NAME: PILAPIL, VIANNA MARIE G. DATE and TIME: October 22, 2021, 9:00 A.M.

STRAND and SECTION: 12 STEM 2E - PRUDENCE INSTRUCTOR: MS. GLAIZA BOLO

ADVISER: SIR DAVE MICHAEL EROY, LPT

BACTERIAL CELL

(PROKARYOTIC CELLS)

Objective: To locate and examine the parts of the bacterial cell.

To differentiate gram positive to gram negative.

Materials: Link for Virtual Laboratory of Bacterial Cell.

(http://cbi-au.vlabs.ac.in/cell-
biology1/Cell_Organization_and_Sub_Cellular_Structure_Studies/experiment.html)

Procedure:

1. Open the provided link.

2. By clicking the link, you will be directed to site. Click the SELECT VIEW icon. Next, click the
BINOCULAR.

3. Click the SELECT SAMPLE after which, click the BACILLUS SUBTILIS. The bacterial cell will
automatically be mounted to the microscope.

4. Examine under the LPO and HPO. Observe the cellular part that is visible under the virtual microscope.

5. Draw the bacillus subtilis and label its parts. DO NOT FORGET THE MAGNIFICATION!

6. For better viewing, manipulate the different navigation provided in the HTML. BACILLUS
SUBTILLUS
PILI
CYTOPLASM

CAPSULE NUCLEAR
MATTER

NUCLEAR
MATTER PILI
FLAGELLUM
CYTOPLASM

CAPSULE
BACILLUS FLAGELLUM
SUBTILLUS
LOW POWER OBJECTIVE 10X HIGH POWER OBJECTIVE 40X
 GRAM NEGATIVE (COCCI)

For the procedures repeat the step from the procedure of BACTERIAL CELL.

COCCUS COCCI

CYTOPLASM
CYTOPLASM

LOW POWER OBJECTIVE 10X HIGH POWER OBJECTIVE 40X

GRAM POSITIVE (COCCI)

COCCUS
COCCUS COCCI
COCCI

CYTOPLASM
CYTOPLASM CYTOPLASM
CYTOPLASM

LOW POWER OBJECTIVE 10X HIGH POWER OBJECTIVE 40X

GRAM NEGATIVE (RODS)

RODS
ROD

CYTOPLASM

CYTOPLASM

LOW POWER OBJECTIVE 10X HIGH POWER OBJECTIVE 40X

 GRAM POSITVE (RODS)

ROD

RODS

CYTOPLASM

CYTOPLASM

LOW POWER OBJECTIVE 10X HIGH POWER OBJECTIVE 40X

NOTE: This time you must provide colors to the bacterial cell!

TAKING SCREENSHOT IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED!

QUESTION and ANALYSIS:

1. Differentiate Gram negative from Gram Positive.

Despite the fact that both slides were tinted with crystal violet, the results were significantly different.
The color of Gram-negative bacteria (cocci and rods) is red/pink. Under the microscope, Gram-positive
bacteria (cocci and rods) kept their pigment and appeared blue. Cocci and rods are Gram-negative
bacteria with a single peptidoglycan layer and a thin peptidoglycan layer. It has no outer membrane and
a cell wall with a high concentration of lipopolysaccharides. Gram-positive bacteria (cocci and rods) have
a multilayered peptidoglycan. It has an outer membrane and a cell wall, but no lipopolysaccharide.

2. A community volunteer and previously healthy man presents with a 2-month history of flu – like illness,
night sweats, intermittent fever, weight loss and chest pain which has worsened over the past 24 hours
making him feel very weak.

His temperature is 39.5 ° C, his heart rate is 100, and his respiration rate is fast. After 24 hours, his health
has not improved, and a second chest X-ray reveals that fluid is present in his lungs. When urinating, the
patient also has a burning feeling. The results of a urine test might reveal blood and crystals. Bloody
pustules can also form, leading to necrotic black ulcers.
A. What diseases do you suspect? (3 possibilities) Explain each.

The patient might have pulmonary tuberculosis, community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), or pneumococcal
pneumonia. One of the most common infectious diseases contracted in the area. Pneumonia acquired in
the community (CAP). It is one of the leading causes of death and morbidity around the globe. The most
frequent bacteria that causes Community-Acquired Pneumonia in people is Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Hemophilus influenza and Mycoplasma pneumoniae are two of the most common bacteria that cause
CAP. As for how the patient got this, it is considered that he obtained it while volunteering. Pneumonia is
a lung infection that causes inflammation of the alveoli of the lungs. Coughing, fever, sweating, or chills,
as well as difficulty breathing, can occur when the alveoli get blocked with fluid or pus. These symptoms
might appear when a person with CAP is moving or even sleeping. The second possible disease is Pleural
Effusion. It is known to be an abnormal accumulation of fluid between the visceral and pleural surfaces of
the chest. Shortness of breath, a dry cough, chest pains, and a general feeling of being sick are all
symptoms. It can be contracted or shrink as result of pneumonia, cancer, pulmonary embolism, kidney
disease, or an inflammatory disorder. Finally, the patient might be suffering from pulmonary TB. Lung
tuberculosis is a bacterial infection that causes chest pains, dyspnea, and severe coughing. If a person
does not receive treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis, they may die. Active tuberculosis patients can
spread the germs through the air via small droplets. It is contagious, yet difficult to catch. Visible blood
and crystal traces in urine indicate the presence of kidney stones, which is one of the results of bacterial
infections in TB patients.

B. What are pathogens that would likely cause the above-mentioned diseases? Provide its morphology.

Streptococcus pneumoniae, influenza A, mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Chlamydophila pneumonia are the
main pathogens of Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP). Streptococcus pneumoniae is a lancet-
shaped, gram-positive, alpha-hemolytic, beta-hemolytic, facultative anaerobic bacterium with 100
recognized serotypes. Although all serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause illness, just a few
serotypes are responsible for most pneumococcal infections. They are usually seen in pairs (diplococci)
and neither generate nor transport spores. It has a diameter of 0.5-2.0 micrometers.

Influenza A is a virus that causes disease and is extremely infectious. Coughing, sneezing, or talking can
cause small droplets of body fluid to spread. Someone who encounters a virus-infected surface or object
may get the flu by touching their lips or nose. The influenza A virus is an encapsulated virus with a
segmented single-stranded negative-sense RNA genome. Its virions contain spherical or filamentous
forms with a diameter of around 100 nm and varied morphology, showing their pleomorphic nature.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a small bacterium of the Mollicutes family. It is a form of atypical bacterial
pneumonia induced by a human infection, like cold agglutinin illness. Mild respiratory infections are
caused by the bacteria Mycoplasma pneumoniae, which refers to the body components involved in

breathing. Tracheobronchitis is the most common illness caused by these bacteria, particularly in
youngsters with chest colds. Mycoplasma pneumoniae cells are elongated, with a width of 0.1–0.2
micrometers and a length of 1-2 micrometers. Because of the extremely tiny cell size, light microscopy
cannot be utilized to examine the morphology of Mycoplasma pneumonia; instead, a stereomicroscope
is required.

Chlamydia pneumoniae is a bacterium that causes respiratory tract diseases such as pneumonia. The
bacteria cause illness by infecting the lining of the respiratory tract, including the throat, windpipe, and
lungs. Some people become ill yet exhibit no or very minimal symptoms. These are gram-negative bacteria
with rod-like shapes that cause pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory infections, coronary heart
disease, and atherosclerosis in humans. The pathogens of pleural effusion include Streptococcus milleri,
Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus. Streptococcus milleri bacteria are classified into
three species: Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus constellatus, and Streptococcus intermedius.
Streptococcus milleri, as well as other aerobic and facultative anaerobes included in the S. milleri group,
is commonly identified. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a lancet-shaped, gram-positive, alpha-hemolytic,
beta-hemolytic, facultative anaerobic bacterium with 100 recognized serotypes. Although all serotypes of
Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause illness, just a few serotypes are responsible for most pneumococcal
infections. They are usually seen in pairs (diplococci) and neither generate nor transport spores. It has a
diameter of 0.5-2.0 micrometers. Staphylococcus aureus is a Firmicutes-family Gram-positive, round-
shaped bacterium. It is a frequent component of the body's microbiota and may be found in the upper
respiratory tract and on the skin. When examined under a light microscope after Gram staining, they are
usually seen in clusters that resemble grape bunches. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the organism that
causes pulmonary TB. It is a tuberculosis-causing pathogenic bacterium from the Mycobacteriaceae
family. Because of the presence of mycolic acid, M. tuberculosis has a distinct waxy coating on its cell
surface, which was identified by Robert Koch in 1882. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a nonmotile rod-
shaped Actinomycete bacteria. Many nonpathogenic mycobacteria are found in dry and oily conditions
and are part of the human flora. The rods are 2-4 micrometers long and 0.2-0.5 micrometers wide.