 media channels 4 expert analyst 5 directly 6 tuning in 7 subscribe to 8 targeted
information 9 mobile devices 10 access to
Exercise 32
a In business b aware of c wrong about d by mistake e different from f
annoyed by g an effect on h at fault j better at j without exception
Exercise 33
1 overtime 2 candidates 3 benefit 4 sabbatical 5 redundant 6 living 7
loan 8 syllabus
Exercise 34
1c 2a 3b 4a 5d 6a 7b 8c 9d 10a
Exercise 35
1. D 9. B
2. D 10. C
3. A 11. B
4. C 12. D
5. B 13. D
6. C 14. A
7. A 15. C
8. D
Exercise 36
1. (b) booming 7. (c) endanger
2. (b) descend 8. (c) less
3. (d) casts 9. (d) threats
4. (b) in 10. (a) with
5. (b) habitat 11. (a) to
6. (c) congregated 12. (c) risk
Exercise 37
1. C 4. A
2. D 5. D
3. A 6. B
Exercise 38
1. D 9. B
2. D 10. C
3. A 11. B
4. C 12. D
5. B 13. D
78
6. C 14. A
7. A 15. C
8. D
Exercise 39
1) C 4) C
2) D 5) D
3) A 6) B
Exercise 40
1. more 9. course
2. about 10. were
3. so 11. take
4. how 12. over
5. on 13. those
6. ourselves 14. because
7. matter 15. mind
8. what
Exercise 41
1- as 5 outside
2- it 6 of
3- what 7 ourselves
4 takes 8 such
Exercise 42
1. be 9. as
2. had 10. either
3. how 11. than
4. have 12. up
5. among /for 13. look
6. or 14. who
7. only - 8. is 15. being
Exercise 43
1. would 7. was
2. such 8. in
3. of 9. if
4. were 10. which
5. for 11. no
6. as 12. being
79
Bibliography
Bell, J., and Gower, R. (2014). First Expert: Coursebook. Harlow: Pearson Education
Limited.
Betsis, A., & Mamas, L. (2014). Succeed in Cambridge English Advanced. Brighton: Global
ELT.
Burguess, S. and Newbrook, J. (2012). Gold First Exam Maximiser. Harlow: Longman, 2012.
Chalker, S., & Greenbaum, S. (1992). A student's English grammar workbook. Harlow:
Longman.
Evans, V., & Dooley, J. (1998). Mission: FCE. Swansea: Express.
Evans, V. (2008). FCE Use of English 2: students’ book. Newbury: Express Publishing.
Geyte, E. V. (2011). Reading for IELTS. London: HarperCollins.
Haines, S. F., Stewart, B., Quintana, J., & Haines, S. F. (2008). First Certificate Masterclass.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hewings, M., & Haines, S. (2015). Grammar and vocabulary. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
IELTS. (2009). New York: Kaplan Publishing.
Mann, M. and Taylore-Knowles, S.(2003). Skills for First Certificate. Use of English. Oxford:
Macmillan Education.
O’Connell, S. (2010). Focus on IELTS. London: Pearson Longman.
Sorrenson, M. (2012). IELTS: 5 practice tests. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Vince, M. (2003). Advanced language practice. Oxford: Macmillan Education.
Vince, M. (2008). Macmillan English grammar in context. Oxford: Macmillan Education.
West, C. (2010). Recycling advanced English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
80

Trabajo Autónomo Inglés

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Trabajo Autónomo Inglés

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Curso Introductorio 2018

[ KEY: a. Tick b. Tick c. Cross d. Tick e. Tick f. Cross g. tick]

Read the following text and work on the exercises below.

First Impressions Count

TIPS: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS. Match the Do's and Don'ts

[ Key: 1.C 2.E 3.D 4.A 5.B]

Read the text and answer the questions.

Why do we fall in love?

A -we think is good-looking.

3) The Groucho Marx joke is mentioned in the fourth paragraph to show

4) According to Professor Aron, people easily fall in love when

6) Professor Aron claims that being attractive

7) Other research into chemical response to love shows that

Remember to pay special attention to:

[Key 1. D 2.B 3.E 4.A 5.C]

TIPS: SUMMARY COMPLETION. Order the steps below.

[ KEY: 1. E 2.A 3.D 4.C 5.B]

TIPS: SUMMARY COMPLETION. Order the steps below.

[ KEY: 1. E 2.A 3.D 4.C 5.B]

Read the text and do the exercises below.

‘Salty’ rice plant boosts harvests

[KEY: 1) C 2) A 3)E 4)B 5)D 6)F ]

1. Different categories of visitor are anxious to view the masterpiece. ________

Smart Art: The queue-busters’ guide to the world’s greatest

A The Birth of Venus

B The Death Mask of Tutankhamun.

C The Sistine Ceiling

D Girl with a Pearl Earring

Venice for Christmas

Want to join the jet set?

THE SECRETS OF HAPPINESS

1. What does ‘this’ in line 4 refer to?

How the internet is altering your mind

Read the text below and do the exercises that follow.

1. A cat appears to understand when a human calls its name.

Read the text below and do the exercises that follow.

Spoken corpus comes to life

12.3 Answer this question. Choose the appropriate letter A-D.

A acknowledging her as the pro G they don't know what to do next

Read the text below and do the exercise that follows.

Chewing gum culture

c- Sapodilla was found in Greece and Central America.

Read the text below and do the exercises that follow.

DO MEN AND WOMEN SPEAK THE SAME LANGUAGE?

 Another female characteristic is the belief that conversation should be a reciprocal

 Dr Coates believes female politeness involves other factors as well. “Partly it is a

3) According to Dr Coates, in a mixed group of speakers

Explain the following expressions in your own words.

Suggest an alternative for:

ANSWERS READING SKILLS

READING TEXT 2 READING TEXT 3

READING TEXT 7 READING TEXT 8 READING TEXT 9

Exercise 2. Consider this writing task

B Many people believe that they can only be successful if

C It’s not money that’s going to make you happy. Think

The pros and cons of using computers

Some useful expressions for argumentative writing

It is vital/ crucial / essential to ....

ANSWERS WRITING SKILLS

The exercises below provide practice only on a selection of topics.

1 Tense: Present Continuous. 2 .............. . 3.............. 4 .............. . 5 . .............. 6

1 Tense: Present Simple. 2 .............. . 3.............. 4 .............. . 5 . .............. 6 ..............