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    bs8004 (1 100)

    Uploaded by

    Sintha Aidroos

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    BST BS*8004 6b MH Lb24bb9 0021589 4 am | BS 8004: 1986 oe 624.16+692,116 e [=a aa © Bris Standards Inston, No part of this publication maybe photecopied or cherie reproduced without the ve permission in wtog of 8S1 ————eeeeeE Ee British Standard Code of practice for e Foundations (Formerly CP 2004) Fondations — Code de bonne pratique Leitfaden fir Fundamente British Standards Institution Copyright by The Bash STandards Tasitoion ‘Thu Apr 08 10-1019 1988 BSI BS*8004 46 MM 1b24b69 0021590 0 mm Contents Page Foreword v ‘Committos sponsible Back cover code Section one. General 44 Scope 1 12 Definitions 1 Section two, Design of foundations 2.1 General 6 21.1 Chorectorates ° 21.2. Ground moverent 8 213. Groundwater 8 21%4 Flooding 8 22. Ground considerations 8 2.2.1. Ground exploration and tests 8 222 Allowable bearing pressure on various types of around 0 2.3. Structural considerations 20 23.1 General 20 232 Inlardependence of ground, substructure and superstructure 2 23.3 Typos of foundation 2 2.3.4 Exclusion of ground moisture % 24 Design in relation to construction procedure 25 24.1. Generel % 242 Strength of partially comploted structures 2 2143. Protection ofthe foundation sil 28 244 Tolerances 2 2.455 Extra cover in reinforoad conceete when cast genet exeavared ground ~ 246 Retaining walls 2 Section thee, Shallow foundations 3.1 General 2 Design considerations 2 Generel 2 ‘Alowrible bearing prosure and settlement characteristics a Selection of eypes of shallow foundation 27 ad foundations 2 Strip foundations 2 Raft foundations 2 Short pling 2 Sinking and sweling of lay sos 2 Other factors causing ground movement 29 3.2.10 Chomical attack 2 32.11 Ground movements = Section four. Deop and subaqueous foundations 41 General 3 42 Types of deep foundation 31 4.3 Ghoige of type of deep foundation 3 43.1. Genera! a. 43.2. Deep nado sein foundations 3 (Copyright Dy The BA STandarasTstittion ‘Thu Apr 08 10-1051 1988 Bs 8004 : 1986 Page 43.3. Basement or hollow boxes 31 434 Calssons 2 4135 Cylinders and piers 2 428 Pilee 23 4.3.7 Poripheral walls 33 4.38 Mixed foundations on non-uniform sites 33 44 Ground movements within and around deep ‘excavations 33 AAA General 23 442. Heave, swell and uplift 4 44.3. Perimeter and external ground movements 35 4.4.4 Reduction of ground movemante 38 4.5 Design considerations 36 45.1 General 2 45.2 Presumed bearing values a 45.3. Ultimate bearing capacity a7 4.8.4 Allowable bearing pressure and settlement 37 45.8. Sharing of vertical load betweon the sides and base of a deap faurdetion a 48.6 Effect of settling ground and downdrag forces a 45.7 Effect of unbalanced excavation: tlt 8 45.8 Distrioution of loadin piled basoment foundations 2a 45.9. Basement watertightness 38 Seotion five, Cofferdams and caisson 5.1 Generat 4 5.1.1 Introduction a 5.1.2 Preliminary investigations 41 5.2 Materials and stresses a 52.1 Quality 4 5.22 Timber ra 522. Reinforced concrete a 524 Steal a2 5.3__Design considerations 42 6.3.1. Choice between cofferdams and calszons 42. 5.32 Determination of pressures 42 533 Cofferdame 42 5.34 Calssons 5 5.4 Safety precautions 5a Section sie, Geotechnical pros lowering, grouting and othor methods of ehenging ‘tha ground characteristics in stu 61 General 64 6.2 Site invostigations 84 6.2.1 Preliminery investigations 84 6.22 Dotallod investigations 64 ©.9 Choice of yeotachncal process for control ot groundwater and ground deformation a 63.1 General 61 6.3.2 Avoldance of groundwater 6 6.3.3 Exclusion of water from excavations 6 — BST BS*8004 86 MM Ub24G69 OOZLSTL 2 BS 8004 : 1986 6.3.4 Removal of water 6.3.5 Ground treatment to change the physical Properties of the ground G4 Mothods of dowatoring excavetions 64.1 Introduction 64.2 Gravity drainage 6.4.3 Pumping from Inside the excavation 6.4.4 Lowering the groundwater level using sumps, ‘wells or well points outside the excavation. 65 Spacial methods for excluding water from excavations Use of compressed air Excluding water from excavations by froezing the surrounding ground Cast-insitu diaphragm walls Use of injection methods to form an Impervious wall around the excavation 6.6 Mothods of improving the physial propartiae of the ground 66.1 General 8.2. Shallow compection 6.3 Deep comoaction by vibration 6.6.4 Ground improvement by vibro-displacoment and vibro-replocement 6.6.5 Deop compaction by heavy tamping 6.6.6 Uso of vertical dreins 6.67 Electro-osmosis 6.7 Ground treatment by injoction of grouts 0.7.1. General 6.7.2. Investigation of the ground prior t8 injection treatment 6.7.3 General features of grouting 874 Methods of grouting 8.7.5 Oporetional techniques 6.1.6 Grouting philosophies 82.7 Site control 6B Safety precautions 88.1. Work in compressed air 8B.2 Working wilh toxic chemical routs Seotion soven Pile foundations General Preliminary investiga Ground Investigations Nearby structures Preliminary piles Design consideretions General Choice of type Strorath of piles Piles in grouy Ground condi [Nogative skin ft Pile eaps Factors of safety Types of pile Copyright by The Brith STandards Tasitoion ‘Thu Ap 08 10-1052 1988 Page 63 83 cy 70 70 S88 888eas 8 S22geaags seeee 744 742 743 744 745 ‘Timber piles Precast rinforced concrate piles Prestressed concrete piles Driven castin-plece piles Bored cat.inplzoa per 7.4.6 Steel bearing piles 7.5 Bearing capacity and test losaing 7.5.1. Boating capacity ofa plo 762. Caloulation by dynemic nile formulae 75.3. Caloulation from soll tests 78.4 Loading tsts on piles 7.5.5 Pile loading txt using malntained loads 7.5.6 Pile loading tost at a constant rate of penetration 7.6 Integrity testing of cestin-place piles ‘Section eight. Tide work, inderwater conereting and diving 81 Tide work B11 General 8.12 Matoriale 8.13. Construction 82 Underwater conerating 8.2.1 Applieatione 82.2 Construction Diving General 832 Section nine, $i on ot 9.12 92 Safoty precautions preparation for foundation work Ps y eoisidoretions Gonoral ‘Archaeological finds on construction sites Design of foundations Stebility Drainage Work preliminary to demolition, shoring and Underpinning of existing tructurés Notice to edjoining overs Site survey Nuisance Demolition Shoring General Adjacant butiaings Location of shoring Openings Ties Maintenance ‘Types of shoring Underpinning General Initial precautions ‘Types of underpinning Page 93 96 102 103 103 103 106 105 105 107 108 110 110 10 am 1 m1 112 114 114 114 16 118 115 118 116 15 116 16 116 116 16 116 116 6 116 116 ne 116 7 "7 "7 118 118 BSI BSx8004 86 MM Lb24b69 0021592 4 mm 98.4 Des Prt tional underpinning procedure 98.6 Materials 98.7 Current developmonts ‘Section ten, Durability of timber, metal and 10.1 General 10.2 Tinker 10.2.1 General 10.2.2 Wooddostroying organisms 10.2.3 Fungi 10.2.4 Termites 10.2.5 Marine borors 10.2.6 Protection of wood 10.2.7 Temporary work 10.28 Advisory bodies 10.3 Motals 10.3.1 General 10.3.2 Corrosion between dissimilar metals 10.3.3 Bactorial corration 10.3.4 Stray electric current corrosion 10.3.5 Corrosion of mild steet, 10.3.6 Stool with copper or other low 10.4 Concrete 10.4.1 Goneral 10.4.2 Sulphate attack 10.4.3 Acid attack 10.4.4 Chloride content 10.48 Industrial tips 10.4.6 Frost steack 10.4.7 Corrosion of reinforcement 10.48 Unsultable aggregates ley content Section eleven. Safety precautions 11.1 General 11.1.1 Statutory requirements 11.12 Precautions 11.113 Environmoneal hazarde 11.1.4 Fume from welding and flame cutting ILLS Excavations associated with foundations 11.2 _Cofferdams and eaissons 11.2.1 Genorat 11.2.2 Land cofferdams 11.233 Cofferdame In water 11.244 Gaissons in compressed lt 14.28 Electricity 11.26 Oft-shore work 1127 Fire 11.28 Air testing 11.3 Excluding water from excavations 11.3.1 Use of eomprotsed air 11.322 Precautions when excluding water from excavations by froozing the surrounding ground 11.3.8 Chemical grouts 11.4 Pio foundations 11.441 Goneral 14.42 Deiven piles Copyright Dy The Bish Standards Isitlion ‘Thu Apr 08 10-1053 1988 Page ne 18 19 19 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 121 121 121 wt 122 1 122 122 124 128 126 124 126 126 128 128 126 128 127 127 127 128 128 128 129 129 128 128 129 129 128 120 129 129 129 131 131 131 131 132 BS 8004 : 1986 Pege 11.4.3 Bored piles 133 118 Tide work 133 11.8.1 Statutory requirements 133 11.8.2 Work over or adjacent to water 133, 11.6 Diving 133 11.6.1 Gonoral 199 11.62 Selection of diving services 133 11.7 Safety precautions connected with demolition, shoring and underpinning 198 11.7. Demolition 194 11.72 Use of explosives 194 11.7.3 Underpinning 134 Appendices ‘A. Derivation of charts for the determination of allowable booring proscuros on weak and broken rocks 135 B Bibliography 137 Further reading 142 D Recommendations and statutory requirements affecting tho safety, welfare ond health of persons at work 142 ‘Tables 1 Presumed allowable bearing velues under static loading u 2 Classification and presumed bearing values for high porosity chal a ‘3 Weathering scheme and presumed bearing values for Keupor Marl 15 4 Grouping of weak and hroken rocks 6 5 Classification of sands and gravels by standard Penetration tost 7 © Undrained (immediate) shear suength of cohesive soils 19 7 Grades, performance, use and nossible construction for basements 40 8 SSgrade timber grade stresses a © Minimum values for depth of cut-off for cobesionless solls where there is no significant lowering of the external wator level a7 10 Types of grout at 11 Grout tests 83 42 Cement contont are cube strength of conerato for procast reinforced conorete piles 94 13 Curing periods for use in the absence of control cubes or stgem curing 34 14 Sugoosted slump details for typical concrating situations for castin-place piles 98 15 Nominal pile diameters 100 16 Resistivity and redox potential values 123 17 Concrete exposed to sulphate atteck 120 Figures 1 Allowable bearing pressures for square pad ‘foundations bearing on rock (For sottlomant not exceeding 0.5 % of foundation width) 14 2 Cofferdams| 43 3 Cofferdam showing depth of cut-off (eohesiontess soils) BS 8004 : 1986 4 Approximate guide to application of various geotechnical processes to soils 5 Modes of occurrence of groundwater 8 Premenbility and drainage charactor! 7 Types of garland drain a 9 ee af cole Collapso of excavation caused by seepage from steep slopes Stable excavated slopes resulting from flat ‘radiant and provision of deen drainese trench 10 Reduction of water levels below an excavation, bby bored well groundwator lowering systern Copyright by The BAT STandardsTstittion ‘Thu Apr 08 10-1054 1986 BSI BS*8004 Ob MM Lb24bL9 0023593 b mm 65 65 o ‘1 Mult-stage well point system for deep ‘excavation 12 Reduction of ground level bofore installing wel point eyetem 18 Design rules for fitors 14 Types of pile 18 Heletionship of led, sottlamont and time in pile loading test using maintained losds 16 Penetration in constant rata of penetration tects Index Page 107 109 144 BSI BS*4004 66 MM b246b9 002359) 8 mm Foreword ‘This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Civil Enaineering and Building Structures ‘Standards Committee, supersedes CP 2004 : 1972 which is withdrawn, “The original Civil Engineoring Code of Practice No. 4 ‘Foundations’ was propared by a committee convened by the Institution of Civil Engineers on behalf of the Codes of. Practieo Committee for Civil Enginooring, Publio Works, Building and Construction Wark, under the aogis of the formar Ministry of Works, for publication i Ue Git Engineering and Public Works Series. In 1949 tho responsibility for the preparation and issue of Codes of Practice of the Civil Engineering and Public Works ‘Serles was handed over to the following four professional Engineering institutions: the Institution of Civil Engineets, the Institution of Municipal Engineers the Institution of, Water Engineors and tho Insttitution of Structural Enainoors, and the arrangements for the preparation and publication (of those codes ware made by the Civil Engineering Codes of Practice Joint Committee constituted by these institutions. ‘The revised Code of Practice No. 4 ‘Foundations’ was published by the Institution of Gilt Engingers in 1954 for ‘the Joint Committee. The rosponsibility of the Joint ‘Committee passed in 1961 to the British Standards Intitution, “The knowledge gained from the structural behaviour of hioh-alumina cement concrete during 1973 and 1974 has considerably altored the understanding of the behaviour and sensitivity of the uso of this material in structures. As a result of both research and experience there is not, at this ‘ime, the consensus of opinion necessary for agreement fn recommandations for the use of this material. Conse- ‘quently, an engineer wishing to specify concrete made with high-alumina comont has to raly entirely om his own, ‘engineoring judgement, baead on his own experiance in tha use of this particular coment without guidance from this, code of practice. “There has always been some controversy in the matter of rock clasification, While this eode has boon updatad it is arguable ae to whether i goes far enough in respect of allowable bearing capacities, In consoquance of this, appendix D has been introduced in order to expand this subject. SI units aro used throughout this code. However, having fogard to the many countries in Europe and the rest of tho world where the code may be read, and where metrie units or imperil units are in uso, the committee considored it essential to include imperial units and/or other metric units alongside SI units wherever necessary to facilitate the widest understanding of tho code ‘Attention is drawn to tho Hoalth and Safety at Wark ote, ‘Act which came into forea in 1974 and the associated Construction Regulations, made under the Factories Act 1961. The health and safety of persons engaged in carrying ‘ut the works to which this code rafars isthe concera of everyone associated with the design and construction of the (Copyright by The Brtsh STandards TastoTion ‘Thu Apr 08 10-1055 1988 Bs R004 : 1986 works, Additional references are made to the various publications that complement the Construction Regulations and that, insome cases, offer an explanatory text pertaining to statutory requirements. These documents are essential reading to offest the nocsceary attitude of mind which ensures safety in construction operations. These publications and the Statutory Instruments are given in appendix D. This revision of CP 2004 : 1972 has been proparod by practising foundation engineers. It attempts to take, into faucount eonsonsus opinions on the often wide range of solutions tothe day to dey probloms that face those having to take decisions on the foundation works, Ground boing an anizotrople medium needs a solution which in practi |s more often art than science. This aspect i stressed 10 sttract the attontion of tho utor of tha cade to take nothing for granted and to work from commonsense principles t0 provide a data base upon which he can consider the most appropriate and cost affective solution for the satisfactory completion of the Works. ‘Tho revision dovs not attempt, nor is It the purpose of the code, tobe a manual of foundation enginaering but provides sources of information on same of the ways and means whereby work in the ground can take advantage of the scope of available alternatives. There are several standards whic have relevance « founeiation work and careful eyed should be given by the user to the eross-teferences in this ‘code to ansure that his search is adaquate for his purposes. Although this revision is based on the application of ‘established practies, technological advances in design and construction methods relevant to ezch seetion should be ‘assossed by thouser to ensure that the latest proven methods ‘are alven adecuste consideration. The code has hoon redrafted with the help of many professional engineers from academia, research and industry. ‘The full ist of organizations who have taken pat in the work of the Technical Committee Is given on the back ‘cover. Tha Cheirman of the committes ie Mr MW Leonard ‘and the following have made a substantial contribution in tho drafting of the code: Mr RW Cooke Mr DW Divall Mr CK Haseet Mr AL Little Mr DJ Palmer Mr J Paterson Mr tJ Tomlinson ‘This revision has given porticular emphasis to sefety ia foundation works and a naw section covering safety precautions has been introduced. In particular the revision ‘mits the allowance previously made to the adoption Of increased stresses in temporary works, Particular ‘acknowledgomant le made to the Inepoctore of the Health ‘and Safty Executive for their ssistanee in preparing this, section, Compliance with a British Standard docs not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. . BSI BSxB004 86 MM bb24b69 0021595 T a Section one. General 1.1 Scope ‘This British Standard code of practice gives recommends tone for the design and conetruetion of foundations for the ‘normal range of bulldings end engineering structures. Section two covers the neneral principles of desion: sections three, four, flve and seven are concorned with more detailed considerations of the design and installation of the main types of foundetions. Sections six, eight ana iw relate 10 site operetions and construction procsese involved in foundation engineering and suction ten describes the factors

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