Module 1 (Final Term) UCSP
It is defined as the a system of voluntary exchange
Economic Institution
ECONOMIC INSTITUTION
Producers Manufacturers
Retailers Wholesalers
Buyers
ECONOMIC INSTITUTION
-A network of commercial organizations that determine
how goods and services are produced, generated,
distributed, and purchased.
The particular agencies or foundations devoted to the
gathering or studying of economic data, or authorized
with the job of supplying goods and services that are
necessary to the economy of a country
-The popular and thriving arrangements and structures
that are part of culture or society.
FUNCTIONS OF ECONOMIC INSTITUTION
 Enhance development through financial services
 Provide business opportunity to people by financing
and loans
 Fund research projects aimed at improving the lives
of the individuals in the society
A. Reciprocity
In Sociology
among individuals based on the understanding that the
giving of favor by one will be reciprocated in the future
either to the giver or to someone else.
Example:
Filipinos practice utang na loob. This act is part of our
culture. When a person shows you an act of kindness, it
is a must for Filipinos to return the favor.
In Economics
It is defined as an exchange of equal advantages.
Example:
Japan and Philippines made an economic agreement to
remove traveling restrictions to flourish the tourism of
both countries.
Types of Reciprocity
1. Generalized Reciprocity- Gift giving without any
expectation of immediate return
Ex. Giving birthday presents to a friend
2. Balanced Reciprocity- Expecting immediate return
from any given favor. The value of the commodities
is expected to be equal
Ex. Selling goods and services in the market
3. Negative Reciprocity-The exchange tends to favor
one party over the other, as the value of the goods
for exchange is unequal
Ex. merchant selling fake commodities at prices of
the original and genuine items, unfair barter
B. Transfers
In economics, transfer or transfer payment is a
redistribution of income or resources in the market
system. It refers to payments or transactions where
there is no value added to the economy. There is no
additional production of goods and services but just a
transfer of money from private hands to government.
How Transfers work in the Government
The government as an economic institution also provides
commercial goods to the people in the form of public
services and transfer payments.
 In the Philippines, the government is allocating a
huge amount of money to finance different
programs like education, infrastructures, health,
and defense.
 Among the government agencies that received
the highest allocations are:
 Department of Education
 Department of Public Works and
Highways (DPWH)
 Department of Interior and Local
Government (DILG)
C. Redistribution
In relation to Sociology  Redistribution is evident in our society. Family,
Redistribution is an everyday activity of societies. as the smallest unit of society, performs simple
Members of the society contribute by giving their goods redistribution.
that would be collected by the head of the community  Example:The mother or father, as the head of
followed by a distribution of the goods among the the household, collects a part of his or her
members. children’s income and allocates it to food and
Examples: pending bills. This serves as the basis for
A) Church tithes sustained community efforts under a political
B) Potlatch leader.
CHURCH TITHES- The church acts as the central Economic Institutions, Redistribution, and their Impacts
organization that pools the goods donated by its on the Global Community
members in the form of tithes or donations. The church
manages these tithes and donations for the maintenance
of the church itself and its projects and programs in
which most of the time, its members are the recipients.
By that process, the tithes or donations given by the
members are being redistributed to them, especially the
less fortunate members.
Potlach-It is a ceremonial distribution of property and
gifts celebrated by most Pacific Northwest tribes. In
every celebration, each person invited to
a potlatch receives a gift. Ceremonial formalities were
observed in the distribution of gifts or goods by the
donor according to the social rank or status of the
recipients.
In Relation to Economics
 Redistribution refers to the collection of goods
and services of people and groups to be given by
a central authority for allocation.
 Example:
When the government collects taxes from its
D. Market Transaction
population, the government becomes the
 A market exists whenever there is an interaction
centralized authority where all taxes are pooled
between buyers and sellers.
and managed. The taxes that were pooled will be
 A market transaction is the exchange of goods
returned to the people in the form of social
and services through a market where buyers and
services, welfare benefits, infrastructures, and
sellers agree on the price and quantity of goods
others which the government will spearhead
and services to be bought and sold in a specific
In Relation to Politics
place and time.
 Redistribution is the process by which electoral
Types of Market
districts are added, removed, or changed. This
Physical Markets
process is a form of boundary delimitation that
This is a set up where buyers can physically meet the
changes electoral district boundaries, usually in
sellers and purchase the desired merchandise from them
response to census results. In democratic
in exchange for money.
governments, redistribution is required by law or
Examples: shopping malls, department stores, retail
constitution.
stores
 Example: In the United States, redistribution
Non-Physical Markets or Virtual Markets
happens after each ten-year census. The state
In such markets, buyers purchase goods and services
legislature approves most states' legislative
through the internet. The buyers and sellers do not meet
district redistributions. The highest court rulings
or interact physically, but transact online instead.
require that congressional districts have roughly
Examples: Rediff shopping, eBay, Amazon
equal populations.
Auction Market
Redistribution in the Family or Community
 In an auction market, the seller sells his or her
goods to the highest bidder.
Market for Intermediate Goods
 Such markets sell raw materials (goods) required
for the final production of other goods.
Black Market
 This is a setup where illegal goods like drugs and
weapons are sold.
Knowledge Market
This is a setup that deals with the exchange of
information and knowledge-based products.
Financial Market
This market deals with the exchange of liquid assets
(money). Financial markets can be further
categorized into the following types:
1. stock market–a form of market where sellers and
buyers exchange shares
2. bond market–a marketplace where buyers and
sellers are engaged in the exchange of debt
securities, usually in the form of bonds.
3. foreign exchange market–a market where parties
are involved in the trading of currency; In this
market, also called currency market, one party
exchanges one country’s currency with an equivalent
quantity of another.
4. predictive market–a setup where the exchange of
good or service takes place for future use
E. Market and States
• A market is a place where buyers and sellers
transact economic goods and services. It is also a
mechanism used by society for allocating and
distributing the goods and services produced.
• A state is a group of people, more or less
numerous, with a definite geographical area,
with defined territorial boundaries, independent
of external control, and ruled by a government
through laws where inhabitants have to conform
by force in the common interest. In economics, a
state is always referred to as the government.
• The market, as a mechanism used by different
economic institutions in the distribution of goods
and services that the economy produced, always
relies on the very mechanism it uses−−the price
of the products. Meanwhile, the state uses its
inherent power and authority in allocating goods
and services.
CULTURAL, SOCIAL,
AND POLITICAL
INSTITUTIONS
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE AND THE HOUSEHOLD
1. Kinship by blood
2. Kinship by marriage
3. Kinship by ritual (Compadrazgo)
4. Family and the household
5. Politics of kinship
KINSHIP
refers to the “web of social relationships” that humans
form as part of a family, which is the smallest unit of
society
KINSHIP BY BLOOD
One factor that allows an individual to identify another
individual as a family member is through consanguinity,
popularly called as blood relatives.
DESCENT
the origin or background of a person in terms of family or
nationality
• Ancestry
• Parentage
UNILINEAL DESCENT
One method of limiting the recognition of kinship is to
emphasize relationships through one parent only
MATRILINEAL DESCENT
leads an individual to trace kinship relations through the
female’s line
PATRILINEAL DESCENT
leads an individual to trace kinship relations through the
male’s line
BILATERAL DESCENT
all descendants of an ancestor enjoy membership of a
common descent group by any combination of male or
female linkages.
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
Marriage defined as the “ socially or ritually recognized
union or legal contract between spouses that establishes
rights and obligations between them, between them and
their children, and between them and their in-laws”
(Haviland et al., 2011)
Monogamy
This type of family consists of single couple and their
child or children. This is also referred to as nuclear family.
Polygamy
This type of family consists of several parents and their
children.
There are two types of polygamy: polyandry and
polygyny.
• POLYANDRY- is a marriage pattern wherein a
woman is allowed to marry several men
• POLYGYNY- Is a marriage practice that allows a
man to marry several women.
Post-marital residency rules
• Anthropology has identified seven major
residency patterns: patrilocal, matrilocal,
avuncolocal, neolocal, natalocal, matrifocal and
ambilocal
• Patrilocal residence Upon marriage , the woman
is expected to transfer to the residence of her
husband’s father.
• Her children will be raised by her husband’s
family and be integrated to their lineage,
allowing for the creation of patrilineal descent.
• Virilocal residence is a subset of this
practice that focuses only on the transfer
of the women from her parent’s
residence to that of her husband’s
without consideration for the creation of
patrilineage.
• Matrilocal residence Upon marriage , the man is
expected to take residence with his wife’s
mother area, where they are expected to raise
their children and integrate them to the
maternal line, creating a matrilineal descent.
• Uxorilocal residence s a less complex
rule that merely requires the husband to
move in to his wife’s mother’s
household without consideration for the
creation of matrilineage
• Neolocal residence This is an arrangement that
requires both spouses to leave their households
and create their own at times even in a different
locality.
• Avuncolocal residence This is a complex
residency pattern as it requires two residence
transfers.
• Natalocal residence This arrangement allows
both spouses to remain with their own
households after marriage.
• Matrifocal residence This type of residency rule
arises when the father is economically and
physically unable to provide support for the
family, thereby ascribing the role of sole provider
and caregiver to the woman.
• Ambilocal residence This type of residence
patterns allows the couple to choose to live
either with the wife’s area or the husband’s
father’s area.
KINSHIP BY RITUAL
• refers to relationships among individuals who
recognize their associations and obligations
despite the absence of blood or marriage bonds.
• Anthropologist and ethnographers sometimes
call kinship by ritual as fictive kinship. The word
means "fake" or "created by imagination." This
type of kinship is not false, but it is just that in
this type of kinship, relationships among
individuals are based neither on blood ties nor by
marriage.
• Fictive kinship may tie people together in ties of
affection, concern, obligation, and responsibility.
Examples include adopted or surrogate families,
brotherhood, sororities, or peer groups.
Family and the household
• A family is a socially recognized group,
strengthened by the concept of kinship, where
people are connected by blood, marriage, or
adoption, and where a caring relationship mainly
occurs
• A household is a residential unit or dwelling that
carries out economic production and
consumption that coordinates work, inheritance,
child rearing, and provision of shelter. It is
important to note that family and household are
not one and the same.
Nuclear family single unit, a type of family consisting of
a husband, a wife, and children (unmarried), naturally-
conceived or adopted.
Extended family or joint, a type of family that consists of
three generations living together under the same roof,
and sharing the same kitchen or economic expenses; It
consists of three nuclear families living together. In this
setup, aunts, uncles, and grandparents may live in a
family of parents and their children.
Reconstituted or blended family is a type of family that
is formed out of another relationship, otherwise known
as a step-family.
Transnational family is a type of family whose members
reside separately across territories.
POLITICS OF KINSHIP
 His power comes from the massive trust and almost
unbreakable faith people put in him.
RATIONAL AUTHORITY
is one that is grounded in clearly defined laws. The
obedience of people is not based on the capacity of any
leader but on the legitimacy and competence that
procedures and laws bestow upon persons in authority.
Contemporary society depends on this type of
rationalization, as the complexities of its problems
require the emergence of a bureaucracy that embodies
order and systematization.

Defining Culture, Society

and Politics from the
Perspective of Anthroplogy
and Sociology
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
Labor unions collaborate or negotiate with the company
“Culture”
administration to raise employee concerns regarding
salary increase, benefits, and labor rights. Culture
Political parties are formed for staging interest in the Complex whole which encompasses beliefs, practices,
government seat. values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols,
Advocacy and interest groups are designed for knowledge, and everything that a person learns and
campaigning the rights, privileges, and concerns of a shares as a member of society
particular group of people in society. Such group of
people may not be represented in government. – Edward Tylor
Cultural Heritage is an expression of the ways of living
AUTHORITY AND LEGITIMACY developed by a community and passed on from
Authority is the right to command. generation to generation, including customs, practices,
Legitimacy gives form to authority. places, objects, artistic expressions and values.
Cultural Heritage is often expressed as either Intangible
TYPES OF AUTHORITY or Tangible Cultural Heritage.
According to the sociologist Max Weber, there is a
category as to how authority is legitimated as a belief Tangible Cultural Heritage
system. These are traditional, charismatic, and rational. -refers to physical artifacts produced, maintained and
Traditional authority indicates the presence of a transmitted intergenerationally in a society.
dominant personality. This leader is someone who
depends on established tradition or order. Examples:
While this leader is also a dominant personality, the The Great Wall of China
prevailing order in society gives him the mandate to rule. Taj Mahal
This type of leadership, however, is reflective of everyday
routine and conduct. Tangible Cultural Heritage of the Philippines
CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY -Banaue Rice Terraces in Ifugao
points to an individual who possesses certain traits that -Calle Crisologo in the historic town of Vigan,
make a leader extraordinary. Ilocos Sur.
This type of leader is not only capable of but actually -Barasoain Church
possesses the superior power of charisma to rally diverse -Biak na Bato
and conflict-prone people behind him. -Bagbag Bridge

Intangible cultural heritage (ICH)
-made up of all immaterial manifestations of
culture, represents the variety of living heritage
of humanity as well as the most important
vehicle of cultural diversity (Lenzerini, 2011)
• Oral traditions and expressions, including
language as a vehicle of the intangible cultural
heritage;
• Performing arts;
• Social practices, rituals and festive events;
• Knowledge and practices concerning nature and
the universe;
• Traditional craftsmanship
Examples
- Lion Dance
- "Jallikkattu" or "Eru Thazhuvuthal"
understood by others in terms of that
individual's own culture (Boas, 1887)
Franz Boas said:
"civilization is not something absolute, but
... is relative, and ... our ideas and conceptions are
true only so far as our civilization goes"
Ethnocentrism
- is judging another culture solely by the
values and standards of one's own
culture.
- Ethnocentric individuals judge other
groups relative to their own ethnic
group culture, especially with concern
for language, behavior, customs and
religion.

Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Philippines

- Hudhud chants of the Ifugao
- Tinikling
- Singkaban Festival
- Balagtasan
- Batutian

RA 10066
Philippine Cultural Heritage Act
or
"National Cultural Heritage Act of 2009". Xenophobia is the fear and distrust of that which is
AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE PROTECTION AND perceived to be foreign or strange.
CONSERVATION OF THE NATIONAL CULTURAL
HERITAGE, STRENGTHENING THE NATIONAL
COMMISSION FOR CULTURE AND THE ARTS (NCCA)
AND ITS AFFILIATED CULTURAL AGENCIES, AND
Goodluck and Godbless! 
FOR OTHER PURPOSES

Defining Culture, Society and

Politics from the Perspective
of Anthroplogy and Sociology
“Cultural Relativism &
Ethnocentrism”
Cultural Relativism
- is the principle that an individual
person's beliefs and activities should be