POLITICAL CORRECTNESS IN THE JAKARTA POST

PROPOSAL

Presented to
Mulawarman University
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of Sarjana in English Education

By:
MUHAMMAD ANWAR
Student Number: 1505085098

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MULAWARMAN UNIVERSITY
SAMARINDA
2021
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, the researcher introduces the topic by explaining the

background of the study, problems statements, purpose of the study, scope and

limitations, significance of the study, and the definition of key terms related to the

topic referred.

1.1 Background of the Study

Language and politics have been an inseparable couple. Politics shape how

languages came into existence and how they were used by the people of the world,

and language becomes a powerful instrument for the people that climb the

political ladder and hold power over other people [CITATION And16 \p 136 \l

1033 ]. Their prevalence in our life is very extensive [CITATION And16 \p 63 \l 1033

], and even more so in the modern days. Especially so as the western political

environment is in their gradual shift to the left [CITATION Kra19 \p 17 \l 1033 ] ,

which one of its signs is the attempt to apologize for the past age heinousness

through the softening of the language by making it not offensive to the minorities

or the disadvantaged[CITATION Mol19 \p 1 \l 1033 ] . This practice is commonly

known as political correctness.

Political correctness is described by its opponents as an attempt to censor

the language by diminishing nuances and conforming to the government’s

whims[CITATION Lic17 \p 3 \l 1033 ], akin to an Orwellian vision of Newspeak,

the political simplification of the English language, that degrades the human’s

capacity to critically think. However, by thinking through an academic lens, a

biased perspective would only lead to the hampering and obstruction to the pursuit

of knowledge. It is then wise to consider political correctness as beneficial too. It

sis a tool to safeguard the language from becoming a weapon to discriminate and

ostracize others[CITATION Tsc \l 1033 ], as it is not surprising that language is a

part of the gaslighting techniques the people of power used to subdue and control

the oppressed.

As English is a language that sees widespread usage throughout the

globe[CITATION Mel16 \p 583 \l 1033 ], political correctness in this particular

language has been a common topic that gets mentioned across news and internet

medias[CITATION Mos20 \p 4 \l 1033 ]. Though, how the native and the non-native

users of a language may have different conceptions of some of its inner workings

of sociolinguistics features at play[CITATION Maj17 \p 181 \l 1033 ]. Political

correctness is very well a part of this umbrella.

Finding works regarding political correctness in Indonesian media sphere

may be a hard task, as it is an emerging topic that has only recently been

popularized by the current western, especially the United States’, political

environment and happenings. Thus, the researcher is motivated to pursue the

existence of political correctness in Indonesian media using the English language.

One of the important disseminators of language is the news. News carries

out information to the masses and can reach impressive distances [CITATION

Che \p 378 \l 1033 ]. The internet fuels the news’ capacity to travel and be accessed

further. As English is an ever-popular and widely regarded as an international

language, outlets using English in their news publication will surely reach out
better[CITATION Mel16 \p 587 \l 1033 ]. However, the spread of news is not always

beneficial toward the people it informs to, as news can be quite an effective

vehicle for contagious misinformation and biased opinions: the dreaded and ill-

reputed fake news[CITATION Laz18 \p 1094 \l 1033 ] . In other words, news also

goes hand in hand with politics.

The Jakarta Post is an Indonesian based independent news publication that

has its own active online website. It is quite unique from other Indonesian local

news outlets that it predominantly uses English in its reporting[CITATION Ekl03 \p

14 \l 1033 ]. For the researcher, The Jakarta Post is a perfect choice in knowing the

existence of political correctness in Indonesian media.

1.2 Research Questions

Considering the background of the study above, the researcher formulated

the research questions as following:

1. What are the types of political correctness used in The Jakarta Post’s

online news website?

1.3 Purpose of the Study

Based on the above research questions, this study will attempt to:

1. To determine the types of political correctness used in The Jakarta Post’s

online news website.

1.4 Scope and Limitation of the Study

The researcher regulates scope and limitation for this study, as follows:

1. Scope. This study is focused on the political correctness exemplified in

Indonesian English-based news media of The Jakarta Post.

 2. Limitation. This study is limited by The Jakarta Post online news reporting

from March to May of 2021.

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study will be expected to give benefit in theoretical and practical

aspects as followed:

1. Theoretically. This research will shed light on the existence of political

correctness culture in Indonesian news media. Future researchers who

want to conduct a research in the same topic will have an ease of

reference.

2. Practically. This study will give English learners some pointers to note

when teaching the language, since the PC culture that is present in the

English language is one of the important factors in shaping the behaviors

of students in their language usage, especially so during the widespread

internet age and extensive English presence online. This is especially so as

Indonesian netizens are ranked as having one of the worst politeness and

incivility when they are on the internet[ CITATION Mic21 \l 1033 ]. This

study is also expected to contribute to the lacking research of political

correctness in local, Indonesian sphere.

1.6 Key Terms Definition

1. Political Correctness

Oxford Dictionary of the New Words [CITATION Kno97 \l 1033 ]

explained that political correctness is “conformity to a body of liberal or

radical opinion on social matters, characterised by the advocacy of

 approved views and the rejection of language and behaviour considered

discriminatory or offensive.” The definition above adequately represents

political correctness[CITATION Dze20 \p 96 \l 1033 ], yet behind the term

exists convoluted history and approach[CITATION Bro15 \l 1033 ]. Political

correctness is often shortened as PC.

2. The Jakarta Post

The Jakarta Post is an independent newspaper in Indonesia that uses the

English language in its reporting. It is owned by PT Niskala Media

Tenggara. The newspaper company is based in Jakarta, the capital of

Indonesia. The Jakarta Post also possesses an online website that is

actively updated daily in bringing the current news all around the world. It

is one, if not the most, popular English-based Indonesian news

reporting[ CITATION The14 \l 1033 ].

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter will give some depth of descriptions on the basic concepts

that become the crux of this study. This is done to enhance the clarity and acts as

useful references to better understand the topic of the study. This section is

divided unto several parts.

2.1 Political Correctness

2.1.1 History of Political Correctness

As a term, political correctness is quite hard to define and

distinguish[CITATION Dic17 \p 3 \l 1033 ]. This is due to it having a history of

constant and radical change of meanings from one side to another[CITATION

Hug10 \p 3 \l 1033 ]. Thus, pinning the exact definition is harsh, yet not entirely

impossible. What should be kept in mind is that by understanding the term’s

history first we can better notice the bias in a particular meaning assigned by some

sides to political correctness. This is done to avoid the bane of echo chambers:

only listening to perspectives that strengthen one’s belief and dismissing those

who diminish it, despite perhaps them having weight and should be

considered[CITATION Tur18 \p 163 \l 1033 ].

The term political correctness was already being used as far as the pre-

World War II era. For example, on the year of 1934 when the Nazi Germany used

it to refer to pure Aryans that had opinions deemed as politically correct; they then

were given the reporting permits as a journalist, while the rights of German Jews

were squashed down and their livelihood controlled[ CITATION Bum15 \l 1033 ].
 However, while the example above showed that it is used by the right-

wing authoritarian, the left-wing authoritarian had also used the term to refer

toward a set of attitudes similarly described. Ellis[CITATION Ell02 \n \t \l 1033 ]

argued that one of the Marxism-Leninism important criterion, partiinost’, was

developed to cultivate the hive-mind-like thinking of same-mindedness

commonalities of becoming the member of the same party as well as to entrench a

more involved us-vs-them mentality (class-based, proletariats versus the

capitalists) through the division of “truth” relativism. This was then known as the

soznanie. The term then evolved and mutated once more to politicheskaya

pravil’nost’, or as we commonly use it in English: political correctness.

During the 1980s the term was then used in the United States to identify

the people, especially students, that were against mainstream majority cultural or

political views in the society and the university[CITATION Whi92 \p 84 \l 1033 ].

At this point then the public begin to connote the term political correctness to

“some groups ... attempt to stifle the rights, positions, and speech of other

groups”[CITATION Whi92 \p 85 \n \y \t \l 1033 ] that we know today.

2.1.2 Definition of Political Correctness

Political correctness is not without its critics and opponents. Politically

correct usage of a language can led to inauthenticity, while the politically

incorrect communicators exhibited more authentic behaviors (Rosenblum,

Schroeder, & Gino, 2019, p. 23). Political correctness is also deemed to sacrifice

the principles of a free society: of liberty and of fairness[CITATION Whi92 \p 26 \l

1033 ].
 Despite the majority of bad public perception of the term, the term itself

has a noble goal. With a society that implements politically correct culture,

“unspoken canons” regulating the behaviors in cross-cultural interactions can

realize equity and shift away from offensive, divisive, prejudiced

norms[ CITATION Ely06 \l 1033 ].

Phumsiri & Tangkiengsirisin [CITATION Phu18 \n \t \l 1033 ] argued that

political correctness possessed a significant impact on language’s dynamics and

its users’ perception, by raising awareness and changing attitudes toward rights

and equality in a multicultural communication setting[CITATION Phu18 \p 447

\n \y \t \l 1033 ]. This is important as the current era has seen the English

language transcending borders and going into a whole new frontier thanks to the

capability of globalization[CITATION Phu18 \p 448 \l 1033 ], especially so with the

internet as its vehicle.

Moller [CITATION Mol19 \n \t \l 1033 ] describes political correctness as:

... the attempt to establish norms of speech (or sometimes behavior) that

are thought to (a) protect vulnerable, marginalized or historically

victimized groups, and which (b) function by shaping public discourse,

often by inhibiting speech or other forms of social signaling, and that (c)

are supposed to avoid insult and outrage, a lowered sense of self-esteem,

or otherwise offending the sensibilities of such groups or their allies.

[CITATION Mol19 \p 1 \n \y \t \l 1033 ]

Thus, despite the term’s close interrelated history with political

authoritarianism both from the right and the left position, the focus of political
correctness lies in the “attitude” of using a language rather than the “politics” of it

(Gaede, 1993, as cited in Al-Rawi, 2017).

2.1.3 Types of Political Correctness

This research will use the works from John[CITATION Joh17 \n \t \l 1033 ]

and Andary-Brophy [CITATION Bro15 \n \t \l 1033 ] to distinguish the types of

political correctness.

John [CITATION Joh17 \n \t \l 1033 ] described the variants of political

correctness, as follows.

1. Politeness: people seeking more polite words as opposed to the ones that

have negative connotations.

2. Accuracy: not using terms that have unintended meanings attached to

them, by seeking other accurate ones or inventing new ones altogether.

3. Academic: using terms that particular “academic” circles are using but

with limited recognition or even without the referred community’s

widespread use or approval.

4. Conformity: using too general terms that are broad, non-specific and

emotional out of fear of being criticized.

5. Political: maneuvering the language and terms being used as not as valid

anymore or even wholly incorrect to defeat political opposition.

6. Anti-Humor: zealously adopting the correct terms without flexibility and

without putting the terms deemed as incorrect into contexts such as

humorous, art, cultural, self-expression, and historical.

 7. Restriction to Freedom of Speech: institutionalizing political correctness

by making sanctions so restricting the freedom of speech significantly.

Andary-Brophy [CITATION Bro15 \p 35 \n \t \l 1033 ] on the other hand

gives us two pointers to the types of political correctness. Zimmerman [CITATION

Zim16 \n \t \l 1033 ] also came to a similar conclusion, dividing the term into two

kinds. Those two types of political correctness are as follows.

1. PC-Liberalism: attempts to change the language usage so that it does not

demean others, providing decency, and is against discrimination to the

disadvantaged groups.

2. PC-Authoritarianism: attempts to put a set of restraints to the language by

inhibiting dialogue through imposing the hierarchically “correct” political

view on others.

2.2 The Jakarta Post

The Jakarta Post is an English-language newspaper published daily in

Indonesia. PT Niskala Media Tenggara owns the paper. It is based on the capital

of Indonesia, Jakarta.

The Jakarta Post began as a cooperation between four Indonesian media at

the encouragement of Information Minister Ali Murtopo and Jusuf Wanandi, a

politician. This was done as their attempt to turn against the perceived bias of

Indonesia in the foreign media at that time[CITATION Tar08 \p 47 \l 1033 ]. The

first issue was imprinted on 25 April 1983. The Jakarta Post went through quite a

while with insignificant, minimal to no advertisements [CITATION Tar08 \p 70-

71 \l 1033 ]. Despite facing the early 1980s’ recession, by 1988 The Jakarta Post

was able to make a profit[CITATION Tar08 \p 90-91 \l 1033 ].

The Jakarta Post took pro-democracy point of view stances that were more

vocal than ever before during 1991, after a change in chief editors. The Jakarta

Post is targeted at foreigners and educated Indonesians[CITATION Ekl03 \p 14 \l

1033 ], but the readership coming from the middle-class Indonesian continues to

increase. It is described as the “Indonesia’s leading English-language daily.” The

Jakarta Post has its own website page that publishes internet exclusive stories of

news that are free to access and also a premium electronic paper subscription

[ CITATION The11 \l 1033 ].

2.3 Review of Previous Study

There are limited studies to the phenomena of political correctness that is

performed within an Indonesian setting. The researcher managed to find

significant and/or more visible previous studies of political correctness that

presents in local areas and media and considered that they can guide and

strengthen the shape of this study.

The first is from “Ignorance of Political Correctness on Joko Widodo’s

Political Rhetoric in the 2019 Presidential Election Campaign: a Pragmatic

Study”[ CITATION Sir20 \l 1033 ]. In this particular proceeding paper, Sirulhaq et

al. examined a speech uttered by the then-incumbent president Joko Widodo

during the 2019 Indonesian Presidential Election containing examples of the lack

of political correctness[CITATION Sir20 \p 186 \n \y \t \l 1033 ]. The researcher of

that study also suggested that the other side of the candidacy, Prabowo Subianto,
was not without sins of doing so too[CITATION Sir20 \p 188 \n \y \t \l 1033 ]. This

bit presents an interesting point for the researcher as the study shows that political

correctness may not be a vocal or widely accepted norm of communication,

especially within a political context. The researcher then used this study as a

springboard to seek political correctness examples that are indeed in use within

our locality.

The second previous study comes from Putra & Rohmatulloh[CITATION

Put19 \n \t \l 1033 ]. This article states that the usage of political correctness, by

virtue of language as a “mind controller” and judger of political decency, has the

power to alter people’s perception and paradigm [CITATION Put19 \p 296 \n \y

\t \l 1033 ], yet its usage in Indonesia seems to be almost nonexistent. This is due

to the public as well as the political elites have been throwing far-right rhetoric

(such as bringing the issues of religion, racism, discrimination, and intolerance

against other political entities that are not in line with their ideals) during the 2019

Indonesian election[CITATION Put19 \p 295 \l 1033 ]. The far-right movements of

Indonesia use the internet as their media to spread their views by using viral

memes[CITATION Put19 \p 298 \n \y \t \l 1033 ], provocative hashtags in Twitter

and even the mobilization of a cyber army[CITATION Put19 \p 230 \n \y \t \l

1033 ]. By looking at this trend we can clearly see that Indonesian public is still

having little to no restraints in their usage of “uncivil” languages in political

contexts.

The third previous study was from Darmawan & Muhaimi [CITATION

Dar20 \n \t \l 1033 ]. The study conducted by them sheds light to the lexical items
dysphemism that are commonly used by Indonesians on the social media that

were found to be expressing hate speech[CITATION Dar20 \p 243 \n \y \t \l 1033 ].

The authors raise concerns on the importance of teaching political correctness to

students, to prevent them from using hate speech items in their daily

life[CITATION Dar20 \p 242 \n \y \t \l 1033 ].

 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHOD

This chapter covers the topics of methodology that will be used to answer

the research questions. This chapter is divided into these following sections:

research method, object of study, research instrument, data gathering technique,

and data analysis technique.

3.1 Research Design

This research is designed as a qualitative research. Creswell (2003), as

cited in Creswell & Poth[CITATION Cre18 \n \t \l 1033 ] stated that qualitative

research is using an interpretative and/or theoretical framework that informs the

study addressing social or human problems[CITATION Cre18 \p 35 \n \y \t \l

1033 ]. Using the qualitative approach to inquiry, collecting data within a setting

that occur naturally and is inseparable to the people and places, analyzing data

that are inductive and deductive, and establishing patterns or themes are the ways

to study the social or human problem. Included within the final written report or

presentation are the participants’ voices, the researcher’s reflexivity, the

problem’s complex description and interpretation, and a contribution to the

literature or a call for change.

3.2 Source of Data

The source of the data used for the study is The Jakarta Post website, with

the URL of https://www.thejakartapost.com/news. The data of this research are

the online news stories of the site from the month of March to May the year of

2021.
3.3 Research Instrument

The researcher is the primary instrument within the qualitative research

context[ CITATION Rav16 \l 1033 ]. The researcher’s subjectivity, social

location/identity, positionality, and meaning making shape the research’s

processes and methods. The identity of the researcher is thus central and vital in

the shaping of data and findings of the inquiry.

Helping the researcher is the use of the data note or sheet as another

important instrument. The data sheet can help the researcher in managing whether

a particular news as published contained instances of political correctness. The

data sheet is also vital as a tool to display this research’s main focus. The data

sheet will be consisted of tables with each column referring to: the title of the

news published; the date and time of the publication; whether the news contains

any trace of political correctness, and if, so what is the type of the political

correctness used there according to the classification used by John [CITATION

Joh17 \n \t \l 1033 ] and Andary-Brophy [CITATION Bro15 \n \t \l 1033 ]; as well

as the purpose and explanation of intention of such instance of utterance of

political correctness. The data sheet format will look like the following:

No. Title of the Date/Time Political Purpose/Meaning

News Published Correctness

Article Type
3.4 Data Collecting Technique

Qualitative data collection not just involves the actual types of data and the

procedures for their gathering, but also focuses on gaining access ethically,

developing techniques/ways of recording information, responding to raised issues

in the field, and storing the data within a secure manner[CITATION Cre18 \p 211 \l

1033 ].

The researcher will use The Jakarta Post website’s news pages. The daily

news articles published to the website most are free to access. Some are for

premium users, but the researcher will only use the easily accessible ones.

The researcher picks The Jakarta Post as it is an individual popular

newspaper site distinctive by its usage of the English language in an Indonesian

locale. It is also convenient as with only internet access required anyone can

access. It is also an important news outlet as it is among the first of its kind.

As most of the articles are not premium, no permissions for access are

required and the medium of news allows fair use for others to research it within

educational purposes[ CITATION Stind \l 1033 ]. The data from news medium are

also typically collected in the forms of documents or archive, and the researcher

will save the news articles published onto the website during a predetermined

range into the .mhtml format. .mhtml, short of “MIME encapsulation of aggregate

HTML documents” is a web page archive format that combines HTML code and

other accompanying resources such as in-line graphics, applets, and others within

a single computer file[CITATION Pal05 \l 1033 ]. This format allows for near
perfect replica of the archived web page as it is originally published[ CITATION

Holnd \l 1033 ].

The Jakarta Post is considered to be a major news publisher within

Indonesia and even internationally. The quality of its news reporting is generally

high[CITATION Ekl03 \p 14 \l 1033 ]. This particularity will serve as the source’s

authenticity of the accounts and materials used within this study.

3.5 Data Analysis Technique

In analyzing The Jakarta Post news website, the researcher uses the

political correctness classification theorized by John [CITATION Joh17 \n \t \l

1033 ] and Andary-Brophy [CITATION Bro15 \n \t \l 1033 ]. John [CITATION

Joh17 \n \t \l 1033 ] categorized political correctness into seven types: politeness,

accuracy, academic, conformity, political, anti-humor, and restrictions to freedom

of speech. Andary-Brophy [CITATION Bro15 \n \t \l 1033 ] divides political

correctness into two purposes, PC-Liberalism and PC-Authoritarianism.

Data analysis processes occur within several steps, which involve

organizing the data, conducting database’s preliminary read-through, coding and

organizing themes, representing the data, and forming their interpretation

[CITATION Cre18 \p 248 \l 1033 ].

The researcher firstly will prepare and organize the data for analysis by

making sure that all instances of political correctness in the news articles during a

certain range are listed after the session of data collecting. Next, the researcher

will immerse themselves in the details of the data, trying to get a sense of it as a

whole by examining the data of political correctness occurrences by reading it

through several times in its entirety (Agar, 1980 as cited in Creswell & Poth,

2018, p. 257). The researcher will also note any emergent ideas that may come up

during this step by putting them into a memo, an attempt at synthesizing the data

summary into higher level of analytical meaning (Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña,

2014 as cited in Creswell & Poth, 2018, p. 257). The researcher will have the

following format for the memo:

No. Political Code Context

Correctness

Occurrence

“No.” on the table refers to the number of the listed news during the

determined range. “Political Correctness Occurrence” columns references an

excerpt of the news article containing political correctness. “Code” column

references the excerpt’s exact location (such as the paragraph, the title of the news

article, and its URL). “Context” column gives details on the context of the news

(such as the topic of the article, the purpose/intention of the news, as well as the

emotion/intonation of the news along with other relevant minutiae).

The third step would be the process of describing and classifying the data

into suitable themes. This is the heart of qualitative analysis[CITATION Cre18 \p

259 \l 1033 ]. In this step, the researcher: shape detailed descriptions unfolding the

things as they are/as the researcher sees them, details provided in-situ (within the

context of the setting/place/event); assign codes by amassing the text or visual

data and transforming them into small categories of information, seeking the

code’s evidence within the used database, and labeling the code; develop themes
or dimensions through constant expansion and reduction in the aggregated codes;

and provide interpretations based on their or the literatures’ perspectives and

views.

The next step is the process of interpretations development and

assessment. This process requires both creative and critical faculties. The

researcher will have to make judgment in considering the patterns’ meanings,

themes, and categories generated through the process of analysis. The researcher

will use interpretation based on their hunches/insights/intuition, in other words

their personal views, and linked it larger research literature developed by others.

In this step, the researcher interprets whether any political correctness occurrence

is present at The Jakarta Post news articles and its implications drawn by the

previous research’s findings of Indonesian publics lack of political correctness

usage.

The final phase of the data analysis spiral is the step of representing and

visualizing the data. Visual data representation can be in the forms of text, table,

or figure. The researcher will use the tabular representation which cells contain

text. The researcher will use matrices and cross-reference categories of the

political correctness types according to John [CITATION Joh17 \n \t \l 1033 ] and

Andary-Brophy [CITATION Bro15 \n \t \l 1033 ] to establish a picture of data

patterns or ranges. The findings that will be found here thus shapes the research’s

conclusion.
3.6 Validity and Reliability

The researcher will use two validation strategies as presented in the work

of Creswell & Poth [CITATION Cre18 \n \t \l 1033 ] to guide the reliability of this

research. The strategies used are as following.

 Corroborating evidence through triangulation of multiple data sources.

The researcher makes use of several and dissimilar theories, that is the two

different works from John [CITATION Joh17 \n \t \l 1033 ] and Andary-

Brophy [CITATION Bro15 \n \t \l 1033 ], to provide validating evidence.

 Prolonged engagement and persistent observation in the field. The

researcher will spend as much time as is feasible in the researched field,

that is The Jakarta Post news articles, during the study and prior to data

collection begins to familiarize themselves with the site.

 REFERENCES

Al-Rawi, M. K. (2017, March). Theoretical analysis of Political Correctness Views.

iJARS International Journal of Humanities and Social Studies, III(2).

doi:10.20908/ijarsijhss.v3i2.7578

Andary-Brophy, C. A. (2015). Political Correctness: Social-fiscal Liberalism and Left-

wing Authoritarianism. University of Toronto. Retrieved from

http://hdl.handle.net/1807/75755

Andresen, J. T., & Carter, P. M. (2016). Languages in the World: How History, Culture,

and Politics Shape Language. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Bump, P. (2015, December 17). How ‘politically correct’ moved from Commies to

culture and back into politics. Retrieved June 16, 2021, from The Washington

Post: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/12/17/the-

interesting-evolution-of-political-correctness/

Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing

Among Five Approaches (Fourth Edition ed.). Thousand Oaks, California, United

States of America: SAGE Publications, Inc.

Darmawan, I. P., & Muhaimi, L. (2020). Dysphemism Lexical Items of Hate Speeches:

Towards Education of Students for Political Correctness. Advances in Social

Science, Education and Humanities Research, 465, 242-245.

Dickson, J. (2017, May). “What Did You Just Say?”: Defining and Measuring Political

Correctness. Retrieved from https://rc.library.uta.edu/uta-

ir/bitstream/handle/10106/26821/DICKSON-DISSERTATION-2017.pdf
Dzenis, S., & Faria, F. N. (2020). Political Correctness: the Twofold Protection of

Liberalism. Philosophia, 95-114. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11406-019-00094-

Eklöf, S. (2003). Power and Political Culture in Suharto's Indonesia : the Indonesian

Democratic Party (PDI) and Decline of the New Order (1986–98). Copenhagen:

Nordic Institute of Asian Studies.

Ellis, F. (2002, Winter). Political Correctness and the Ideological Struggle: From Lenin

and Mao to Marcuse and Foucault. The Journal of Social, Political and

Economic Studies, 27(4), 409-444. Retrieved from

https://baixardoc.com/documents/frank-ellis-political-correctness-and-the-

ideological-struggle-from-lenin-and-mao-to-marcuse-and-foucault-

5cb39868dec1e

Ely, R. J., Meyerson, D. E., & Davidson, M. N. (2006, September). Rethinking Political

Correctness. Harvard Business Review, 84(9), 78-87. Retrieved from

https://www.academia.edu/download/30346958/Rethinking_political_correctness

.pdf

Holden, A. (n.d.). Difference of HTML & MHTML. Retrieved June 29, 2021, from

Techwalla: https://techwalla.com/articles/difference-of-html-mhtml

Hughes, G. (2010). Political Correctness: A History of Semantics and Culture.

Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell.

John, S. (2017, November 22). 7 Types of Political Correctness. Retrieved June 14, 2021,

from Simplicable: https://simplicable.com/new/political-correctness

Knowles, E., & Elliott, J. (1997). The Oxford dictionary of new words (new ed.). Oxford:

Oxford University Press.

Krause, W. (2019). Appearing moderate or radical? Radical left party success and the

two-dimensional political space. West European Politics.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2019.1672019

Lazer, D. M., Baum, M. A., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A. J., Greenhill, K. M., Menczer,

F., . . . Zittrain, J. L. (2018, March 09). The science of fake news. Science,

359(6380), 1094-1096. doi:10.1126/science.aao2998

Lichev, V., & Hristoskova, M. (2017). Political Correctness—Between Fiction and Social

Reality. Philosophies, 2(3). doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies2030015

Majer, H. (2017). Socio-political and Educational Context of Elt: Native versus Non-

native Teachers of English. In R. Kucha, & H. Cudak (Eds.), Educationalists

versus Politicians - Who Should Integrate Europe for Wellbeing of all

Inhabitants. Społeczna Akademia Nauk.

Melitz, J. (2016). English as a Global Language. In V. Ginsburgh, & S. Weber (Eds.),

The Palgrave Handbook of Economics and Language.

Microsoft. (2021, February). Digital Civility Index & Our Challenge | Microsoft Online

Safety. Retrieved from https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/online-safety/digital-

civility?activetab=dci_reports%3aprimaryr3

Moller, D. (2019). Dilemmas of Political Correctness. Journal of Practical Ethics.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/oso%2F9780190863241.003.0015
Moss, J. T., & O'Connor, P. J. (2020). Political correctness and the alt-right: The

development of extreme political attitudes. PLOS ONE.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239259

Palme, J. (2005, June 11). Using HTML in E-mail. Retrieved June 29, 2021, from

Stockholm University's Department of Computer and Systems Sciences (DSV):

https://people.dsv.su.se/~jpalme/ietf/mhtml.html

Phumsiri, N., & Tangkiengsirisin, S. (2018). An Analysis of the Use of English with

Political Correctness: A Case Study of Graduate Students in Thailand. Arab

World English Journal, 9(4), 447-463.

doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol9no4.33

Putra, W. H., & Rohmatulloh, D. M. (2019). BAHASA DAN NARASI POLITIK

KREATIF: Kontestasi Merebut Kebenaran Islam dalam Demokrasi Digital 2019

di Indonesia. Annual Conference for Muslim Scholars (pp. 294-302). Surabaya:

UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya. Retrieved from

http://proceedings.kopertais4.or.id/index.php/ancoms/article/download/242/245/

Ravitch, S. M., & Carl, N. M. (2016). Qualitative Research: Bridging the Conceptual,

Theoretical, and Methodological. Thousand Oaks, California, United States of

America: SAGE Publications, Inc.

Rosenblum, M., Schroeder, J., & Gino, F. (2019, August 15). Tell It Like It Is: When

Politically Incorrect Language Promotes Authenticity. Journal of Personality and

Social Psychology, Advance online publication.

doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000206

Sirulhaq, A., Saharuddin, S., Asyhar, M., & Sukri, S. J. (2020). Ignorance of Political

Correctness on Joko Widodo’s Political Rhetoric in the 2019 Presidential

 Election Campaign: a Pragmatic Study. Proceedings of the 1st Annual

Conference on Education and Social Sciences (ACCESS 2019) (pp. 186-189).

Atlantis Press. doi:https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200827.047

Stim, R. (n.d.). What Is Fair Use? Retrieved June 29, 2021, from Stanford Libraries:

https://fairuse.stanford.edu/overview/fair-use/what-is-fair-use/

Tan, C., Friggeri, A., & Adamic, L. A. (2016). Lost in Propagation? Unfolding News

Cycles from the Source. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on

Web and Social Media, 10(1), pp. 378-387. Retrieved from

https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/14712

Tarrant, B. (2008). Reporting Indonesia : the Jakarta Post Story. Jakarta: Equinox

Publishing.

The Jakarta Post. (2011, September 24). Online Edition. Retrieved from The Jakarta Post:

https://web.archive.org/web/20110923193647/http://www.thejakartapost.com/ab

out

The Jakarta Post. (2014, March 1). The Jakarta Post ranks second on RI most popular

newspapers list. Retrieved from The Jakarta Post:

https://web.archive.org/web/20160305003557/http://www.thejakartapost.com/ne

ws/2014/03/01/the-jakarta-post-ranks-second-ri-most-popular-newspapers-

list.html

Tschapka, L. (2018). “Political Correctness” – A Threat to Free Speech? Overcoming the

Dilemma. UBT International Conference. Retrieved from

https://knowledgecenter.ubt-uni.net/conference/2018/all-events/385
Turetsky, K. M., & Riddle, T. A. (2018). Porous Chambers, Echoes of Valence and

Stereotypes: A Network Analysis of Online News Coverage Interconnectedness

Following a Nationally Polarizing Race-Related Event. Social Psychological and

Personality Science, 9(2), 163-175. doi:10.1177/1948550617733519

Whitney, D. C., & Wartella, A. (1992, June 83-94). Media Coverage of the “Political

Correctness” Debate. Journal of Communication, 42(2).

doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1992.tb00780.x

Zimmerman, J. (2016, June 16). The Two Kinds of PC. Retrieved June 21, 2021, from

Inside Higher Ed:

https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2016/06/16/examination-two-kinds-

political-correctness-essay