Gate/Ese: Mechanical Engineering

GATE/ESE
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Strength of Materials
[Student Problem Set]
Table of Contents
Sr. Chapter Pages
1. Stress, Strain and Elastic Constants 1 to 32
2. Principal Stress & Strains - Mohr's Circle 33 to 54
3. Thermal Stress 55 to 66
4. Thin Shells 67 to 78
5. Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams 79 to 98
6. Torsion 99 to 114
7. Columns 115 to 126
8. Bending Stresses 127 to 138
9. Shear Stress in Beams & Combine Loading 139 to 150
10. Theory of Failure 151 to 164
11. Strain Energy 165 to 174
12. Deflection of Beams 175 to 200

NOTE
1.1 Introduction
 SOM is also known as solid mechanics, or
Mechanics deals with forces (both internal and mechanics of solids or mechanics of
external) and their effects. deformable bodies.
 Homogeneous Materials
A material is said to be homogeneous if it
exhibits same properties (elastic properties E,
G, K) at any point in the given direction, i.e.,
for a homogeneous, material properties are
independent of point.
 Isotropic Materials
A material is said to be isotropic, if it exhibits
same elastic properties in any direction at a
Ex : given point i.e. for a isotropic material
properties are independent of direction.
A body is said to be a rigid body if the distance

between any two points in the body or on the
body, is invariant.
 In engineering mechanics we treat the body
as rigid and we deal only with external forces.
In SOM, the body is treated as a deformable
body and we deal with internal forces.
Aim : The aim of SOM is to develop equations
for stress, strain and to obtain the size by using
mechanical properties.
Strength of Materials 2 Kulkarni Academy
NOTE  Based on the extent of loading :
 Every homogeneous material need not be (a) Point load

isotropic and similarly every isotropic (b) Distributed load
material need not be homogeneous.  If the load acts on a very small area, then it is
a point load.
 Fortunately, most of the common
engineering material are both homogeneous  If the load is distributed over a larger area
and isotropic. then it is a distributed load.
 Wood, crystal are anisotropic material i.e.,

these material have different properties in
different directions.
 Even if the body is not have homogeneous
and isotropic, it is assumed to be
homogeneous and isotropic.
1.2 Load
Load is an external force or moment experienced
by the member.  Based on dimensions :
(a) Force  Volume
1.2.1 Type of Load Ex : Buoyancy force, weight, centrifugal
 Based on the direction of loading force etc.
(b) Force  Area
(a) Longitudinal (axial) (parallel to the axis)
Ex : Pressure force, drag force, etc.
(b) Transverse (perpendicular to the axis) (c) Force  Length
Ex : Surface tension force, cylindrical roller
bearing
 Based on variation wrt time :
(a) Static load
(b) Dynamic load
 A load is said to be static load if the
magnitude, direction and point of application
(POA) does not change wrt time.
Ex : Self weight
 If any of the three (magnitude, direction and
POA) changes wrt time then it is a dynamic
load.
Ex : Crank, connecting rod, piston, gears,
cam and followers, bearings etc.
Kulkarni Academy 3 Stress, Strain & Elastic Constants
 Based on load application time : 1.3 Stress (  )

(a) Gradually applied load : This is the most
idealised type of loading. This loading is also The internal resistance offered by the material at
known as quasi-loading. a point against the deformation caused due to
In tension/tensile test the material, is external loads. The internal resisting force is due
subjected to gradual loading i.e. the load to intermolecular forces.
increases from zero to maximum in an
infinite time.
F

A
(b) Suddenly applied load : For suddenly Unit :
applied load ( h  0 ). N
1.  pascal
Ex : Train moving on a railway track, brake, m2
clutches etc. 2. kgf/cm2  9.81104 pascal
(c) Impact loads : in this type of loading, the
time gap of application of load is small and
1.3.1 Difference Between Stress
the relative velocity exists between loading And Pressure
and loaded member.
S. No. Pressure Stress
Ex : Charpy test, Izod test, gravity die
Pressure is Stress is an
forging, hammer blow etc.
external normal internal resisting
1.
force per unit force per unit
area. area.
Pressure is Stress need not be
2. always normal normal to the
to the area area.
Pressure is a Stress is a tensor
3.
scalar quantity of 2nd order.
(d) Shock loads : In shock load, rate of loading Pressure can be Stress can not be
is very high i.e., the time of application of 4.
measured. measured.
load is less. Due to pressure Due to stress no
Ex : Bomb blast. 5.
there is stress. pressure.
NOTE At a point, the
But stress need
 SOM basically deals with three S pressure is
S S S not be same in all
6. equal in a all
directions at a
   directions in
point.
Stress Strain Stability static fluid.
1.3.2 Strength 1.4 Strain ( )
The maximum stress that a material can resist
without failure is known as strength. When a force is applied to a body it may result in
change in size or change in shape. This change in
NOTE
size or shape is known as deformation.
 Strength depends on material therefore
strength is a material property,
 Stress is not a property it depends on load and
area but not on the material.
 Stress is developed only when the body is
constrained or restricted.
 Stresses are developed only when
deformation or strain is constrained therefore
“Strain is the cause of stress.”
1.4.1 Norman Strain

The extension or contraction of a line segment
per unit length is known as normal strain.
 When the material expands or contracts

freely, stress is zero.
1.3.3 TYPES OF STRESSES
L f  L0 L f  L0
 
L0 L0
 ve ve
Lf
 1
L0
L f  L0 (1 )
NOTE NOTE
 Strain is dimensionless Sp case of normal  Normal strains cause change in dimensions
strain : or change in volume. Where as shear strains
cause change in shape.
 Strain is a geometrical quantity that is
measured using experimental techniques,
once strain is calculated, stress can be
calculated by using mechanical properties.
Remember
 Prismatic bar :
A long straight structural member having
same c/s throughout it’s length is known as a
L0  xB  xA
prismatic bar.
L f  ( xB  U B )  ( xA  U A )
L f  ( xB  xA )  (U B  U A )
L f  L0 UB U A
 
L0 xB  xA
1.4.3 Lateral strain :
U
 Every longitudinal strain is associated with
x lateral strain. Lateral strain represents normal
strain perpendicular to the direction of loading.
1.4.2 Shear Strain (  ) :
The change in angle that occurs between two
lines segments that were originally
perpendicular to one another is known as
shear strain.
dL
It is expressed in radians. longitudinal  (+ ve)
L0
dD
lateral  (  ve)
D0
1.4.4 Shear strain in x-y plane
Convention :
  900  +ve shear strain
  900   ve shear strain

 
2
1    2  900 P
 Where A is original area
A
  Shear strain  90    1  2
  Nominal/conventional/engineering
dv stress
tan 1 
dx dL
Strain  Where L  Original length
1 and 2 are very small L
du These stress and strains ate known as engineering
tan 2  stress-strain, nominal stress-strain or
dy
conventional stress-strain.
Total shear strain in x-y plane, Upon performing experiments on different
dv du areas, we get different curve and when these
  1  2  
dx dy curves are converted into  , the diagram is
independent on dimensions and depends only on
1.5 Tensile Test mechanical properties.
This test is conducted on UTM (universal testing 1.5.1 True stress strain diagram :
machine) and this machine is used for finding out As the specimen is stretched its cross-sectional
tensile strength, compressive strength and shear area is reduced and the length between gauge
strength. marks increases if we divided the load with actual
The load is gradually applied from zero to area we get true stress value similarly if we
maximum. divide elongation with actual length we get actual
TEST SPECIMEN or true strain.
1.5.2 Reason for using
conventional stress-strain
diagram :
All through true stress-strain and conventional
Two points A and B are located away from ends stress strain diagram are different, most
to avoid local effects of grips and to ensure engineering design is done with in the elastic
uniform stress and strain between these marks. range, where deformations are very small and
hence the error in using engineering stress strain
According to ASTM (American society of
diagram is less than 0.1% compared with their
testing materials)
true values.
Lg  5.65 A0 1.5.3 Mechanical properties that
Lg  5d0 can be determined from stress
The testing machine elongates the specimen at a strain diagram :
slow, constant rates until the specimen ruptures
1. Proportionality limit and Hooke’s law :
during the test. Continuous readings are taken of
The stress strain diagram is a straight line
the applied load and elongation. The data are
from origin 0 to a point A called
converted into stress and strain.
proportionality limit.
This is the result of Hooke’s law i.e.
  For materials that do not have well defined yield

  E point, yield stress is determined by offset method
Where, using 0.2% strain.
E  Proportionality constant known as
Young’s modulus or modulus of elasticity
E  is a material property
Hooke’s law does not apply over the entire region
of stress strain diagram i.e., its validity ends after
the proportionality, stress is no longer
proportional to strain.
Physical significance of E : It indicates stiffness
of the material i.e. materials with larger E are
more stiffer. 1.5.6 Ultimate stress :
For example : For steel E  200 GPa It is the maximum stress on the stress strain
ERubber  0.7 GPa diagram.
This shows that steel is very much stiffer than Rupture point/fracture point : It is the point or
rubber. stress at which material fractures.
  E  valid only upto proportional limit 1.5.7 Resilience :
1.5.4 Elastic limit The ability of the material to absorb energy upto
A material is said to be elastic if after being elastic limit is known as resilience.
loaded returns back to it’s original shape when
1.5.8 Toughness :
the load is removed, the elastic limit as its name
suggest is the stress beyond which the material is The ability of the material to absorb energy upto
no longer elastic. fracture point is known as toughness.
The elastic limit is larger than proportionality
limit, how ever because of the difficulty in
determining the elastic limit accurately it is
assumed to coincide with proportionality limit.
1.5.5 Yield point :
The point where the stress strain diagram
becomes almost horizontal is called yield point
and the corresponding stress is called as yield 1.5.9 Ductility :
stress or yield strength.
The phenomenon of yielding is unique to A material that is subjected to large plastic strains
structural steel/mild steel this is because of before fracture is known as the ductile material.
carbon bridge atmosphere. Whenever carbon is Ex : Mildsteel, brass, copper, aluminium etc.
in interstitial spaces this phenomenon occurs. In case of ductile materials, the post elastic strain
> 5%
1.5.10 Brittle materials : NOTE
Materials that exhibits little or no plastic strain  In case of compression as the actual Area
are known as brittle materials. increases the true stress decreases and hence
Ex : Gray cast iron, ceramics, rubber, glass, it is below engineering stress-strain diagram.
thermosetting plastic etc.
1.7 Different types of material
behavior
1.6 TMT (Thermo mechanically

treated bars)
In these bars a layer of martensite is coated to Linear elastic Non-linear
prevent corrosion. elastic behaviour
 t  6mm  Sheet
 t  6 mm  Plate
Elasto-plastic Elasto-plastic
with strain
hardening
Fig. Mild steel under tension
Perfectly plastic Ideal solid or

rigid solid
Fig. Compression
NOTE 1.9 Effect of increase in % of

 Brittle materials are weaker in tension
therefore when a tensile load is applied it
carbon in steel
fails as shown in figure.
(Brittle materials) When carbon percentage is increased in steels :

1. Ductility (  )
1.8 Loading and unloading
2. Ultimate strength 
curves 3. Reselience 
4. Toughness 
NOTE
 With decrease in temperature brittleness
increases.
 True stress-strain diagrams are
important in metal forming because in
Loading and unloading within elastic limit Metal forming the material is allowed to
Rubber yield.
In case of rubber though complete strain is Rubber has unique behaviour of both
recovered loading and unloading curves are not hardening and softening i.e. For the same
following the same path, this is because of strain if the load is less it is in the
heating and this is known as hysteresis. softening region.
EC  EB  EA
1.10 Relationship between (At some instant)

 Lf 
Lf
dLinst
engineering stress and true t  
L0
Linst
 ln  
 L0 
stress
t  ln (1 )
The variation of true stress and engineering stress
is in plastic region. Assuming the constancy of 1.12 Poisson’s Ratio ( v ) :
volume in plastic region we have, When a deformable body is subjected to an axial
V0  VF , A0 L0  AF LF load (tensile load), not only does it elongate but
A0 LF P it also contract laterally (transverse).
 , 
AF L0 A0 Similarly when a member is subjected to
P P A compressive loading, it contract in the direction
t  , t   0
Ainst A0 Ains of force and elongate in lateral direction.
Poisson observed that the ratio of these
strains with in elastic limit is constant. This ratio
is known as Poisson’s ratio i.e., it is defined as
the ratio of lateral strain to the longitudinal strain.
Lateralstrain
A0 L0  Ainst Linst v
Longitudinalstrain
A0 L L  L
 inst  0  1 
Ains L0 L0
t  (1 )
( t  True stress,   engineering stress,
 engineering strain)
1.11 Relationship between
dL
long 
L0
engineering strain and true lateral  
dD
strain
D0
y z
v 
x x
  is dimensionless quantity. Generally for x  0 ,  y  z  0

metals it lies between
1 1
to . x  0 , y  0,z  0
4 3 x
Material  x 
E
Steel 0.3  x
Al 0.33 y  x  
E
Concrete 0.1 v x
z  
Cork 0 E
Rubber 0.5
NOTE
1.13 Shear Stress - Shear  Uni-axial loading produces tri-axial state of
strain.
Strain Diagram
1.14.2 Bi-axial loading :
With in proportional limit

 
 G  x  0
( G  Modulus of rigidity or shear modulus.) y  0
Modulus of rigidity represents resistance against
z  0
shear deformation.
Larger the rigidity modulus greater is the x  0
resistance and lesser is the shear deformation. y  0
z  0
1.14 Types of Loading
x v  y
x  
1.14.1 Uni-axial loading : E E
 y v x
y  
E E
v  v y
z   x 
E E
v
z   ( x   y )
E
NOTE
 Bi-axial loading produces, tri-axial state of
strain.
1.14.3 Tri-axial loading : dV  Lbdt  bt dL  Lt db
dV dL dt db
  
V L t b
V x  y  z
x 
V   ( y   z )
E E
 
 y  ( x   z )
E E
 
 z  ( x   y )
E E
   y  z
V  x (1  2)
Strain E
Load/ NOTE
X Y Z
Stress
Volumetric strain ( V ) is known as dilation
x v x v x
x    Condition for incompressible member :
E E E
Case-1 : If x   y  z  0
v y y v y
y   Case-2 : If 1  2  0
E E E
1
v z v z z 
z   2
E E E Maximum value of Poisson’s ratio :
x v
x   ( y   z )
E E
y v
y   ( x   z )
E E
z v
z   ( x   y )
E E
x
1.15 Volumetric strain (v ) x 
E
, V x  y  z
 x 
y   , y  x (1  2)
E E
 x
z 
E
i.e. (1  2)  0
1  2
1

2
1

2
1
max 
Volume (V )  Lbt 2
1.16 Relationship between

1.15.1 Volumetric strain in a
cylindrical bar : Elastic Constant (E, G & K):
 2
V DL
4
 
dV  L (2 D) dD  D 2 (dL) x
4 4 tan  
a
 
L (2 D) dD  D 2 (dL) x
dV 4 4 
 a
V 
D2 L
4 A'C '
Strain in the diagonal 
dV dD dL AC
2  A'C ' A'C '
V D L Sinus  
AA ' a
dV
 2 D  L x  a
V
1 A'C '
[ V  2 (Lateral strain) + Longitudinal strain] 
2 a
a
1.15.2 Volumetric strain in a A'C ' 
2
spherical vessel /or sphere : a

4 3 2. 2 a
Volume  R
3  
AC  ** AC  …. (i)
4 2 2G
dV  (3R 2 ). dR
3
4
(3R 2 ). dR
dV 3

V 4 3
R
3
dV dR
3
V R
V  3 R
V  3  Radial or diametral strain 

   Physical meaning of K :
AC  
E E It represents resistance to dilation
 (volumetric strain). Under the action of
AC  (1  ) …. (i)
E loading, greater the bulk modulus, lesser is
  the dilation
 (1  ) Relationship between E, G and K :
2G E
E  2G(1  )
E  2G(1  )
E
1   …..(i)
Relation Between E and K 2G
 Bulk Modulus (K) : E  3K (1  2)
E
It is defined as the ratio of average stress to  1  2
volumetric strain. i.e. 3K
1 E 
av   1  …..(ii)
K 2  3K 
v
From equation (i) and (ii),
E 1 E 
 1  1 
2G 2  3K 
2( E  2G) 3K  E
 
2G 3K
2 E  4G 3K  E
 
2G 3K
6KE 12GK  6KG  2GE
2E(3K  G)  18 KG
E  2G(1  )  3K (1  2)
9 KG
E
3K  G
x   y  z
av 
3 Type of material Number of independent
x   y  z elastic constant
v  (1  2) Isotropic 2
E
Orthotropic 9
3( x   y   z )
v  (1  2) Anisotropic 21
3E
3 aV
v  (1  2) NOTE
E
 Number of independent elastic constant are
3av
 E (1  2) those constant with which the stress-
v strain diagram can be plotted.
E  3K (1  2)
 Generally for metals E  K  G
1.17 Deformation of axially  Axial rigidity :

AE is known as axial rigidity.
loaded members P
Stiffness 
1.17.1 Prismatic bar 
P AE
Axial stiffness  
PL L
AE
 For a rigid member the axial stiffness is
infinite.
1.17.2 Deflection of a stepped
bar : (Bars in series)
  1  2  3
PL1 PL2 PL3
    ....
A1E1 A2 E2 A3 E3
1.17.3 Elongation of a tapered

d bar :

dx
  E
P d
 E.
A dx
P dx
 d 
AE
L
P dx
  d   0
AE
PL

AE
Conditions for using this equation :
1. Homogeneous and isotropic
2. Prismatic bar (constant cross section area)
3. Pure axial load
4. Loading is with in proportional limit.
r2  r1 PA1E1
tan   K  P1 
L A1E1  A2 E2
y
tan    K y  Kx Similarly,
x
rx  r1  Kx PA2 E2
P2 
L L A1E1  A2 E2
Pdx P dx
   2
0
Ax E E 0 Rx
L
P dx
 
E 0 (r1  Kx)2
L
P  1 1
  .  PL
E  (r1  Kx) K  0 1

PL
A1 E1 ( A1  A2 ) Eeq
P  1 1
    PL PL
EK  r1  KL r1   
A1 E1  A2 E2 ( A1  A2 ) Eeq
r1  KL  r2
A1E1  A2 E2
PL Eeq 
 A1  A2
 r1 r2 E
1.17.5 Elongation of a bar due to its
4PL
 self weight :
 d1 d 2 E
1.17.4 Compound bars (In

parallel) :
Weight
  Specific weight 
Volume
  g
L1  L2  L
Axdx
P  P1  P2 d 
AE
1   2
x dx
L
PL PL P AE 
1
 2  1  1 1 0
E
A1 E1 A2 E2 P2 A2 E2
PA E L2
P  P1  1 2 2  
A1 E1 2E
 A E  A2 E2  gL2
P  P1  1 1  
 A1 E1  AE
P Practice Questions 1.5 Bar -1 has a diameter d, length L, and elastic

modulus E and subjected to tensile load P,
Common Data Questions 1.1 & 1.2 resulting in an elongation of 1 . Bar -2 has
A hypothetical load elongation curve for a 13 diameter, 2d, length 2L, an elastic modulus
mm diameter tensile specimen with 50 mm 2E and subjected to tensile load 2P, resulting
gauge length is as shown in the diagram in an elongation of  2 . Find the ratio 1 / 2 .
below. 1.6 The axial force diagram for the weightless
beam subjected to the inclined force P = 5 kN
is
1.1 The Young’s modulus is

(A) 101 GPa (B) 148 GPa
(A)
(C) 201 GPa (D) 301 GPa
1.2 The ultimate tensile strength of the material
is
(B)
(A) 207 MPa (B) 247 MPa
(C) 222 MPa (D) 267 MPa
1.3 The engineering stress - strain diagram of a
mild steel indicates stress values of 300 MPa
(C)
and 400 MPa at 10% and 15% strains,
respectively and exhibits necking at a strain
of 27%. The difference in true stress values
between these points is :
(D)
(A) 100 MPa (B) 120 MPa
(C) 130 MPa (D) 140 MPa 1.7 A two - bar pin - jointed truss is subjected to
1.4 A 9 kN tensile load will be applied to a 50 m a load P as shown in figure. The axial stress
length steel wire E = 200 GPa. The normal in member 1 is :
stress in the wire must not exceed 150 MPa
and the increase in the length of the wire
should be at most 25 mm. Which among
these could be the smallest diameter of the
wire so that the wire does not fail ?
(A) 5.75 mm (B) 7.75 mm
(C) 8.75 mm (D) 10.7 mm
P PE1 The maximum P that will not exceed a stress
(A) (B)
A1 E1 A1  E2 A2 in steel of 140 MPa, in Aluminum of 90 MPa
PE2 P or in Bronze of 100 MPa is
(C) (D)
E1 A1  E2 A2 A1  A2
1.8 Two circular rods shown below carry the
same axial load P. The Rod - A has Uniform
cross -section and the Rod - B has non - (A) 25000 N (B) 20000 N
Uniform cross -section as shown. The ratio of (C) 15000 N (D) 10000 N
elongation of Rod - A to Rod - B is given by 1.11 Two bars of length are joined together to
form a structural system that is fixed at top
and bottom as shown. The bottom part BC of
the structure has a cross sectional area twice
that of the top part AB. Both the bars are
made of the same elastic material. What is the
maximum stress in the top part AB of this
structural system if a load P acts at B as
shown. Neglect the self-weight of the system.
(A) 1:1 (B) 1:2

(C) 2:1 (D) 3:1
1.9 An elastic rod AB is held between two rigid
supports as shown in figure. An axial load P
is applied at a distance of L/3 from the left
(A) 2P/A (B) P/A
end. The support reaction at B is
(C) P/2A (D) P/3A
1.12 Two wires are connected to a rigid bar as
shown in the figure. The wire on the left is of
steel having a cross sectional area of 0.1cm2
and Young’s modulus of 200,000 MPa. The
(A) 0 (B) P/3
wire on the right is made of aluminum having
(C) 2P/3 (D) P
a cross- sectional area of 0.2cm2 and a
1.10 For the cantilever beam as shown in figure Young’s modulus of 66,667 MPa. If the load
the cross sectional area of the steel, W is to be placed on the rigid bar so as to keep
the bar horizontal, the distance ‘X’ from the
aluminum and bronze part is 500mm2 ,
left end (steel wire end) where this weight
400mm2 and 200mm2 respectively. should be placed is :
1.15 The tapered rod shown in Fig is subjected to

an axial pull. The ratio of its extension based
on actual calculation to that based on an
average diameter is
(A) 1 (B) 0.75

(C) 0.5 (D) 1.5
1.16 The fiber AB has length L and orientation .
If its ends A and B undergo small
(A) 5.6 cm (B) 8.57 cm
displacements u A and vB as shown,
(C) 9.21 cm (D) 11.24 cm
1.13 A stepped circular shaft , fixed at one end , is determine the strain in the fiber.
subjected to two axial forces as shown below.
The maximum tensile stress in the shaft is
(A) 120 MPa (B) 210 MPa

(C) 153 MPa (D) 390 MPa
1.14 A three -bar structure made of bars pinned to uA v
(A) cos   sin  B
each other at G and at the supports B, C and L L
D is subjected to a load P as shown. All the u v
(B)  cos  A  sin  B
bars have the same cross-section, A and L L
elastic modulus, E. Compute the deflection of u v
(C) sin  A  cos  B
joint G due to the applied load. (  600 ) L L
u v
(D)  sin  A  cos  B
L L
1.17 A non - uniform loading on the bar causes a
normal strain which can be expressed as
Ex  kx 2 , where k is a constant. Determine
the displacement of the end B of the bar.
PL PL
(A) (B)
3 AE 2 AE
4 PL 4 PL
(C) (D)
3 AE 5 AE
KL3 KL2
(A) (B)
3 3
KL2
(C) KL2 (D)
2
1.18 An isotropic body is subjected to a state of
stress given by :  x  10 MPa and
xy   yx  –20 MPa. Assuming G = 0.4 E,
the volumetric strain is
5 7.5
(A) (B)
E E
10 15
(C) (D)
E E
1.21 A square plate of side 1m and thickness 1cm
1.19 A thin square plate is in a state of pure shear
is subjected to a tensile stress of 100 MPa and
as shown in Fig. As a result, the angle
a shear stress of 50MPa. The Youngs
between edges AB and AD is no longer 900 modulus and the Poisson’s ratio of the
but it is now 89.910 . The shear strain at point material of the plate are respectively 2 105
A is MPa and 0.3. The change in volume of this
plate is
(A) 0.2 105 m3 (B) 1.5 105 m3
(C) 1105 m3 (D) 0.5 105 m3
1.22 At a point ‘O’ on a metal sheet a square
OABC of a side length is drawn. The square
undergoes a small uniform elastic
deformation and deforms to OA*B*C
1 1 (dashed lines) as shown in the figure . All
(A) (B) 
1000 1000 dimensions are in mm and the figure is not to
  scale. The normal strains x ,y and shear
(C) (D) 
2000 1000 strain  xy developed in the square
1.20 An aluminium specimen with an initial gauge respectively are
diameter d0  10 mm and a gauge length
l0  100mm is subjected to tension test. A
tensile force P = 50 kN is applied at ends of
the specimen as shown resulting in an
elongation of 1mm in the gauge length. The
Poisson’s ratio () of the specimen
is_________ .
Shear modulus of the material G = 25 GPa.
Consider engineering stress – strain
conditions.
(A) – 0.0020, 0.0025 and 0.0020  

(A) 1 (B) 1
(B) 0.0020, – 0.0025 and – 0.0020 2(1  ) 2(1  )
(C) 0.0025, – 0.0020 and 0.0020
 
(D) – 0.0020, 0.0025 and – 0.0020 (C) 1 (D) 1
(1  ) (1  )
1.23 An object made of elastic material (Modulus
of Elasticity E and Poisson’s Ratio  ) is 1.25 A rod of length L area of cross-section A,
restrained from moving in the x - direction by density  and modulus of elasticity E hangs
two rigid walls as shown in the figure : it is vertically from a roof. The maximum
free to move in the other two directions. A longitudinal strain in the rod is
stress of  is applied on it in the y- direction
gL
as shown. Find the relationship between the (A) 0 (B)
2E
applied compressive stress  and the
compressive strain  in the y-direction gL 2gL
(C) (D)
E E
1.26 A cylindrical chamber is filled with an elastic

material of modulus E, and Poisson’s ratio 
, as shown. A piston of diameter 2r, is pushed
down on the elastic material by a force F.
Neglecting friction, and assuming that the
chamber and the piston are rigid, the piston
moves a distance of
E
(A)   E  (B)   
1 
E E
(C)    (D)   
1  1  2
1.24 An elastic material of Young' modulus E and
Poisson's ratio  is subjected to a
compressive stress of 1 in the longitudinal
direction. Suitable lateral compressive stress
 2 are also applied along the other two Fh  22  Fh  22 
 1
r 2 E  1    r 2 E  1   
(A) 1 (B)
lateral directions to limit the net strain in each
of the lateral directions to half of the
Fh  22  Fh  22 
magnitude that would be under 1 acting  1
r 2 E  1    r 2 E  1   
(C) 1 (D)
alone. The magnitude of  2 is
Common Data Questions 1.27 & 1.28 1.30 A rod of length L and diameter D is subjected
to a tensile load P. Which of the following is
A 10 mm thick steel rectangular plate of size
100 mm  200 mm is subjected to biaxial sufficient to calculate the resulting change in
stresses of  x  150 MPa,  y  200 MPa, as diameter ?
shown below. The Young’s modulus and (A) Young’s modulus
poissons ratio are 200 GPa and 0.3
(B) Shear modulus
respectively.
(C) Poisson’s ratio
(D) Both Young’s modulus and shear
modulus
1.31 A metallic rod of 500mm length and 50 mm
diameter, when subjected to a tensile force of
100kN at the ends, experiences an increase in
its length by 0.5 mm and a reduction in its
diameter by 0.015 mm. The Poisson’s ratio of
1.27 The change in the thickness of the plate is the rod material is _________ .
1.32 A rod is subjected to a uni-axial load within
(A) 2.39 m (B) 5.25 m
linear elastic limit. When the change in the
(C) 7.12 m (D) 9.16 m
stress is 200 MPa, the change in the strain is
1.28 The change in the surface area of the plate is 0.001. If the Poisson’s ratio of the rod is 0.3,
the modulus of rigidity (in GPa ) is ______.
(A) 9.72 mm2 (B) 13.61 mm2
(C) 17.52 mm2 (D) 24.50 mm2
1.29 A rod of length L having uniform cross-

section area A is subjected to a tensile force
P as shown in the figure below. If the
Young’s modulus of the material varies
linearly from E1 to E2 along the length of the
rod, the normal stress developed at the
section -SS is
P P( E1  E2 )
(A) (B)
A A( E1  E2 )
PE2 PE1
(C) (D)
AE1 AE2
A Answer Key 1.2 (C)
1.1 B 1.2 C 1.3 C Ultimate tensile strength

3000  9.81 N
1.4 D 1.5 2 1.6 A  221.72MPa
 2
(13)2 mm
1.7 A 1.8 C 1.9 B 4
Hence, the correct option is (C).
1.10 D 1.11 D 1.12 B
1.3 (C)
1.13 C 1.14 D 1.15 A
Given data :
1.16 B 1.17 A 1.18 A
  300MPa ,  10%
1.19 C 1.20 0.2732 1.21 A   400MPa ,  15%
1.22 D 1.23 D 1.24 B
1.25 B 1.26 A 1.27 B
1.28 D 1.29 A 1.30 D
1.31 0.3 1.32 76.92
E Explanation
1.1 (B)
Given Data :
d  13mm , Lg  50mm t1  (1 )  300(1.1)  330MPa
t2  400(1  0.15)  460MPa
t2  t1  460  330  130MPa
1.4 (D)
Given data :
P  9kN  9000 N
L  50m
Esteel  200GPa
2000  9.81
() per  150MPa

 (13) 2
4 () per  25mm
E   147.816GPa
 0.05
d wire  ?
50
P
Hence, the correct option is (B). Stress 
A
9000 1.6 (A)
 150 N/mm 2 
 2
(d )
4
9000  4
d2 
150  
d  8.74mm
If we consider,
d  8.74mm ,   25mm .
PL Hence, the correct option is (A).

AE 1.7 (A)
4  9000  50 10
 25 
d 2  200 10
d  10.75mm
If d  10.75mm
induced   per
So we select 10.75 mm diameter.
Hence, the correct option is (D). P  F1 cos60  F1 cos60
1.5 2 F1  P
1 Bar 2 Bar P
1 
A1
Dia d dia-2d
Length L Length 2L Hence, the correct option is (A).
1.8 (C)
Elastic modulus E elastic modulus  2E
Tensile load P Load 2P
4PL 4(2 P)(2 L)
1  2 
d 2 E (2d )2 (2 E )
4 PL  4 1
 1
d 2 E  8 2
1
2 
2
4 PL
1 A 
2 d 2 E
2 L L
4P  2 4P
B  3  23
Hence, the correct answer is (2). (2d ) E d E
2
8PL 1 4 PL 1.10 (D)

B  
4d 2 E 3 3d 2 E
2 PL 4 PL Given data :
B   As  500mm2
3 d E 3d 2 E
2
2 PL 1 AAl  400mm2
B  2   A
d E 2 Abronze  200mm2
A ( per )steel  140 MPa
2  A : B  2 :1
B
( per ) Al  90 MPa
( per )bronze  100 MPa
1.9 (B)
Pmax  ?
N 5  PS P 2P
140 2
 90  100 
mm 500 400 200
Ps  14000 N PAl  36000 N Pb  10000 N
Beam is not to fail so safe condition we select
10000 N.
Compatibility equation Hence, the correct option is (D).
  1  2  0 1.11 (D)
1   2
1   2
L 2L
RA  ( P  RA )
3  3
AE AE
RA 2 P 2 RA
 
3 3 3
R 2P  AB  BC
3 A
3 3  PL   PL 
2P    
RA   AE 1  AE 2
3
RB  P  RA
2P P
RB  P   RB 
3 3
Note : If the no. of static equilibrium equations
are less than the no. of unknowns then it is known
as statically indeterminate member.
Hence, the correct option is (B).
RAB ( P  RAB ) PS  PAl  W

A 2A 2.5PAl  PAl  W
2RAB  P  RAB
W  3.5PAl
3RAB  P
M 0  0
P PS  x  PAl  (30  x)
RAB 
3
2.499PAl  x  PAl  (30  x)
P
3.499 x  30
P
 AB  3  30
A 3A x  8.5738cm
3.499
Hence, the correct option is (D).
1.12 (B)
1.13 (C)
Given data :
Steel wire Aluminium wire
AS  0.1cm 2
AAl  0.2cm2
ES  200 GPa EAl  66.667 GPa
500 103 N
1 
 2
(100) 2 mm
4
1  63.66 MPa
300 103
2  MPa
 2
(50)
4
Keep the bar horizontal
2  152.78 MPa
steel   Al
PS LS P L
 Al Al 1.14 (D)
AS ES AAl E Al
PS  60 PAl 100

0.1 200 0.2  66.667
PS
 2.4999 2.5
PAl
F1  F3 533.33PL
 ... (ii)
L E
L1  L3 
cos  1
F1 cos   F2  F3 cos   P 1
2
PL
 Hence, the correct option is (A).
AE
2F1 cos   F2  P 1.16 (B)
AE
P
L
AE cos  AE
 21  P
L / cos  L
AE cos3  AE
 2  P
L L
  600
4 PL

5 AE
1.15 (A)
A ' B '  L2f  ( L sin   VB )2  ( L cos   U A )2

VB2 0
 2
U A 0
 L2f  L2  2VB L sin   2U A L cos 
L2f 2VB sin  2U A cos 

2
 1 
L L L
Extension based on actual dimension (1 ) 1
Lf  2V sin  2U A cos   2
1 
4 PL  1  B  
(0.05)(0.15) E L  L L 
533.33PL (1  x)n  1  nx 
1  … (i)
E
Average diameter (dm )  d1d2 Lf 1  2VB sin  2U A cos 
1  
 0.05  0.15 L 2  L L 
 0.08660 m VB U
Extension based on average diameter (2 )  sin   A cos 
L L
4 PL
2  Hence, the correct option is (B).
  0.08660  E
2
1.17 (A) 1.19 (C)
x  kx 2
  90  89.91

  0.090 
180


2000
 1.20 0.2732
x 
dx
Given Data :
 x dx d0  10 mm
   kx2dx P  50 kN
L0  100 mm
L kL3
Total displacement   kx dx 
2
  1 mm (in gauge length)
0 3
 1
Hence, the correct option is (A).    0.01
L 100
1.18 (A) 50 103
  636.619 MPa
 2
Given Data : (10)
4
x  10 MPa 
E   63.661 GPa
xy   yx   20 MPa 
E  2G(1  )
 G  0.4 E 1.2732  (1  )

 E  2G (1  )
   0.25   0.2732

Hence, the correct answer is 0.2732.

v  x (1  2 ) 1.21 (A)
E
10
v  (1  0.5)
E
5
v 
E
Hence, the correct option is (A).
Given Data : x :
x  100 MPa ,   50 MPa
E  2 105 MPa
v  0.3

x  x
E
v x L f  OA '  (1  0.002)2  (0.001)2
y 
E L f  OA '  0.9980
v x
z  L f  L0
E x   0.0020
V  x L0
v   [1  2v]
V E y :
100
 [1  0.6]
2 105
V
 2 104
V
V  11102 m3
 V  102 m3
V  2 106 m3
L0  1 m
 0.2 105 m3
Hence, the correct option is (A). L f  (1  0.0025)2  (0.003)2
1.22 (D) L f  1.00250
L f  L0
y   0.0025
L0
As the angle is more than 900 , shear strain is –
ve.
1.23 (D)
x  0.0020
y  0.0025
dV dU
 xy  
dx dy
0.001 0.005 x  0 x  0
 
0.002 0.0035 y  0 y  0
x  0  z  0 (Free) 1.25 (B)
 y  
x v
x   ( y   z )  0 ;  x  v y
E E
y v
y   ( x   z )
E E
L2
y v x 
y   2E
E E
gL2
y  x 
 y    x   y  2E
E E
 gL
y  
y  (1  v 2 ) l 2E
E Hence, the correct option is (B).
E y 1.26 (A)
 y 
(1  v ) 2
E
 
(1  v 2 )
1.24 (B)
x  0 x  0
z  0 y  0
y  0 z  0
x  z
Area  r 2
 
2 v x  x  ( y   z )  0
 lateral   [1  2 ] E E
E E x  v( y  z ) { z   x }
2 v v
  [1  2 ]   1 x  v( y  x )
E E 2E
v v y
 2  v1  v2   1  v y   x (1  v) x 
2 (1  v)
v y v
2 (1  v)  1 y   ( x   z )
2 E E
y 2v
v  y   x
2  1 E E
2(1  v)
y 2v 2 y
Hence, the correct option is (B). y  
E (1  v)
 y  2v 2   F F  Z 150
 0.3 
y  1
E  1  v   y  A  r 2  Z 200 103
200
F  2v 2    0.3   5.25 104
y  1   200 10 3
r E  1  v 
2
h 4
Z  5.25 10  Z
Fh  2v 2   5.25 103 mm  5.25 μm.
 1
r 2 E  1  v  Hence, the correct option is (B).
Hence, the correct option is (A). 1.28 (D)
1.27 (B)
Original surface area  100  200 mm2

 20000 mm2
Given Data :  
x  150 MPa x  x   y
E E
 y  200 MPa x 
150
 0.3 
200
E  200 GPa
200 10 3
200 103
v  0.3  4.5 104
L
x   4.5 104
L
L  100  4.5 104
L  4.5 102 mm  0.045 mm
y x
y  
E E
200 0.3 150
   7.75 10 4
200 10 200 103
3
b
y   7.75 10 4
b
b  200  7.75 10 4  0.155 mm
Final length and width
L f  100.045 mm
Z v v
z   x  y
Z E E bF  200.155 mm
Final surface area  L f  b f 1.31 0.3
 20024.50 mm2 Given Data :

Change in surface area  Final surface area L  500 mm , d  50 mm
– Initial surface area
P  100 kN , L  0.5
 20024.50  20000
d  0.015
 24.50 mm2
d
Option the correct option is (D).
v d
1.29 (A) L
L
0.015
v  50  0.3
0.500
500
Hence, the correct answer is (0.3).
1.32 76.92
P
 ss  [ b /c stress is independent of material] Given Data :
A
Change in stress  200 MPa  d 
 It depends only on c/s area & applied load].
Hence, the correct option is (A). Change in strain  0.001  d 
d
1.30 (D) E  200 GPa
d
v  0.3
E  2G(1  0.3)
P d
A
; if E is known then E  200 GPa
d
PL
 (For  , E is necessary) 200
AE  G  G  76.92 GPa
2 1.3
d
v d For  , G is necessary. Hence, the correct answer is (76.92).
l
l
d L
 
d L
For calculating d , both E & G is known to
us.
2.1 Introduction Case-2 :
For Maximum shear
Expression for normal and shear stress on oblique 2  900 ,   450 n   cos2 450
plane when a bar is subjected to axial loading :
 
max  n  0
2 2
NOTE
On a plane of maximum or minimum
normal stress shear stress is zero and these
planes are known as principal planes. i.e. on
principal planes normal stress is maximum
and shear stress is zero.
Failure of Brittle and Ductile materials
 Brittle (Weak in tension)
Pn P cos 
n     cos 2 
A' A  Ductile (Weak in shear)
cos 
Ps P sin  
s    sin 2
A' A 2
cos 
Case-1 :  n is maximum
When,   00
(n )max   cos2   For mentioning stress completely not only

s  sin 2 (   00 )
2 magnitude and direction are required but the
(n )max  
plane on which it is acting is also required and
s  0
hence stress is tensor of 2nd order.
Mass density Velocity Stress, strain From force equilibrium equation,
acceleration moment of  Fx  0
inertia
 yx dx dz   'yx dx dz
Tensor of Tensor of Tensor of 2nd
zero order first order order  yx   yx'
Magnitude + Magnitude + Magnitude +  Fy  0
No direction direction direction + plane
xy dy dz  xy' dy dz
 Stress representation on 3rd element :  xy   xy'
 M 00'  0 [Moment equilibrium equation]
 yx dx dz dy  xy dy dz dx
 yx   xy
 xx  xy  xz   xx  xy  xz   xy   yx
   
  yx  yy  yz     xy  yy  yz   xz   zx
  zx  zy  zz    xz  yz  zz   yz   zy

NOTE
 To specify stress completely at a point 6
component [3 normal and 3 shear] are required.
 Stress matrix is a symmetric matrix.
 2D stress element :
 xx  xy 
 
 xy  yy 
 For a 2D stress elements 3, components [2
Normal + 1 Shear] are required.
Plane Stress vs Plane Strain
 Plane stress :
When one of the surfaces is not subjected to
any load, then the opposite surface is also not
subjected to any load. Such a loading system
is known as plane stress system.
Kulkarni Academy 35 Principal Stresses, Strains & Mohr’s Circle
Plane strain :
It is a condition in which strain in one of the
primary directions, [Say (z)] is zero, plane strain
can be realized when one of the dimension is very
large.
Example :
Long pipe line, rolling etc.
z 
z   ( x   y )
E E
Plane stress   z  0 , z  0
Plane stress

 In a plane stress condition stresses in one of z   ( x   y )
E
the primary directions (say z) is zero.
 To realize plane stress conditions, one z may or may not be zero. Therefore, plane
dimension must be very small. stress condition does not always lead to plane
Example : Thin cylinder subjected to internal strain condition.
pressure. z 
z   ( x   y )
E E
For plane strain z  0
z  ( x   y )
 z may or may not be zero. Therefore, plane

strain condition does not always lead to plane
stress condition.
Simultaneous occurrence of plane strain and
plane stress condition :
1.   0 (cork)
Pd Pd 2.  x   y  0
1  2 
4t 2t
d
 20 (Condition for thin shell)
t
Eg : P  5MPa
d
Let,  50
t
2  125MPa
1  62.5MPa
3  5MPa (Negligible)
 Sign convention :
2.2 GENERAL EQUATIONS
1. All the outward normal forces are taken as
positive and all inward normal forces are FOR PLANE STRESS
taken as –ve.
TRANSFORMATION
2. Shear stress is taken as +ve if it acts upwards

on the Right face.
x   y    y 
x '   x  cos 2   xy sin 2
2  2 
…..(i)
3. Clockwise rotations are taken as – ve and x   y    y 
y'   x  cos 2(90  )
anticlockwise rotations are taken as +ve. 2  2 
  xy sin 2(90  )
x   y
   y 
y '   x  cos 2   xy sin 2
2  2 
…..(ii)
Add equation (i) and (ii),
 x '  y '   x   y
By using force equilibrium along and  to the

inclined plane we have
x   y    y   The sum of normal stresses on any two
x '   x  cos 2   xy sin 2 mutually perpendicular plane is invariant i.e.
2  2 
it is independent of  .
   y  As  x ' ,  y ' depend on angle '  ' let us find out an
x ' y '    x  sin 2   xy cos 2
 2  angle  such that at this angle  x ' is maximum.
x   y
   y   On plane where the normal stress is
x '   x  cos 2   xy sin 2
2  2  maximum or minimum the shear stress is
d x ' zero, such plane is known as principal plane
For maximum  x ' ; 0
d ( P ) .
For maximum,
d x'    y      y   x   y 
 0 x  ( sin 2)  2 x '   x   cos 2   xy sin 2
d  2   2   2 
  xy cos 2 2  0
 x   y   x   y 

tan 2 
 xy

 xy   x   y   2   2 
2   
 x   y     y   2   x   y 
2
 2   x 
 2    xy
2
   2 
 
 xy ( xy )

 x   y 
2
 2    xy
2
 
x   y    y 
2
2    x    xy
2
2  2 
x   y    y  On this plane again the shear stress is zero

x '   x  cos 2   xy sin 2
2  2  therefore this is also a principal plane.
  x   y   x   y 
   y  2   2 

1  x 
2  x   y 
2
 2    xy
2
 
 xy . xy

 x   y 
2
 2    xy
2
 
x   y    y 
2
1    x    xy
2
2  2 
   y 
 x 'y '    x  sin 2   xy cos 2
 2 
   y     y 
 x   xy  xy  x 
 x 'y '   2    2  0
 x   y   x   y 
2 2
 2    xy  2    xy
2 2
 x   y   x '   y '  1  2
   
   y 
2
max   x    xy
2
 2 
Observation :
2 xy
tan 2P 
( x   y )
2P is separated by 180 . 0
( x   y )
tan 2S  
 P is separated by 90 . 0
2 xy
Maximum shear stress condition : tan 2P  tan 2S  1
   y  2P and 2S are perpendicular (i.e.  900 )
x ' y '    x  sin 2   xy cos 2
 2  90
 P and  S are  450
d x ' y ' 2
For  x ' y ' maximum 0
d  Planes of maximum normal stress and the
d x ' y '
   y  planes of maximum shear stress are at 450 to
  x  2cos 2   xy (2sin 2)  0
d  2  each other.
   y 
tan 2    x
 2 
 xy 
This is the plane on which the shear stress is
maximum.
x   y    y 
x '   x  cos 2   xy sin 2
2  2 
 x   y 
x   y  2   xy
 x   y    x   y    
 2   2   max  
    2  x   y 
2
max  
 2    xy
2
 x   y 
2
 
 2    xy
2
     y 
 xy   x 
 xy . xy  2 
 
 x   y 
2
 x   y 
2
 2    xy  2    xy
2 2
   
max 
x   y
 avg 2.3 Graphical representation
2
of stress transformation
Remarks
On the plane of maximum shear stress the normal Mohr’s Circle
stress is equal to average normal stress i.e. On the Reason’s for using Mohr’s circle :
planes of maximum shear stress normal stress  We can visualize how shear stress and normal
need not be zero. stress component vary with angle.
 All the relevant data can be obtained from the
diagram without referring to transformation
equation.
Sign convention :
    y   x   y 
x '   x   cos 2   xy sin 2
 2   2 
2
   x   y 
x   y    y   x '    …..(i)
2
1    x    xy
2
….. (i)   2 
2  2  2
    y  
  x  cos 2   xy sin 2
x   y    y 
2
 2  
2    x    xy
2
…. (ii) 2
2  2      y  
x ' y '    x
2
 sin 2   xy cos 2 …...(ii)
  2  
Now subtracting equation (ii) from equation (i)
Adding equation (i) and (ii),
we get, 2
  x   y 
 x '     [ x ' y '  0]
2
   y 
2
  2 
1  2  2  x    xy
2
2
 2       2 
  x y
   2 
  2  
xy
1  2  
  max  In plane maximum shear stress.
2 This is the equation of a circle with centre at
   y 
c x ,0  and radius
 2 
8. Point 1 on the circle indicates maximum
   y 
2
  x    xy  max
2
normal stress and zero shear stress. Therefore
 2  this maximum normal stress is maximum
We know that principal stress.
   y 
2 Similarly point 2 indicates minimum,
max   x    xy
2
normal stress and zero shear stress, this is
 2  minimum principal stress.
Therefore, max  Radius of Mohr’s circle
Method of constructing Mohr’s circle :
Let the stressed element be as shown on figure,
NOTE
1. Calculate the center of Mohr’s circle as
 In a stressed element if the rotation is  ,
 x   y 
 , 0 On Mohr’s circle, rotation is 2 [in the
 2  same sence of rotation].
2. Locate this point as C, Let the origin be O (0,
0).
3. Take any reference plane in a stressed
element. Let this stressed element be
designated as A.
4. On A, the normal stress is  x and the shear
stress is  xy (counter clockwise) or this shear
stress tend to rotate the element in CCW
direction. Locate this reference point in the
diagram.
5. With C as centre and CA as radius draw the
circle.
6. Join centre C and reference A, therefore for
this Mohr’s circle CA is the reference line.
7. If we want to calculate stresses on any plane
which is inclined at angle  in stressed
element, it should be rotated by 2 on Mohr’s
circle, maintaining the same sense of
rotation.
Special cases of Mohr’s circle :   

Centre    ,0 
1. An element subjected to uni-axial tension :  2 

Radius  
2
 x   ,  y  0 ,  xy  0
 
Centre   ,0 
2 

Radius 
2
1   , 2  0
3. Pure shear :
x  0 ,  y  0
Centre = (0, 0)
Radius  
2. Uni-axial compression :
 x   ,  y  0 ,  xy  0 1   , 2  
4. Element subjected to tension and R = Radius  0
compression of equal magnitude :
 In this case the shear stress is zero on every

plane and hence every plane acts as principle
plane.
PRINCIPAL STRAIN
If the material is isotropic it is found that the axis
 x   ,  y   of principal stresses and principal strain coincide.
Centre  (0, 0)
Radius  
x  y    y    xy 
2 2
1,2    x   
2  2   2 
 xy  Total shear strain in x-y plane.
Relationship between maximum principal
stress and maximum principal strain :
5. Element subjected to compression in all
 
sides : 1  1   2 …..(i)
E E
[Hydrostatic condition]
 
2  2   1
E E
Multiplying  on both sides,
 
2   2  2 1 …..(ii)
E E
Adding equation (i) and (ii),

1 2  1 (1  2 )
E
E
1  (1 2 )
(1  2 )
 x   ,  y   ,   0
E
2  (2 1 )
Centre  (, 0) (1  2 )
P Practice Questions
(C)
2.1 A principal plane is one where the shear  
 0
stress will be 4 2
(A) Maximum P
(B) Minimum  0 0
2A
(C) Zero
(D) Average of principal stresses (D)
2.2 Consider the following statements:  
 0
State of stresses at a point when completly 4 2
specified, enables one to determine the P P
1. Principal stresses at the point  0
2A 4A
2. Maximum shearing stress at the point
2.4 For an isotropic elastic material the principal
3. Stress components on any arbitrary
axes of stress and the principal axes of strain
plane containing the point
(A) Are independent of each other
Which of these statements are correct ?
(B) Coincide with each other
(A) 1, 2 and 3 (B) 1 and 3
(C) 2 and 3 (D) 1 and 2 (C) Are such that the former is inclined at
2.3 A bar of cross-sectional area A is subjected 450 to the latter.
to an axial load P. Let  be the average shear (D) Need not always exist.
stress acting on a plane oriented at an angle 2.5 A point in a body is subjected to a biaxial
 to the axis, as shown. Which one of the state of stress, equal in magnitude but
choices below corresponds to the variation of opposite in nature. On a plane inclined at an
  angle 450 with respect to x- axis (passing
 with respect to   0     .
 2 through the point), the
(A) Shear and normal stresses are zero
(B) Normal stress is maximum and shear
stress is zero
(C) Shear stress is maximum and normal
stress is zero
(D) Shear stress is maximum and normal
stress is non-zero
2.6 A Mohr circle with center (0, 0) and radius
 xy is shown in the figure
(A)
 
 0
4 2
P P
 0
2A A
(B) The state of stress is represented by
 
 0
4 2 (A)
P P
 0
4A 2A
(D) In a torsion test on a rod made of brittle
material, failure occurs along a plane
(B) making 00 with respect to the axis of the
rod.
2.10 The normal stresses in a two-dimensional
stress state are 80 MPa and 20 MPa
(C) respectively. The normal stress on the plane
of maximum shear stress is
(A) 50 MPa (B) 30 MPa
(C) 80 MPa (D) 20 MPa
(D) 2.11 The principal stresses at a point on a body
subjected to a state of plane stress are 10 MPa
and 20 MPa. The magnitude of shear stress
on a plane in which the normal stress is 12
2.7 A point in a body is subjected to a bi-axial Mpa is
state of stress, equal in magnitude but
opposite in nature. On a plane inclined at an (A) 3 MPa (B) 4 MPa
angle 450 with respect to the x- axis (passing (C) 5 MPa (D) 8 MPa
through the point), the 2.12 The state of stress at a point in a body is
(A) Shear and normal stresses are zero represented using components of stresses
(B) Normal stress is maximum and shear along X and Y-directions as shown. Which
stress is zero one of the following represents the state of
(C) Shear stress is maximum and normal stress along X’ and Y’ axes ? (X’-axis is at
stress is zero 450 clockwise with respect to X - axis).
(D) Shear stress is maximum and normal
stress is non-zero
2.8 In a piece of material tensile stresses P1 and
P2 act on a mutually perpendicular planes
accompanied by a shear stress 3. The
condition for both the principal stresses to
have the same sign is
(A) P1  P2  q (B) PP1 2 q
2
1 2 q 1 2 q
2 2
(C) PP (D) PP (A)
2.9 Which one of the following statements is
true?
(A) In a tensile test on a rod made of ductile
making 450 with respect to the axis of
the rod.
(B) In a tensile test on a rod made of brittle
(B)
the rod.
(C) In a torsion test on a rod made of ductile
the rod.
2.14 The state of stress at a point is as shown

below. Both the normal and shear stresses on
a plane, inclined at an angle of 450 with
(C) horizontal are zero. If  x   y  200 MPa the
shear stress  xy is
(D)
2.13 Mohr’s circle for the state of plane stress at a

(A) 50 MPa (B) 70 MPa
point is shown in the figure. Unit of stress is
Mpa and the circle is drawn not to scale. (C) 100 MPa (D) 200 MPa
Which one of the following options (stress 2.15 A wooden block of length 400 mm , width 50
values in MPa ) is true? mm and depth 100 mm is subjected to
uniaxial load as shown in the figure .An
inclined plane ABCD is shown which makes
an angle  with the XZ plane and the line CD
is parallel to the Z- axis. The normal stress on
the plane ABCD is n1 when   300 and the
normal stress on the plane ABCD is n 2
n 2
when   1200 . The value of is ______
 n1
(A)  A   50, B  10, 1  30, 2   70
(B)  A   50, B  20, 1  30, 2   50
(C)  A   30, B  30, 1  30, 2  10
(D)  A   20, B  10, 1  50, 2   30

2.16 The following state of plane stress exists at a Which of the following figures represents the
point P in a loaded body. (as shown in figure). state of stress at the point
The combination of principal stresses which

corresponds to the given stress state is (A) (B)
(C) (D)
Common Data Questions 2.19 & 2.20

max (MPa) min (MPa)
At a point in an object subjected to plane
(A) 4 0
stress conditions, the state of stress is as
(B) 4 –5 shown in the Figure
(C) 3 –3
(D) 5 –5
2.17 The shear stress  in MPa on the inclined
plane AB shown in the Figure is
2.19 One of the principal stresses (in MPa ) is

(A) 40 (B) 80
(C) 120 (D) 140
(A) 5(1  3) (B) 5(1  3) 2.20 The normal stress on the plane AB (in MPa)
is
(C)  5( 3  1) (D) 5( 3  1) (A) 30 (B) 70
2.18 The Mohr’s circle at a point is shown in (C) 100 (D) 110
2.21 The state of plane strain at a point is given by
Figure
x  60 10 6 , y  0 and  xy  80 10 6 .
The principal strains are
(A) 0, 100 106
(B) 50 106 , 50 106
(C)  20 106 , 80 106
(D) 20 106 , 80 106
2.22 At a point in a stressed. body, the strains

measured in three directions inclined at
00 , 450 , 900 to x-axis are found to be
500 106 , 400 106 and 300 106

respectively. The shear strain at this point is
(A) 250 106 (B) 0
(C) 100 106 (D) 400 106

(A) 1  0.001 and 2  0.001
2.23 Two uniform bars of cross -sectional area A (B) 1   0.001 and 2  0.001
are glued at an inclined section CC. The bars (C) 1  0.001 and 2   0.001
are subjected to an axial force P as shown in (D) 1   0.001 and 2   0.001
2.26 For a loaded body representing a two
figure. The uniform shear stress developed in
dimensional plane problems, the
the glued joint is displacement components along x and y at
any point ( x, y) are u  x 2  y 2 , v  2 y
respectively. Principal strains at the point
(3,1) in the body are
(A) 1  8, 2  2
(B) 1  6.24, 2  1.76
P P 2 (C) 1  0, 2  3
(A) sin  cos  (B) sin 
A A (D) 1  5, 2   3
P P 2.27 The state of stress at a point is as shown in
(C) cos 2  (D) cos  the Figure. The magnitude of the maximum
A A
shear stress is
2.24 The state of stress at a point in a loaded body
is given as x  40MPa,  y  60MPa,
xy  10MPa . The sum of the principal
stresses at that point is

(A) 20 MPa (B) 50 MPa
(C) 100 MPa (D) 110 MPa
(A) 9 MPa (B) 3 MPa
2.25 A rectangular sheet ABCD of dimensions a (C) 4.5 MPa (D) 6 MPa
and b along X and Y directions, respectively, 2.28 At a point in a body subjected to plane stress,
is stretched to a rectangular AB’C’D’, as the state of stress is as shown in the figure.
shown. The maximum principal strain (1 ) One of the principal stresses is 180 MPa.
and minimum principal strain (2 ) due to the Find the unknown shear stress  (in
stretch are given by MPa).____________
2.31 At a point in a body, 1  0.0004 and
2   0.00012 . If E  2 105 MPa and
  0.3, the smallest normal stress and the

largest shearing stress are
(A) 40 MPa and 40 MPa
2.29 State of stress at a point in a strained body is
(B) 0 MPa and 40 MPa
shown in Figure. Which one of the figure (C) 80 MPa and 0 MPa
given below represents correctly the Mohr’s (D) 0 MPa and 80 MPa
2.32 For a point in a body subjected to a plane
circle for the state of stress?
stress condition (  x  100 MPa,  y  50
MPa and  xy   yx  25 MPa), the maximum
principal stress in MPa is_____

2.33 A circle of diameter a mm is scribed on an
unstressed aluminum plate of thickness t =
0.1 a mm. Forces acting in the plane of the
plate later cause normal stresses  xx   and
 zz  2 . The elastic modulus is E GPa and
(A) (B) Poisson’s ratio is 0.25. Determine the change
in principal diameters AB and CD of the
original circle.
0.5 a 1.75 a
(A) AB  ; CD 
E E
0.5 a 1.75 a
(C) (D) (B) AB   ; CD  
E E
0.5 a 1.75 a
(C) AB   ; CD 
E E
2.30 The principal stresses at a point in two- 0.5 a 1.75 a
(D) AB  ; CD  
dimensional stress system are 1 and  2 E E
corresponding principal strains are 1 and 2
. If E and  denote Young’s modulus and
Poisson’s ratio, respectively, then which one
of the following is correct?
(A)   E 1
E
(B)   [1  2 ]
1  2
E
(C)   [1  2 ]
1  2
(D)   E (1  2 )
A Answer Key 2.4 (B)
2.1 C 2.2 A 2.3 C

2.4 B 2.5 C 2.6 C 2.5 (C)
2.7 C 2.8 B 2.9 A

2.10 A 2.11 B 2.12 A
2.13 A 2.14 D 2.15 3
2.16 D 2.17 D 2.18 C
2.19 C 2.20 D 2.21 C
2.22 B 2.23 A 2.24 A
2.25 A 2.26 B 2.27 B
2.28 60 2.29 C 2.30 D
2.31 C 2.32 110.355 2.33 B x   y    y 
x '   x  cos 2   xy sin 2
2  2 
E Explanation
x '  0
2.1 (C)    y  0
x ' y '    x  sin 2   xy cos 2 
 2 

2.2 (A) x ' y '     (1)
 2 
Hence, the correct option is (A).  x ' y '  
2.3 (C) Hence, the correct option is (C).
2.6 (C)

2.7 (C)
P Hence, the correct option is (C).

 sin  cos 
A 2.8 (B)
  900  
P
  cos  sin 
A
P
  00 ;   0 |   450 ;   |   900 ;   0
2A
 0 450 900
 0 P 0
2A
PP P P 
2
2.12 (A)
1  1 2   1 2   q 2 (+ve)
2  2 
PP P P 
2
2  1 2   1 2   q 2 (+ve when)
2  2 
 P1  P2   P1  P2 
2 2
   q
2

 2   2 
1
 [4 P1 P2 ]  q 2
4
1 2 q
2
PP
2.9 (A)

2.10 (A)
Normal stress on the plane of maximum shear

stress is average normal stress.
x   y
80  20 2.13 (A)
avg    50MPa
2 2
2.14 (D)
2.11 (B)
Given data : ( x ')450  0 x   y  200MPa

1  20MPa , 2  10MPa (x ' y ' )450  0  xy  ?
1  2
Radius   5MPa    y 
0
2 ( x ' y ' )450   x
  sin 2
From Mohr’s circle  2 
0
  xy cos 2 0
    y   x   y 
( x ' )450   x   cos 2
 2   2 
  xy sin 2  0
 200  200 
   0   xy .sin 90  0
0
 2 
  52  32  xy  200MPa
  4MPa
2.15 (3) 44  44

2
     (3)
2
2  2 
  42  32
1,2  5MPa
max  5MPa , min  5MPa
n1 (  300 ) 2.17 (D)
n 2 (  1200 )
10 103 N
x   2MPa
50 100 mm2
n 2 cos 2 (90  120)
 3
n1 cos 2 (90  30)
Or
  x   y    x   y  
    cos 2
 n 2  2   2  2    y 
 x ' y '    x  sin 2   xy cos 2
n1   x   y    x   y    2 
    cos 2
 2   2  1  10  10 
   sin 60  10cos 60
0 0
2 2  2 
 cos 2(90  120) 1  cos 600
 2 2  3  5 3 5
2 2
 cos 2(90  30) 1  cos120 0
2 2  5[ 3  1]
Hence, the correct answer is (3). Hence, the correct option is (D).
2.16 (D) 2.18 (C)

2.19 (C)
Given data :
x  100MPa ,  y  40 MPa , xy  40 MPa
   y   x   y 
2
1,2  x      xy
2
 2   2 
 1,2  70  303  402
1,2  70  50
x   y    y 
2
1  120MPa , 2  20 MPa
1,2    x    xy
2
2  2  Hence, the correct option is (C).

2.20 (D) 2.23 (A)
    y   x   y 
( x ' ) AB  x   cos 2   xy sin 2
450  2   2  2.24 (A)
 20 
 70    cos900    40  sin 900 
 2  2.25 (A)
 70  40  110MPa
2.21 (C)
x  60 106
y  0
 xy  80 106
x  y    y    xy 
2 2
1,2    x 0.001a
   x   0.001
2  2   2  a
y  0.001
 30 106  (30 106 )2  (40 106 ) 2
1 2  0.001
 30 106  50 106
 1  80 106
2.26 (B)
6
2  20 10
u  x2  y 2
Hence, the correct option is (C). v  2y
2.22 (B) du
x 
dx
x  y    y 
00  500 106   x  y 
dv
2  2  dy
x  y  xy x  2 x
450  400 106  
2 2 x  6
x  y    y  y  2
900  300 106   x 
2  2  v u
Vxy 

x  y  800 106 x y
 0  2y
 xy
400 106  400 106  2
2
x  y    y   Vxy 
2 2
 xy  0 1,2    x   
2  2   2 
62 62  2
2 2
2.29 (C)
     
2  2  2 Hence, the correct option is (C).
 4  4 1 2.30 (B)
 4 5
1  6.236
2.31 (C)
2  4  5  1.76
1  0.004 , 2  0.00012
2.27 (B) E  2 105 MPa ,   0.3
E
1  (1 2 )
(1  2 )
E
2  (2 1 )
(1  2 )
2 105
1  [0.0004  0.3(0.00012)]
(1  0.3)2
1  80MPa (Largest)
2 105
2  [0.00012  0.3 0.0004]
(1  0.3)2
   y   x   y  2  0MPa
2
(Smallest)
1,2  x      xy
2
 2   2  1  2 80
max    40MPa
2 2
   y 
2
max   x    xy
2
 2 
2.32 110.355
 0  (3)2  3MPa
Hence, the correct option is (B). Given data :
x  100MPa
2.28 (60)
 y  50MPa
1  180
2 xy   yx  25MPa
160  160 
180       xy
2
2  2  x   y    y 
2
1    x    xy
2
180  80  80  2 2
xy
2  2 
1002  802  2xy 1  75  252  252
xy    60MPa 1  110.355MPa

Hence, the correct answer is 60. Hence, the correct answer is 110.355
2.33 (C)
d  a mm
t  0.1a mm
AB  ?
CD  ?
 xx  
 zz  2
E  E GPa
  0.25
x 
x    y  z 
E E
 0.25
x    2 
E E
 0.5
x  
E E
AB 0.5

a E

AB  0.5a
E
 
z  z    y   x 
E E
2 0.25
  ()
E E
CD 1.75 1.75a
  CD 
a E E
3.1 Introduction Freely expanding x   y   z  0
When a material is heated (or cooled) stress may Material  value

be developed and these stresses are known as Steel and concrete   12 106 / 0 C
thermal stresses. If the material is free to expand
or contract no stresses are developed. In bar invar  1.2 106 / 0 C
3.2 Coefficient of Thermal Aluminium  Al  23 106 / 0 C
brass  19 106 / 0 C
Expansion (  ) :
Brass
Copper cu  16 106 / 0 C
 It represents strain per unit degree
temperature difference.
NOTE
1 1
Unit : 0 or  Thermal strains are reversible in Nature.
C K
i.e. when the member is brought back to
the original temperature its original
shape is restored.
 If the material is constrained in any
directions, stresses are developed in that
direction.
L 1 3.3 Expression for Thermal

 .
L T
Stresses :
L  LT
L ' L  LT Case : 1 Free expansion
L '  L(1  T )
Similarly,
t '  t (1  T )
b '  b (1  T )
L   T 
   0 (Free expansion)
t   T  L t b
  T
b   T 
Case : 2 A rod completely constrained in axial Expansion prevented  LT  a
direction.
P( L  a)
L T  a  L  a ; a  0
AE
E ( L T  a)

L
Case : 4 A metal cube of side ‘L’ fixed in X-

direction only
dL 1
 .
L T
dL  L T (Free expansion)
Expansion prevented  L T
PL
dL 
AE
PL
L T      TE
AE
 th   TE (Compressive) dX
X  0
L
 From the equation of thermal stress it can be
observed that the thermal stress is Y   Z
independent on area and depends on material.
Calculation for Y :
Case : 3 Partially constrained
Free expansion  L T
Poisson effect due to constrained in X-direction
 X L

E
L
L 1 Y  L T  [ TE ]
 . E
L T
Y  LT [1  ]
L  LT (Free expansion)
Kulkarni Academy 57 Thermal Stresses
Case : 5 Cube of length ‘L’ constrained in X L T  Free expansion

and Y direction.
L
 (Direct compression)
E
L
 (Poisson Y-effect)
E
L
 (Poisson Z-effect)
E
X  0
 TE

(1  )
Z  0 Case : 7
X Y A bar AB fixed at one end A and supported by a
  spring at B as shown in figure and this system is
L L heated by T . Find the stress developed in the
z  L T  
E E bar.
2L   TE 
z  L T   
E  1  
1   
Z  TL  
1   
Case : 6 A cube constrained in all directions.
X  0
Y  0
Z  0 PL FS L
dL  
L L L AE AE
L T    0
E E E Free expansion  L T
TE
 Net expansion of bar  L T 
FS L
(1  2) AE
FS Case : 2
Compression of spring 
K
Expansion = Compression
FS L FS
L T  
AE K
FS L A
L T   E  K 
A
L T TE
 
L A 1
AE
 E  K  KL
R
 1
TE A1

AE
1 R  1 A1
KL
3.4 Composite bar R

 2
A2
Case : 1
R  2 A2
1 A1  2 A2 …..(i)
Total free expansion

L11T  L22T
Compression due to R
Cu  Compressive RL1 RL2

Steel  Tension A1E1 A2 E2
As there is NO external force therefore Expansion = Compression

compressive force in copper should be equal to
tensile force in steel.  L1 L2 
 L11T  L2 2T    …..(ii)
PCu  PSteel  E1 E2 
Cu ACu  S AS …..(i)
Net change in length of copper = Net change in

length of steel
PCu L PL
LCu T   L S T  S
ACu ECu AS ES
S Cu
  (Cu   S )T …..(ii)
ES ECu
P Practice Questions (A)   10  E1  E2 
3.1 The strain induced in an unconstrained rod (B)   20  E1  E2 

that is heated uniformly depends
 EE 
(A) Only on the coefficient of expansion (C)   20  1 2 
(B) Only on the temperature change  E1  E2 
(C) Neither on the coefficient of expansion  EE 
(D)   10  1 2 
nor on the temperature change  E1  E2 
(D) Both on the coefficient of expansion and
3.4 A cube, made of aluminium, of dimension
on the temperature change
0.1m  0.1m  0.1m, rests against a rigid wall
3.2 An intially unstressed rod of length L is fixed
(where normal in the y-directions) as shown
at both ends, as shown in figure. The rod is
in the figure. Another parallel rigid wall is
heated uniformly, to raise the temperature by
located at a clearance of 0.2 mm from the
T . The young’s modulus is E, Poisson’s
block. Assuming all contacts to be
ratio is v and coefficient of thermal expansion frictionless, if the block is heated by
is . The axial stress in the rod, assuming the
T  1500 C, the normal stress  yy induced
rod to be weightless, is
in the block is (for aluminum
6 0
E  70GPa: v  0.3 ;   20 10 / C )
 ET
(A) Zero (B)
1  v 1  2v 
(C)  ET (D) 2ET
3.3 Two bars of differently young’s moduli, E1
and E2 , but with the same cross sectional (A)  yy  7 MPa (B)  yy  7 MPa
area, A, and coefficient of thermal expansion,
(C)  yy  70MPa (D)  yy  0
, are attached together at one end and fixed
at the other as shown in figure. 3.5 A solid steel cube constrained on all six faces
is heated so that the temperature rises
The construction of this setup was carried out
uniformly by T . If the thermal coefficient
at an ambient temperature of 250 Celsius.
of the material is , Young’s modulus is E
The stress in the bars when the temperature is
and the Poisson’s ratio is v, the thermal stress
uniformly increased by 100 Celsius is
developed in the cube due to heating is
  T  E 2  T  E
(A)  (B) 
1  2 1  2
3  T  E   T  E
(C)  (D) 
1  2 3 1  2 
3.6 Determine the temperature rise necessary to Common Data Questions 3.9 & 3.10
induce buckling in a 1m long circular rod of
diameter 40 mm shown in the figure below. A steel bar of rectangular cross-section is
Assume the rod to be pinned at its ends and heated uniformly and the rise in the
the coefficient of thermal expansion as temperature is T . The Young’s modulus is
2.0 106 / 0 C. Assume uniform heating of E, the Poisson’s ratio is v and the coefficient
the bar. of thermal expansion is . The bar is
completely restrained in the axial direction
and lateral directions.
3.9 The thermal stress developed in the bar along
the axial-direction is
ET
(A)  (B)  ET
1  2
3.7 At a temperature of 400 C , a rod tightly fits
ET ET 
between two rigid walls such that the (C)  (D) 
1  2 1  2
compressive stress in the rod is 60 MPa.
Given E  200GPa and   20 106 / 0 C , 3.10 Assume that the bar is allowed to deform
find the temperature at which the rod will just freely in the lateral directions, while keeping
lose contact with the walls. the axial direction restrained. The percentage
change in the magnitude of axial thermal
3.8 A composite system of two metal bars, as
stress for v  0.25 is
shown below, is made of two dissimilar
materials having areas of cross section A1 and (A) 0 (B) 25
A2. Young’s moduli E1 and E2 and
(C) 50 (D) 100
coefficients of thermal expansion 1 and  2 .
If the temperature of the system is raised by Common Data Questions 3.11 & 3.12
T , then the resultant axial force required to Two roads are joined together and the entire
be applied to the rigid end plates to maintain assembly is supported between two rigid
the same length L is walls, as shown in the figure. The cross-
sectional area and Young’s modulus for both
the rods are 0.01m2 and 10 GPa, respectively.
The coefficient of thermal expansion for the
two rods are 1  4 106 / 0 C and
2  106 / 0 C respectively. The entire
assembly is heated by 1000 C. Neglect the
effect of Poisson’s ratio.
(A)  E11 A1  E22 A2  T
(B) 1/ E11 A1  1/ E22 A2  T
1
(C)  E1  E2  1  2  A1  A2  T
(D)  E11 A1 / E22 A2  T
3.11 The stress in rod 1 (in MPa) is 3.14 If the coefficient of thermal expansion for
(A) 4.0 (B) 3.0 steel and bronze are 11106 per 0C and
19 106 per 0C respectively, the temperature
(C) 2.5 (D) 1.0
rise necessary to cause all the applied load to
3.12 Considering the displacement to the right as be supported by the steel rods is
positive, the displacement (in mm) of the
interface between the two rods is (A) 100 C (B) 10.580 C
(A) 0.2 (B) 0.1 (C) 150 C (D) 20.650 C

(C) 0.1 (D) 0.2 3.15 A composite bar of length ‘L’ is made of a
centrally placed steel plate (50 mm wide  10
mm thick) with two copper plates (each 30
A rigid block weighing 60 kN is supported by mm wide  5 mm thick) connected rigidly on
three rods symmetrically placed as shown in each side. If the temperature of the composite
figure. The lower ends of the rods are bar is raised by 500C find the stress developed
assumed to have been at the same level before in each copper plate in MPa
the block is attached. The cross-sectional
areas of the rods and the modulus of elasticity
of the materials of the rods are given as
(For Steel : Es  2 105 MPa and
s  12 106 / 0C;
For copper : Ec  1105 MPa and
c  17 106 / 0C )
Esteel  2.11011 Pa
3.16 A steel frame as shown in figure is fitted with
Ebronze  0.98 10 Pa
11 an equal length of an aluminum rod at room
temperature (total area of steel = area of
Asteel  5 104 m2 aluminum = 200mm2). When fitted they are
in stress free state.
Abronze  10 104 m2
Given Ea  70GPa, Es  210 GPa and
3.13 The stress in the steel rod is
a  25 106 / 0C and s  12.5 106 / 0C,
(A) 48.65 MPa (B) 52.35 MPa
for a temperature rise of 800 C the load in the
(C) 60 MPa (D) 40 MPa aluminum bar is
A Answer Key
3.1 C 3.2 C 3.3 C
3.4 C 3.5 A 3.6 49.340 C
3.7 250 C 3.8 A 3.9 C
3.10 C 3.11 B 3.12 D
3.13 A 3.14 B 3.15 19.23
3.16 D 3.17 A
(A) 21.0 kN (B) 18.0 kN
E Explanation
(C) 15.8 kN (D) 10.5 kN
3.17 A cantilever rod of length L, area of circular 3.1 (C)

cross section A and moment of inertia I, is Hence, the correct option is (C).
subjected to temperature change. The rod has
3.2 (C)
a space  for free expansion after which the
free end gets locked and fixed into the wall at Hence, the correct option is (C).
B. Find the expression for increase in 3.3 (C)
temperature  T  at which the elastic
instability first occurs. Assume E to be
constant with temperature change and  as
the coefficient of linear expansion.
T  100 C
1  2  
Free expansion :
1  421  L (10)  L (20)  20 L
(A) T    2 
L  AL 1   / L   Compression :
PL PL

1  21  AE1 AE2
(B) T    2 
L  AL 1   / L   Expansion = Compression
PL  1 1
20 L    
1  1
2
A  E1 E2 
(C) T    
L  4AL 
 EE 
  20   1 2 
1  421   E1  E2 
(D) T  2    
L AL  Hence, the correct option is (C).
3.4 (C)  TE


(1  2)
L  T  Free expression
L
 (Direct compression)
E
L
 (Poisson Y - effect)
T  150 C ,
0
E
E  70GPa ,   0.3 L

 (Poisson Z - effect)
E
  20 106 / 0 C
0
P( L  a )
L T  a  3.6 49.340C
AE
When both the ends are pinned the buckling load
6  0.1
3
0.1 20 10 150  0.2 10 
70 109 2 EI
P 2 I  MOI
  70MPa (Compressive) L
When both the ends are fixed bucking load is
42 EI
3.5 (A) P
L2
X  0
Y  0
Z  0
2 EI
P
L2
P
   TE
A
2 EI
  TE
AL2

2  (40 103 ) 4
64  20 106  T
 3 2
(40 10 ) 1
4
T  49.340 C
L L L
L  T    0
E E E Hence, the correct answer is 49.340C.
3.7 250C 3.9 (C)
Hence, the correct option is (C)

3.10 (C)
Free in lateral direction and axial direction

restrained.
2   TE
C  60MPa (Compressive)
Constrained in all sides
E  200GPa
 TE
  20 106 / 0 C 1   if   0.25
(1  2)
   TE
1   2 TE (– ve means compressive)
 60  20 106  200 103  (Tf  400 C)
2   TE
T f  25 C
0
2 1
0 % change  100  50%
Hence, the correct answer is 25 C. 2
3.8 (A) Hence, the correct option is (C)
3.11 (B)
A1  A2  0.01m2
1  4 106 / 0 C
E1  E2  10GPa
2  106 / 0 C
T  1000 C
PL
L1T  1
A1E1
 P1  1TA1E1
P2 L
L 2T 
A2 E2 L1  2m
 P2  2TA2 E2 L2  1m
P  P1  P2 Free expansion,
P  (1 A1E1  2 A2 E2 ) T RL1 RL2
L11T  L2 2T  
Hence, the correct option is (A). A1E1 A2 E2
 2  4 106 100  1106 100 Given that,
R  2 1  W  60kN ,
 
3 
10 10  0.01 0.01  ES  2.11011 pa
9 104 
R
[3] AS  5 104 m2
0.0110 103
Ebr  0.98 1011 pa
R  0.03MN
Ab  10 104 m2
R 0.03
1    3MPa (Compressive)
A1 0.01 W  2PS  Pb …..(i)
Hence, the correct option is (B) steel  bronze
3.12 (D) PS  0.5

5 104  2.11011
Pb 1
 4
10 10  0.98 1011
PS  2.1428 Pb …..(ii)
PS
60  2 PS 
2.1428
PS  24.32kN
Free expansion  L11T  0.8mm
PS
Shift = 0.8  0.6  0.2mm S   48.648MPa
AS
RL1
Compression due to R   0.6mm Hence, the correct option is (A)
A1E1
3.14 (B)
Hence, the correct option is (D)
S  11106 / 0 C
3.13 (A)
b  19 106 / 0 C
FS LS
Lbb L  LS  S T 
AS ES
35.68 T  10.580 C
b   35.680MPa
Ab Hence, the correct option is (B)
3.15 19.23  S   Al
Given that,  Al S
  ( Al   S )T (  Al   S )
ES  2 105 MPa , S  12 106 / 0 C EAl ES
EC  1105 MPa , C  17 106 / 0 C  Al  0.0525GPa
Load in Al bar   Al  AAl
 0.0525 103 MPa  200
 10500 N
 10.5kN
PS  Pcu  Pcu (because load of each copper)

Hence, the correct option is (D)
PS  2Pcu
3.17 (A)
S  (10  50)  2 cu (10  300)
S  0.6 cu
S cu
  ( cu   S ) T
ES Ecu
0.6 cu 
 cu 5  (17 106  12 106 )  50
2 10 110
5
cu  19.23MPa
Free expansion  LT
P( L  )
3.16 (D) Expansion prevented  LT   
AE
42 EI
Pcr 
( L  ) 2
42 EI ( L  )
L T    .
( L  )2 AE
4 2 I
L T   
A( L  )
1  4 2 I 
T   
L  AL(1   / L) 

PS  PAl
S AS   Al AAl
4.1 Introduction
Circumferential Stress
It is a container which is used for carrying fluid
under pressure.
d
 If  20 then such a shell is known as thin
t
shells.
Example : Water bottles, soft drink cans etc.
 When a cylinder is subjected to internal
pressure it is subjected to
1. Circumferential or hoop stress
2. Longitudinal stress
3. Radial stress
 When a pressure Vessel is subjected to

internal pressure for calculation purposes Total vertical upward force   Prl sin d 
0
gauge pressure is taken into account because
externally it is subjected to atmospheric Total downward force  c  (2 t l )
pressure.
For static equilibrium
4.2 Thin cylindrical shells
Fupward  Fdownward
  Prl sin  d   2 t l
0
c
  Prl [cos   cos0]  2ct l
Pr Pd
c   (Circumferential stress)
t 2t
 Longitudinal Stress : This stress is 1  c
developed only when both ends are closed. 2  l
Pd  Pd 
1  c   2   22
2t  4t 
1  22
  These hoop stress and longitudinal stresses are
P  d 2   l (dt )
4  principal stresses because these are the maximum
Pd and minimum normal stresses without shear.
l  Therefore the maximum principal stress
4t
Pd
 Whenever a cylindrical shell is subjected to (1  c ) is hoop stress i.e. 1  and the
2t
internal pressure both longitudinal and
minimum principal stress is longitudinal stress is
circumferential (hoop) stresses are tensile in
Pd
Nature i.e. longitudinal stress results is equal to .
4t
increase in length and circumferential stress
results in increase in diameter. 4.3 Strain Analysis
Therefore, when a pressure vessel is
subjected to external pressure, the 1. Change in length :
circumferential and longitudinal stresses are dL  L c
L   
compressive in Nature. L E E
 If a cylinder is subjected to external pressure Pd Pd
length and diameter decreases. L  
4tE 2tE
Pd
L  (1  2)
4tE
PdL
L  (1  2)
4tE
2. Change in diameter :
dd
C 
d
c  L
C  
E E
Pd Pd
C  
2tE 4 Et
Pd
C  [2  ]
4 tE
Pd 2
Change in diameter(dd )  [2  ]
4 tE
Stressed element
Kulkarni Academy 69 Thin Shells
3. Change in volume :  Maximum shear stress in the plane of

V  2 c  L 1 and  r (radial stress)
 Pd   Pd  1  r
 2 (2  )    (1  2)  (max )1 r  ( r  0 )
2
 4tE   4tE 
1 Pd
Pd  
V  (5  4) 2 4t
4tE
 Maximum shear stress in the plane of
4.4 Maximum shear stress  2 and  r
2  r
(max )2r 
2
2 Pd
 
2 8t
 Absolute maximum shear stress :
1  2 1  r 2  r
Maximum of , ,
2 2 2
Pd Pd Pd
Maximum , ,
8t 4t 8t
Pd
Absolute max or maximum shear stress 
4t
1  2 c  l
max 
2

2
4.5 Thin spherical shells
1  Pd Pd 
 
2  2t 4t 
Pd
max  , Maximum in plane
8t
Pd
Shear stress 
8t
This is the maximum in plane shear stress.
 When a thin cylinder is subjected to internal
pressure, the radial stress which is equal to
pressure is very small compare to 1 and  2 . 
P  d 2  c (dt )
4
Therefore, in thin cylindrical shells only two
Pd
stresses are taken. i.e. 1 and 2 . c 
4t
For spherical pressure shell  Maximum shear stress :
Pd
 c  l  1  2
4t max 
2
Mohr’s Circle for thin spherical pressure shell
max  0 (in a plane, shear stress = 0)
(in the plane of 1 and  2 )
In the plane of 1 and  r ( r  0 )
Mohr’s circle is a point for thin spherical shell 1  r 1

max  
subjected to internal pressure. 2 2
When a thin spherical pressure shell subjected to
Pd
internal pressure the principal stresses are : max 
8t
Pd
1  2 
4t Absolute maximum shear stress :
Strain analysis :
   2 1  r 2  r 
max  Max  1 , ,
2 
Pd
1  c   2 2
4t
 2  l 
Pd  Pd Pd 
4t  Max 0, , 
 8 t 8t 
   
d  1   2  c   l ( c  l )
E E E E Pd
 Pd (max )absolute 
d  c (1  )  (1  ) 8t
E 4tE
Pd Maximum shear stress is zero in the plane of l
d  (1  )
4tE
and c . Whereas the absolute maximum shear
V  3 d
Pd
3Pd stress is .
V  (1  ) 8t
4tE
4.6 Thin cylinder with
Hemispherical ends
1. Same stress at the junction (i.e.

circumferential stress).
(c )cyl  (c )sp
 Pd   Pd 
   
 2t c  4t  s
tc  2ts …..(i)
2. In order to prevent distortion or cracks at the
junction.
For no distortion the circumferential
strain in the cylinder and sphere must be
same.
Pd
(c )cyl  (2  )
4tc E
Pd
(c ) sp  (1  )
4ts E
(c )cy  (c )sp
tc 2  v
 …..(ii)
ts 1  v
If these two conditions are to be valid
simultaneously then   should be equal to zero
and for metal this is impossible.
 From design point of view, spherical pressure
vessels are preferred over cylindrical
pressure vessel because of uniform lower
circumferential stress.
4.5 A thin cylinder with closed lids is subjected
P Practice Questions
to internal pressure. State of stress at point x
4.1 A thin walled cylindrical pressure vessel has is given by.
diameter ‘D’ and length ‘L’. It is closed at
both ends and subjected to internal pressure
‘P’. The principal stresses, if the metal
thickness is ‘t’, are
pD pD pD pD
(A) , (B) ,
t 2t 2t 3t
pD pD pD pD (A) (B)
(C) , (D) ,
2t 4t t 3t
4.2 A Cylindrical tank with closed ends is filled
with compressed air at a pressure of 500 kPa.
The inner radius of the tank is 2 m, and it has
wall thickness of 10 mm. The magnitude of
(C) (D)
maximum in-plane shear stress (in MPa)
is______.
4.3 A thin walled spherical shell is subjected to 4.6 A closed thin circular cylinder of diameter
an internal pressure. If the radius of the shell 200 mm and wall thickness 10mm is filled
is increased by 1% and the thickness is with a gas at pressure 10MPa. The maximum
reduced by 1% with the internal pressure shear stress developed in the wall is
remaining the same, the percentage change in (A) 25 MPa (B) 50 MPa
the circumferential (hoop) stress is
(C) 100 MPa (D) 200 MPa
(A) 0 (B) 1
4.7 An open ended thin – walled straight pipe is
(C) 1.08 (D) 2.02
made of a material that can carry a maximum
4.4 A thin cylindrical tube of inner diameter d,
shear stress of max . The pipe is of diameter,
thickness t is closed at both ends and is
d and thickness, t The maximum internal
subjected to internal pressure p’. The tube
pressure allowable is given by (neglecting the
also carries a torque T. The stresses at any
normal stress in the radial direction)
point (x ,  and x ) are
t t
Pd Pd 2T Pd Pd T (A) 4   max (B) 2   max
(A) , , (B) , , d  d 
2t 4t d 2t 2t 2t d 2t
t t
(C)
Pd Pd T
, , (D)
Pd Pd 2T
, , (C) 2   max (D)   max
2t 4t d 2t 4t 2t d 2t d  d 
4.8 A thin walled cylinder with open ends is 4.12 A cylindrical pressure vessel of 3 m outside
subjected to uniform internal pressure p diameter is 10.8 m long. The wall thickness
alone. The wall thickness is t, internal radius is 25 mm and it is subjected to an internal
is r and the Young’s Modulus is E. The pressure of 800 kPa. Find the change in
increase in radius of the cylinder due to the diameter and length, given Young’s modulus
internal pressure is  200GPa and Poisson’s ratio  0.3.
pt 2 4.13 A cast iron pipe of 1 m diameter is required

(A) Zero (B)
2 Er
to withstand a 200 m head of water. If the
2 2
pr pr limiting tensile stress of the pipe material is
(C) (D) r
Et Et 20 MPa, then the thickness of the pipe will be
4.9 A thin circular cylindrical vessel of diameter
(A) 25 mm (B) 50 mm
d, length l and wall thickness t is subjected to
an internal pressure p. The minimum (C) 75 mm (D) 100 mm
pd
principal stress is , where k is
kt 4.14 Assertion (A): In cylindrical shells with
hemispherical ends, the hemispherical ends
(A) 4 (B) 3
are thicker than the cylindrical section.
(C) 2 (D) 1
Reason (R): The value of Poisson’s ratio for
most metals is 0.3.
A thin pressure vessel of spherical shape has
wall thickness of 10 mm and 1800 mm 4.15 A thin cylinder of 100 mm internal diameter
diameter. Its Young’s modulus is and 5 mm thickness is subjected to an internal
E  210GPa and Poisson’s ratio  0.3 pressure of 10 MPa and a torque of 2000 Nm.
Calculate the magnitude of the principal
4.10 If the pressure vessel experiences an internal
stresses.
pressure of 0.95 MPa, the approximate
maximum membrane stress is 4.16 A compressed air tank having an inner
(A) 35 MPa (B) 43 MPa diameter of 480 mm and a wall thickness of
(C) 50 MPa (D) 57 MPa 8mm is formed by welding two steel

hemispheres. If the allowable shear stress in
4.11 The change in its diameter is
the steel is 40 MPa, find the maximum
(A) 2 mm (B) 1.0 mm
permissible pressure (in MPa) inside the tank.
(C) 0.13 mm (D) 0.25 mm
The wall has a thickness of 6 mm and the
internal diameter of the cylinder is 200 mm.
A steel cylindrical pressure vessel has an
inner radius of 1.8 m and a wall thickness of
20 mm.
4.17 For an internal pressure of 800 kPa, the
maximum shear stress for the cylindrical part
of the vassel is
(A) 16 MPa (B) 18 MPa
(C) 20 MPa (D) 0
4.18 At which of the following internal pressure
will the cylindrical vessel yield as per the
Tresca criterion if the yield strength of the
material in tension is 320 MPa
(A) 3.55 MPa (B) 7.1 MPa
(C) 1.775 MPa (D) 4.0 MPa
4.19 A thin walled cylindrical pressure vessel
having mean radius 100 mm and wall
thickness 5 mm, is subjected to internal
pressure p. If the factor of safety is 2 and the
yield stress in shear is 100 MPa, find the
maximum value of p (in MPa).
4.20 The thin walled cylinder can be supported in

one of two ways as shown. Determine the
state of stress in the wall of the cylinder for
both cases if the piston P causes the internal
pressure to be 450 kPa.
A Answer Key 4.4 (D)
3 C 4.2 25 4.3 D When a cylinder is subjected to internal pressure

and torque then it will be subjected to normal and
4.4 D 4.5 D 4.6 B shear stresses.
4.7 A 4.8 C 4.9 A
4.10 B 4.11 D 4.12 0.5097
4.13 B 4.14 B 4.15 100
4.16 5.33 4.17 B 4.18 B
4.19 10
T 2T
(a) L  0 MPa, c  7.5 MPa  
4.20. 2 r t  d 2t
2
(b) L  3.75 MPa, c  7.5 MPa

Pd
x 
E Explanation 4t
Pd
4.1 (C)  
2t
Hence, the correct option is (C) 2T

4.2 25  d 2t
Pd Hence, the correct option is (D)
(max )in plane 
8t
4.5 (D)
500 10  4000
3
  25 106 Pascal Hence, the correct option is (D)
8 10
 25 MPa 4.6 (B)
Hence, the correct answer is 25. Pd 10  200

max    50MPa
4.3 (D) 4t 4 10
r r r  1.01r
Hence, the correct option is (B)
t t t  0.99 t 4.7 (A)
Pd Pr P(1.01) r
c   c' 
4t 2t t (0.99) t
c'  1.0202 c
c ' c
% change  100
c  L  0 , C  0
1.0202  1 Pd
 100  2.02% 0
1 Pd
max  2t 
Hence, the correct option is (D) 2 4t
Pd 4.11 (D)
max 
4t
d Pd
t c   (1  )
Pmax  4   max d 4tE
d 
Pd 2
Hence, the correct option is (A) d  (1  )
4tE
4.8 (C) 0.95  (1800)2
 [1  0.3]  0.2565mm
Open ended thin cylinder (L  0, C  0) 4 10  210 103
Increase in radius due to internal pressure. Hence, the correct option is (D).
r C 
0
4.12 0.5097
C    L
r E E Cylindrical pressure vessel
r Pr D0  3m , L  10.8m
 
r tE
t  25mm , P  800kPa
Pr 2
 r  E  200GPa ,   0.3
tE
Hence, the correct option is (C) d  3  (2  25)  2.95m
4.9 (A)
Minimum principal stress

pd
l 
4t
d Pd
So, k 4  (2  )
d 4tE
0.800  (2.95) 2
4.10 (B) d  (2  0.3)
 25 
4  (200 10 )
3
Thin spherical shell  1000 

t  10mm d  5.9177 104 m  0.59177mm
d  1800mm L Pd
 (1  2)
E  210GPa L 4tE
  0.3 0.8  (2.95)10.8
L  (1  0.6)
25
Pinternal  0.95MPa 4  200 10 3
1000
Pd
Maximum membrane stress  L  5.0976 104 m
4t
 42.75MPa  43MPa L  0.5097mm
Hence, the correct option is (B) Hence, the correct answer is 0.5097.
4.13 (B) 4.16 5.33
Given data :
d  1mm
d  480mm , t  8mm
P  gh  1000  9.81 200
P  gh  1.962MPa
Pd Pd
L  C 
4t 2t allow  40MPa
(Both are tensile stress) Pd
For sphere max 
8t
σlimiting  20MPa
P  480
40 
1.962 1000 88
20 
2t P  5.33MPa
t  24.525 2  50mm Hence, the correct answer is 5.33 MPa.
Hence, the correct option is (B). 4.17 (B)
4.14 (B) Given data :

d  1.8m  1800mm  2
t  20mm
4.15 100 P  800kPa
Pd 800 1800  2
Given data : max  
8t 8  20
d  100mm , t  5mm
max  18 103 kPa  18MPa
P  10MPa , T  2000 N-m Hence, the correct option is (B).
Pd 4.18 (B)
1 
2t P?
10 100 y 320
1  max    160MPa
25 2 2
1  100MPa Pd
max 
4t
2 
Pd P 1800
160 
4t 4  20
2  50MPa P  7.1MPa
Hence, the correct answer is 100 MPa. Hence, the correct option is (B).
4.19 10 L  0
dmean  200mm Pd
L   3.75MPa
4t
rmean  100mm
Pd
t  5mm C   7.5MPa
2t
FOS = 2
100
allow   50MPa
2
Yield stress in shear  100MPa
Pd
max 
4t
P  10MPa
Hence, the correct answer is 10MPa.
4.20 Hence, the correct answer is
(a) L  0 MPa, c  7.5 MPa
(b) L  3.75 MPa, c  7.5 MPa
L  0
Pd
C 
2t
450  200
  7500kPa  7.5MPa
2 6
5.1 Introduction Shear force :
It is numerically equal to the algebraic sum of all
Beam : transverse component of external forces
A slender long straight members carrying loads (including reaction components) acting on an
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the isolated segment but in opposite direction to
member are known as beams. Therefore beams satisfy equilibrium conditions.
are transverse loaded members. In case of bars NOTE
the load acts along the axis of the member.  It is convenient to consider a beam that
has minimum number of loads.
Sign convention for shear force :
Right face  –ve shear force

Left face  Right face 
These beams are known as planer structures +ve shear force Left face 
because all the loads act in the plane of figure.
Types of beams : Example 1
Bending moment :
It is numerically equal to the algebraic sum of
moments of all forces including reactive forces
and couples on an isolated system.
Sign convention for bending moment
 Shear force diagram :
It is a diagram which shows variation of shear
force along the length of the beam.
 BMD :
It is a diagram which shows variation of
bending moment along the length of the
beam.
Example 3
Example 2
Example 4

Kulkarni Academy 81 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
R  2P  ( P  P)  0 Example 6
CW CW CW CCW
PL  PL  P(3L)  2 P(4 L)   3PL (CCW )
Resisting moment
 3PL(CW)
M x  3PL  P( x  L)
M C  2PL , M D  2PL
Example 5
RA  RB  0 , MA  0
C0
C0  RB L  0 , RB  , RA   RB ,
L
Example 7
RA  RD  42kN
MA  0
RD  5  28  5  14  2
RD  24kN
RA  18kN
M x  18x  14( x  2)
x5
M C  48kN-m
Pb Pab
Mx  x
L L
ab
Pa Pb

L L
Example 8
14 7
RA  W W
12 6
7 1
RD  W  W   W
6 6
Example 10
RA  RB  F
MA  0
RB  L  Fd  Fa
F (a  d )
RB 
L
RA  F  RB
F (b  d )
RA 
L
Example 9
Draw SFD for the beam shown in figure
RF  Y6W  2W
RA  RD  W
WL
 MD  0 RA  RB 
2
NOTE
 The slope of SFD is equal to negative of
rate of loading.
 M0  0
dx
VX 
WL
 Wx M  Vdx  wdx.  (M  dM )  0
2 2
L dM
SF  0 at x  v …..(ii)
2 dx
BM : NOTE
2
WL WX  Slope of BM diagram = Shear force.
MX  x
2 2
WL2 L Example 11
M max  at x 
8 2
Graphical method for constructing SFD
and BMD :
Fig.
 Fy  0
V  wdx  (V  dV )  0 ( w  Rate of loading)
dV
 Slope of SFD.
dx
dV
 w …..(i)
dx
dV dM
 w V
dx dx
w dM  Vdx
M2 x2
Negative slope 
 dM   Vdx
dM M1 x1
V
dx Change in B.M = Area of SFD between these two
V 0 points.
Effect of point load on SFD and BMD :
dM
0 (Maximum B.M)
dx
Observation :
 FY  0
dV   P
When P acts downwards on the beam dV   P
i.e. there is a sudden drop in SFD due to
downward force. Similarly if the SFD rising
dV
 w suddenly in SFD then it is a indication of upward
dx point load.
 M0  0
V2 X2
 dV    wd x dx
M  Vdx  P  (M  dM )  0
V1 X1
V2  V1  w( X 2  X1 ) 2
 P
Difference between S.F = Area of loading   V   dx  dM
diagram between these two points.  2
 P
dM   V   dx
 2
dx  0
dM  0
dM
 V
dx
dV   P
Due to point load the change in B.M is zero but
due to point load the S.F. on the left and right side
is different therefore the slope of the bending
moment diagram changes due to point load.
Downward point load (BMD)

Due to concentrated moment there is a sudden
change in BMD i.e. if there is a clockwise
concentrated moment there is a sudden rise in
bending moment similarly if there is an
anticlockwise concentrated moment, there is a
Upward point load (BMD)
sudden fall in bending moment.
Effect of concentrated moment on
SFD and BMD : Point of Contraflexure : The point where the
BM change its sign, may be from hogging to
sagging or sagging to hogging is known as point
of contraflexure or point of inflection, at this
point the bending moment changes to zero. i.e. at
the P.O.C. the bending moment is zero.
 Fy  0
V  (V  dV )  0
dV  0  (V  Constant)
 Due to concentrated moment there is no BMD BMD
change in shear force.
 M0  0
Vdx  M  M 0  (M  dM )  0
dx  0
dM  M 0
P Practice Questions 5.4 A beam of length 2.0 m is simply supported
at both ends as shown in figure. For an
5.1 For the beam shown, Which of the following unknown load X at its mid-point, the beam
are discontinuous at the mid-span ? experiences a shear force represented by
SFD. The X is
(A) A moment of 1000 Nm

(A) Bending moment only
(B) A concentrated force of 1000 N
(B) Axial force and bending moment only
(C) A moment of 500 Nm
(C) Bending moment and shear force only
(D) A concentrated force of 500 N
(D) Axial force, bending moment and shear
force 5.5 The bending moment at point B on the
cantilever beam in the figure is
5.2 The beam shown below carries two external
moments. A counterclockwise moment of
magnitude 2M acts at point B and a
clockwise moment of magnitude M acts at
the free end, C. The beam is fixed at A. The
shear force at a section close to the fixed end
is equal to
(A) – 2.0 PL (B) 1.0 PL
(C) – 0.5 PL (D) – 1.5 PL
5.6 A simply supported beam with an
overhanging end is loaded as shown below.
The maximum bending moment in the beam
is
(A) 2M/L (B) M/L
(C) 0 (D) – M/L
5.3 A cantilever beam is subjected to a force and
a moment as shown in the figure. The
bending moment at the fixed end is
(A) 2 kNm (B) 1 kNm

(C) 0.75 kNm (D) 0.25 kNm
5.7 A beam having both sides overhang is loaded
as shown in figure. To make moments equal
(A) 1 PL (B) 2 PL in both supports, the ratio of w and q has to
(C) 3 PL (D) 4 PL be
(A)
(B)
(A) 2 : 3 (B) 4 : 7
(C) 8 : 27 (D) 4 : 9
5.8 The shear force and the bending moment (C)
respectively at section A-A for the beam
loaded as shown in the figure is
(D)
5.11 A beam ABCD with simple supports at A, B

and D and an internal hinge at C is subjected
(A) P, 0 (B) 3 P, 2 PL
to loads as shown in the figure. The
(C) 2 P, 3 PL (D) 0, PL reaction at middle support is given by
5.9 A beam with overhangs carries one point load
acting downwards and the other upward. The
clockwise moment pb is applied at each
support. The bending moment at the midpoint
of the beam is
(A) 7.5 kN (B) 10 kN

(C) 20 kN (D) 22.5 kN
(A) 0 (B) PL/2
5.12 A cantilever beam OP is connected to another
(C) PL (D) PbL beam PQ with a pin joint aas shown in the
5.10 Which one of the following represents the figure. A load of 10 kN is applied at the mid-
correct bending moment diagram of the beam point of P5. The magnitude of bending
PQR loaded as shown in the figure? moment (in kN-m) at fixed end O is___.
(A) 2.5 (B) 5

(C) 10 (D) 25
5.13 For a simply supported beam as shown in
figure, the bending moment diagram is
shown. The unknown load marked as X is
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
5.16 A simply supported beam AB is subjected to

a horizontal force, P, as shown in the figure.
Shear force at section a - a is given by
0
(A) Load of 2000 N inclined at 30 with
horizontal
(B) Vertical load of 1000 N
(C) Moment of 1000 Nm
(D) Load of 2000 N inclined at 300 with
vertical
5.14 If the following sign convention is used for
the shear force in a beam : (A) Ph/L (B) 3Ph/(2L)
(C) 3Ph/L (D) PL/h
5.17 In a cantilever beam of length 2 m, the shear
force in newton (N) along the length is given
by v( x)  5x 2 , where x is the distance in
meter measured from the fixed end. The
the values of the largest and smallest shear magnitude of the load intensity at the mid-
forces in the beam shown in the Figure are span of the beam is
(A) 0 (B) 1 N/m
(C) 5 N/m (D) 10 N/m
5.18 Find the maximum bending moment
(magnitude wise) in kN-m for the beam
shown in the figure.__________
(A) 8, – 4 (B) 8, – 8
(C) 4, – 8 (D) 4, – 4
5.15 A cantilever beam carries the antisymmetric
load shown, where w is the peak intensity of
the distributed load. Qualitatively, the correct
bending moment diagram for this beam is
5.19 A weightless beam subjected to two point

loads is shown in the figure below :
(A)
The shear force diagram of the beam is

(B)
(A)
(C)
(B)
(D)
(C)
5.22 The bending moment diagram of a simply-

supported beam loaded by moments M 0 and
(D) 2M 0 (shown in figure), is given in
5.20 The figure shows the dimensions as well as

loading on a simply supported beam. The
distance (from end A) of the point where
maximum bending moment occurs is
(A)
(A) 4 m (B) 6 m (B)

(C) 3.5 m (D) Zero
5.21 The simply supported beam shown below is
subjected to a clockwise moment M at point (C)
A and two counter clockwise moments 2M
and M at points B and C, respectively. Which
one of the following is the correct bending (D)
moment diagram (tensile at bottom is
positive moment) for the beam?
5.23 A simply-supported beam of length l is (B)
subjected to a clock-wise couple moment M 0
at C as shown in figure. The shear force
diagram of the beam is given by
(C)
(D)
(A)
(B) A simply supported beam with overhang in

one side is loaded as shown in Fig. One of the
diagonals of the square cross-section of the
(C)
beam is kept horizontal.
(D)
5.24 The beam shown below is loaded with a

concentrated clockwise moment of 80 kN-m
at point B. The bending moment diagram (in 5.25 The shear force at P is
kN-m ) is (A) 21.20 kN (B) 41.40 kN
(C) 61.60 kN (D) 81.80 kN
5.26 The bending moment at S is
(A) 29.23 kNm (B) 39.23 kNm
(C) 49.22 kNm (D) 59.23 kNm
(A)
5.1 B 5.2 C 5.3 B
5.4 A 5.5 B 5.6 B
5.7 D 5.8 A 5.9 A
5.10 B 5.11 D 5.12 C RAH  0 , RAV  0
5.13 C 5.14 A 5.15 C F 0

SF at a section close to the fixed end = 0
5.16 A 5.17 D 5.18 50
Hence, the correct option is (C)
5.19 C 5.20 C 5.21 A
5.3 (B)
5.22 D 5.23 C 5.24 D
5.25 B 5.26 C
E Explanation
5.1 (B)
RB  2L  Fh  M 0  3PL  PL
 2PL(CW)
5.4 (A)
C0
 500
L
C0  500  L  500  2  1000 Nm
Hence, the correct option is (B). Hence, the correct option is (A).
5.5 (B) R1  R2  4
R1  0
MB  ?
R2  4kN
Vx  0  2( x  1)
Vx  2( x  1)
VQ  0kN
VR  2kN
VS  4kN
( x  1)
M x  R1  x  W ( x  1)
2
W ( x  1) 2
 2PL(CW)  PL(CCW) 
2
 PL MQ  0
Hence, the correct option is (B). W (2  1)2 W
MR     1kN-m
2 2
5.6 (B)
2  (3  1)2
MS   40
2
MS  0
5.7 (D)
WL  L  qL  L 
MA       MB
W ( x  1)2
2 4 3 6
M X2   R2 ( x  2)
2 W q
 
(3  1)2 8 18
 2   4(3  2)
2 W 4

4 q 9
 2   4  4  0
2 Hence, the correct option is (D).
5.8 (A)  Pb  Pb  P(b  L)  Pb  R2 L  0
Pb  PL  Pb  R2 L  0
R2  P
( BM )MM   Px  P( x  b)  Pb
L
At x b
2
PL PL
( BM ) MM   Pb    Pb = 0
2 2
5.10 (B)
M A   P  x  2P( x  L)
M A   Px  2Px  2PL
 Px  2PL
x  2L
Mx  0
5.9 (A)
M X  5  10 x
R1  R2  P  P
R1  R2  0 M P  25kN-m
R1   R2 M Q  5kN-m
MA  0 Hence, the correct option is (B).

5.11 (D) 5.13 (C)
Falling (CCW)

Moment of 1000 N-m
5.14 (A)
MA  0
90
RB   22.5kN RA  RB  16kN
4
Hence, the correct option is (D). ( RB  6)  36  36  0
5.12 (C) 72
RB   12
6
Largest = 8 kN
M 0  10kN-m
Smallest   4kN
Hence, the correct option is (C). Hence, the correct option is (A).
5.15 (C) 5.17 (D)
V ( x)  5 x 2
dV
 w
dx
10x  w
(Load intensity at mid span) (at x  1m )
w  10 N/m (Rate of loading)
Shear force at fixed and free end = 0 5.18 50
Therefore, slope of BMD = 0
dM
V
dX
dM
0
dX
More over SF changes sign at centre therefore RB  RD  60kN
slope of BMD changes suddenly at the centre.  MD  0
Hence, the correct option is (C). 20  7.5  RB  5  40  2  0
5.16 (A) RB  46kN
RD  14kN
 MB  0
 R1  L   Ph
 Ph
R1  At x0 MA  0
L
Hence, the correct option is (A). x  2.5 M B  50kN-m  Maximum 
RA  RB  12000
20 x  46( x  2.5)  RB  8  16000  24000  0
M C (at x  5.5 )  20  5.5  46(5.5  2.5) 40000

RB   5000 N
8
 110  138  28kN-m
R A  7000 N
MD  0 Maximum BM
Hence, the correct answer is 50 kN-m. At SF = 0
VX  7000  2000 x  0
5.19 (C)
 7000  2000 x
x  3.5m (From end A)
5.21 (A)
RA  RC  0
MA  0
 RC  L  M  2M  M  0
 RC L  2M
2M 2M
RC   RA 
L L
R1  R2  0 M X   RA x  M
2M
Hence, the correct option is (C).  xM (x 0)
L
5.20 (C)
MA  M
2M L
MB    M  2M
L 2
L
xL
2
2M
M X   RA  x  M  2M  xM
L
M X  M at ( x  L)

5.22 (D) 5.23 (C)
RA  RB  0
 RB  L  M 0  0
M0
RB 
L
RA  RB  0 M 0
RA 
L
MA  0
( RB  L  M 0 )  2M 0  0
5.24 (D)
 RB L  M 0  0
M0
RB  
L
M0
RA  
L
MA  0
M X  RA x  2M 0
80  RC  8  20 12  0
M
 0 x  2M 0 240  80 320
L RC    40kN
At x  0 8 8
( M X ) A  2M 0 RA  20  RC  20  40  20kN
0 x4
M x   RA x
 20 x
MA  0
M B  20  4   80kN
At B ( x  L)
4 x8
M 0
MB   L  2M 0 M x   RA x  80
L
 M0  20 x  80
Hence, the correct option is (D). x4
MB  0
M C  20  8  80   80kN-m
MD  0

5.25 B
 MQ  0
RP  4  25  100  2  18.75  0.5  0
RP  41.40kN
5.26 (C)
RP  RQ  118.78
RQ  118.78  RP  77.37kN
M x   RP x  100( x  2)  25
M S  41.4  3  100  25
M S  49.22kN-m
6.1 Introduction Examples : Motor shaft, turbine shaft, I.C engine
shaft etc.
Shaft : Assumptions :
It is a Machine element which rotates about it’s 1. Material is homogeneous and isotropic.
longitudinal axis and transmit power. The word 2. Circular cross-sections remain circular and
torsion means twisting. are perpendicular to the axis of the shaft i.e.
Torsion refers to the twisting of the member the cross-section rotate as a rigid body.
when it is loaded by couples that produced 3. The distance between cross-sections do not
rotation about its longitudinal axis, this couple is change, i.e. length of the shaft remains
known as twisting couple. constant (No Normal strain in the axial
direction).
4. The load is with in elastic limit.
5. The member is weightless i.e. the effect of
bending is negligible.
Torsion equation :
Representation of torque :
  Angle of twist
For twisting the couple is in the plane of cross-   Shear strain
section.
BB1
Pure torsion : tan   (  is very small) tan   
L
A member is said to be in pure torsion if it is
r
subjected to equal and opposite couples in a plane  '  ' is in radian …..(i)
perpendicular to longitudinal axis such that the L
torque remains constant throughout the length of As the loading is within elastic limit, shear stress
the shaft. is directly proportional to shear strain.
A member may not be in pure torsion always   G
but the portion of the member may be in pure Gr

torsion. L
 G Therefore,   r
  …..(ii)
r L Variation of shear stress :
Let  be the angle of twist at the free end,  x be

angle of twist at a distance x from fixed end,
therefore from the figure it is observed that
xL Representation of stressed element
x   on the surface :
Therefore,   L

 Constant
L
Therefore at the fixed end the angle of twist
  0 and at the free end at “ x  L ”,  is
maximum. NOTE
 When a shaft is subjected to torsion the
surface element is under pure shear. At
450 on this stressed element there are
normal stresses = Shear stress.
 As brittle materials are weak in tension
At R  Shear strain is 
they fail at 450 under the action of tensile
At r  Shear strain is  '
stress.
Observations :
 Similarly, when the ductile material is
1. The shear strain   f (r ) i.e. with increase in
subjected to torsion and ductile materials
radius the shear strain  increases and it is
are weak under shear. Therefore they fail
maximum at the outer surface.
2. Shear strain  is independent of length. along the cross-section.
3. The angle of twist  is independent of radius
r.
4. The angle of twist   f ( L) , i.e. zero at fixed
end and maximum at the free end.
From equation 2 we have
Gr 

L
For a given material G is constant, we know

that  Constant.
L
Kulkarni Academy 101 Torsion
1. Circle :
dF  .2 r dr
dT  d F .r
I ZZ  I XX  IYY
dT  .2 r dr. r
 D4
I XX  IYY 
T   .2 r 2 dr 64
 D4
Gr I ZZ  J 
 …..(ii) 32
L
2. Hollow shaft :
Gr
T  2 r 2dr
L
G 2
L 
T r  2 r dr
T
G
L
J  r 2
dA  J 
T G  4
 …..(iii) J [ D0  D i4]
J L 32
Polar section modulus ( Z P ) :
All these conclusions should be written after
J
equation number (iii) ZP 
R
From equation (ii) and (iii)
Circle / Solid shaft :
 I G
 
r L L
'  ' is in radian
  Resisting torque
 max J D3 R3

 ZP   
r R R 16 2
Hollow shaft :
Polar M.O.I (J) :
J D
This represents the resistance of material to ZP  ; R  0
R 2
twisting about polar axis or longitudinal axis. i.e.
  D04  Di4 
if J is more its resistance to twisting will be ZP   
16  D0 
more.
Power transmitted by shaft : T1  T2  T
W Fx T  total   AB  BC
P  
t t t
TL

GJ
T
 Torsional stiffness

AE  Axial rigidity
EI  Flexural rigidity
GJ  Torsional rigidity
T GJ

 L
Shafts in parallel :
1.
P  T
Power transmitted for a given material and at a
given speed.
2N
P T 
60
At a given speed P  T T1  T2  T …..(i)
 1  ( 2 )  0
1   2
T 1L1 T2 L2
 …..(ii)
G1 J1 G2 J 2
T  max
  2. Compound shaft :
J r R
16T
max 
 D3

P max D3
16
P  D3 (For a given material)
Shaft in series :
1  2
T  T1  T2
Comparison of hollow and solid shaft for
power transmission conditions :
1. Same material
2. Same weight
3. Same length
  K 4  1 3  D0 
   K
16  K 
Di
 Di 
 3
D
Ps 16
 
Ph   K 4  1 3
16  K 
Di
D0
K
Di 3
Ps  K   D 
   
K 1 Ph  K 4  1  Di 
Ws  Wh
 D 
  K 2  1 (From equation (i))
 gAs L  gAh L  Di 
As  Ah 3
Ps K
  4 [ K 2  1]2
 2  2 Ph ( K  1)
D  ( D0  Di2 )
4 4
Ps K ( K 2  1) K 2  1
D2  D02  Di2  
Ph ( K 2  1)( K 2  1)
D2  Di2 ( K 2  1) P K K 2 1
 
Ph ( K 2  1)
D  Di K 2 1 …..(i)
Power  T Ph K 2 1
Or  Let K  2
Ps K K 2  1
T max

J R Ph  1.44 Ps
J
 T  max NOTE
R
J  For the same material the power
 ZP transmitted by hollow shaft is 44% more
R
than (if K  2 ) the solid shaft.
( max is same because so same material)
T  ZP
P  ZP
Ph Z Ph
 
Ps Z Ps
 3
Z Ps  D
16
  D04  Di4 
Z Ps   
16  D0 
P Practice Questions (A) 2 (B) 4
(C) 8 (D) 16
6.1 In a solid circular bar of diameter D, a
6.5 A fixed beam Ps is made up of two dissimilar
D
concentric hole is made of diameter . The materials and is subjected to a torque T at Q
2
T
ratio of the torque carried by the hollow bar as shown in figure. The ratio of p is
to that of the solid bar in order to develop the Ts
same magnitude of shear stress (maximum)
will be
8 15
(A) (B)
9 16
1 5
(C) (D)
2 6
(A) 1 (B) 3
6.2 A circular shaft of linear elastic material is
(C) 2 (D) 4
subjected to a pure torque T. The maximum
shear stress developed is . The maximum 6.6 Solid shaft A of diameter d and length l is
tensile stress developed in the shaft is subjected to a torque T. Another shaft B of
 3 same material and length but of half the
(A) (B) diameter is also subjected to the same torque
2 4
T. The ratio of the angles of twist of shaft B
(C)  (D) 2
to that of shaft A is
6.3 A stepped shaft of uniform material with
shear modulus of 105 MPa is shown in figure. (A) 32 (B) 16
The lengths and polar moments of inertia (C) 8 (D) 4
I 
p are indicated in the figure. A torque of 6.7 A circular rod of length L and torsional
rigidity GJ is fixed at one end and free at the
5000 N-M is applied at the free end. The twist
other end. If a twisting moment T is applied
in radians at the free end is
L
at a distance of from the fixed end. The
2
angle of twist at free end will be
TL TL
(A) (B)
2GJ GJ
(A) 0.3 (B) 0.5 2TL 3TL
(C) (D)
(C) 0.2 (D) 0.7 GJ GJ
6.4 For a stepped shaft shown in figure, the ratio 6.8 A hollow shaft  d0  2d1  where d 0 and d1
T
of the torque at A to that at C, i.e, A is are the outer and inner diameters respectively
TC
needs to transmit 20KW power at 3000 rpm.
If the maximum permissible shear stress is 30
MPa, d 0 is
(A) 11.29 mm (B) 22.58 mm
(C) 33.87 mm (D) 45.16 mm
6.9 A stepped shaft PQR is fixed at both the ends 6.13 Two shafts A and B are made of the same
as shown in figure. A torque T is applied at material. The diameter of shaft B twice that
point 6. The polar moments of inertia of the of shaft A. The ratio of power which can be
shaft PQ and QR are J1 and J2 respectively. G transmitted by shaft A to that of shaft B is (if
is the modulus of rigidity. The angle of twist maximum shear stress remains the same)
at point Q due to torque T, is given by 1 1
(radians) (A) (B)
2 4
1 1
(C) (D)
8 16
6.14 A torque of 1 N-m is transmitted through a
steeped shaft as shown in the figure. The
2TL TL torsional stiffness of individual sections of
(A) (B)
GJ1 GJ 2 lengths MN, NO and OP are 20 Nm/rad, 30
 2 1   TL   2   TL  Nm/rad and 60 Nm/rad respectively. The
(C)      (D)    angular deflection between the ends M and P
 J1 J 2   G   J1  2 J 2   G 
of the shaft is
6.10 A long shaft of diameter d is subjected to
twisting moment T at its ends. The maximum
normal stress acting at its cross section is
equal to
16T
(A) Zero (B)
d 3 (A) 0.05rad (B) 0.1rad
32T 64T (C) 0.5rad (D) 1rad
(C) (D)
d 3
d 3
6.15 A solid shaft of diameter d and L is fixed at
6.11 Polar MOI  I p  , in cm4, of a rectangular both ends. A torque T0 is applied at a
section having width, b  2cm and depth, L
distance, from the left end as shown in the
d  6cm is in a hollow circular shaft of outer 4
diameter 20 mm and thickness 2 mm, figure. the maximum shear stress in the shaft
subjected to a torque of 92.7 N-m will be is
(A) 59 MPa and 47.2 MPa
(B) 100 MPa and 80 MPa
(C) 118 MPa and 160 MPa
(D) 200 MPa and 160 MPa
6.12 A hollow shaft of 1 m length is designed to
transmit a power of 30 KW at 700 rpm. The
maximum permissible angle of twist is 10. 16T0 12T0
The inner diameter of the shaft is 0.7 times (A) (B)
d 3 d 3
the outer diameter. The modulus of rigidity is
80 GPa. The outside diameter (in mm) of the 8T0 4T0
(C) (D)
shaft is______ d 3 d 3
6.16 Two solid circular shafts of radii R1 and R2 6.20 A stepped circular shaft made of steel is
are subjected to same torque. The maximum rigidly fixed at two supports A and C as
shear stresses developed in the two shaft are shown in figure. A torque of 680 Nm is
R1  applied on the shaft at point B. The diameter
1 and 2 . If  2, then 2 is_____
R2 1 of portion AB is twice that of portion BC. The
Common Data Questions 6.17 & 6.18 magnitudes of torque reactions at supports A
and C respectively are
A solid Circular steel shaft of 50 mm
diameter fixed at one end, is subjected to
torques as shown. The shear modulus of the
materials is 80 GPa
(A) 640 Nm, 40 Nm
(B) 40 Nm, 640 Nm
(C) 340 Nm, 340 Nm
(D) 544 Nm, 136 Nm

6.17 The maximum shear stress due to torsion in
the length PQ is 6.21 Two solid shafts A and B are made of the
(A) 15.75 MPa (B) 21.22 MPa same material. Shaft A is of 50 mm diameter
(C) 30.56 MPa (D) 51.21 MPa and shaft B is of 100 mm diameter. The
6.18 The rotation of the free end S due to the strength of shaft B is
torsion is (A) 2 times as that of shaft A
(A) 0.250 (B) 0.580 (B) 4 times as that of shaft A

(C) 1.220 (D) 1.250 (C) 6 times as that of shaft A
6.19 If the diameter of a thin hollow homogeneous (D) 8 times as that of shaft A
elastic tube is doubled while retaining 6.22 A composite shaft is made of a steel tube with
thickness, within elastic limit, the ratio of the
an inner brass core perfectly bonded together
maximum allowable torque to weight would as shown. The shaft is fixed at one end and
(A) Remain the same subjected to a torque of 2T at the other end.
(B) Nearly double Shear modulus of steel is G and that of brass
(C) Become nearly four fold G
is .
(D) Become nearly eight-fold 2
The outer radius of the steel tube is R  2r

and radius of the inner brass core is r. The
magnitude of shear stress at the interface
(point x) and in the steel tube is closest to
0.041T 0.082T
(A) (B)
r3 r3
0.16T 0.41T
(C) (D)
r3 r3
6.23 A composite circular shaft is comprised of a
steel core surrounded by an aluminium
annulus perfectly bonded to each other as
shown in the figure. If it is subjected to pure
torque, which one of the following statements
is TRUE?
(A) Only shear stress is continuous across

the steel-aluminum interface
(B) Only shear strain is continuous across
the steel-aluminum interface
(C) Both Shear stress and shear strain are
continuous across the steel-aluminum
interface
(D) Both Shear stress and shear strain are
discontinuous across the steel-
aluminum interface.
6.1 B 6.2 C 6.3 D
6.4 D 6.5 A 6.6 B
6.7 A 6.8 B 6.9 D
6.10 A 6.11 B 6.12 44.52
6.13 C 6.14 B 6.15 B  X  Y   X  Y 

 X 'Y '    cos 2   xy sin 2
2  2 
6.16 8 6.17 C 6.18 B
 X 'Y '  xy sin 900
6.19 B 6.20 A 6.21 D
  xy  
6.22 B 6.23 B Maximum tensile stress   (at 450 )
E Explanation 6.3 (D)
Given data :
6.1 (B)
G  105 MPa , T  5000 N-m
T1  T2  T  5000 N-m
  D04  Di4 
  () free end  1  2
Th Z Ph 16  Di 
 
Ts Z Ps  3
D T .L TL TL  1 1 
16     
GJ1 GJ 2 G  J1 J 2 
4
D 5000 102 N-m 1m
D4   
2 
 105 106 N/m 2
D4
 1 1 
Th 1 15  24  (102 )4  10  (102 )4 
 1   
Ts 16 16
5000
  0.1416 108
Th 15 1011

Ts 16
() free end  0.708 radian
6.4 (D)  TL 
B  

GJ  B
 AB  BC
A  TL 
 TA L   TC L   
     GJ  A
 GJ  AB  GJ  BC B I
  A
TA J AB
 A IB
TC J BC  4
(d )
 JA
 32
(2d ) 4
 d 
4
TA 32 JB
  
TC  32  2 
(d ) 4
32 B
 24  16
TA
 16 A
TC Hence, the correct option is (B).
Hence, the correct option is (D). 6.7 (A)
6.5 (A)
TL L
 ; L
2GJ 2
TP  TS  T 
 Constant
L
PQ  QS
B  C
TP L TS (3L)
 No torque in BC portion it is only rotating
GJ GJ
TP GPQ  3 4 106  3
  1
TS GQS 12 106
TP Torque diagram
1
TS Hence, the correct option is (A).
6.8 (B)
Hollow shaft
6.6 (B)
D0
Same material GA  GB K 2
Di
Shaft A Shaft B P  20kW
Diameter d d N  3000rpm
2 (max ) per  30MPa
Length l l
2NT
Torque T T P
60
2 3000  T 6.10 (A)
20 103 
60
T  63.66 N-m
16 TD0
max 
( D04  Di4 )
16  63.66 103 N-mm  D0
30  16T
 1 max 
D04 1   d 3
 16 
But in this problem he is asking maximum
15
30   D03  16  63.66 103 normal stress acting at its cross-section. So, this
16
is the case of pure torsion (i.e. pure shear),
D0  22.58mm Maximum normal stress at its cross section =
Hence, the correct option is (B). Zero.
6.9 (D)    y x   y
x ' y '  x  cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
     (Not its cross-section) 
 x ' y ' xy at 450 
6.11 (B)
1  2
TP  TR  T
TP (2 L) TR ( L)

GJ1 GJ 2
TP J
 1
TR 2 J 2
JT
TP  1 R
2J2
J1TR
 TR  T D0  20mm
2J2
Di  16mm
 J 
TR 1  1   T T  92.7 N-m
 2J2 
T
TR 
 J1 
1  2 J 
 2
TL TL
  R 
GJ 2  J1 
1  2 J  GJ 2
 2
 TL   2 
     
 G   J1  2 J 2 
16TD0 6.13 (C)

outer 
( D04  Di4 ) Same material
16  92.7 10  20
3
Shaft A Shaft B

[204  164 ] G G
d 2d
outer  99.957 MPa 100MPa
 3
outer inner d
 [Similar  rule] PA Z A 1
20 16   32  3
PB Z B 
2 2 (2d )3 2
32
100 inner
 PA 1
10 8 
PB 8
inner  80MPa
6.14 (B)
6.12 44.52
T
Given that : K 

Hollow shaft T

L  1m , P  30kW , N  700 rpm K
 mp  mn  n0  0 p
max  10  rad
180
 1   1   1 
Di  0.7 D0     
 20   30   60 
K  1.4285
mp  0.1rad
G  80GPa
2NT
P 6.15 (B)
60
30 103  60
T  409.25 N-m
2 700
TL
 ( T  409.25N-m )
GJ
 409.25 103 (N-mm) 1000 mm

1800 80 103 N-mm2   ( D 4  D 4 )
32
0 i Shafts in parallel
 Di4  (0.7 D0 )4  T1  T2  T0
1  2
 409.25 106
 L 3L
1800 80 103    0.7599 D 4 T1 T2
32
0 4  4
GJ GJ
D0  44.52mm T1
3
Hence, the correct answer is 44.52. T2
T1  3T2 6.18 (B)
T1  T2  T0 S  () PQ  ()QR
3T2  T2  T0  TL   TL 
   
T0  GJ  PQ  GJ QR
T2 
4 L
 [TPQ  TQR ]
3T0 GJ
T1 
4 (750  250) 103  500

16T1 16  3T0 
max   80 103  (50)4
d 3 4d 3 32
 0.010185 radian
12T0
max    0.58360 (in degree)
d 3
6.19 (B)
6.16 8
16T
3
1 d13  d 2 
  
2 16T  d1 
d 23
 R1 
  2 J  2rt.r 2  2r 3t J  A r 2
 R2 
2
d 
1  1  1
3
J   dt   J  (2dt )(d )2
   2
2  2  8
J  A r 2
2
8 2
1 d 
 ( dt )   
T  2
Hence, the correct answer is 8. X   max  
 W 1 g ( dt )  L   d 
 
6.17 (C) 2
T   d 
X   max     …..(i)
 W 1 g L  2 
T   ( (2d )t )  (d ) 2
Y   max  
 W  2 g ( (2d )t )  L  d
.d
TPQ  500  250  750 N-m  …...(ii)
g L
16T 16  750 103 From equation (i) and (ii)
  N-mm
d 3 (50)3 X 1

(max ) PQ  30.557 30.56MPa Y 2
Y  2X (Nearly double)
6.20 (A) 6.22 (B)
TA  TC  680 N-m
 AB  BC
TA L T L
 C
GJ AB GJ BC

(2d )3
TA 32

TC  2T  TB  TS
( d )3
32
TA  B  S
 16
TC
TB L TL
 S
TA  16TC GB J B GS J S
TA  TC  680 TB TS

16TC  TC  680 G r 4
G ((2r )4  r 4 )
.
2 2 2
680
TC   40 N-m TB TS
17  
r 4

TA  680  40  640 Nm [15r 4 ]
4 2
4TB 2 TS
 
TA  640 Nm TC  40 Nm r 4
15  r 4
TS  30TB
TS
6.21 (D) 2T   TS
30
Shaft A
TS  1.9354 T
d  50mm
TS r
Shaft B (steel ) X 
J
d '  100mm= 2d
1.935T . r
T  d3 

(15 r 4 )
TA d3 1 2
 3

TB (2d ) 8
0.082T
(S ) X 
TB  8TA r3
Hence, the correct option is (D). Hence, the correct option is (B).
6.23 (B)
 G
 C
r L
  G (at interface r is constant)
GAl  Gsteel
So at interface shear stress is not continuous.

 
 r   Constant.
G G
r
(as r is constant,  is constant at interface)

Golden sentence :
As G is different for different material at the
interface therefore  is also different at the
interface, therefore shear stress is not continuous
at the interface. i.e. at the interface  will be
different in different material.

We know that   r  Constant.
L

is constant and r is same at the interface
L
therefore  is same at interface.
i.e. shear strain is continuous at the interface not

the shear stress.
7.1 Introduction
Column :
A vertical member of a structure which is under
compression.
Strut :
It is relatively smaller in size compare d to
column but it may be inclined also. This term is
generally used in reference to trusses.
 Strut also carries compressive load.
Boom :
It is a compression member used in cranes.
Classification of columns :  2
tan    Px  P tan 
1. Short column L L
2
L  8 d  Fails by crushing
2. Intermediate column 2
 (  is small)
8 d  L  30 d  L
Fails by both crushing and buckling Total disturbing force  2P tan   2P 
3. Long columns Case : 1
L  30 d  Fails by buckling
If disturbing force > Restoring force
In the design of long columns Euler’s theory
is used and in the design of intermediate column 2P   K 
Ranking theory is used.
2
Buckling : 2P  K
L
Due to the sudden loss of stiffness, the
KL
column deflects laterally and this is known as P (Unstable)
buckling. It is elastic instability. 4
Ideal column : Case : 2
A column is said to be an ideal column if it is If restoring force > Disturbing force
perfectly straight before loading and made of
homogeneous material and load passes through KL
P (Stable equilibrium)
c.g. of cross section. 4
Effective length : Where,
n  0,1,2,3,.....
When end moments are applied, the column

deflects laterally with the maximum
When n  0, P  0 , this is trivial solution
displacement max , which is proportional to M 0 .
(Meaning less) / Unimportant solution. Therefore
Now suppose that we gradually apply the axial
let is calculate the min value of P at which the
load ‘P’. While at the same time decreasing end
column buckles, this load is known as critical
moments so that max does not change.
load.
When end moments become zero max is According to Euler theory, the buckling load or
maintained only by axial load. The axial load critical load is given by
required to hold the column in its deflected
2 EI
position without any moment is called critical Pcr 
load or buckling load. L2e
Effective length ( Le ) : Unsupported length Le  Effective length
between points of zero moment is known as
n indicates the number of times the curvature
effective length.
changes.
Euler’s theory of column :
L
1. The column is an ideal column. n  2; Le 
2
2. The column fails by buckling alone.
3. The failure occurs only by buckling i.e.
buckling load is less than crushing load and
hence in Euler theory stress is always less
than yield stress.
By using the equation
EId 2 y
M
dx 2
We can calculate the critical load.
n 2 2 EI
P
L2e
Kulkarni Academy 117 Columns
L  Slenderness ratio (  ) :
n  3; Le 
3 2 EI least
Pcr 
L2e
Ileast  AKleast
2
Pcr 2 E

A  L 2
 
e
 least 
K
2 E
c  2 ;

Le
  Slenderness ratio 
K least
For mild steel
 y  PL  250MPa
E  200 103 MPa

For applying Euler’s equation cr   y
2 E
 y
2
2  200 103
 250
2
bd 3 db3
Ix  , Iy     89.9
12 12
Ix  I y   90
2 EI Least  Limitation of Euler’s theory of
Pcr 
L2e column :
NOTE It is not valid for short columns because in short
 Critical load does not depend on strength column crushing occurs before buckling for the
of ve material it depends only on E and validity of Euler’s theory, buckling should occur
before crushing. Therefore, if Euler’s theory is to
dimensions. Two dimensionally
be applied for mild steel the slenderness ratio
identical columns one of high strength
must be greater than 90.
steel and other of ordinary steel will
 Slenderness ratio helps us in classifying the
buckle under the same critical load
column as
because they have same value of E.
 The critical load which we derived has Short   30
meaning only when the stress is less than
Intermediate 30    80
proportionality limit or yield or elastic
limit. Long   80
Effective length of column with Case : 3
Both ends fixed
different support :
Case : 1
Both end hinged
L
Le 
2
42 EI
Pcr 
L2
Case : 4
One end fixed and other end pinned.
2 EI
Pcr 
L2
Case : 2 One end fixed & other end free
22 EI
Pcr 
L2
2 EI A  Fails by crushing
Pcr  2 E
4 L2 cr  2

1. Analysis : Design of intermediate column :

Case : 1 Intermediate column fails by both crushing and
buckling Rankine’s formula is used in the design
of intermediate column. It is an empirical
relation.
1 1 1
 
P Pc Pe
P  Rankine’s crippling load

Pc Pe
P
Pc  Pe
2 EI
Pcr1 
( Le1 )2 Pc  c . A
2 EI 2 EI
Pcr2  Pe  2
( Le2 )2 Le
Pcr2  Pcr1 Pc
P
P
Le2  Le1 1 c
Pe
For design point of view, we consider more
c . A
effective length. 
 A
Case : 2 1  2c
 EA
2
c . A c
P ; 
1   2 2 E
  Rankine constant depends upon the material.
1
  Mild steel
7500
1
  Cast iron
1600
1
  Wood
750
Le2  Le1
2L
So effective length 
3
P Practice Questions Q.5 The maximum compressive load that can be
applied on a hinged-hinged column of cross-
Q.1 The Euler’s buckling load of a column fixed section 20mm 10mm and length 2000mm
at both the ends is P. If one of the ends is is (allowable compressive stress  250MPa:
made free, the buckling load shall change to
E  210GPa )
P P
(A) (B) (A) 0.86kN (B) 3.45kN
16 8
(C) 25kN (D) 50kN
P P
(C) (D) Q.6 The buckling load of a slender column
4 2
clamped at both the ends is 4000 N. The
Q.2 The Euler buckling load in an axially loaded
column is subjected to an axial compression.
slender column
During the course of service, one of the ends
(A) Increases with increase in slenderness
gets detached from the clamp and becomes
ratio
free end. The absolute percentage change in
(B) Decrease with increase in slenderness the buckling load due to the change in the end
ratio
condition is
(C) Is not affected by slenderness ratio
(A) 50.00 (B) 75.00
(D) None of the above (C) 83.25 (D) 93.75
Q.3 A column has a rectangular cross-section of Q.7 A rigid bar AB is hinged at B through a
10mm  20mm and a length of 1m. The torsional spring with spring constant kt . For
slenderness ratio of the column is close to small rotations of the bar AB about B, the
(A) 200 (B) 346 critical load Pcr is given by
(C) 477 (D) 1000
Q.4 For a slender steel column of circular cross

section, the critical buckling load is pcr . If
the diameter of the column is doubled
(keeping other material and geometrical
parameters same), then the critical buckling
load of the column is
k1 k1
P (A) (B)
(A) cr (B) 8Pcr 2L L
16
2k1 4k1
(C) (D)
(C) 2 Pcr (D) 16 Pcr L L
Q.8 Find the maximum force P (in kN) that can Q.10 Two massless rigid bars, each of length
be applied to the planar structure ABC so as a  0.5m, are connected by a rotational
spring having stiffness k  1000 N.m/rad.
to prevent buckling in any of the members.
Find the buckling load P (in kN)
Consider buckling only in the plane of the
structure Joint B is a pin connection. Use
E  200 GPa for both members. The
diameter of member AB is 10 mm and the
diameter of member BC is 15 mm.
Q.11 The column fails by, P  430kN

Yield stress = 250 MPa
E  200GPa
L  1m
1  2.198 10 7 m4
A  1.662 103 m2
Q.9 A rigid bar compressed by a vertical force P

and connected by a horizontal spring is as (A) Buckling only
shown in figure. The buckling load for the (B) Yielding only
(C) Buckling and yielding simultaneously
column is
(D) Will not fail
Q.12 The rod PQ of length L and with flexural
rigidity EI is hinged at both ends. For what
minimum force F is it expected to buckle?
2 EI 22 EI
(A) (B)
(A) KL (B) 2KL L2 L2
2 EI 2 EI
KL (C) (D)
(C) (D) 4KL 2 L2 2 L2
2
Q.13 An axially loaded column is made of a Q.15 A rigid bar of length L is hinged at the lower
material whose yield stress is 2 108 Pa. If end and is loaded by a compressive force P at
the Young’s modulus of the material is 200 the upper end. At the mid length of this bar
GPa, from the plot of the compressive stress two springs of spring constant ‘k’ is
slenderness ratio curve shown in the figure, transversely attached. The critical load for the
the Euler buckling load formula is valid for: stability of its equilibrium is given by
(A) 2.0kL (B) 1.5kL

(A) All regions of the curve
(C) 1.0kL (D) 0.5kL
(B) For region ABCD
Q.16 The figure below shows 4 long columns with
(C) For region OCDE
different support conditions but the same
(D) For region DEFG flexural rigidity EI. Let P, Q, R and S be the
Q.14 A column of length L hinged at two ends is as values of their critical buckling load as shown
shown in figure. If the column is prevented below the respective columns.
from bending in the form of one lobe by a
restraint at its midpoint, the Euler crippling
load is given as
P, Q, R and S can be arranged in increasing

2 EI 22 EI
(A) (B) order as
L2 L2
(A) Q, S, R, P (B) Q, P, R, S
42 EI 2 EI
(C) (D) (C) Q, R, P, S (D) Q, R, S, P
L2 4 L2
A Answer Key I  AK 2
I 20 103
7.1 A 7.2 B 7.3 B K 
A 12  (10  20)
7.4 D 7.5 A 7.6 D
K  2.88mm
7.7 B 7.8 1.37 7.9 A
L
7.10 4 7.11 B 7.12 C SR  e
Kleast
7.13 D 7.14 C 7.15 D
1000
7.16 D
 SR 
 346.41
2.88
Hence, the correct options is (B).
E Explanation 7.4 (D)
7.1 (B)
2 EI least
Pcr 
L2e
Column fixed at both end
42 EI 2 EI least
P Pcr  X (constant) 
L2 L2e
If one of the ends is made free.
2 EI
P' 
4 L2
P
 16
P'
P Pcr  I
P' 
16
  
Hence, the correct options is (A). Pcr1  X  d 4   Pcr
 64 
7.2 (B)   
Pcr2  X  (2d ) 4 
2 EI 2 EA  64 
Pcr   2
L2e  Pcr1 d 4

1 Pcr2 (2d ) 4
Pcr  If  is increases,
2 Pcr2  16 Pcr
Pcr decreases.
Hence, the correct options is (D).
7.5 (A)
7.3 (B)
2 EI least
Pcr  (Both ends are hinged Le  L )
L2
 Le 2000 
2  20 103  (20 10)  SR    692.82 
Pcr  K 2.88
(692.82)2  
 20 103 
Pcr  863.59 N  K 
 12  (20 10) 
Pcr  0.863kN
 K  2.88mm 
 
 
Hence, the correct options is (A).
7.6 (D) 7.8 1.37
Slender column clamped at both the ends.
42 EI
Pcr  4000 N 
L2
If one end free :
2 EI
Pcr ' 
4 L2
4000
Pcr '   250
16 DAB  10mm , DBC  15mm
4000  250
% change  100  93.75%
4000
(Decrease in load)
P 2 EI
Hence, the correct options is (D).  Pcr  2
2 L
7.7 (B) 
2  200 103   (10) 4
P 64
 Pcr  4
2 (1000)
P  1.370kN

2  200 103   (15)4
P 64
Pcr  
2 (2000) 2
P  Kt 

L   tan  
L
PL  Kt 
Kt  Pcr L P  1.734kN
To prevent buckling, in any member, we consider
Kt min of (1.370, 1.734)
Pcr 
L  1.37 kN
Hence, the correct options is (B). Hence, the correct answer is 1.37.
7.9 (A) 7.11 (B)
P  430kN
 y  250MPa
E  200GPa
L  1m
I  2.198 107 m4
A  1.662 103 m2
2 EI
M0  0 Pcr 
L2e
P  K ( L) 2  200 103  2.198 107 106
Pcr 
P  KL 1
Hence, the correct options is (A). Pcr  433kN  430kN (i.e. not buckle)
7.10 4 Check for crushing
Pcrushing  c  A
 250 106 1.622 103  415.5kN
As the actual load is more than the crushing load,
so it is failed by crushing or yielding.
7.12 (C)

tan  
a
P cos 45  F

 P  2F
a
Both ends hinged
  a
2 EI
2F  2
P  Kt  2 L
P(a)  Kt (2)  EI
2
2 EI
P  2  2F  2
L L
2 Kt 2000
P   4kN  EI
2
a 0.5 F
2 L2
Hence, the correct answer is 4.
Hence, the correct options is (C).
7.13 (D) ( K1  K2 )L  P
 y  2 108 Pa P  ( K1  K2 ) L
E  200GPa
2 E
 y
2
  99.9
  100
Euler buckling load formula is valid for
Region DEFG
7.14 (C)
 L
P  2 K 
2 2
KL
P
2
P  0.5 KL
7.16 (D)
L
Le 
2
2 EI
Pcr 
L2e
42 EI
Pcr 
L2e
Hence, the correct options is (C).
7.15 (D)
1
P
L2e
 Order of critical buckling load.

 QRSP
8.1 Introduction
Assumptions:
1. Material is homogeneous and isotropic.
2. The beam is initially straight and unstressed.

3. Elastic limit is not exceeded.
4. Young’s modulus is same in compression
and tension.
5. The plain section of beam remains plain Fig. A deformed beam loaded transversely to its
axis
before and after bending.
NOTE
Pure bending/simple bending:  It’s not necessary for the complete beam
to undergo pure bending part of the
A member is said to be in pure bending when beam may also undergo pure bending.
it is subjected to equal and opposite couples in
the plane along the longitudinal axis.
 For pure bending the shear force is zero.
SFD
 Pure bending in BC region because in BC
Region Shear force is equal to ZERO.
Neutral Surface and Neutral Axis:
As the loading is within proportionality limit
Hooke’s law can be apply i.e.
 
  E
 y
  E 
 R
Neutral surface: It is the surface which
 E
experiences neither tension nor compression,  …. (i)
y R
There is only one neutral surface.
Neutral axis: It is the line of intersection of  y
or 
cross-section with the neutral surface, there can E R
be any no. of infinite neutral axis.   Bending stress
E  Young’s modulus
y  Distance from NA
R  Radius of curvature
Equilibrium: As there is no external force
applied in axial direction therefore net force in
axial direction must be zero.
Undeformed element Deformed element

a ' b ' ab Force Equilibrium:
Normal strain in ab 
ab Ey

( R  y)d   Rd  R

Rd  dF  dA
E
 
y dF   ydA
R R
E
R
From this equation it is observed that the normal Faxial   ydA  0
strain is directly proportional to the distance from
the neutral axis (y).  ydA  A  y
In the above equation  ve sign shows that for + A  0, y  0
ve bending moment (sagging) there will be
y  0 shows that the centroidal axis coincides
compressive stresses when y is + ve i.e., above
the neutral axis. Similarly, when y is  ve (below with NA therefore in pure bending centroidal
NA) strain is +ve i.e., tensile. axis always coincides with neutral axis.
Kulkarni Academy 129 Bending Stresses
Moment Equilibrium: MR E
  …. (ii)
Ey I R

R From equation (i) and (ii),
dF  dA
 MR E
E  
dF   ydA y I R
R
Moment  dF  y Where M R = Moment of resistance
Above Equation is known as Euler Bernoulli
Total moment ( M )   dF  y
bending equation.
E
M   ydA  y Economical sections:
R
In a beam having rectangular or circular section
the fibers near neutral axis are under stressed
(less) compared with those at the top or bottom.
The face that the large portion of the cross-
section is thus under stressed makes it inefficient
for resisting flexure or bending.
M 
The expression  indicates that if the
I y
area of the beam of rectangular cross-section is
 y dA
2
is the second moment of area about NA rearranged (redistributed) so as to maintain same
and this is known as area moment of inertia and depth and same area the MOI would be greatly
it is designated by I. increased resulting in greater moment carrying
capacity.
 y dA  I
2
zz
This moment resisting capacity is due to
E placing more material at greater distance from
M  I
R the NA.
Let M R be the resisting moment Fig. 1 Fig. 2

M  M R I Fig 2  I Fig.1
EI In order to obtain the maximum resistance to
M R  
R bending it is advisable to use section which have
EI large area away from the NA and hence I-
MR 
R sections and T-sections are preferable.
Beams of uniform strength: A beam is said to
be beam of uniform strength if the maximum
bending stress is same at each and every section.
Case I: Cantilever beam subjected to moment
‘M’ at the free end.
Section modulus (Z):

I
is known as section modulus, if section
ymax
modulus (z) is more, max will be less and the
d 
resistance to the bending is more and hence M  
chances of bending failure will be less. max 
Mymax
 2
I bd 3
NOTE
12
In case of axial loading c/s area is
considered where as in the case of bending max 
6M
section modulus is considered. bd 2

My As max is independent of x therefore max is
I constant at each and every section, therefore, this
Mymax is the beam of constant strength.
max 
I
Generally beams are subjected to transverse
I M
 Z ; max  loading and hence BM changes along the length
ymax Z
of the beam so it is not a beam of constant
M  max  Z strength, to make such a beam a beam of constant
strength, two techniques are followed.
(a) Varying width, keeping the depth constant
(b) Varying depth, keeping the width constant.
6 Px Let the depth at the fixed end be ‘d’.

(max )1-1 
bx d 2
dL  d
6 PL
max  x
2-2
bL d 2 dx  d
L
Case 1: Varying width, keeping depth
constant dx  x
For a uniform strength beam
max 1-1  max 2-2
6 Px 6 PL

bx d 2 bL d 2
x
bx  bL  
L
Important observation:
Let width at fixed end bL  b
x
bx  b  
L
E 2
R
M  y dA
Case II: Keeping the width constant, varying

depth.
max 11  max 22
6 Px 6 PL

bd x2 bd L2
x
dx  dL
L
P Practice Questions 8.5 A homogenous prismatic simply supported
beam is subjected to a point load F. The load
8.1 In the flexure theory of beams, the neutral can be placed anywhere along the span of the
axis has the following characteristic. beam. The maximum flexural stress
(A) Always passes through the centroid of developed in the beam is
the cross section
(B) Always remains straight after bending
(C) Always lies at the mid height of cross-
section
(D) Longitudinal stress is maximum along
the axis.
8.2 In a prismatic beam under the action of pure
bending. 3FL 3FL
(A) (B)
(A) Both the shear stress and shear strain are 2 BD 2 4 BD 2
zero 2 FL 4 FL
(C) (D)
(B) Shear stress is zero and shear strain is 3BD 2 3BD 2
non zero.
8.6 A hollow circular shaft of inside diameter 10
(C) Shear stress is non -zero and shear strain mm and outside diameter 20 mm is subjected
is zero to a pure symmetric - bending moment of
(D) Both shear stress and shear strain are 200 N-m. The magnitude of bending stress at
non-zero a point in the plane of loading. Which is at a
8.3 A steel wire of diameter 5mm is bent around distance of 5mm from the neutral axis, is
a cylindrical drum of radius 0.5m. The steel (A) 0 (B) 68.8 MPa
wire has modulus of elasticity of 200 GPa.
Find the bending moment in the wire in N-m. (C) 135.8 MPa (D) 271.6 MPa
8.7 A test is conducted on a beam loaded by end
couples. The fibers at layer CD are found to
lengthen by 0.03 mm and fibers at layer AB
shorten by 0.09 mm in 20 mm gauge length
as shown in the figure. Taking
E  2 105 N/mm2 , the flexural stress at the
8.4 A steel beam replaced by a corresponding top fibre in N/mm2 is__________.
aluminium beam of same cross-sectional
shape and dimensions, and is subjected to
same loading. The maximum bending stress
will
(A) Be unaltered
(B) Increase
(C) Decrease
(D) Vary in proportion to their modulus of
elasticity
8.8 A beam of flexural rigidity 8 104 Nm2 is 8.12 An unspecified pure bending moment is used
subjected to four point bending as shown in to bend an aluminium rod of radius 2.5 mm
figure. The radius of curvature of the portion elastically into a circular ring of radius 2 m.
BC of the beam is If the same bending moment is used to bend
elastically a copper rod of radius 2 mm, the
radius of the resulting ring (in m) is
(elastic modulus of aluminium is 70 GPa and
elastic modulus of copper is 120 GPa )
(A) 0.702 (B) 1.404
(C) 1.755 (D) 2.808
(A) 800 m
8.13 The structure shown below is of rectangular
(B) 600 m cross-section and carries a load of 10kN at its
(C) 1000 m free end E. Maximum bending stress (in
(D) continuously variable MPa) developed in the beam due the external
8.9 A structural steel beam has an unsymmetrical load is _____________.
I- cross -section. The overall depth of the
beam is 200 mm. The flange stresses at the
top and bottom are 120 N/mm2 and 80
N/mm2 , respectively. The depth of the
neutral axis from the top of the beam will be
(A) 120 mm (B) 100 mm
(C) 80 mm (D) 60 mm
8.10 A square beam laid flat is then roatated in
such a way that one of its diagonal becomes
The depth of the beam is 300mm and the
horizontal. How is its moment capacity
width is 150mm.
affected ?
(A) Increases by 41.4% 8.14 In a beam of uniform strength the extreme
fibers at every cross-section are stressed to
(B) Increases by 29.27 %
the maximum allowable stress. Consider a
(C) Decreases by 29.27%
solid circular beam of uniform strength
(D) Decreases by 41.4 % subjected to bending moment. In this beam,
8.11 A thin steel ruler having its cross-section of the diameter of the cross-section at any
0.0625 cm  2.5 cm bent by couples applied section is proportional
at its ends so that its length l equal to 25 cm (A) To cube root of the bending moment at
, When bent, as a circular arc, subtends a that section
central angle   600 . Take
(B) To the square root of the bending
E  2 106 kg/cm2 . The maximum stress moment at that section
induced in the ruler and the magnitude is
(C) To the bending moment at that section
(A) 2618 kg/cm2 (B) 2512 kg/cm2
(D) Inversely to the bending moment at that
(C) 2406 kg/cm2 (D) 2301 kg/cm2 section
8.15 A cantilever beam of T-section, shown in
figure is carrying a couple moment M 0 at the
free end. Maximum magnitude of bending
stress will occur at
(A) Bottom fibre throughout
(B) Top fibre at fixed end only
(C) Bottom fibre at fixed end
(D) Top fibre throughout

A massless beam has a loading pattern as
shown in the figure. The beam is of
rectangular cross-section with a width of 30
mm and height of 100mm
8.16 The maximum bending moment occurs at
(A) Location B
(B) 2675 mm to the right of A
(C) 2500 mm to the right of A
(D) 3225 mm to the right of A
8.17 The maximum magnitude of bending stress

(in MPa) is given by
(A) 60.0 (B) 67.5
(C) 200.0 (D) 225.0

A Answer Key 8.4 (A)
8.1 A 8.2 A 8.3 12.210

8.5 (A)
8.4 A 8.5 A 8.6 C
8.7 900 8.8 A 8.9 A

8.10 C 8.11 A 8.12 B
8.13 17.77 8.14 A 8.15 A

8.16 C 8.17 B
Pab Fx( L  x)
M 
L L
E Explanation
dM
For, M max , 0
8.1 (A) dx
F
Hence, the correct option is (A). ( L  2 x)  0
L
8.2 (A)
L
VAy x
 pure bending shear force V  0 2
Ib
L L
0 F  L   FL
2 2
  G;   0 M max  
L 4
Hence, the correct option is (A). FL
 2 3FL
8.3 12.210 Nm My
max   4 3 
I BD 2 BD 2
12
8.6 (C)
E  200 GPa
5
R '  500   502.5mm
2

I wire  (5)4
64
 M E M  200 N-m
 
y I R My
  y 5mm 
200 103 
(5) 4 I
M 64 N-mm 200  5
502.5 

M  12210.79 N-mm 1000  (0.0204  0.0104 )
64
M  12.210 N-m  135.8122 MPa
Hence, the correct answer is 12.210 N-m. Hence, the correct option is (C).
8.7 900 8.8 (A)
BC region is pure bending region, so bending
moment in BC region is constant and SF  0
 Pa  100 1  100 N
 M E
 
y I R
EI 8 104
R   800 m
M 100
CD  0.03 mm 8.9 (A)
 AB  0.09 mm
LCD  LAB  20 mm
x?
My

I
 y
0.03
CD   1.5 103 120 x
20 
80 200  x
0.09
AB   4.5 103 3 x
20 
From similar  rule 2 200  x
CD AB 600  3x  2 x
 5x  600
x 100  x
1.5 103 4.5 103 x
600
 120mm

x 100  x 5
3x  100  x Hence, the correct option is (A).
x  25mm
8.10 (C)
topfibre  ?
CD CD E
 1.5 103  2 105 N/mm2  300 MPa
top 300
 (From similar  rule)
75 25
topfibre  900 MPa a4 a3
I Z1 
Hence, the correct Answer is 900 MPa. 12 6
a4 0.0625
ymax   0.03125 cm
a3 2
Z 2  12 
a 6 2 2 10  0.03125

2 25  3
Z1  Z 2 
Moment capacity affect   2617.99kg/cm2
a3 a3 Hence, the correct option is (A).

Z  Z2 6 6 2 8.12 (B)
 1 
Z1 a3
Aluminium rod R  2.5 mm
6
Circular ring radius  2 m
1
1 EAl  70 GPa
 2  0.2928
1 Copper rod, radius  2 mm
 by 29.28% RRing  ? , Ecu  120 GPa
Hence, the correct option is (C).  Al M E
 
8.11 (A) y I R
 EI   EI 
M    
 R  Al  R Cu
 
70  (2.5)4 120  (2)4
64  64
2 ( RCu ) Ring
( RCu ) Ring  1.404 m
8.13 17.77
E  2 106 kg/cm2 ,   600

L  R
 M E M 0  50  10  40 kN-m
 
y I R
d  300 mm, b  150 mm
Ey
 40 103 N-m 150 103
R 
150  3003
12
  17.77 MPa
Hence, the correct answer is 17.77 MPa.
8.14 (A) 8.16 (C)
 M E
 
y I R
For uniform strength beam, maximum bending
stress is same at each and every section.
My

I
d 4 RA  RB  6000 N

 I 64
M  M A  0
y d
2 RB  4  6000  3
 d 3
M RB  4500 N
32
M d 3
[  Constant] RA  1500 N
d3M VX  RA  3000( x  2)
Hence, the correct option is (A). 1500  3000 x  6000  0
8.15 (A) 7500  3000x
7500
x  2.5m  2500 mm from A,
3000
SF  0 , BM-Max
( x  2)2
M x   RA x  3000
2
At x  2.5 m or 2500 mm (to the right of A)
bending moment is max.
8.17 (B)
(0.5)2
M  1500  2.5  3000
As bending moment is same throughout the 2
beam, so max bending stress depend on y value, M  3750  375  3375 N-m
from above fig.
3375 103 (N-mm)  50
y1  y2 max   67.5 MPa
30 1003
So maximum magnitude of bending stress will 12
occur at bottom fiber throughout.
9.1 Introduction
Assumptions :
 The material is isotropic and homogeneous.
 The loading is within elastic limit i.e. Hooks
law is valid.
 The shear stress is assumed to be uniform
along the width.
F  b  A
My
 (b dy )
I
Net unbalance force
( M  dM ) y bdy My(b dy)
 
I I
dMyb dy

I
 Due to transverse loading there is a transverse

shear stress and this is accompanied by the
shear in perpendicular direction known as
complementary shear (along longitudinal
direction)
d 
  y
y y
2
2
d y 1d 
     y
4 2 2 2 
d 1 d 
V b  y    y 

VAy
 2 2 2 
Ib bd 3
b
h
12
dM
Y
 I
y b dy  b dx 6V  d 2 
  3   y2 
bd  4 
( dM varies with x not with y so it is constant).
At the N.A, y  0
h
dM
 (bdy). y  b dx bdy  dA
I y dA
dM
Ay  b dx
I
dM 1  dM
Ay     V = Shear force
dx Ib  dx
  Shear stress at a distance y from N.A
A  Area of the cross-section above y max 
6V d 2
.
bd 3 4
y  Distance of c.g. of A from N.A
3V
b  Width of the beam max 
2 bd
VAy 3
 max  avg
Ib 2
Shear stress distribution in rectangular cross-
section beam :
NOTE
 The shear stress distribution in the beam
along the depth varies parabolically.
Kulkarni Academy 141 Shear Stress in Beam and Combined Loading
Triangular cross-section beam :  In case of bending the bending stresses are

more away from the N.A and hence in case of
bending I-sections are preferred.
Circular cross-section beam :
I-section
NOTE
 For shear stress distribution along the
depth check width (b) at the junction if
width is increases, shear stress is
decreases suddenly or vice versa.
Combined loading :
VAY
 A force of 15000 N is applied to the edge of the
Ib
member as shown in figure. Neglect the weight
1 of the member and determine the state of stress

Width at points B and C.
1  Shear stress in flange at the junction
2  Shear stress in the web at the junction
1 b

2 B
NOTE
 About 80-90% of the shear load is taken
by web whereas only 10 to 20% of the shear
load is taken by flanges, therefore for
resisting shear load circular sections are
preferred because the area is more near the
centre.  15000  50  750000 N-mm
Bending stress
Direct stress
 My 8  0.2
   375kPa
I 0.8  0.43
12
Stress due to moment of 8 kNm
 375kPa
[AD (Tension) , BC (Compression)]
(B )  11.25  3.75

 7.5MPa (+) (Tensile)
C  3.75  11.25
 15MPa (Compressive)
Direct (Compressive) stress :
P 15000
   3.75MPa ( ve)
A 100  40
My 750000  50
b    11.25MPa
I 40 1003
12
Example 1
A Rectangular block of negligible weight is
subjected to a vertical force of 40 kN which
is applied to its corner. Determine the stress
distribution acting on a section through
ABCD.
My

I
16  0.4
  375kPa
0.4  0.83
Sol. Let us shift the force from R to T, 12
Stress due to moment of 16 kNm P

Sol. Direct stress   (Compressive)
 375kPa [AB (+ ve), CD (– ve)] bh
Direct stress due to load ‘P’ at c.g. My
P 40 Stress at A due to bending 
   125kPa (  ve ) I
A 0.8  0.4
h
Pey .
 2  6 Pey (+ ve)
3
bh bh 2
12
Total stress at A,
P 6 Pey
  0
bh bh2
h
ey  Condition for No tension
6
 A  125  375  375   625kPa Similarly
B  125  375  375  125kPa b

ex 
C  125  375  375  875kPa 6
[Most critical]
D  125  375  375  125kPa
Example 2
A rectangular block of negligible weight and
is subjected to vertical force ‘P’ as shown in
figure. Determine the range of values for the
eccentricity e y of the load along y-axis so that
it does not cause any tensile stress in the
block.
If the load (compressive) is within EFGH, there

will not be any tensile stress in the cross-section,
so that the stress is always compressive in nature.
In the design of pillars (concrete, structures),
it should be seen so that the load is with in the
shaded region EFGH. Because, if the load is
outside this region tensile stresses are setup and
the concrete is weak in tension and it may fail.
P Practice Questions 9.5 A simply supported beam of span L is
subjected to a concentrated load P at
midspan. The cross-section of the beam is
9.1 A simply supported beam having a
rectangular. The ratio of the shear stress at
rectangular cross-section of depth d is
1
subjected to a vertical concentrated load p at the depth of the beam to the shear stress
the mid-span. The maximum shear stress in a 4th
section occurs at at the centre of the cross-section is
3 1
(A) d/2 from the top of the cross-section (A) (B)
8 2
(B) d/3 from the top of the cross-section 3
(C) (D) 2
(C) 2d/3 from the top of the cross-section 4
9.6 A rectangular cross-section beam of width
(D) Top of the cross-section
w  0.25m and depth d  0.4m is subjected
9.2 The transverse shear stress acting in a beam to a bending moment M  200 N-m and a
of rectangular cross-section, subjected to a
uniform axial load of P  200 N as shown.
transverse shear load, is
Measured from the centroidal axis of the
(A) Variablewith maximum at the bottom of beam, normal stress will be zero at a distance
the beam of
(B) Variable with maximum at the top of the
beam
(C) Uniform
(D) Variable with maximum on the neutral
axis
(A) y  15mm (B) y  13.3mm
9.3 Consider a simply supported beam of length
(C) y  15mm (D) y  10mm
50h, with a rectangular cross-section of
depth, h, and width, 2h. The beam carries a 9.7 An L-shaped bar of square cross-section with
vertical point load, P at its mid-point. The sides. b, is loaded as shown in the figure. If
ratio of the maximum shear stress to the the value of the stress component  xx at point
maximum bending stress in the beam is P is zero, the distance a of the force F from
(A) 0.02 (B) 0.10 the x-axis should be
(C) 0.05 (D) 0.01

9.4 A vertical pole, cantilevered at the bottom,
has a solid circular cross-section of diameter
d  49.21mm. It is loaded by a horizontal
force P  6675 N at the top end. The
maximum shear stress in the pole is
b
2 2
(A) b (B)
(A) 4.25 N/mm (B) 5.68 N/mm 2
b b
(C) 4.68 N/mm2 (D) 7.50 N/mm2 (C) (D)
3 6
9.8 A cantilever beam having cross-sectional 9.10 For the component loaded with a force F as
area 0.1 m2 and moment of inertia shown in the figure. The axial stress at the
1.33 103 m4 as shown in figure is subjected corner point P is
to uniform tension of 200 N and a couple of
200 N-m at the free end.
The state of stress at point P, 20 mm above

the neutral axis is
(A) (B)
F  3L  b  F  3L  b 
(A) (B)
(C) (D) 4b3 4b3
F  3L  4b  F  3L  2b 
(C) (D)
9.9 Two 50mm diameter solid rods are rigidly 4b3 4b3
connected together at right angles and loaded
as shown. Use P  1000  kN. At point A Common Data Questions 9.11 & 9.12
located at the top of the cross-section at the A machine frame shown in the figure below
fixed end, the magnitude of bending stress is subjected to a horizontal force of 600 N
 and shear stress    are parallel to z-direction.
(A)   256MPa, =512MPa

(B)   512MPa, =256MPa
(C)   512MPa, =128MPa
(D)   128MPa, =512MPa
9.11 The normal and shear stresses in MPa at point
P are respectively
(A) 67.9 and 56.6 (B) 56.6 and 67.9

(C) 67.9 and 0.0 (D) 0.0 and 56.6
9.12 The maximum principal stress in MPa and

the orientation of the corresponding principal
plane in degrees are respectively
(A) 32.0 and 29.52
(B) 100.0 and 60.48
(C) 32.0 and 60.48
(D) 100.0 and 29.52
9.13 A 40 mm diameter rotor shaft of a helicopter

transmits a torque T  0.16 kN-m and a
tensile force P  24 kN. The maximum
tensile stress (in MPa) induced in the shaft
is____. Use the value of   3.1416.
A Answer Key 6
max 6 1
 16    0.01
9.1 A 9.2 D 9.3 D (b ) max 600 600 100
9.4 C 9.5 C 9.6 B 16
9.7 D 9.8 C 9.9 C Hence, the correct option is (D).
9.10 D 9.11 C 9.12 D 9.4 (C)
9.13 80
E Explanation
9.1 (A)
4
max  avg
3 circle
4P
(max )circular 
Hence, the correct option is (A). 3A
9.2 (D)
4 6675
 
3  (49.21)2
4
9.3 (D) max  4.6794 N/mm2
9.5 (C)
6V  h 2 
max 
(2h) h3  4 
P
6
6V  d 2  d  
6P 2
 22  …..(i)
8h 16h 2 () d    
y bd 3  4  4  
P  (50h) h 4

My 4
.
2 () y 0 6V d 2
(b )max   .
I h3 bd 3 4
2h
12 () d 1  1 4 1
y 3
50 Ph 12
2 4
 4 16  16 
 () y 0 1 1 4
8  2. h 4
4 4
600 P
(b )max  …..(ii) Hence, the correct option is (C).
16 h2
9.6 (B) Due to F
F
Tensile stress 
b2
Due to moment
b
MY Fa.
b   4 2
I b
200 12
tensile   2kN
0.25  0.4 6Fa
 3
200  0.2 b
b (max)   30kPa
0.25  0.43 The value of stress component at point P = 0
12 F 6 Fa
So,  3
28 32 b2 b
 
y 0.4  y b
a
(From similar triangle rule) 6
 11.2  28 y  32 y Hence, the correct option is (D).
y  0.1866 9.8 (C)
x  0.2  y 200
direct   2kPa
 0.01333m 0.1
 13.3mm My
(bending ) P 
nd I
II method :
200  0.02
200 200 y 12   3.007 kPa (Compression)
 0 1.33 103
0.25  0.4 0.25  0.43
Net stress at P  2  3.007  1.007kPa
y  13.3mm
(Compressive stress)
9.7 (D)

9.9 (C) Bending stress

MY F ( L  b)  b
b  
I b4 4
2
12
12 F ( L  b)
b 
16 b3
F 12 F ( L  b)
(total ) P   
4b2 16 b3
4 Fb  12FL  12Fb

16 b3
12 FL  8Fb F (3L  2b)
=  Ans.
16 b3 4 b3
9.11 (C)
M  P  2kN-m
16T 16 1000 103
 
d3  (50 103 )3
16T
  128GPa Ans.
d3
My 1000 103  2  25 103
b  
I 
(50 103 ) 4
64
 512 109 Pa  512GPa Ans.
9.10 (D)
Shear stress
16T 16  300
 3   56.6MPa
d (30 103 )3
Bending stress
My
b 
I
M  P  0.3N-m
 600  0.3  180 N-m
180 15 103
b   67.9 MPa
Direct stress 
(30 103 ) 4
P F 64
d   2
A 4b Hence, the correct option is (C).
9.12 (D) 24103 N
direct 
 2
(40) 2 mm
x   y    y 
2
4
max    x  
2
2  2   415MPa  60MPa
 67.9 
2 16T 16  0.16103 103
max 
67.9
   
  (56.6)
2
2  2  d3 (40)3
max  99.95MPa 16T

Ans.   40MPa
d3
2 xy
tan 2P 
   y   x   y 
2
x   y
max  x    
2
2  56.6  2   2 
tan 2P    29.520 Ans.
67.9 2
60  60 
max      (40)2
2  2 
max  30  302  402
max  30  50  80MPa
Hence, the correct answer is 80.
9.13 80
T  0.16  kN-m
P  24 kN
10.1 Introduction
The main aim of machine design is to size the
component. The component must be designed in
such a way that it should not fail and if at all it
falls it should fail safe.
Failure is non ability of the component to
perform its function. (failure does not
necessarily) mean separation or fracture of
component. Theories of failure provide a
x   y    y 
2
relationship between strength of the component
subjected to combined loading with that obtained 1, 2    x    xy
2
2  2 
in uniaxial test
Two modes of failure are considered 1   y
(i) Yielding (Ductile)  y Or 1  ut
(ii) Fracture (Brittle) 𝜎𝑢𝑡
Different theory of failures
(i) Maximum principal stress theory (Rankine’s
theory)
(ii) Maximum principal strain theory (St. Venant
theory)
(iii)Maximum shear stress theory (Tresca / Guest
theory)
(iv) Maximum strain energy theory (Haigh’s
theory)
(v) Maximum distortion energy / max shear
strain theory (Hencky-von mises theory)
(i) Maximum Principal Stress Theory
(Rankine’s theory):
According to this theory failure occurs when
the maximum principal stress in a loaded
member reaches yield stress (for ductile
materials) or ultimate stress (for brittle
materials).
For no failure When a member is subjected to pure torsion
1   y 2   y though the maximum principal stress is less than
yield stress the maximum shear stress is not less
1   y 2   y
than the permissible maximum shear stress (as
Or 1  ut 2  ut per experiments). It may fail by shear as ductile
1  uc 2  uc 9material are weak in shear therefore this theory
is not used for ductile materials.
 max  0.57 yt
(Maximum principal stress theory is applicable
From experiments (In general  yt   yc )
for brittle material. This theory considered only
maximum principal stress and disregards other
stresses).
(ii) Maximum Principal Strain Theory:
According to this theory for no failure
maximum principal statin in a loaded
member must be less than strain under
yielding conditions when a member is
subjected to uniaxial loading.
If  y  350 MPa
max  200 MPa
{ 1  350 maximum principal stress is less than
 y it is safe.}
x   y    y 
2
  max 1, 2    x    xy
2
It fails in shear
2  2 
x  0 1 2  
Principal strain 1   , 2  2  1
y  0 E E E E
 xy  
 yt
yt 
E
For no failure
1   y 1 u2
1 yt ;  yt
E E
  y
  350 2 1
2 yt ,  yt
  300 MPa E E
Kulkarni Academy 153 Theory of failure
Principal strain theory is bounded by four lines 1  2   y

and the shape is Rhombus.
  ()   y
1  2   yt
 (1  )   y
2  1   yt y

1  1   yt 𝜎2 − 𝜇𝜎1 = 𝜎𝑦𝑡 (1  )
For most engineering materials   0.3
1  2   yc 2  1   yc
  0.77  y
   0.77  350
  270 not safe since {max  200}
This theory gives wrong result when a member is
subjected to pure torsion and hence this theory is
not used in practice.
(iii)Maximum shear stress theory (Tresca
/Guest):
According to this theory, failure of the
component occurs when the maximum shear
Limitations of this theory: stress in the actual loaded component exceeds
In the first and third quadrant though stresses yield shear stress.
are greater than yield stress still it is safe
according to this theory but as per maximum
stress theory it is not safe.
The results of maximum principal strain
theory are not safe when a member is subjected
to like stresses. The results are in good agreement
when members are subjected to unlike stresses
(second 4 fourth quadrant).
x   y    y 
2
1, 2    x    xy
2
2  2 
1  2
max 
2
For uniaxial loading
 x   yt
y  0
 xy  0
[max  0.57 y ]  y  350 MPa
 
C  yt , 0 
max  200 MPa  2 
  0
2
R   yt  0
2
 2 
 yt
R
2
According to maximum shear stress theory

max  0.5 y and hence it is safe (from
experiment max  0.57 y ).
As ductile materials are weak in shear and this
For no failure theory takes care of shear failure therefore this
theory is predominantly used for ductile
actual   xy
materials.
(iv) Maximum strain energy theory:
According to this theory failure occurs when
the total strain energy in the actual
component exceeds strain energy under yield
conditions.
1  2 2  3 1  3
max  ; ;
2 2 2
For biaxial 3  0
1  2 2 1
max  ; ; Actual loading
2 2 2
x   y    y 
2
1   2  yt 1, 2    x    xy
2
 2  2 
2 2 1  2   yt
 2  yt 1 1 1
  2   yt Total S.E density  1 1  2 2  3 3
2 2 2 2 2
1   yt
1  yt 1 
 1   ( 2   3 )
2 2 E E
1  2   y 2 
2   (1  3 )
2   y E E
3 
1   y 3   (2  1 )
E E
Uniaxial loading
y
y 
E
1
S .E   y y
2
2y
S .E 
2E
1
SE  [1 1 2 2 3 3 ]
2
  1  ( 2  3 )  
1   
  E  
1    (1  3 ) 
  2  2 
2  E 
  3  (2  1 )  
 3  
  E 
 1  
 (1  2  3 )  2 (2  1  3 ) 
1 E E
  
2 3
 (3  2  1 ) 
 E 
1  
1 2
SE  [1  22  32  2 (12  23  31 )] 2  
2E
1 2 2y
According to this theory for no failure the actual [1  2  212 ] 
2
total S.E must be less than strain energy under 2E 2E

yield conditions. 12  22  212  2y
1 2 2y 2  ()2  2()()  2y

[1  2  3  2 (12  23  31 )] 
2 2
2E 2E 2y
 
2
2(1  )
For biaxial case (3  0)
y

    212  
2
1
2
2
2
y 2(1  )
Limiting condition, y

2 1.3
12  22  212  2y {equation of ellipse}
  0.62  y
From experiments   0.57 y but as per total
strain energy theory max  0.62 y . It is not safe
under shear.
(V) Maximum shear strain energy or
maximum distortion energy theory or Hencky
Von-Mises theory.
v    v 
x    v 
E  E 
v
y x z  (1  2)
E
1  1D  v y x  y  z
2  2D  v  3 x
3  3D  v v
3 (1  2)
E
1D , 2 D and 3D  responsible for change in
1
shape. U v  v v
2
v  responsible for change in volume. 1 3
 v v (1  2)
1D (2 D  3 D ) 2 E
1D  
E E 3 𝜎𝑣2
𝑈𝑣 = 2 (1 − 2𝜇)
𝐸
2 D (1D  3 D )
2 D   3  1  2  3 
2
E E Uv    (1  2)
2E  3 
3 D (2 D  1D )
3 D   1
𝑈𝑣 = 6𝐸 (𝜎1 + 𝜎2 + 𝜎3 )2 (1 − 2𝜇)
E E
∈𝑣 =∈1𝐷 +∈2𝐷 +∈3𝐷 = 0 Volumetric strain energy
1 1 1
1D , 2 D and 𝜎3𝐷 Responsible only for change U  1 1  2 2  3 3
2 2 2
in shape hence volumetric strain = zero.
1    3 
  2 D  3D 1    2 
v  1D (1  2)  0 E  E 
E
1 1  2  3  212 
2 2 2
1D  2 D  3D  0 U  
2 E   223  231 
1  1D  v
Ud  U Uv
2  2D  v
U d  distortion strain energy
3  3D  v
1 1  2  3  212 
2 2 3
  
1  2  3  1D  2 D  3D  3v 2 E  223  231 
1  2  3 1
 v  average  (1  2  3 ) 2 (1  2)
3 6E
1  2
Ud  [1  22  33  12  23  31 ]
3E
1   1  1  2  2  3  3 
2 2 2 2 2 2
Ud   
6 E  212  223  231 
1 
Ud  [(1  2 )2  (2  3 )2  (1  3 )2 ]
6E
For uniaxial yielding
For Torsion:
1   y
2  3  0
1  2
Ud  y
3E
(yield distortion strain energy U d )
According to this theory failure of component

occurs when the distortional strain energy in the
actual component exceeds yield distortional
strain energy under uniaxial loading. 1    max
For biaxial loading (3  0) 2    max
1  2 2max  (max )2  (max )(max )  2y

Ud  (1  22  12 )
3E
32max  2y
For no failure, U d  (U d ) yielding
y
max 
1  2 1  2
(1  22  12 )  y 3
3E 3E
max  0.57  y
12  22  12  2y
* Results obtained from experiments are in
For limiting condition, complete agreement with the results of this
theory and hence this theory gives accurate
12  22  12  2y
result.
 y  12  22  12 * Predominantly this theory is used for ductile
materials.
12  22  12 is working stress sunder  Maximum principal stress theory:
distortion strain energy.  1   y
 Maximum shear stress theory:
  2 2 1  y
 1 , , 
2 2 2 2
 Maximum distortion energy theory:
 12  22  12  2y
Theories max value
Maximum principal stress  yt
Maximum principal strain 0.77 yt

Element subjected to combined bending and
Maximum shear stress 0.5 yt torsion
My
Maximum strain energy 0.62 yt x 
I
Maximum distortion energy 0.57 yt d
M
 2
{Taking   0.3 }  4
d
34
* Maximum principal stress theory is generally
32M
used for brittle materials and maximum shear x  …. (i)
d 3
stress and distortion energy theory is used for
T 
ductile materials. 
J r
Comparison of Various theory of failure
T 
 Distortion energy theory 
 4 d
 Maximum shear stress theory d
32 2
 Maximum principal stress theory.
16T
 …. (ii)
d 3
x   y    y 
2
1    x  
2
2  2 
2 2
1 32M  1 32M   16T 
   3 
 3 
2 d 3
 2 d   d 
2 2
NOTE: The safest theory under static loading 16M  16M   16T 
   3 
 3 
is maximum shear stress theory i.e. it is the most d 3
 d   d 
conservative theory. 16 
1  3 
M  M 2 T2 
Equivalent Bending Moment ( M e ) : d 
It is the single moment which produces same

maximum stress as that under the combination of
bending and torsion.
32M e From equation (i) and (ii),

e 
d 3 16Te 16
 3 M 2 T2
e  1 d 3
d
Te  M 2  T 2
1

Me  M  M 2  T 2
2
 Factor of safety:
Equivalent torque Te : It is the ratio of maximum stress to the
working stress. This factor is provided for
It is such a single torque when acting alone
reserved strength, more is the FOS greater is the
produces same maximum shear stress under the
reserved strength, more are the dimensions and
combined bending and torsion.
less economical.
FOS varies from condition to condition. In case
of shock and impact loads large FOS is used.
32M 1  2
x  max 
d 3 2
   y 
2
16T
 3 max   x    xy
2
d  2 
x   y    y 
2
1, 2    x    xy
2
2  2 
2
 32M 1   16T 
max     3 
 d 2   d 
3
16
max  M 2 T2 … (i)
d 3
16Te
max  … (ii)
d 3
P Practice Questions 10.5 A machine elements is subjected to the
following bi-axial state of stress
10.1 Which theory of failure is used for aluminum
x  80 MPa,  y  20 MPa, xy  40 MPa .
compounds under steady loading?
(A) Principal stress theory If the shear stress of the material is 100 MPa,
(B) Principal strain theory the factor of safety as per Tresca’s maximum
(C) Strain energy theory shear stress theory is
(D) Maximum shear stress theory (A) 1 (B) 2
10.2 An element at the critical section of a (C) 2.5 (D) 3
component is in a bi-axial state of stress with
10.6 Which one of the following is NOT correct?
the two principal stresses being 360 MPa and
(A) Intermediate principal stress is ignored
140 MPa. The maximum working stress
when applying the maximum principal
according to distortion energy theory is
stress theory
(A) 220 MPa (B) 110 MPa
(C) 314 MPa (D) 330 MPa (B) The maximum shear stress theory gives
10.3 Match List-I (Theory of failure) with Lit-II the most accurate results amongst all the
(Predicted ratio of shear stress to direct stress failure theories
at yield condition (C) As per the maximum stress energy
List-I theory, failure occurs when the strain
(A) Maximum shear stress theory energy exceeds a critical value
(B) Maximum distortion energy theory (D) As per the maximum distortion energy
(C) Maximum principal stress theory theory, failure occurs, when the
(D) Maximum principal strain theory distortion energy exceeds a critical value
List-II 10.7 A thin walled spherical vessel (1 m inner
1. 1.0 2. 0.577 diameter and 10 mm wall thickness) is made
3. 0.62 4. 0.5 of a material with  y  500 MPa in both
(A) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
tension and compression. The internal
(B) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2
pressure Py at yield, based on the Van –
(C) A-1, B-3, C-4, D-2
Mises yield criterion is
(D) A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3
10.4 A circular solid shaft is subjected to a (A) 500 MPa (B) 250 MPa
bending moment of 400 kN-m and a trusting (C) 100 MPa (D) 20 MPa
moment of 300 kN-m. On the basis of the 10.8 A thin rectangular plate made of isotropic
maximum principal stress theory, the direct material which satisfies Von – Mises
stress is  and according to the maximum distortion energy failure criterion as yield
shear stress theory, the shear stress is  . The strength of 200 MPa under uniaxial tension.
 As shown in the figure, if it is loaded with
ratio is is
 uniform tension of 150 MPa along the x-
1 3 direction. The maximum uniform tensile
(A) (B)
5 9 stress that can be applied along the y-
9 11 direction before the plate starts yielding is
(C) (D)
5 6 about
10.11 A specimen of steel has yield strength of 700

MPa. The specimen is subjected to a state of
plane stress with 1  2  500 MPa . The
factor of safety according to Van-Mises

theory of failure is________________
10.12 A batch of aluminum alloy yields in uniaxial
tension at the stress of 330 MN/m2. If this
material is subjected to the following state of
stress: x  140 MPa,  y   70MPa
(A) 227 MPa (B) 77 MPa
(C) 87 MPa (D) 114 MPa xy  X MPa . The value of x that would
10.9 A circular shaft of diameter d, is fixed at one result is yield according to the Von – Mises
end and subjected to an axial force P and a failure criterion is _____________.
torque T, at the other end. The torque T is 10.13 The state of plane stress at a point in a body
Pd is shown in the figure. The allowable shear
equal to . The tensile yield stress of the stress of the material is 200 MPa. According
8
to the maximum shear stress theory of failure
shaft material is  y , a point on the surface of the maximum permissible value of  (in
the shaft will yield according to the Tresca MPa) is__________
yield criterion if P is equal to
 d 2   d 2 
(A)  y   (B)  y  
4 2  4 
(C)  y d 2 (D)  y ( d 2 )
10.10 A closed thin walled cylindrical steel

pressure vessel of wall thickness t = 1 mm is
subjected to internal pressure. The maximum
10.14 A steel cylindrical pressure vessel ahs an
value of P (in KPa) that the wall can with
inner radius of 1.8 m and wall thickness of 20
stand based on the maximum shear stress
mm. At which of the following internal
failure theory is
pressures will the cylindrical vessel yield as
( ( y  200MPa and mean radius of the
per the Tresca criterion if the yield strength
cylinder, r = 1 m )
of the material in tension is 320 MPa
(A) 100 (B) 20 (A) 3.55 MPa (B) 7.1 MPa
(C) 300 (D) 400 (C) 1.775 MPa (D) 4 MPa
10.1 D 10.2 C 10.3 D  x  80 ,  y  20 ,  xy  40 ,  max  50
10.4 C 10.5 B 10.6 B 1,2  50  302  402
10.7 D 10.8 A 10.9 A  50  50
10.10 200 10.11 1.4 10.12 157.7

1,2  100,0
100
10.13 200 10.14 A FOS  2
50
E Explanation
10.6 (B)
10.1 (D) Hence, the correct option is (B).

10.7 (D)
Sphere
10.2 (C)
d0  1m , t  10mm ,  y  500MPa
12  22  12  (360)2  (140)2 PD P 103 100 P
1  2  h   
 (360 140)  2w 4t 4 10 4
w  314.32MPa Von 12  22  12  (500)2

100 P
Hence, the correct option is (C).  500
4
10.3 (D) P  20MPa
10.8 (A)
10.4 (C)
 y  200 , x  150  1
M  400kNm
 xy  0 ,  y  ?  2
T  300kNm
12  22  12   y
16
 (M  M 2  T 2 ) 1502  2y  150  y  200
d 3
22500 + 𝜎𝑦2 − 150𝜎𝑦 = 40000

16
  3 M 2 T2
d 𝜎𝑦2 − 150𝜎𝑦 = 17500
𝜎𝑦2 − 150𝜎𝑦 − 17500 = 0
 400  500 900 9
  
 500 500 5  y  227.07 MPa
Hence, the correct option is (C). Hence, the correct option is (A).
10.9 (A) 10.11 1.4
Pd 1  2  500MPa ,  y  700
T
8
Working stress
𝜎𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦
16𝑇 16 𝑃𝑑 12  22  12  700
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 𝜋𝑑3
𝜋𝑑3 8
2𝑃
500  Working stress
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜋𝑑2 700
FOS   1.4
500
𝑃 4𝑃 10.12 (A)
𝜎𝑥 = =
𝐴 𝜋𝑑 2
 y  330MPa ,  x  140
2 2
𝜎1 , 𝜎2 =
2𝑃
√( 2𝑃 2𝑃  y  70 , xy  X MPa
𝜋𝑑 2 ± 𝜋𝑑 2) + ( 𝜋𝑑 2)
2𝑃
𝜎1 , 𝜎2 = 𝜋𝑑2 (1 ± √2) 1, 2  35  (105)2  X 2
𝜎𝑦
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2
1  35  (105)2  X 2
𝜎1 −𝜎2
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2  35  (105)2  X 2
2
𝜋𝑑 2 𝜎12 + 𝜎22 − 𝜎1 𝜎2 = (330)2
𝑃= 𝜎𝑦
4√2 2(352  (105)2  X 2 )  (352 1052  X 2 )  3302
352  3 1052  3 X 2  3302  X  157.7MPa
10.10 200
Hence, the correct answer is 157.7 MPa.
t  1mm
10.13 200
d  2m
 y max  200MPa
Maximum shear stress theory,  y
Pd Pd 2 P P
1  , 2    103
2t 2t 4t 2
2P
1   P 103
2t
1  2 1 2
max  , ,
2 2 2
𝑃×103 𝜎𝑦
= 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = {𝜎𝑦 =200MPa
2 2
Tresca
P  200kPa
1  2 1 2  
Note: As 1 and  2 are of opposite nature max  max , ,  , 1 , 2
2 2 2 2 2
therefore absolute max. shear stress will be
max    200
1  2
. Hence, the correct answer is 200.
2 Hence, the correct answer is 200.
10.14 (A)
di  3.6m , t  20mm
 y  320
y
y   160
2
Pd 3.6 P 103
1  
2t 2  20
1  90 P, 2  45 P
1
max   45 P  160
2
P  3.55MPa
P2 L
11.1 Introduction SE 
2 AE
It is defined as the energy which is stored with in SE
 Resilience
the material. When work has been done on the Volume
material. Here it is assume that the material SE P2 L 1
within elastic limit. If there is no energy loss due  
Volume 2 AE AL
to heat, the complete energy is recovered.
P2 2
Let us assume that the load is applied 
gradually from 0 to F therefore the average load 2 A2 E 2 E
0 F F SE 1
is  Strain energy density   
2 2 Volume 2
F
Work   
2
NOTE
Strain energy due to axial loading :
(Neglect self weight of the bar) Strain energy is always +ve because if the load is
the compressive load,  is  ve and  is also 
ve and hence the product of  and  is +ve.
Strain Energy under axial loading with self
weight :
1
SE   F  
2
1 PL
SE   P 
2 AE
F  P  Ax 1
SE   M  
Fdx 2

AE 1 L
SE   M 
1 2 R
SE   F  
2 M 2L
SE 
1 2 EI
L ( P  Ax)2 dx
SE   2
Example 1
0
AE
Find the strain energy in a cantilever beam with
1  2  2 A2 L3  point load ‘P’ at it’s free end.
SE   P L   PAL2 
2 AE  3  Sol .
Strain energy due to torsion :
L
M 2 dx
1
SE   T   SE  
2 0
2 EI
L
1 TL P 2 x 2 dx
 T  SE  
2 GJ 0
2 EI
T 2L P 2 L3
SE  SE 
2GJ 6 EI
Strain energy due to bending : Case 2 : Cantilever beam with UDL ‘W’
x
M x  Wx 
2
2
 Wx 2 
L  R L 
  dx
SE    2 
L
 0
2 EI
R L
W2
M E

SE  
8EI 0
x 4 dx
I R
EI W 2 L5
R SE 
M 40 EI
Kulkarni Academy 167 Strain Energy
Example 2
Calculate strain energy in AB portion
Sol.
RA  RB  P
RB  L  P  2L
RB  2 P
RA   P
M x  Px
L
P 2 x 2 dx
SE  
0
2 EI
P 2 L3
SE 
6 EI
P Practice Questions 11.4 A stepped steel shaft is subjected to a
clockwise torque of 10 Nm at its free end.
11.1 A member having length L, cross-sectional
Shear modulus of steel is 80GPa. The strain
area A and modulus of elasticity E is
energy stored in the shaft is
subjected to an axial load W. The strain
energy stored in this member is
WL2 WL2
(A) (B)
AE 2 AE
W 2 L2 W 2L
(C) (D)
2 AE 2 AE
11.2 What is the ratio of the strain energy in bar X (A) 1.73 Nmm (B) 2.52 Nmm
to that in bar Y when the material of the two (C) 3.46 Nmm (D) 4.12 Nmm
bars is the same? The cross-sectional areas
11.5 Two shafts of the same material and equal
are as indicated over the indicated lengths.
length are subjected to the same torque. The
diameter of the first shaft is twice that of the
second. The ratio of the strain energy of the
first shaft to that of the second shaft is
(A) 16:1 (B) 1:16
(C) 1:2 (D) 2:1
11.6 Consider a simply supported beam loaded

either by a uniformly distributed transverse
1 2 load or by a concentrated transverse load
(A) (B)
3 3 applied at the centre such that the maximum
4 1 bending stress in both cases is the same. The
(C) (D)
3 6
ratio of the strain energy for the two cases is
11.3 A simply supported beam of span ‘L’ is
4 5
(A) (B)
subjected to a concentrated load W at mid- 5 8
span. The strain Energy due to bending in the 8
(C) (D) 1
beam would be 5
W 2 L3 W 2 L3 11.7 A cylindrical steel bar of uniform cross-
(A) (B)
48 EI 96 EI sectional area is subjected to an axial tensile
W 2 L3 W 2L force P and a torque T. Assuming linear
(C) (D)
24 EI 96 EI elastic deformation of the bar, the internal
strain energy stored in the bar is 11.10 For a bar of circular cross-section and length
 20P 2
 8T 2  106 N-m. The axial extension L the ratio of the torsional to the axial strain
of the bar for P  10 N and T  16 N-m is energy is K times T 2

/ P2  ,
(A) 256 m (B) 400 m T  torsional moment, P = axial force  ,

(C) 2000 m (D) 2048 m where K is
11.8 A uniform rod of length l, cross-section area 1 v 2 1  v 

(A) 2
(B)
A and modulus of elasticity E is held rigidly r 3r 2
1  2v 2v
at both ends as shown in figure. An axial load (C) 2
(D)
2r r2
P is applied at mid-length of the rod. The (where r  radius of gyration)
elastic strain energy stored in the rod is 11.11 An L-shaped elastic member with flexural
rigidity EI is loaded as shown below: Total
strain energy in the member due to bending
is:
P2L P2L
(A) (B)
2 AE 16 AE
P2L P2L
(C) (D)
4 AE 8 AE
(A) P2b2  b / 3  a  /  2EI 
11.9 In the given pin jointed truss figure the strain
energy stored in the horizontal bar is K times (B) P2b2  a / 3  b  /  2EI 
P2L
, where K is (C) P2a 2  b / 3  a  /  3EI 
AE
(D) P2a 2  a / 3  b  /  2EI 
11.12 A cantilever beam is subjected to following

three different loading conditions:
(a)
(A) 2.0 (B) 1.5

1
(C) 0.5 (D)
2 (b)
(c)
(A) A concentrated load P at its free end
(B) A couple M 0 at its free end and
(C) Both loads acting simultaneously
The flexural rigidity of the beam may be

assumed as EI. The strain energy due to
bending when both loads act simultaneously
(A) Can be determined by applying the

principle of superposition and the strain
energy is
P 2 L3 M 02 L

6 EI 2 EI
(B) Can be determined by applying the

energy is
P 2 L2 M 0 L3

6 EI 2 EI
(C) Cannot be determined by applying the

energy is
P 2 L3 M 02 L PM 0 L2
 
6 EI 2 EI 2 EI
(D) Cannot be determined by applying the

energy is
P 2 L2 M 0 L3 PM 0 L2
 
6 EI 2 EI 2 EI
11.1 D 11.2 B 11.3 B
11.4 A 11.5 B 11.6 C
11.7 B 11.8 D 11.9 C
11.10 A 11.11 A 11.12 C

W
Mx  x
E Explanation 2
L /2
M x2 dx
11.1 (D) SE  2 
0
2 EI
L /2
W 2X 2
SE  2  dx
0
8EI
L /2
W 2L W2 X3
SE  (SE due to axial loading) SE 
2 AE 4 EI  3  0
W 2 L3
11.2 (B)
SE 
4  3  8EI
P2 L
( SE ) x  W 2 L3
2 AE SE 
96 EI
P2 L P2 L
( SE )Y  2  2
A
2 E 2 AE 11.4 (A)
2
P2 L 1  P2 L   T 2L   T 2L 
 
2 AE 2  2 AE  SE      
 2GJ  AB  2GJ  BC
3  P2 L 

2  2 AE 
(10 103 )2 100 (10 103 )2 100
 
P2 L  
2  80 103  (50) 4 2  80 103  (25) 4
( SE ) X 2 32 32
 2 AE 
( SE )Y 3  P 2 L  3
SE  1.73 N-mm
2  2 AE 
11.5 (B)
1st 2nd
d1  2d d2  d
T 2L T 2L
SE1  SE2  WL2 PL
  
2G (2d ) 4 2G (d ) 4 8 4
32 32
WL
SE1 1 P
 2
SE2 16
P 2 L3
SE2 
Hence, the correct option is (B). 96 EI
11.6 (C) W 2 L5
SE2 
384 EI
1
SE1 240

SE2 1
384
SE1 8

SE2 5

11.7 (B)
WL Wx 2
Mx  x
2 2
L
M x2 dx
SE  
0
2 EI
 W 2 L2 x 2 W 2 x 4 W 2 Lx3 
L
   dx
SE    4 4 2 
0
2 EI
1 W 2 L5 W 2 L5 W 2 L5  SE  (20 P2  8T 2 ) 106 Nm
SE   
2 EI  12 20 8  P  10 N
W 2 L5  1 1 1 T  16 Nm
SE  12  20  8 
2 EI
P2 L T 2 L
SE  
W 2 L5 2 AE 2GJ
SE1 
240 EI SE  20 106 P2  8 106 T 2
Equate : 11.9 (C)

L
20 106 
2 AE
L
20  2 106 
AE
PL
  10  20  2 106
AE
 400 106 m 106 m  m
 400 m
Hence, the correct option is (B). R  2P

Q  R cos 450
11.8 (D)
1
Q  2P  QP
2
P2 L
SE 
2 AE
P2 L
SE  0.5   K  0.5
AE
L L Hence, the correct option is (C).

RA  ( P  RA )
2  2 11.10 (A)
AE AE
RA  P  RA
P P
RA  RB 
2 2
P2 L
( SE )Torsion T2 
2 P2 L K 2 
( SE ) AC   ( SE )Axial P 
4  2 AE 16 AE
P2 L T 2L
( SE ) BC  2GJ  K  T 
2
16 AE  2
P2 L P 
P2 L P2 L P2 L 2 AE
( SE ) AB   
16 AE 16 AE 8 AE  T 2  AE T2 
 2  K  2
Hence, the correct option is (D).  P  GJ P 
I 2G(1  v) 11.12 (C)
K
K 2 G (2 I )
1 v
K
K2
* K  r (Radius of gyration)
P 2 L3 M 02 L
1 v SE1  SE2 
K 2 6 EI 2 EI
r
11.11 (A)
M XX  Px  M 0
( Px  M 0 )2 dx
L
SE  
Strain energy due to bending 2 EI
0
L
1
SE  
2 EI 0
( P 2 x 2  M 02  2 PM 0 x) dx
L
1  2 x3 x2 
SE    2

2  0
P M x 2 PM

0 0
2 EI 3
1  2 L3 2
SE   P 3  M 0 L  PM 0 L 
2
( Pb)2  a 2 EI  
( S .E ) AB 
2 EI
b
( Px)2 dx P 2 L3 M 02 L PM 0 L2
( S .E ) BC  SE   
2 EI 6 EI 2 EI 2 EI
0
P 2b3 Hence, the correct option is (C).

( S .E ) BC 
6 EI
P 2b2a P 2b3
( S .E )due to bending  
2 EI 6 EI
P 2b2  b 
( S .E )bending    a
2 EI  3 
12.1 Introduction Methods of finding deflection
1. Double Integration method
The vertical shift of longitudinal axis after
2. Macaulay’s method
loading is known as deflection. Deflection is
3. Strain energy method
basically due to bending. The deflection diagram
of the longitudinal axis that passes through 4. Moment area method
centroidal axis is known as elastic curve. 12.2 Double Integration Method
dx  R d  …(i)
(Centroidal axis after loading)
dy
tan  
dx
 is small  tan   
dy
 …(ii)
dx
1 d

R dx
1 d  dy 
  
Assumptions: R dx  dx 
(i) Loading is within elastic limit. 1 d2y M E
 { 
(ii) The material is homogeneous and isotropic. R dx 2 I R
(iii)Slopes and deflections are very small. (by theory of bending)
M 1 Integrate,

EI R dy x2
EI  P  C1 …(i)
M d2y dx 2

EI dx 2 Integrate,
d2y P x3
EI M EI y   C1 x  C2
dx 2 2 3
Due to transverse load (shear load) there is a Px3
EI y   C1 x  C2 …(ii)
deflection. 6
As the cross-section of beam is very small At the fixed end ( x  L)
compared to length this deflection due to dy
transverse load is negligible and hence y  0, 0
dx
deflection due to bending is taken into
PL2
consideration. EI (0)   C1
2
Conditions for applying double integration
𝑃𝐿2
method: 𝐶1 = −
2
(i) The beam should be prismatic. (cross section PL3  PL2 
is same throughout) EI (0)    L  C2
6  2 
(ii) The bending moment equation does not
PL3 PL3
change along the length. 0   C2
6 2
PL3 PL3
C2  
6 2
PL3
C2 
3
Px3  PL2  PL3
EI ( y )    x 
6  2  3
 dy  Px PL
2 2
EI    
 dx  2 2
dy Px 2 PL2
EI  
dx 2 2
3
Px PL2 x PL3
EI y   
Case-I: 6 2 3
Cantilever with a point load at the free end At the free end ( x  0)
dy PL2
EI 
dx 2
2
dy PL

dx 2 EI
d2y PL3
EI M EI y 
dx 2 3
𝑑2𝑦
3
PL
𝐸𝐼 = 𝑃𝑥 y
𝑑𝑥 2
3EI
Kulkarni Academy 177 Deflection of Beam
 dy  PL
2
Case-III : Cantilever with a moment M 0
Slope at the free end   
 dx  2 EI
PL3
Deflection at the free end ( y ) 
3EI
d2y
EI  M0
dx 2
dy
Case-II : Cantilever with a point load not at the EI  M 0 x  C1
dx
free end but some where
M 0 x2
EI y   C1 x  C2
2
dy
At the fixed end ( x  L), 0
dx
EI (0)  M 0 L  C1
C1  M 0 L
M 0 x2
EI ( y )   C1 x  C2
2
Pa 3 At the fixed end x  L, y  0
y1 
3EI
M 0 L2
Pa 2 EI (0)   ( M 0 L) L  C2
 2
2 EI
M 0 L2
0  ( M 0 L) L  C2
2
M 0 L2
C2  M 0 L  2
2
M 0 L2
C2 
y2 2
tan  
b M 0 x2 M 0 L2
EI ( y)   M 0 Lx 
y2 2 2

b  dy 
EI    M 0 x  M 0 L
y2  b   dx 
 Pa 2  At the free end ( x  0)
 y2  b  
 2 EI   dy  M L
Slope    0
Deflection at the free end (𝑦3 )  y1  y2  dx  EI
Pa3 Pa 2b M 0 L2
y3   Deflection ( y ) 
3EI 2 EI 2 EI
Case-IV : At the fixed end x  L, y  0
Cantilever with uniformly distributed load
WL4  WL3 
throughout the length EI (0)    , L  C2
24  6 
WL4 WL4 3WL4
C2   
6 24 24
WL4
C2 
8
dy Wx3 WL3
EI  
dx 6 6
Wx 4 WL3 WL4
EI y   x
24 6 8
At the free end ( x  0)
 dy  WL
3
Slope   
 dx  6 EI
WL4
x Deflection ( y ) 
M XX  Wx  8EI
2
W x2 Case V:
M XX 
2 Cantilever beam subjected to uniformly varying load
d2y with zero intensity at free end and maximum
EI M intensity at fixed end:
dx 2
dy Wx 2
EI 
dx 2
dy W x3
EI   C1
dx 2 3
dy Wx3
EI   C1
dx 6
W x4
EIy   C1 x  C2
6 4
W x4
EIy   C1 x  C2
24
dy
At the fixed end x  L , 0
dx
WL3
EI (0)   C1
6
WL3
C1  
6
x Wx Slope at the free end ( x  0)

Load 
2 L dy C1
2 
Wx dx EI
Load 
2L dy WL3 dy WL3
  
dx 24 EI dx 24 EI
Case-VI :
Simply supported beam of length L and load P at
the centre
Wx 2 x
M XX  
2L 3
Wx3
M XX 
6L
2
d y
EI 2  M
dx
d 2 y Wx3
EI 2 
dx 6L
dy W x 4
EI   C1 Calculate the deflection at the centre.
dx 6 L 4
Px
dy Wx 4 M xx 
EI   C1 2
dx 24 L
W x5 d2y
EIy   C1 x  C2 EI M
24 L 5 dx 2
W x5 d 2 y Px
EIy   C1 x  C2 EI 
120 L dx 2 2
dy dy P x 2
At the fixed end, ( x  L) ; slope 0 EI   C1
dx dx 2 2
WL4
EI (0)   C1 dy Px 2
24 L EI   C1
dx 4
WL3
C1  
24 Px3
EI ( y )   C1 x  C2
At the fixed end, x  L, y  0 43
WL5 WL3 Px3
EI (0)   L  C2 EI ( y )   C1 x  C2
120 L 24 12
WL4 WL4 At x  0 , y (deflection) = 0
C2  
24 120
P(0)3
WL4 EI (0)   C1 (0)  C2
C2  12
30
Deflection at the free end ( x  0 ) C2  0
C WL4 WL4 L dy
y 2  y At x  , 0
EI 30 EI 30 EI 2 dx
PL
2
d2y
EI (0)     C1 EI M
42 dx 2
PL2 d 2 y WLx Wx 2
C1   EI  
16 dx 2 2 2
Px3 PL2 x dy WL x 2 W x3
EIy   0 EI    C1
12 16 dx 2 2 2 3
Px3 PL2 x dy WL 3 W 3
EIy   EI  x  x  C1
12 16 dx 4 6
 L WL x3 W x 4
ycentre  x   EI y    C1 x  C2
 2 4 3 6 4
3
P  L  PL2  L  WL 3 W 4
EI y       EI y  x  x  C1 x  C2
12  2  16  2  12 24
PL3
y
48 EI
Case-VII:
Uniformly distributed load on simply supported
beam
At x  0, y  0
L dy
x , 0
2 dx
At x  0, y  0
EI (0)  C2
 C2  0
L dy
At x  , 0
2 dx
2 3
WL  L  W L
EI (0)        C1
4 2 6 2
WL3 WL3
0   C1
16 48
WL3 WL3 WL3  3WL3 2WL3
C1    
48 16 48 48
WL3
WL x C1  
M XX  x  Wx 24
2 2
WL x3 Wx 4
WLx Wx 2 EI ( y)    C1 x  C2
M XX   12 24
2 2
WL x3 Wx 4 WL3 d2y
EI ( y)    x EI 2  M 0
12 24 24 dx
dy
 L EI  M 0 x  C1
ycentre  ymax x   dx
 2
x2
3 4
WL  L  W  L  WL  L  3 EI y  M 0  C1 x  C2
EI ( ymax )          2
12  2  24  2  24  2 
At x  0, y  0
WL4 WL4 WL4 L
   EI (0)  M 0    C1
96 384 48 2
4WL4  WL4  8WL4
 L dy M L
384 At x  ,  0 C1   0
2 dx 2
5WL4 EI (0)  0  0  C2
ycentre   (Maximum deflection)
384 EI
C2  0
4
5WL
ycentre  M 0 x2  M 0 L 
384 EI EI ( y )   x
2  2 
Case-VIII: 𝑀0 𝑥 2 𝑀0 𝐿
𝐸𝐼(𝑦) = − 𝑥
2 2
Simple supported beam with end moments Mo
 L
ymax  ycentre x  
 2
M 0 L2 M 0 L L
EI ( ymax )  
2 4 2 2
M 0 L2 M 0 L2
EI ( ymax )  
8 4
 M 0 L2
ymax 
8 EI
( ve sign shows deflection(y) in downward
direction)
R1  R2  0 M 0 L2
ymax 
8 EI
M R1  0
12.3 Macaulay’s Method
R2 ( L)  M 0  M 0  0
It is a slight modification of double integration
R2  0 , R1  0 method and this method can be used when the
bending moment equation VARIES ALONG
M XX  M 0 THE LENGTH.
Example 1 Example 2
Sol. M XX  R1 x  P1  x  a  P2  x  b  Sol.

d2y M XX  R1 x  M1  M 2
EI  M XX
dx 2 M XX  R1 x  M1  x  a 0 M 2  x  b 0
d2y
EI  R1 x  P1  x  a   P2  x  b  d2y
dx 2 EI  R1 x  M1  x  a 0  M 2  x  b 0
dx 2
dy x 2 P1  x  a 3
EI  R1  dy R1 x 2
dx 2 6 EI   M1  x  a   M 2  x  b  C1
P  x  b 3 dx 2
 2  C1 x  C2
6 R1 x3  x  a 2
EI y   M1
Boundary conditions : 6 2
At x  0, y  0  x  b 2
 M2  C1 x  C2
x  L, y  0 2
Note : Boundary conditions :

The term  x  a  must be integrated as At x  0, y  0
 x  a 2 x2 x  L, y  0
but not  ax .
2 2
 0  a 2
P  0  a 3 P2  0  b 3 EI (0)  0  M 1
EI (0)  0  1   0  C2 2
6 6  0  b 2
0  0  0  0  0  C2  M2  0  C2
2
C2  0 0  0  0  0  0  C2
R1L P1  L  a 
3 3
EI (0)   C2  0
6 6
P2  L  b 3 R1L3  L  a 2
  C1L  0 EI (0)   M1
6 6 2
P  L  a 3 P2  L  b 3 R1L3  L  b 2
C1L  1    M2  C1L  0
6 6 6 2
P P R L3  L  b 2  L  a 2 R1L3
C1L  1 [ L  a 3 ]  2 [ L  b 3 ]  1 C1L  M 2  M1 
6 6 6 2 2 6
P1 P R L2 M 2  L  b 2 M1  L  a 2 R1L2
C1  [ L  a  3 ]  2 [ L  b  3 ]  1 C1   
6L 6 6 L 2 L 2 6
12.4 Strain Energy Method Sol. {At the free end no load present so introduce
a imaginary load P and at last put imaginary
(i) Castigliano’s first theorem load zero.}
The partial derivative of total strain energy
M XX  M 0  Px (P is imaginary load)
with respect to load gives deflection of that
( M 0  Px)2 dx
L
point under the load in the direction of load.
U 0 2EI

P L
1
If the deflection is to be calculated where 
2 EI 0
( M 02  P 2 x 2  2 PxM 0 ) dx
there is no load, introduce an imaginary load at
that point. L
1  2 P 2 x3 x2 
Calculate the total strain energy and U  0
M x   2 P M0 
2 EI  3 2 0
differentiate partially with that load and finally
put the imaginary load zero. 1  2 P 2 L3 
U  0
M L   PM 0 L2 
Example 3 2 EI  3 
Calculate deflection at the free end
U 1  L3 
   0  2 P  M 0 L2 1
P 2 EI  3 
Put P  0 (Imaginary load)
M 0 L2

2 EI
Sol. M XX  Px (ii) Castigliano’s second theorem

L L Slope at any point is equal to the partial
M 2 dx P 2 x 2 dx
0 2EI 0 2EI
 derivative of total strain energy with respect to
moment at that point i.e.
L
P 2  x3  U
   
2 EI  3 0 M
P 2 L3 If there is no moment introduced imaginary
 moment and calculate the total strain energy and
6 EI
differentiate partially with moment and put the
P 2 L3
U moment zero to get this load at that point.
6 EI
U L3 PL3
 2P 
P 6 EI 3EI
Example 4
Calculate deflection at the free end
M 2L
U
2 EI
U 2ML ML
 
M 2 EI EI
( Pa)2 b P 2b3
U BC  
There is no moment present in given problem so 2GJ 6 EI
introduce an imaginary moment M at free end in U  U AB  U BC
clockwise direction. P 2 a 3 P 2 a 2 b P 2 b3
Bending moment at section X-X U  
6 EI 2GJ 6 EI
M XX  Px  M
U 2 Pa3 2 Pa 2b 2 Pb3
   
( Px  M ) 2 dx
L
P 6 EI 2GJ 6 EI
0 2EI P 3 3 Pa 2b
L
  (a  b ) 
1 3 GJ
2 EI 0
( P 2 x 2  M 2  2 PMx) dx
Example 6
L Find the deflection at point A under the load P.
1  P 2 x3 2 PMx 2 
M x
2
2 EI  3 2  0
1  P 2 x3 
  M 2 x  PML2 
2 EI  3 
U 1
  [0  2ML  PL2 ]
M 2 EI
Sol.
Put M  0
1
 [ PL2 ]
2 EI
PL2

2 EI
Example 5
Fine the deflection at point A under the load. M B  PR sin 
 /2
( PR sin ) 2 Rd 
U 
0
2 EI
 /2
P 2 R3
U  sin  d
2
2 EI 0
1  cos 2
sin 2  
Sol. U  U AB  U BC 2
 /2
P 2 R3  1  cos 2 
U    d
a
( Px)2 dx
U AB  2 EI 2 
0
2 EI 0
2 3  /2
𝑃2 𝑎3 P R
 (1  cos 2) d 
a
 P 2 x3  U
  = 4 EI
 6 EI 0 6𝐸𝐼 0
P 2 R3  sin 2 
 /2
1  0
U   2  0
4 EI ML
2  0 
P 2 R3   1    EI
U  2  2 sin  2  2   ML
4 EI   2 
EI
P 2 R3   
U 0 Example 8
4 EI  2 
P 2 R3
U
8EI
U 2 PR3 PR3
  
P 8EI 4 EI
PR 3

4 EI
12.5 Moment Area Method
M XX  Px
1  0
2  1  Area
dx  Rd  1  PL  PL2
 L 
1 d 2  EI  2 EI

R dx PL2
M E 1 M 2  0 
   2 EI
I R R EI PL 2
1 M d 2 
  2 EI
R EI dx Example 9
M
d  dx
EI
The difference in slope between any two points
M
is equal to area of diagram between those two
EI
points.
Example 7
M
d   2  1  L
EI
2  1  Area 12.5.1 Moment area method
1  L  PL 
  
for deflection

2  2  4 EI 
PL2
2  0 
16EI
PL2
2 
16EI t A/ B : Tangential deviation of A with respect to B
t B / A : Tangential deviation of B with respect to A
Example 10
Example 11
M
2  1  Area of diagram between (i) and
EI
(ii),
tB / A  yB  Deflection at the free end.
M  2L  M  L 
2  0      ML
2 EI  3  EI  3  Area 
EI
ML ML   Moment of the area about B
2  
3EI 3EI ML L
 
EI 2
2ML
2  ML2
3EI 
2 EI
Example 12
t A/ B  ycentre
1 L PL PL2
A 
2 2 4 EI 16 EI
PL2 L
 
16 EI 3
PL3

48 EI
Example 14
tB / A  y free end
Find the deflection at the free end.
1 PL PL2
Area   L  
2 EI 2 EI
  Moment of area about B
PL2 2 L PL3
  
2 EI 3 3EI
Example 13
Sol. tB / A  y free end

y free end  A1 x1  A2 x2
ML L ML  2 L 
   
3EI 6 3EI  3 
ML2 2ML2 5ML2
 
18EI 9 EI 18 EI
P Practice Questions Common Data Questions 12.4 & 12.5
A steel beam of breadth 120 mm and height

12.1 A cantilever beam of length L, with uniform 750 mm is loaded as shown in the figure.
cross-section and flexural rigidity, EI is
loaded uniformly by a vertical load, w per Assume Esteel  200 GPa.
unit length. The maximum vertical deflection
of the beam is given by
wL4 wL4
(A) (B)
8 EI 16 EI
wL4 wL4 12.4 The beam is subjected to a maximum bending

(C) (D)
4 EI 24 EI moment of
12.2 A simply supported beam of span L and (A) 3375kN-m (B) 4750 kN-m
flexural rigidity EI carries a uniformly (C) 6750 kN-m (D) 8750 kN-m
distributed load w/unit length. The deflection
at the mid span of the beam is 12.5 The value of the maximum deflection of the
beam is
wL4 5wL4
(A) (B) (A) 93.75 mm (B) 83.75 mm
 48EI   96 EI 
(C) 73.75 mm (D) 63.75 mm
4 4
5wL 3wL
(C) (D) 12.6 For the beam shown, if the maximum
 384 EI  16 EI  deflection occurs at a distance x from support
P, which one of the following is TRUE?
12.3 The flexural rigidity (EI) of a cantilever beam
is assumed to be constant over the length of
the beam shown in figure. If a load P and
PL
beanding moment are applied at the free
2
end of the beam then the value of the slope at
the free end is
(A) 0  x  a (B) x  a
(C) a  x  L (D) x  L
12.7 A cantilever beam of span L is acted on by a
concentrated load P at the free end. To have
the same rotation at the free end under the
action of a concentrated moment M 0 at the
1 PL2 PL2 M0
(A) (B) free end, the value of will be
2 EI EI P
3 PL2 5 PL2 (A) L (B) 1.5L

(C) (D)
2 EI 2 EI (C) 1.75L (D) 2L
12.8 The slope and deflection at the free end of a 12.11 A free end of a cantilever is attached to a
variable cross section cantilever beam spring having a spring constant K as shown
subjected to a bending moment at the free end in the figure. Assuming that the spring is un-
as shown in the figure is deformed prior to the application of the load
P, the deflection at the end C (Spring end)
after the load is applied is.
2ML 5ML2 ML ML2

(A) , (B) ,
3EI 18EI EI 2 EI
ML ML2 ML ML2
(C) , (D) , PL3 PL3
1.5EI 3EI 3EI 3EI (A) (B)
3EI  KL3 3EI  KL3
12.9 A beam simply supported at the ends carries
PL3 PL3
a uniformly distributed load at the mid span, (C) (D)
3EI  6 KL3 3EI  6 KL3
If the span is doubled, the deflection at the
mid span will become Common Data Questions 12.12 & 12.13
(A) 2 times (B) 4 times A cantilever beam of flexural rigidity
(C) 8 times (D) 16 times EI  81MN-m2 is loaded as shown in Fig:
12.10 A beam is fixed at the left end and supported 12.12 The bending moment at the fixed end is
by a spring at the other end. The length of the (A) 0 (B) 900 kN-m
beam is L and its flexural rigidity is EI. The
(C) 1800 kN-m (D) 8100 kN-m
3EI
spring constant of the spring is k  3 , A 12.13 The deflection at the free end is
L
vertical downward load P is applied at the (A) 0 (B) 75 mm
right end. The deflection of the point under (C) 150 mm (D) 300 mm
the load P is 12.14 Two identical cantilever beams are supported
as shown, with their free ends in contact
through a rigid roller. After the load P is
applied, the free ends will have
(A) Equal deflections but not equal slopes

3 3
PL PL (B) Equal slopes but not equal deflections
(A) (B)
9 EI 6 EI (C) Equal slopes as well as equal deflections
3 3
2 PL 5 PL (D) Neither equal slopes nor equal
(C) (D)
9 EI 9 EI deflections
Common Data Questions 12.15 & 12.16 12.17 Neglecting the axial compression of member
AB, the deflection of point C in the direction
A cantilever beam of unknown material
of the load is
(which is homogenous, linearly elastic and
isotropic) and an unknown cross-section 2PL3 4PL3
(A) (B)
(which is uniform and symmetric) is given in Ea 4 Ea 4
the figure. The stiffness of the end spring is 8PL3 16PL3
(C) (D)
k  2000 N/m and end load P  1000 N; Ea 4 Ea 4
length of the beam L  1m. 12.18 The maximum bending stress in the frame is
3PL 6PL
(A) (B)
a3 a3
9PL 12PL
(C) (D)
a3 a3
12.19 Group I contains beams with different types
12.15 If the deflection at the free end (Under load of supports and loading conditions. The
P, with end moment M  0 ) is measured as beams have the same flexural rigidity EI and
  5mm, the flexural rigidity EI for the beam span L. Group II contains the maximum
is (in Nm2) deflections. Match the beam from Group I
(A) 66, 666 (B) 66, 000 with the maximum deflection given in Group
(C) 67, 3000 (D) 64, 000 II.
12.16 The value of the additional end moment M Group-I
(in N.m) required to obtain an upward
deflection of 1 mm at the free end, is
(moment is positive in counter clockwise P.
direction)
(A) 533.33 (B) 533.33
(C) 528 (D) 528
A frame ABC is shown in the figure Q.
Members AB and BC both have a length of
L, and Young’s Modulus E. Members AB
and BC both have a square cross-section of
side a. A load P is applied at point C as shown
in the figure. R.
S.
Group-II 12.22 The area moment of inertia about the neutral

1  FL3  1  FL3  axis of a cross section at a distance x
1.   2.   measured from the free end is (EI = Flexural
3  EI  8  EI 
rigidity)
1  FL3  5  FL3 
3.   4.   bxt 3 bxt 3
48  EI  384  EI  (A) (B)
6l 12l
(A) P  3, Q  4, R 1, S  2 bxt 3
xt 3
(C) (D)
(B) P  3, Q  2, R 1, S  4 24l 12l
(C) P  4, Q  3, R 1, S  2 12.23 The maximum deflection of the beam is
(D) P  3, Q  4, R  2, S 1 24Pl 3 12Pl 3
(A) (B)
12.20 The simply supported beam is constructed by Ebt 3 Ebt 3
welding a rigid beam to a deformable one 8Pl 3 6Pl 3
(C) (D)
(with flexural rigidity EI), as shown in figure. Ebt 3 Ebt 3
The deflection under the load P is 12.24 The vertical deflection at the free end of the
cantilever beam is shown in figure is
PL3 PL3 1400 1400

(A) (B) (A) (B)
 6 EI  8EI  EI 3EI
200 100
PL3 PL3 (C) (D)
(C) (D) EI EI
12 EI   3EI  12.25 A frame is subjected to a load P as shown in
12.21 Consider a cantilever beam, having the figure. The frame has a constant flexural
negligible mass and uniform flexural rigidity, rigidity EI. The effect of axial load is
with length 0.01 m. The frequency of neglected. The deflection at point A due to
vibration of the beam, with a 0.5 kg mass the applied load P is
attached at the free tip, is 100 Hz. The
flexural rigidity (in N.m2) of the beam
is______.
1PL3 2 PL3
(A) (B)
3EI 3EI
PL4 4 PL3
(C) (D)
EI 3EI
12.26 A frame of two arms of equal length L is 12.28 A force P is applied at a distance x from the
shown in the adjacent figure. The flexural end of the beam as shown in the figure. What
rigidity of each arm of the frame is EI. The would be the value of x so that the
vertical deflection at the point of application displacement at ‘A’ is equal to zero?
of load P is
(A) 0.5 L (B) 0.25 L

(C) 0.33 L (D) 0.66 L
PL3 2 PL3
(A) (B)
3EI 3EI
PL3 4 PL3
(C) (D)
EI 3EI
12.27 The horizontal displacement at D of the

frame shown in figure is (neglect axial strain
energy and assume EI to be constant
throughout)
6P 9P
(A) (B)
EI EI
45P 729P
(C) (D)
EI EI
A Answer Key PL2 PL2

  1  2  
2 EI 2 EI
12.1 A 12.2 C 12.3 B
PL2

12.4 A 12.5 A 12.6 C EI
12.7 B 12.8 A 12.9 D
12.10 B 12.11 B 12.12 A
12.13 C 12.14 A 12.15 B

M XX  Px  M
12.16 A 12.17 D 12.18 B
( Px  M ) 2 dx
L
12.19 A 12.20 C 12.21 0.0658 U 
2 EI
12.22 B 12.23 D 12.24 B 0
L
1
12.25 D 12.26 B 12.27 C  
2 EI 0
P 2 x 2 dx  M 2dx  2 PMxdx
12.28 C
L
1  P 2 x3 2 PMx 2 
U  2

2 EI  3 2  0
M x
E Explanation
12.1 (A) 1  P 2 L3 
U   M 2 L  PML2 
2 EI  3 
U 1
  [0  2ML  PL2 ]
M 2 EI
1  PL 2
  2 L 2  PL 
Hence, the correct option is (A). 2 EI
12.2 (C) PL2


EI
12.4 (A)
Deflection is maximum at the center
5wL4
Max. deflection =
 384 EI 
12.3 (B)
b  120 mm , d  750 mm
E  200 103 MPa , L  15m
PL2 120 kN / m  (15)2 m2

Slope due to P  1  M max 
2 EI 8
M max  3375kNm
ML PL L PL2
Slope due to M  2    
EI 2 EI 2 EI Hence, the correct option is (A).
12.5 (A) 12.8 (A)
5WL4 Hence, the correct option is (A).

ymax  ycentre 
384 EI
12.9 (D)
bd 3
120  750 3
I 
12 12
I  4.218 10 mm4
9
l  15m  15000 mm 5WL4

ymid 
5 120 103 (15000) 4 384 EI
 
384 103 200 103  4.218 109 ymid  L4
ycentre  93.75mm
ymid  (2L)4
12.6 (C) ymid  16L4
12.10 (B)
PL3

aL 3EI  KL3
axL
3EI
In case of simply supported beam with a point Given, K 
L3
load not at the center the maximum deflection
occurs at the mid point of load and center of the PL3

beam. 3EI
3EI  3  L3
Hence, the correct option is (C). L
12.7 (B) PL3

6 EI
12.11 (B)
PL2 
2 EI  PL  M 0 L
2

M 0 L  2 EI EI
EI 
M0 L

P 2
M0
 0.5 L
P
PL3 12.13 (C)

y1 
3EI
FS L3
y2 
3EI
Net deflection    y1  y2
Deflection of spring  
FS F PL3 100 103 N  93 m3
 K  S y1  
 K 3EI 3  81106 Nm 2
y1  y2   y1  0.3m  300mm 
PL3 FS L3 FS
 
3EI 3EI K
PL3 FS L3 FS ML2 900 103  92

  y2  
3EI 3EI K 2 EI 2  81106
y2  0.45m  450mm 
PL3 FS  KL3 
 1   ynet  y2  y1  450  300  150mm
3EI K  3EI 
PL 3
 KL  3
  1   12.14 (A)
3EI  3EI 
As the roller is always in contact with both the
PL 3
 3EI  KL  3
rollers. Therefore, the deflection is same but
  
3EI  3EI  slopes are not same.
PL3
 12.15 (B)
3EI  KL3
K  2000 N / m
Hence, the correct option is (B). P  1000 N
12.12 (A) L  1m
EI  81MN-m2
PL3
y1 
 81106 Nm2 3EI
FS L3
Hence, the correct option is (A). y2 
3EI
FS 12.17 (D)
K

FS

K
FS  K 
 2000  5 103  10
  Spring deflection  y1  y2
FS PL3 FS L3
   U  U AB  U BC
K 3EI 3EI
L3
5 103  ( P  FS )
3EI
13
5 103  (1000  10)
3EI
1
5 103  (990)
3EI
990
EI 
3  5 103 a  a3 a 4
I 
EI  66000 Nm2 12 12
L
( Px)2 dx
Hence, the correct option is (B). U BC  
12.16 (A) 0
2 EI
P 2 L3
U BC 
6 EI
P 2 L2 L
U AB 
2 EI
FS
K P 2 L3
 U AB 
2 EI
FS  K 
P 2 L3 P 2 L3
3
 2000 N / m 110 m  2 N U 
2 EI 6 EI
U 2 PL3 2 PL3
  
P 2 EI 6 EI
PL3 PL3 PL3  1 
   1  
PL3 FS L3 ML2 EI 3EI EI  3 
   1103
3EI 3EI 2 EI 4 PL3 4 PL3 12
1000 1 3
2 1 3
M 1 2  
   1103 3EI 3E  a 4
3  66000 3  66000 2  66000 16PL3
M  533.33 Nm 
Ea 4
Hence, the correct option is (A). Hence, the correct option is (D).
12.18 (B) 12.20 (C)
Note :
Rigid member cannot deform and hence it will
not absorb any strain energy. Only deformable
a  a3
I member absorbs strain energy.
12
Px
4
M
a 2
I
12 L
P 2 x 2 dx
U 
M max  PL 0
4 2 EI
L
 P2 x2 
U  
 24 EI 0
P 2 L3
U
24 EI
U 2 PL3
 
P 24 EI
M 
 PL3
I y 
12 EI
My
 Hence, the correct option is (C).
I
12.21 0.0658
M y
max  max max
I L  0.01m
a m  0.5kg
PL 
max  2 f  100 Hz
a4
EI  ?
12
6PL
max 
a3
Hence, the correct option is (B). 1
  2f  f  
2
12.19 (A)
K 1 K
Hence, the correct option is (A).  f 
m 2 m
1 K 12.23 (D)
100 
2 0.5 M XX  Px
K  197392 N/m L
( Px) 2 dx
0 2EI
PL3 P 3EI
 K   3
P 2 x 2 dx 12 L
L
3EI  L U 
2 E bxt 3
3EI 0
K L
L3 6P2 L
Ebt 3 0
U xdx
3  EI
197392  L
(0.01)3 6P2 L  x2  6 P 2 L L2
U   
Ebt 3  2 0 Ebt 3 2
EI  0.0658 Nm2
3P 2 L3
Hence, the correct answer is 0.0658. U
Ebt 3
12.22 (B) U 3.2 PL3
 
P Ebt 3
6 PL3

Ebt 3
12.24 (B)
a  2 m , b  1m , L  3m , P  100 103 N
b bx

L x
bx
bx 
L
Pa 3
y1 
3EI
Pa 2

bx t 3 2 EI
I y
12 tan   2  y2  b tan 
b
bxt 3 y2  b
I
12 L
Pa 2
y2  b
Hence, the correct option is (B). 2 EI
y  y1  y2 P 2 L3 P 2 L3
U 
Pa3 Pa 2b 6 EI 6 EI
y 
3EI 2 EI P 2 L3
U
100 103  23 100 103  22 1 3EI
y 
3EI 2 EI U 2 PL3
 
y
1400 P 3EI
3EI
2 PL3
Hence, the correct option is (B). 
3EI
12.25 (D)
2 3
P L 12.27 (C)
U BC 
6 EI
P 2 L2 L
U AB 
2 EI
U  U AB  U BC
P 2 L3 P 2 L3
U 
2 EI 6 EI
2 P 2 L3
U
3EI
P 2 L3
U 2.2 PL 3 U CD 
  6 EI
P 3EI
4 PL3

3EI P 2 L2 L
Hence, the correct option is (D). U BC 
2 EI
12.26 (B) P 2 L3
U BC 
2 EI
M  ( Px  PL)
( Px  PL)2 dx
L
U AB  
0
2 EI
L
1
2 EI 0
U AB  ( P 2 x 2  P 2 L2  2 P 2 xL) dx
 MB  0 L
1  P 2 x3 x2 
  P L x  2P L 
2 2 2
2 EI  3
U AB
RA ( L)  PL  0 2 0
RA  P 1  P 2 L3 
U AB    P 2 L2 L  P 2 LL2 
U  U AB  U BC 2 EI  3 
P 2 L3
U AB 
6 EI
U  U AB  U BC  UCD
P 2 L3 P 2 L3 P 2 L3
U  
6 EI 2 EI 6 EI
5P 2 L3
U
6 EI
U 10 PL3 5PL3
  
P 6 EI 3EI
5P(3)3

3EI
45P

EI
12.28 (C)
PL3 P( L  x) L2
  
3EI 2 EI
L Lx

3 2
2L  3L  3x
3x  L
x  0.33 L

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GATE/ESE

1. Stress, Strain and Elastic Constants 1 to 32

2. Principal Stress & Strains - Mohr's Circle 33 to 54

5. Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams 79 to 98

7. Columns 115 to 126

8. Bending Stresses 127 to 138

9. Shear Stress in Beams & Combine Loading 139 to 150

10. Theory of Failure 151 to 164

11. Strain Energy 165 to 174

12. Deflection of Beams 175 to 200

A body is said to be a rigid body if the distance

 Every homogeneous material need not be (a) Point load

 Wood, crystal are anisotropic material i.e.,

 Based on load application time : 1.3 Stress (  )

1.4.1 Norman Strain

 When the material expands or contracts

1.4.4 Shear strain in x-y plane

  For materials that do not have well defined yield

1.6 TMT (Thermo mechanically

Fig. Mild steel under tension

Perfectly plastic Ideal solid or

NOTE 1.9 Effect of increase in % of

(Brittle materials) When carbon percentage is increased in steels :

1.10 Relationship between (At some instant)

  is dimensionless quantity. Generally for x  0 ,  y  z  0

With in proportional limit

1.16 Relationship between

V  3  Radial or diametral strain 

1.17 Deformation of axially  Axial rigidity :

1.17.3 Elongation of a tapered

1.17.4 Compound bars (In

P Practice Questions 1.5 Bar -1 has a diameter d, length L, and elastic

1.1 The Young’s modulus is

(A) 1:1 (B) 1:2

1.15 The tapered rod shown in Fig is subjected to

(A) 1 (B) 0.75

(A) 120 MPa (B) 210 MPa

(A) – 0.0020, 0.0025 and 0.0020  

1.26 A cylindrical chamber is filled with an elastic

(C) 17.52 mm2 (D) 24.50 mm2

1.29 A rod of length L having uniform cross-

A Answer Key 1.2 (C)

1.1 B 1.2 C 1.3 C Ultimate tensile strength

1.25 B 1.26 A 1.27 B

1.28 D 1.29 A 1.30 D

1.31 0.3 1.32 76.92

8PL 1 4 PL 1.10 (D)

A ' B '  L2f  ( L sin   VB )2  ( L cos   U A )2

 L2f  L2  2VB L sin   2U A L cos 

L2f 2VB sin  2U A cos 

Original surface area  100  200 mm2

 20024.50 mm2 Given Data :

(n )max   cos2   For mentioning stress completely not only

 z may or may not be zero. Therefore, plane

2. Shear stress is taken as +ve if it acts upwards

By using force equilibrium along and  to the

x   y    y  On this plane again the shear stress is zero

Special cases of Mohr’s circle :   

 In this case the shear stress is zero on every

2.14 The state of stress at a point is as shown

2.13 Mohr’s circle for the state of plane stress at a

normal stress on the plane ABCD is n 2