Contents

❑ Introduction.
❑ Relative Permeability.
❑ Wettability.
❑ Mobility Ratio.
❑ Sweep Efficiencies.
 Introduction
❑ To understand the basic principles of EOR some reservoir
engineering parameters have to be fully known.
❑ Mobility Ratio, Relative Permeability, Wettability and IFT are the
most important reservoir engineering parameters.
❑ In addition to all the required data to do EOR analysis.
 Relative Permeability
• The permeability of a rock is the
description of the ease with which
fluid can pass through the pore
structure.
kAP
Q=
L
• Two types of permeability measured
from the core Horizontal permeability
and Vertical permeability.
• Horizontal permeability in a reservoir
is generally higher than vertical
permeability.
Effective Permeability:
• Reflects the ability of a porous
medium to permit the passage of a
fluid under a potential gradient
when two or three fluids are present
in the pore space.
Relative Permeability:
• Relative permeability is the ratio of
effective permeability to a specified
kk ro A dP
phase to the rock's absolute qo =
permeability.  o dl
• Provides an extension of Darcy’s Law kk rw A dP
to the presence of more than a qw =
single fluid within the pore space.  w dl
Fill all the pore space with 100 %
water (Sw=1)

Displace water with oil (called

Drainage process, where Sw & Krw
decreases).

Displace oil with water (called

Imbibition process, where Sw & Krw
increses).
Drainage Process:
• Taking water out, wetting phase
is displaced by non-wetting
phase (called migration process).

Imbibition Process:
• Taking oil out, non-wetting phase
is displaced by wetting phase
(called production process).

Residual oil saturation

Initial water saturation
Intersection point
 Wettability

• Wettability is defined as the

tendency of one fluid to spread
on or adhere to a solid surface in
the presence of other immiscible
fluids.
• The wettability dependant on
both rock and fluid properties.
• The wettability of reservoir rocks
to the fluids is important in that
the distribution of the fluids in the
porous media is a function of
wettability.
Wettability Measurements:
• can be done in the laboratory from
core analysis by using contact
method which it depends on
measuring the angle.
Water Wet Oil Wet
Wettability Measurements:
• Relative permeability is also can be used to know the wettability
depending on the intersection point (Sor Value).

Low Sor High Sor

Water Wet System Oil Wet System

 Mobility Ratio

• Mobility is the ability of one fluid

to flow faster (higher speed) than
the other(s).
• The flow of any fluid depends on
both permeability and viscosity.
• Mobility ratio for any fluid is the
ratio between permeability and
viscosity.
 Mobility Ratio

• Mobility ratio is defined as the mobility of the displacing fluid

divided by the mobility of displaced fluid.

• Oil and water mobilities are the ratio between permabilities

and viscosities.

• Then mobility ratio can be written as:

 Mobility Ratio

• Mobility ratio is used in EOR, in both thermal and miscible gas

injection it deals with oil viscosity, and in chemical flooding it
deals with water viscosity.

• The objective is to reduce (control) the mobility ratio.

 Sweep Efficiencies
RF= Displacement Efficiency (Ed) * Vertical Sweep Efficiency (Ev) * Areal Sweep Efficiency (Ea)

Vertical Sweep Efficiency

Areal Sweep Efficiency

1 1
Sor Initially: Total Oil = (1-Swi)
Finally: Total Oil = (1-Swi-Sor) Displacement Efficiency

Ed: Total Oil = (1-Swi)/(1-Swi-Sor)

Swi
0 0