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HINDU MATHEMATICS DEVELOPMENT

1. History of Hindu Mathematics

Hindu mathematics (India) began with the emergence of a civilization located in the
Indus River basin in the 26th century BC and ended in the 14th century AD. Indian mathematics
developed after Chinese mathematics and before the emergence of medieval European
mathematics. Indian mathematics this civilization is commonly called the Indus Valley
Civilization. The cities they lived in at that time were arranged geometrically.

Around the 15th century BC the Indians were expelled by the Aryans who came from
Central Asia. For about 1000 years the Aryans perfected Hindu writing and Sanskrit. Then was
born Vedanta mathematics which developed in India since the Iron Age. Around the 9th century
BC, a mathematician named Shatapatha Brahmin began to discover the value approximation, and
then between the 8th and 5th centuries BC, the Sulba Sutras gave geometrical writings using
rational numbers, prime numbers, the rule of three and cubic roots. , calculates the square root of
2 to part of a hundred thousand, provides methods of constructing circles whose area
approximates a given square, solves linear and quadratic equations, develops Pythagorean triples
algebraically, and provides statements and numerical proofs for the Pythagorean theorem.π

In the year 550 the Hindus discovered the number zero and wrote the layout system for
numbers. Indian mathematicians have long discovered the number zero, but there is no symbol
for it. Then Aryabrata called the number zero with the word "kha". Aryabrata has included zero
in the calculation system not just an empty space. The Encyclopedia Britanica says "Hindu
literature proves that the number zero may have been known before the birth of Christ, but no
record is found with such a symbol ahead of the 9th century". The brilliant ideas of Indian
mathematicians were further studied by Muslim and Arab mathematicians. Al-Khwarizmi was
the first to introduce the use of zero as a place value in base ten. This system is known as the
Decimal Number System.

2. Hindu mathematicians
a. Pāṇini (ca. 5th century BC)
It was Pāṇini who formulated the grammatical rules of Sanskrit. The notation he uses is the same
as modern mathematical notation, and uses the rules of meta, transformation, and recursion.

b) Surya Siddhanta (c. 400 BC)

Surya Siddhanta introduced the trigonometric functions of sine, cosine, and inverse of sine, and
laid down the rules that determine the true motion of celestial bodies, which correspond to their
actual position in the sky.

c. Aryabhata (499th century)

Aryabhata is an Indian Mathematician and Astronomer. When he was only 23 years old he had
succeeded in making a great work, namely a book which he gave the title 'Aryabhatiya'. Due to
its popularity, it was translated into Arabic in the 8th century AD, and then into Latin in the 13th
century AD. Aryabhata also states the relationship of the circumference of a circle to its
diameter.

d. Brahma Gupta Brahma Guptawas a great Indian mathematician. His famous work is
Brahma Siddhanta which consists of propositions and rules. Besides that, there are also Brahma
Gupta theorems that are exact, namely by using Archimedes Heron's formulas to determine the
radius of the outer circle of a triangle. One example is when Brahma Gupta made a formula
equivalent to the trigonometric formula we use today, namely: 2R= a/sin A= b/sin B = c/sinC
which is a re-formulation of Ptolami's work, perhaps the most interesting result of Brahma Gupta
is to generalize from Beron's formula to determine the area of a rectangle, namely: K= root of
(sa)(sb)(sc)(sd).

e. Mādhava

Mādhava is considered one of the greatest mathematicians-astronomers of the Middle Ages, and
has made contributions to infinite series, calculus, trigonometry, geometry and algebra. In the
14th century, Madhava of Sangamagrama discovered Leibniz's formula for pi, and used 21
terms, to calculate the following value 3.14159265359.π

3. Hindu Number System

Indian numbering is based on base 10. There are several kinds of numbers in India namely
Brahmi numbers, Gupta numbers and Nagari numbers.
a. Brahmi Numbers
Most of the positional numeral systems that use 10 as the base used throughout the world
are of Indian origin. The digits 1 through 9 in the Hindu-Arabic numeral system evolved
from the Brahmi numerals. The Brahmi numerals are found on inscriptions in caves and
temples in the areas near Poona, Bombay and Uttar Pradesh, different inscriptions,
different forms of symbols. Brahmi numerals have been in use longer until the 4th
century AD. Here is one style of Brahmi numerals.

b. Gupta Numbers
The Gupta period was the period during which the Gupta dynasty ruled all the way to
Magadha in northeastern India in the early 4th century AD to the late 6th century AD.
The Gupta numerals were constructed from the Brahmi numerals and were widely spread
by the Gupta empire. The Gupta number then develops into the Nagari number,
sometimes also called the Devahagari number. This is the form of the Gupta number.

c. Nagari Number
Nagari numbers are often mentioned by Al-Biruni as "most numbers" because many were
sent to the Arab world. Nagari numbers are often called Devanagari numbers. Indian
numerals spread to parts of the world between the 7th and 16th centuries AD and have
spread to Europe at the end of the 5th century AD. Here is the form of Nagari numbers.
4. Inventions related to Hindu Mathematics

a. The Sulba Sutra

The oldest records of Indian mathematicians contain appendices to religious texts that
give simple rules for building altars of various shapes, such as squares, rectangles, and
others. This appendix also provides a method for creating a circle by giving it a square
that has the same area. And contains an initial verbal explanation of the Pythagorean
theorem.

b. The Siddhanta Surya

Notes that introduce the trigonometric functions of sine, cosine, and inverse sine, and lay
down the rules for determining the actual motion of the positions of celestial bodies.

c. Bakhshali Manuscripts

The Bakhsahali Manuscript is a manual of rules and illustrated examples and their
solutions. Mainly about Arithmetic and Algebra as well as some Geometry and
measurements. The manuscript is estimated to have been compiled around 400M.

d. value

Aryabhata worked on an approximation to and may have come to the conclusion that is
irrational.

e. Research Trigonometry
 Trigonometry by Aryabhata in the book Ganitapada 6, Aryabatha suggests the area of a
triangle, which means: "for a triangle, the result that is perpendicular to the half side is
the area".

f. Research Algebra

Algebra by Aryabhata

g. Geometry

The basis and inspiration of the entirety of Indian mathematics is geometry.

Geometry originating from India can be known through a record of the geometric
construction of the Vedic priests called the Sulbasutra. The Sulbasutra is a guide for the
construction of these altars for worship and explains the history of Indian geometry.
Hindu geometry is primarily for practical purposes. The first geometry regarding the
erection of Hindu religious altars. The establishment of the altar is related to the
Pythagorean theorem.