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Vmed 101
Veterinary Anatomy I
Melvin Ayes Bagot, DVM MSc

Movement of muscles
• Visceral/Involuntary
• Somatic/Voluntary
• Cardiac muscle
• Myoepithelium (glandular epithelium)
• Other special contractile tissue
- Myoid cells of the seminiferous tubules of the testis

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Movement of muscles
• Visceral/Involuntary

Movement of muscles
• Somatic/Voluntary

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Movement of muscles
• Cardiac muscle

Movement of muscles
• Myoepithelium (glandular epithelium)

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Movement of muscles
• Other special contractile tissue
- Myoid cells of the seminiferous tubules of the testis

Skeletal muscles are named according to:

• Function – supinator, long digital extensor
• Position – lateralis ulnaris
• Direction of fibers – external abdominal oblique, rectus (straight)
femoris
• Shape – deltoideus (delta – triangular)
• Form – triceps, biceps

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Extrinsic Muscles of the Thoracic Limb

• Superficial pectoral (A)
• Deep pectoral (B)
• Brachiocephalicus (C)
• Sternocephalicus
• Omotransversarius (D)
• Trapezius (E)
• Rhomboideus
• Latissimus dorsi (F)
• Serratus ventralis

Superficial pectoral
Origin : The first 2 sternebrae and
usually part of the third; the fibrous
raphe between fellow muscles.
Insertion : The whole crest of the
greater tubercle.
Action : To adduct the limb when it
is not bearing weight or to prevent
the limb from being abducted
when bearing weight.
Innervation : Cranial pectoral nerves.
(C7 , C8)

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Deep pectoral
Origin : The ventral part of the sternum and the fibrous raphe
between fellow muscles; the deep abdominal fascia in the region of
the xiphoid cartilage.
Insertion : The major portion partly muscular, partly tendinous on the
lesser tubercle of the humerus; an aponeurosis to the greater
tubercle and its crest; the caudal part to the medial brachial fascia.
Action : To pull the trunk cranially when the limb is advanced and
fixed; to extend the shoulder; to draw the limb caudally when it is not
supporting weight.
Innervation : Caudal pectoral nerves (C8, T1)

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Brachiocephalicus

Action : To advance the limb; to extend the shoulder and draw the
neck and head to the side.
Innervation : Accessory nerve, and ventral branches of cervical
nerves.

Sternocephalicus
Origin : The first sternebra or manubrium.
Insertion : The mastoid part of the temporal bone and the nuchal
crest of the occipital bone.
Action : To draw the head and neck to the side.
Innervation : Accessory nerve and ventral branches of cervical
nerves.

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Omotransversarius
Attachment : The distal end of the spine of scapula; cranially, the
wing of the atlas.
Action : To advance the limb or flex the neck laterally.
Innervation : Accessory nerve.

Trapezius
Origin : The median raphe of the neck and the supraspinous ligament
from the level of the third cervical vertebra to the level of the ninth
thoracic vertebra.
Insertion : The spine of the scapula.
Action : To elevate and abduct the forelimb.
Innervation : Accessory nerve.

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Latissimus dorsi
Origin : The thoracolumbar fascia from the spinous processes of the
lumbar and the last seven or eight thoracic vertebrae; a muscular
attachment to the last two or three ribs.
Insertion : The teres major tuberosity of the humerus and the teres
major tendon.
Action : To draw the free limb caudally as in digging; to flex the
shoulder.
Innervation: Thoracodorsal nerve (C7, C8, T1)

Serratus ventralis
Origin : The transverse processes of the last five cervical vertebrae
and the first seven or eight ribs ventral to their middle.
Insertion: The dorsomedial third of the scapula (serrated face).
Action : To support the trunk and depress the scapula.
Innervation : Ventral branches of cervical nerves and the long
thoracic nerves.

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Rhomboideus
Origin : The nuchal crest of the occipital bone; the median fibrous
raphe of the neck; the spinous processes of the first seven thoracic
vertebrae.
Insertion : The dorsal border and adjacent surfaces of the scapula.
Action : To elevate the forelimb and draw the scapula against the
trunk.
Innervation : Ventral branches of cervical and thoracic nerves.

Intrinsic Muscles
Lateral: Scapula and Shoulder
• Deltoideus
• Infraspinatus DITS
• Teres minor
• Supraspinatus
Medial: Scapula and Shoulder
• Subscapularis
• Teres major STC
• Coracobrachialis

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Deltoideus
Origin : The spine and acromial process of the scapula.
Insertion : The deltoid tuberosity.
Action : To flex the shoulder.
Innervation : Axillary nerve.

Infraspinatus
Origin : The infraspinous fossa.
Insertion : A small, circumscribed area on the lateral side of the
greater tubercle of the humerus.
Action : To extend or flex the joint, depending on the degree of
extension or position of the joint when the muscle contracts. To
abduct the shoulder and to rotate the arm laterally.
Innervation : Suprascapular nerve.

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Teres minor
Origin : The infraglenoid tubercle and distal third of the caudal border
of the scapula.
Insertion : The teres minor tuberosity of the humerus.
Action : To flex the shoulder and rotate the arm laterally.
Innervation : Axillary nerve.

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Supraspinatus
Origin : The supraspinous fossa.
Insertion : The greater tubercle of the humerus, by a thick tendon.
Action : To extend the shoulder.
Innervation : Suprascapular nerve.

Subscapularis
Origin : The subscapular fossa.
Insertion : The lesser tubercle of the humerus.
Action : To adduct and extend the shoulder.
Innervation : Subscapular nerve.

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Teres major
Origin : The caudal angle and adjacent caudal
border of the scapula; the caudal surface
of the subscapularis.
Insertion : The teres major tuberosity of the
humerus.
Action : Flex the shoulder and rotate the arm
medially.
Innervation :
Axillary nerve.

Coracobrachialis
Origin : The coracoid process of the scapula.
Insertion : The crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus proximal to
the teres major tuberosity.
Action : To adduct and extend the shoulder.
Innervation : Musculocutaneous nerve.

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Review: Extrinsic Muscles of the Thoracic Limb

(A)
(B)
(C)
Sternocephalicus
(D)
(E)
Rhomboideus
(F)
Serratus ventralis

Intrinsic Muscles
Lateral: Scapula and Shoulder
• Deltoideus
• Infraspinatus DITS
• Teres minor
• Supraspinatus
Medial: Scapula and Shoulder
• Subscapularis
• Teres major STC
• Coracobrachialis

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Arm
Caudal
- Tensor fascia antebrachii
- Triceps brachii
- Anconeus
Cranial
- Biceps brachii
- Brachialis

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Tensor fasciae antebrachii

Origin : The fascia covering the lateral side of the latissimus dorsi.
Insertion : The olecranon.
Action : To extend the elbow.
Innervation : Radial nerve.

Tensor fasciae antebrachii

Origin : The fascia covering the lateral
side of the latissimus dorsi.
Insertion : The olecranon.
Action : To extend the elbow.
Innervation : Radial nerve.

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Triceps brachii: long head

Origin : The caudal border of the scapula.
Insertion : The olecranon.
Action : To extend the elbow
and flex the shoulder.
Innervation : Radial nerve.

Triceps brachii: long head

Origin : The caudal border of the
scapula.
Insertion : The olecranon.
Action : To extend the elbow
and flex the shoulder.
Innervation : Radial nerve.

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Triceps brachii: lateral head

Origin : The tricipital line of the humerus.
Insertion : The olecranon.
Action : To extend the elbow.
Innervation : Radial nerve.

Triceps brachii: lateral head

Origin : The tricipital line of the
humerus.
Insertion : The olecranon.
Action : To extend the elbow.
Innervation : Radial nerve.

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Triceps brachii: accessory head

Origin : The neck of the humerus.
Insertion : The olecranon.
Action : To extend the elbow.
Innervation : Radial nerve.

Triceps brachii: medial head

Origin : The crest of the lesser tubercle near the teres major
tuberosity.
Insertion : The olecranon.
Action : To extend the elbow.
Innervation : Radial nerve.

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Anconeus
Origin : The lateral epicondylar crest and the lateral and medial
epicondyles of the humerus.
Insertion : The lateral surface of the proximal end of the ulna.
Action : To extend the elbow.
Innervation : Radial nerve

Biceps brachii
Origin : The supraglenoid tubercle.
Insertion : The ulnar and radial tuberosities.
Action : To flex the elbow and extend
the shoulder.
Innervation : Musculocutaneous nerve.

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Brachialis
Origin : The proximal third of the
lateral surface of the humerus.
Insertion : The ulnar and radial
tuberosities.
Action : To flex the elbow.
Innervation : Musculocutaneous nerve.

Caudal/Medial and Cranial/Lateral muscles of

the Forearm
• Extensor carpi radialis
• Common digital extensor
• Lateral digital extensor
• Ulnaris lateralis
• Supinator
• Pronator teres
• Abductor pollicis longus
• Flexor carpi radialis
• Superficial digital flexor
• Flexor carpi ulnaris
• Deep digital flexor
• Pronator quadratus

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Extensor carpi radialis

Origin : The lateral epicondylar crest.
Insertion : The small tuberosities on the proximal ends and dorsal
surfaces of metacarpals II and III.
Action : To extend the carpus.
Innervation : Radial nerve.

Common digital extensor

Origin : The lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
Insertion : The extensor processes of the distal phalanges of digits II,
III, IV and V.
Action : To extend the joints of the 4 principal digits.
Innervation : Radial nerve.

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Lateral digital extensor

Origin : The lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
Insertion : The proximal ends of all phalanges of digits III, IV and V,
but mainly the extensor processes of the distal phalanges of these
digits.
Action : To extend the joints of digits III, IV and V.
Innervation : Radial nerve.

Ulnaris lateralis
Origin : The lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
Insertion : The lateral aspect of the proximal end of metacarpal V and
the accessory carpal bone.
Action : To abduct and flex the carpus.
Innervation : Radial nerve.

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Supinator
Origin : The lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
Insertion : The cranial surface of the proximal fourth of the radius.
Action : To rotate the forearm laterally so that the palmar side of the
paw faces medially (supination), and to flex the elbow.
Innervation : Radial nerve.

Pronator teres
Origin : The medial epicondyle of the humerus.
Insertion : The medial border of the radius between the proximal and
middle thirds.
Action : To rotate the forearm medially so that the palmar side of the
paw faces the ground (pronation); to flex the elbow.
Innervation : Median nerve.

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Abductor pollicis longus

Origin : The lateral border and cranial surface of the body of the ulna;
the interosseous membrane.
Insertion : The proximal end of
metacarpal I.
Action : To abduct the first digit or pollex.
Innervation : Radial nerve.

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Flexor carpi radialis

Origin : The medial epicondyle of the humerus and the medial border
of the radius.
Insertion : The palmar side of the proximal ends of
metacarpals II and III.
Action : To flex the carpus.
Innervation : Median nerve.

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Superficial digital flexor

Origin : The medial epicondyle of the humerus.
Insertion : The palmar surface of the base (proximal end) of the
middle phalanges of digits II, III, IV and V.
Action : To flex digits II, III, IV and V.
Innervation : Median nerve.

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Flexor carpi ulnaris

Origin : Ulnar head – the caudal border and medial surface of the
olecranon; humeral head – the medial epicondyle of the humerus.
Insertion : The accessory carpal bone.
Action : To flex the carpus.
Innervation : Ulnar nerve.

Deep digital flexor

Origin :
Humeral head – the medial epicondyle of the humerus;
Ulnar head – the proximal three-fourths of the caudal border of the
ulna;
Radial head – the middle third of the medial border of the radius.
Insertion : The palmar surface of the
base (proximal end) of the
distal phalanx of each digit.
Action : To flex the digit.
Innervation : Median and ulnar nerves.

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Pronator quadratus
Attachments : The apposed surfaces of the radius and ulna.
Action : To pronate the paw.
Innervation : Median nerve.

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