Menjadi Program Studi Pendidikan Dokter (PSPD) Terkemuka

di Kawasan Indonesia Timur dengan Unggulan di Bidang

Kesehatan Pariwisata berlandaskan nilai-nilai
“Rahmatan Lil ‘Alamin”.

HOMEOSTASIS

Siti Ruqayyah, S.Si., M.Sc.

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ISLAM AL-AZHAR
2021
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 CORE VALUE
“Educating the mind, without educating the
heart, is no education at all”
-Aristotle-

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 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Mahasiswa mampu Mahasiswa mampu Mahasiswa mampu Mahasiswa mampu Mahasiswa mampu
memahami struktur tubuh memahami dan menyebutkan memahami dan memahami mekanisme
dari sel sampai organisme menjelaskan definisi komponen dari menjelaskan peran menjaga homeostasis
dan tujuan homeostasis homeostasis sistem dalam sebagai respon
homeostasis terhadap fluktuasi
lingkungan

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FISIOLOGI
Physiology ~ is the study of the functions of living things → Specifically, we will
focus on how the human body works

There are two approaches to explaining events that occur in the body: one
emphasizing the purpose of a body process and the other the underlying
mechanism by which this process occurs.

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FISIOLOGI – CONT’D
Example: “Why do I shiver when I am cold?”
Answer: “to help warm up, because shivering generates heat.”

Physiologists, however, explain “how” processes occur in the body. They view
the body as a machine whose mechanisms of action can be explained in terms
of cause-and-effect sequences of physical and chemical processes—the same
types of processes that occur throughout the universe.

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FISIOLOGI – CONT’D

For example, the heart is well designed to receive and pump blood, the teeth to tear and grind
food, and the hinge-like elbow joint to permit bending of the arm

In other situations, the interdependence of form and function is more subtle but equally
important

Consider the interface between air and blood in the lungs as an example: The respiratory
airways, which carry air from the outside into the lungs, branch extensively when they reach the
lungs. Tiny air sacs cluster at the ends of the huge number of airway branches. The branching is
so extensive that the lungs contain about 300 million air sacs. Similarly, the vessels carrying
blood into the lungs branch extensively and form dense networks of small vessels that encircle
each air sac

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Tingkat Organisasi
Tubuh Manusia

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FUNGSI DASAR SEL

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KELENJAR
Glands are epithelial tissue derivatives specialized for secreting.

Secretion is the release from a cell, in response to appropriate stimulation, of specific products that have
been produced by the cell.

There are two categories of glands: exocrine and endocrine.

1. Exocrine glands secrete through ducts to the outside of the body (or into a cavity that communicates
with the outside) (exo means “external”; crine means “secretion”)

If, in contrast, the connecting cells disappear during development and the secretory gland cells are isolated
from the surface, an endocrine gland is formed.

2. Endocrine glands lack ducts and release their secretory products, known as hormones, internally into the
blood (endo means “internal”)

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PEMBENTUKAN
KELENJAR
SELAMA
PERKEMBANGAN
EMBRIONIK

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 01
02

03
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 DEFINISI HOMEOSTASIS
If each cell has basic survival skills, why can’t the body’s cells live without performing specialized tasks and being
organized according to specialization into systems that accomplish functions essential for the whole organism’s
survival?

The cells in a multicellular organism cannot live and function without contributions from the other body cells because
the vast majority of cells are not in direct contact with the external environment.

Homeostasis (homeo means “the same”; stasis means “to stand or stay”) → the condition of equilibrium (balance) in
the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes

a dynamic steady state of the constituents in the internal fluid environment (the extracellular fluid) that surrounds and
exchanges materials with the cells.

Maintenance of homeostasis is essential for the survival and normal functioning of cells. Each cell, through its
specialized activities, contributes as part of a body system to the maintenance of homeostasis.
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Cairan intraseluler → cairan
yang terkandung dalam seluruh
sel tubuh

Cairan ektraseluler → cairan

yang terdapat di luar sel
(lingkungan internal tubuh)

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 KONSEP
HOMEOSTASIS –
cont’d
Homeostasis is essential for the survival of each cell, and each
cell, through its specialized activities, contributes as part of a
body system to the maintenance of the internal environment
shared by all cells

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 REGULASI FAKTOR HOMEOSTATIK
1. Concentration of nutrients. Cells need a constant supply of nutrient molecules for energy production.
Energy, in turn, is needed to support life-sustaining and specialized cell activities.

2. Concentration of O2 and CO2. Cells need O2 to carry out energy-yielding chemical reactions. The CO2
produced during these reactions must be removed so that acid-forming CO2 does not increase the acidity of
the internal environment.

3. Concentration of waste products. Some chemical reactions produce end products that have a toxic effect
on the body’s cells if these wastes are allowed to accumulate.

4. pH. Changes in the pH of the ECF adversely affect nerve cell function and wreak havoc with the enzyme
activity of all cells.

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REGULASI FAKTOR HOMEOSTATIK –
CONT’D
5. Concentration of water, salt, and other electrolytes. Because the relative concentrations of salt (NaCl) and water
in the ECF influence how much water enters or leaves the cells, these concentrations are carefully regulated to
maintain the proper volume of the cells. Cells do not function normally when they are swollen or shrunken. Other
electrolytes (chemicals that form ions in solution and conduct electricity) perform a variety of vital functions. For
example, the rhythmic beating of the heart depends on a relatively constant concentration of potassium (K) in the
ECF.

6. Volume and pressure. The circulating component of the internal environment, the plasma, must be maintained
at adequate volume and blood pressure to ensure body-wide distribution of this important link between the
external environment and the cells.

7. Temperature. Body cells function best within a narrow temperature range. If cells are too cold, their functions
slow down too much; if they get too hot, their structural and enzymatic proteins are impaired or destroyed.

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SISTEM KONTROL HOMEOSTATIK
Homeostasis in the human body is continually being disturbed - from the external environment (in the
form of physical insults) and those originate in the internal environment. Homeostatic imbalances may also
occur due to psychological stresses in our social environment

To maintain homeostasis, the control system must be able to :

(1) detect deviations from normal in the internal environmental factor that needs to be held within narrow
limits;

(2) integrate this information with any other relevant information; and

(3) make appropriate adjustments in the activity of the body parts responsible for restoring this factor to its
desired value.

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Feedback Systems
A feedback system or feedback loop is a cycle of events in
which the status of a body condition is monitored,
evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.

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Sumber:
https://byjus.com/biology/homeostasis/
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A. Intrinsic, or local, controls are built into or are inherent in an organ (intrinsic means “within”).

For example, as an exercising skeletal muscle rapidly uses up O2 to generate energy to support
its contractile activity, the O2 concentration within the muscle falls.

B. Extrinsic, or systemic, controls, which are regulatory mechanisms initiated outside an organ
to alter the organ’s activity (extrinsic means “outside of ”).

Extrinsic control of the organs and body systems is accomplished by the nervous and endocrine
systems, the two major regulatory systems.

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To stabilize the physiological factor being regulated, homeostatic control systems must be able
to detect and resist change.

The term feedback refers to responses made after a change has been detected.

Homeostatic control mechanisms operate primarily on the principle of negative feedback. In

negative feedback, a change in a homeostatically controlled factor triggers a response that
seeks to restore the factor to normal by moving the factor in the opposite direction of its initial
change.

That is, a corrective adjustment opposes the original deviation from the normal desired level.

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MEKANISME
UMPAN
BALIK
NEGATIF

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 MEKANISME
UMPAN BALIK
POSITIF

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The term feedforward is used for responses made in anticipation of a change.
For example, when a meal is still in the digestive tract, a feedforward
mechanism increases secretion of a hormone (insulin) that will promote the
cellular uptake and storage of ingested nutrients after they have been absorbed
from the digestive tract.
This anticipatory response helps limit the rise in blood nutrient concentration
after nutrients have been absorbed

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Pathophysiology → the abnormal functioning of the body
(altered physiology) associated with disease.
When a homeostatic disruption becomes so severe that it is
no longer compatible with survival, death results.

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Referensi
Sherwood L 2010. Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems. 7th Ed. California: Brooks/ Cole
Cengage Learning.

Tortora GJ & Derrickson B 2014. Principles of Anatomy & Physiology. 14th Ed. New Jersey: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.

https://byjus.com/biology/homeostasis/

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