ARDRIAN STIVEN O.

BERGOLA BSIS

Understanding the Self

Module 3 SOCIOLOGY

SIOLOGY
The origin comes from the Latin word “socious” which mean companionship and the Greek word” logos”
which means study.

Contributors to the sociological perspective

Major sociological theorists or contributors to this theoretical approach include:
1. August Comte
philosopher, mathematician, and social scientist, Comte was best known as the originator of
positivism, an approach to the philosophy and history of science and to the theory of societal
development that identified genuine knowledge as the product of empirica
2. Harriet Martineau
Martineau is notable for her progressive politics. She introduced feminist sociological
perspectives in her writing and addressed overlooked issues such as marriage, children,
domestic life, religious life, and race relations. In 1852, Martineau translated the works of
Auguste Comte, who had coined the term sociology.
3. Herbert Spencer
Herbert Spencer is famous for his doctrine of social Darwinism, which asserted that the
principles of evolution, including natural selection, apply to human societies, social classes, and
individuals as well as to biological species developing over geologic time.
4. Karl Marx
Marxism is a social, political, and economic theory originated by Karl Marx, which focuses on
the struggle between capitalists and the working class. He believed that this conflict would
ultimately lead to a revolution in which the working class would overthrow the capitalist class
and seize control of the economy.
6. Emile Durkheim
Émile Durkheim believed that as societies advance, they make the transition from mechanical
to organic solidarity. For Karl Marx, society exists in terms of class conflict. With the rise of
capitalism, workers become alienated from themselves and others in society.
Scientific Methodology
The research styles she developed involves techniques to validate theories. Substitute
assumption with scrutiny, gather and organize data and use that data for analyzing social
theory.

1. The symbolic interactionist perspective

Symbolic interactionism is a theoretical approach to understanding the relationship between
humans and society.
2. The functionalist perspective
The functionalist perspective sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to
promote solidarity and stability.
3. The conflict perspective
Conflict theories are perspectives in sociology and social psychology that emphasize a
materialist interpretation of history, dialectical method of analysis, a critical stance toward
existing social arrangements, and political program of revolution or, at least, reform.

Module 4 ANTHROPOLOGY
Anthropology
Anthropology is the study of humanity through the application of biology, cultural studies,
archaeology, linguistics, and other social sciences.
The Development of Anthropology
Development anthropology refers to the application of anthropological perspectives to the
multidisciplinary branch of development studies
Anthropological Perspectives
Anthropology takes quite a different approach to culture. Most anthropologists would define
culture as the shared set of (implicit and explicit) values, ideas, concepts, and rules of behaviour
that allow a social group to function and perpetuate itself.

Sub-Fields of Anthropology
1. Physical Anthropology
Physical or biological anthropology deals with the evolution of humans, their variability, and
adaptations to environmental stresses.
2. Archaeology
Archaeology is the study of the human past using material remains. These remains can be any
objects that people created, modified, or used. Portable remains are usually called artifacts.
3. Linguistic Anthropology
an interdisciplinary field dedicated to the study of language as a cultural resource and speaking
as a cultural practice. They study the history of language, the way languages change over time
and across cultures, and how languages shape human behavior and social life.
4. Cultural Anthropology
Focuses on the study various forms of human behavior, human thoughts and human feelings as
it aims to discover different patterns. It’s sub parts focuses on ethnology and ethnography.
Studying Culture by Fieldwork
The objective of cultural studies is to understand culture in all its complex forms, and analyzing
the social and political context in which culture manifests itself.
Studying Culture: Ethnology
he objective of cultural studies is to understand culture in all its complex forms, and analyzing
the social and political context in which culture manifests itself. Cultural study is a site of both
study/analysis and political criticism.
5. Applied Anthropology
application of the methods and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of
practical problems.
Anthropology as a Science
The view of Anthropology as being empirical in nature which is based on human observation of
the environment rather than relying on faith or on intuition.
*Theory -A justification of natural phenomena, held by a dependable data.
* Hypothesis- A cautious description of the relative connectedness between certain
phenomena.
Anthropology as one of the Humanities
academic disciplines that study aspects of human society and culture. The humanities include
the study of ancient and modern languages, literature, philosophy, history, archaeology,
anthropology, human geography, law, politics, religion, and art.
Anthropology’s Comparative Method
The basic operation in the comparative method is an arrangement of social or cultural
conditions observed among existing peoples into a series that is then taken to represent a
process of evolution
Anthropology and Globalization
globalization is the development and proliferation of complex, interdependent international
connections created through the movement of capital, natural resources, information, culture,
and people across national borders.