The Design of Mobile Target Monitoring System Based on VHF/ TDMA Technology

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I sincerely thank Mr.Murthi Mahadeva Naik -Asst.Professor and

Ms.G.Padmaja Devi-Sr.Lecturer of Electronics & Communication Department
Malnad College Of Engineering Hassan for giving me an opportunity to present
the seminar on the topic “The Design of Mobile Target Monitoring
System Based on VHF/ TDMA Technology”.
I also thank Dr.(Ms.)P A Vijaya HOD of Electronics &
Communication Department Malnad College Of Engineering Hassan for giving
me an opportunity to present the seminar on the topic “The Design of Mobile
Target Monitoring System Based on VHF/ TDMA Technology”.

I extend my thanks to all the technical and non technical staff of the
Electronics & Communication Department Malnad College Of Engineering
Hassan for giving me an opportunity to present the seminar.

KARTHIK H.S.

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The Design of Mobile Target Monitoring System Based on VHF/ TDMA Technology

ABSTRACT

In view of moving features of city special vehicles, this paper proposed a way of building real-
time mobile target monitoring system based on VHF wireless communication and TDMA multi-
access technology. It designed the communication protocols of monitoring system referring the
OSI module. A kind of special multi-serial port wireless communication controller is designed
based on the 32-bit ARM microprocessor S3C44B0X and an embedded real-time operating
system. Finally, it designed a new wireless communication encryption algorithm named RRSE
(Real-time Ring Shift Encipher) based on GPS.

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The Design of Mobile Target Monitoring System Based on VHF/ TDMA Technology

CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE NO.

I. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1

II. ABSTRSACT 2

III. CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION 4

IV. CHAPTER 2- RELATED TERMINOLOGIES 5

i. VHF 5
ii. SAMSUNG S3C44B0X 5
iii. TDMA 6
iv. RRSE ALGORITHM 7

V. CHAPTER 3

i. SYSTEM STRUCTURE AND 8

WORKING PRINCIPLE

ii. THE DESIGN OF SYSTEM 9

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

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The Design of Mobile Target Monitoring System Based on VHF/ TDMA Technology

iii. THE HARDWARE DESIGN OF SYSTEM 14

iv. THE SOFTWARE DESIGN OF SYSTEM 16

VI. CHAPTER 4- CONCLUSION 18

VII. CHAPTER 5- REFERENCES 19

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
There are many special vehicle groups among the city traffic, like buses, taxies, police cars,
ambulances, fire extinguishing tankers, cash trucks, etc; they are the most important parts of one
city. It would be helpful to the city traffic and vehicle’s safety if these vehicle groups can get
real time monitoring and better management [1]. According to moving features of city special
vehicles, analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of current vehicle monitoring system, it
proposed a way of building real-time mobile target monitoring system based on VHF wireless
communication and TDMA multi-access technology. The software and hardware development
tools adopt special multi-serial port wireless communication controller based on 32-bit ARM
microprocessor S3C44B0X and the embedded real-time operating system respectively.

The VHF wireless communication, adopt half duplex method actually and worked at different
frequencies, which is both communication sides using a pair of transceiver channels. For
building the mobile target monitoring system, mobile terminal used communication way of
TDMA which can avoid mutual interference of different vehicles, and ensure that all mobile
terminals can communicate with monitoring normally. By using VHF/TDMA, it can build the

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communication network easily, and the system can be controlled easily, the equipment of the
system is low, the delay time of communication is small and fixed. So it suit real-time
monitoring system and broadcast downlink calls. For solving the bad quality of data
communications and confidentiality, it can adopt measures of channel optimization, wireless
data packet check and encryption algorithm.

CHAPTER 2
RELATED TERMINOLOGIES
i.VHF
The VHF[7] (very high frequency) range of the radio spectrum is the band extending from 30
MHz to 300 MHz. The wavelengths corresponding to these limit frequencies are 10 meters and
1 meter.

In the VHF band, electromagnetic fields are affected by the earth's ionosphere and troposphere.
Ionospheric propagation occurs regularly in the lower part of the VHF spectrum, mostly at
frequencies below 70 MHz. In this mode, the communication range can sometimes extend over
the entire surface of the earth. The troposphere can cause bending, ducting, and scattering,
extending the range of communication significantly beyond the visual horizon. Auroral, meteor-
scatter, and EME (earth-moon-earth, also called moon bounce) propagation take place on
occasion, but these modes do not offer reliable communication and are of interest primarily to
amateur radio operators.

The VHF band is popular for mobile two-way radio communication. A great deal of satellite
communication and broadcasting is done at VHF. Wideband modulation is used by some
services; the most common example is fast-scan television broadcasting. Channels and sub

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bands within the VHF portion of the radio spectrum are allocated by the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU).

ii. Samsung S3C44B0X

The Samsung S3C44B0X[9] is an ARM7TDMI-S based high-performance 32-bit RISC
Microcontroller with Thumb extensions 8kB Cache, On-chip PLL, Vectored Interrupt
Controller, External Memory Controller (FP/EDO/SDRAM), LCD Controller with dedicated
DMA, 2-ch general DMA, 2-ch peripheral DMA, Two UARTs, SIO, IIC-Bus & IIS-Bus
Controller, 5-ch PWM Timers & 1-ch Internal Timer, Watchdog Timer, RTC with Calendar, 8-
ch 10-bit ADC, 71 General purpose I/O pins.

iii. TDMA
Time Division Multiple Access or TDMA[8] is a method used to enable multiple earth stations
to transmit intermittently on the same frequency, but with the timing of their transmissions so
arranged that the bursts do not overlay when they arrive at the satellite but arrive in sequence
and thus are all successfully received by the teleport hub modem burst demodulator.

The operation of TDMA requires an outlink control to all the remote sites which contains some
control information. This outlink carrier also had a frame structure that provides accurate timing
information for all the remote sites. The teleport hub equipment computer tells each stations
what particular time slot to use in the TDMA frame and this time plan information is broadcast
to all sites periodically. The burst time plan may be fixed, so as to allocate each site a particular
proportion of the total TDMA frame time or is may be dynamic, whereby the time slot allocated
is adjusted in response to the traffic needs of each site.

This image below shows a sequence of two successive TDMA frames passing through the
satellite. The carrier bit rate is 250 kbit/s

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The Design of Mobile Target Monitoring System Based on VHF/ TDMA Technology

Explanation: Site 1 transmits a burst, starting at the beginning of each TDMA frame. The burst
lasts 180 mS, so at a rate of 250kbit/s site 1 sends 45,000 bits per burst, or 45,000 bits per
second. Site 2 transmits a burst, timed to arrive at the satellite just after the end of burst 1. The
red, second, burst lasts 80 mS, so at a rate of 250kbit/s, site 2 sends 20,000 bits per burst, or
20,000 bits per second. The diagram shows a fixed time plan, where each station has been
allocated a predetermined portion of the total time.

iv. RRSE ALGORITHM

Because it adopts VHF wireless communication at this system, the confidentiality is bad, so new
wireless communication encryption algorithm designed, which is RRSE (Real-time Ring Shift
Encipher). RRSE belongs to symmetrical encryption algorithm, it’s a time-variant encryption
algorithm based on GPS. Because monitoring center and mobile terminals of system are
equipped with GPS receiving equipment, and GPS information has precise clock, making the
monitor center and all the mobile targets get relative satellite clock information at the same time
and achieve synchronization. On this basis, the transmitter take the time as key to customize
encryption algorithm and encrypt effective information, the process of encryption algorithm can
be marked as: | data | = E (key, data, algorithm), data express original cipher text, key express
encryption key, where key is time information hh: mm: ss, algorithm is encryption algorithm,
the sub-cyclic shift algorithm used at this system, | data | express encrypted cipher text. The
receiver use the same time key to decrypt encrypted cipher text and do inverse operation, data =
D (key, | data |, algorithm), so it can get original cipher text, and implement the confidentiality

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of information transmission. Because the GPS signal simultaneously provides the time
information with 1s cycle for center and terminal, that is, in this encryption system, encryption
key and decryption key are the same and synchronous time-variable, that make this kind of
encryption algorithm immediate effective, has quite high anti crack and anti interference
performance.

CHAPTER 3

i. SYSTEM STRUCTURE AND WORKING

PRINCIPLE

I. SYSTEM STRUCTURE

The mobile target monitoring system is composed of three parts, monitoring center, mobile
target terminals and wireless communication network, the system structure as shown in figure

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2.1.1.

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fig 2.1.1 The structure of mobile target monitoring system

II. Working Principle

The function of the system is to analyze the GPS information of mobile targets together with the
vehicles status messages from vehicle communication controller, pack it up into frames
according to established protocol, and uses the independent innovation RRSE encryption

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algorithm designed in this paper ,send the frames up to the monitoring center by the wireless
special network. In monitoring center, the frames after decipher and resolution by
communication controller, deliver to the superior machine, and realize real time display on an
electronic map. The monitoring center can also send down command to targets, and accomplish
the function of location and track, vehicles condition surveillance, scheduling, alarm and remote
control the mobile targets.

ii. THE DESIGN OF SYSTEM COMMUNICATION

PROTOCOL
It consults the OSI module proposed by ISO, and designs a hierarchical communication protocol
of the mobile target monitoring system. The protocol involves the physical layer, data link layer,
network layer and application layer.

I. The Design of Physical Layer

Physical layer is the foundation of the whole system, provide to transmission medium and
equipments interlink for the data communication with each other, and promise the credibility
communication environment. The physical layer adopts SCADA digital radio of WDS2710 type
produced by Shenzhen Sinosun Electronic Company. Its overlay frequency is 220-240 MHz,
and have large throughput, its transmission distance is far, supports transparent transmission and
use
asynchronous transmission mode [2]. In the system, digital radio is used concurrently as main
Station and slave station, and semi duplex working is chosen. The system interfaces generally
include signal exportation, signal importation, PTT and ground. Among them, PTT is used to
control radio transition state, when the state between PTT and ground is high resistance, it
transmits data, and otherwise, it receives data.

II. The Design of Data Link Layer

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Data link layer promise the credibility of physical link, and provide the way of foundation and
release of link. It formats the data delivered according to frame, and carry on error control and
media accessing mechanism. For attaining the purpose of high speed and dependable
transmission, the design of data link layer used frame structure of a synchronous communication
protocol for reference at this system, but it does a certain modification [3]. The frame structure
is as shown in figure 2.2.1.

Fig 2.2.1 frame structure

Frame head takes up one byte, it constituted by 8 bits sequence 01111110, when detecting six
sequential “1”, and only six “1”, means a beginning of one frame. For avoiding six sequential
“1” appearing at bit bunch of normal data, it takes technology of zero bit insertion at transmitter
and zero bit deletion at receiver. The frame type is used for marking the frame, and takes up one
byte. Four frame types have been used, among them 01 is information frame, 02 is order frame,
03 is response frame, 04 is alarm frame, and the rest can expand. The information segment is an
actual content that wants to deliver; the segment length is different according to frame type.
Take information frame as an example, its information segments involve the information of
vehicle number, state, time, latitude, longitude, speed and direction angle. The length of
information segment is fixedly 17 bytes, and information can be acquired by analyzing GPS
signal and scanning vehicle emergency key, the structure of it as shown in figure. The CRC
check adopts 16 circulating redundancy check code recommended by CCITT, and the frame tail
takes up one byte and marks the end of a frame.

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fig 2.2.2 information frame structure

III. The Design of Network Layer

The function of network layer is to transmit message package, and also responsible for routing
selection and congestion control. The TDMA synchronous time base protocol is designed for
solving the use of single channel and management problem, because all wireless network of
mobile targets and monitoring center working at same frequency [4]. For sufficient use of
wireless channel resource, and keeping the channel is unimpeded, it divides the single frequency
channel (physical channel) to many sequential logic channel at the foundation of uniform time
base. Each logic channel is called a time slice, and N time slices constitute a time row. The time
row of GPS monitoring system generally has 5s, 10s, 20s and 30s, and don't more than 30s for
the consideration of real-time trait. Because all of terminals have GPS equipment, and GPS
information involves accurate clock leading-edge, that make monitoring center and all of mobile
targets receive the clock information at the same time and achieve synchronization. Monitoring
center and every mobile targets delay comparing this synchronous time, and wait its time slice.
At the prescriptive time slice of itself:
• At the normal communication state, mobile targets transmit information frames to center
by radio, the frame involves vehicle’s orientation, speed, state, etc.
• Monitoring center sends out order frames to a mobile target or a group according to
needs.
• When mobile targets received the order from center, transmit response frame to center
according to order frame.
• When one mobile target transmits alarm or recourse information, it can occupy a recent
alarm slice first to send out alarm or recourse frame at its time slice. For preventing the

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status of several targets alarming at the same time and causing conflict , mobile target in
addition to robbing to have recent slice, also set the state bit of information sent at alarm
or recourse state, for preventing losing alarm information due to conflict.

So according the different data transmitted, the time slice can be compartmentalized information
slice, order slice, response slice and alarm slice. Among them, order slice send out from center
to mobile targets, others is reverse. A typical time base distribution is shown in figure 2.2.3

Fig 2.2.3 A typical time base distribution

The size of time slice has relation with three factors, the size of data package, baud rate and
delay time. Take the information frame with maximal data capacity as example, its information
segment is 17 bytes, frame type is 1byte, and CRC check is 2 bytes, then an effective data length
is 20 bytes. Because the adoption of zero bit insertion, under the extreme circumstance, the
longest bit stream increase 1/5, that indicate increasing 4 bytes and adding the frame head and
frame trail, the frame total size is 26 bytes. If it transmitted as 9600Bps, the time of one data
frame used is 26*8/9600=21.7ms, the delay time of a physical radio is about 10ms, that it can
transmit 20 bytes efficient information at a 35ms time slice. If the security time slots been
added, a time slot length can be set 50ms. At this state, if each time row has 100 time slots, the
system scanning period (also called the longest alarm period) is 5s.

IV. The Design of Application Layer

It interacts directly by application software between the application layer and the consumers.
The system protocol’s high-level design has mainly adopted the management software of mobile

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targets monitoring center that is developed combining with VC and MapInfo. Through the
dynamic display by matching each mobile target's position with an electronic map, the monitor
centre can manage, monitor, direct and dispatch the user equipped with vehicle unit directly. The
management software of mobile targets monitoring center is composed of three modules: data
communication module, vehicle management module and user interface management module.

iii. THE HARDWARE DESIGN OF SYSTEM

I. The Introduction of System Hardware Unit

The system hardware unit can be divided into two kinds, mobile target unit and the monitoring
center unit, as shown separately in figure 3.1.1 and figure 3.1.2. Looked from the hardware
equipment that mobile target unit and the monitoring center unit includes the SCADA digital
radio, the GPS receiver, the multi-serial port communication controller, what is different is
monitoring center hardware unit also need to connect with superior machine and the private
alarm system. So from the perspective of hardware design, the mobile target and the monitoring
center's core control panel development can be combined, namely development special-purpose
multi-serial port embedded communication control panel.

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fig 3.1.1 The structure of mobile unit

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fig 3.1.2 The structure of centre unit

II. The Design of Multi-serial Port Communication

Controller

The functional modules of special-purpose multi-serial port communication control panel of

mobile target monitoring system include the power circuit, the crystal oscillator and the reset
circuit, the JTAG electric circuit, the SDRAM memory, the Flash memory [5], the serial port
interface circuit, the serial port expander, the GPS electric circuit, its structure as shown in
figure.

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Fig 3.2.1. The structure of communication controller

iv. THE SOFTWARE DESIGN OF SYSTEM

I. Software Design of Mobile Terminal

The functions of the mobile target terminal's communication software include two parts. First,
the mobile target terminal analyzes the time, the longitude, the latitude, the speed, the direction
angle as well as the vehicle number, the condition (alarm, call to speaks) and so on that GPS
received, then packs the data into special packet (information frame / alarm frame) according to
the wireless communication protocol designed, after the CRC check and the RRSE algorithm

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encryption, sends to the centre communication controller of the monitor system though wireless
special network. Secondly, the mobile target terminal carries out a brief response frame back to
confirm the commands of monitoring center.

II. Software Design of Monitoring Center

Software design of monitoring center uses the development mode of combination of VC and
MapInfo. By matching each mobile target's position with the electronic map, through the
dynamic image displaying, it can visually describe the location and status of the monitored
mobile targets. Trough point-and click operation it can carry out a reasonable command and
adjustment on the supervised vehicle or group, implement of mobile targets real-time
monitoring, control, scheduling and management.

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CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION

After the experiment, the system is easy to project implement, easy to control, communication
delay time is small and fixed, and the operation expense is inexpensive, so it’s suitable for the
real-time monitoring system. But in this paper, the mobile target monitoring system used the
single base station monitoring center framework, to a certain extent limited the system coverage,
system capacity and application areas, based on the consideration of expanding the system, the
monitoring center may use the system framework of a single master station and many sub-
station, this is the direction of future research.

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CHAPTER 5
REFERENCES

[1] Zhou Xiang, Yu Quan, Rong Jian and Dai Shuai, “Research of Traffic Guidance System
Based on Narrowband Data Communication”. Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. IEEE, 2007, pp.
523-527.
[2] Data sheet of 2710/4710 Series SCADA Transmitter-receiver ， Shenzhen Sinosun
Electronic Co.,Ltd.
[3] Hua Gang, Yang Jia and Li Jintao, “Research on Unified Communication Agreement for
Mine Safety Monitoring and Control System”, Mineral Engineering, 2006,7.
[4] Yuanjin Bao. “The total design of vehicle monitoring system based on GPS.” The purchase
handbook about world GPS receiver. pp. 169-183, 1998.5.
[5] Bez, R., Camerlenghi, E., Modelli, A, Visconti, A. “Introduction to flash memory”. IEEE.:
Proceedings of the IEEE.America:IEEE,2003,pp. 489–502.
[6] Dingxiong Tao and Yicheng Liu, “Design of portable intelligent instrument based on the
arm,” Microcomputer Information, vol.24(26), pp. 96–97, 2008.
[7] What is VHF (very high frequency) - Definition from Whatis.com.html
[8] What is TDMA(Time division multiple access) – Definition from Whatis.com.html

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[9] www.keil.com/dd/chip/3835.html

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