SUP Class 5

SUP - MODULE III
ENERGY AND URBANISATION
SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING I CLASS : 4 I M3 PLANNING I GEC 1

SOURCES OF ENERGY:
ENERGY SUPPLY AND DEMAND;
ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN CITIES,
DETERMINANTS OF ENERGY DEMAND IN CITIES;
ENERGY PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT;

ENERGY EFFICIENT DEVELOPMENT


Energy Management
“The strategy of adjusting and optimizing energy, using systems and procedures so as to reduce energy
requirements per unit of output while holding constant or reducing total costs of producing the output from these
systems”
“The judicious and effective use of energy to maximize profits (minimize costs) and enhance competitive
positions”

ENERGY MANAGEMENT
Energy Management
“The strategy of adjusting and optimizing energy, using systems and procedures so as to reduce energy
requirements per unit of output while holding constant or reducing total costs of producing the output from these
systems”
“The judicious and effective use of energy to maximize profits (minimize costs) and enhance competitive
positions”
To achieve and maintain optimum energy procurement and utilization, throughout the organization
To minimize energy costs / waste without affecting production & quality
To reduce import dependency
To enhance energy security, economic competitiveness, and environmental quality

ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM STANDARD
ISO 50001: Energy Management Systems Standard-Introduction
ISO 50001- the International Standard for Energy Management Systems (EnMS)
This Draft International Standard was released in April 2010
Energy Management Systems offers a comprehensive and structured approach for energy efficiency improvement.
ISO/FDIS 50001: 2011(E) defines EnMS as “set of interrelated or interacting elements to establish an energy policy
and energy objectives, and processes and procedures to achieve those objectives “
Applicable to any organization, whatever the size, industry or geographical location
An organization embracing ISO 50001 is likely to further accelerate adoption of energy efficiency practices and to
continuously improve its energy performance and cost.

Application of the standard can be tailored to fit the requirements of the organization, including degree of
documentation, resources and complexity of the system
This International Standard can be used for certification/registration and/or self-declaration of an organization's
energy management system.
The fact that it's based on measurement and verification will help organization stay on track to meet their declared
energy policies.
Adoption of ISO 50001 by any organization will:

• Reduce energy bills
• Make manufacturing more sustainable
• Promotes energy efficiency throughout the supply chain
• Helps in meeting National GHG reduction targets

Need to minimize fossil fuel use and mitigate GHG

Fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas make up the bulk of the India’s primary energy sources and, their
consumption is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, leading to concerns about global warming if not used
efficiently .
Need to adopt Energy Management.
With India’s demand for energy growing, the need to adopt alternative approaches (like increased energy efficiency,
renewable energy, etc.) to meet energy demand is also growing. Just in this respect, ‘Energy Management’ comes on
the scene, which although is not new to India, yet its penetration and adoption is slow due to various reasons.

EnMS REQUIREMENT
ISO 50001-EnMS Requirement
ISO 50001 specifies requirements for an organization to establish, implement, maintain and improve an energy
management system.
 Specifies energy management system (EnMS) to :
develop and implement an energy policy,
establish objectives, targets, and action plans which take into account legal requirements
 This International Standard specifies requirements for all factors affecting:
energy supply, uses and consumption measurement,
documentation and reporting,
 design and procurement practices for energy using equipment, processes, systems, and personnel.
ISO 50001 does not prescribe specific performance criteria with respect to energy

Plan - Do - Check – Act (PDCA)
Plan - Do - Check – Act (PDCA)
ISO 50001 is based on the Plan - Do - Check - Act (PDCA) continual improvement framework and incorporates
energy management practices into everyday organizational activities. As per ISO/FDIS 50001:2011(E):
⎯Plan: conduct the energy use assessment, establish the baseline, energy performance indicators (EnPIs), objectives,
targets and action plans necessary to deliver results that will improve energy performance (measurable results related to
energy efficiency, use and consumption) in line with the organization's energy policy;
⎯ Do: implement the energy management action plans;
⎯Check: monitor and measure processes and the key characteristics of operations that determine energy performance
against the energy policy and objectives, and report the results;
⎯Act: take actions to continually improve energy performance and the EnMS.

ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM MODEL FOR ISO 50001
CONTINUAL
ENERGY POLICY
IMPROVEMENT
ENERGY PLANNING
MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION
REVIEW AND OPERATION
INTERNAL AUDIT CHECKING MONITORING, MEASUREMENT

AND ANALYSIS
CORRECTIVE AND
PREVENTIVE ACTIONS

ENERGY POLICY
ENERGY POLICY
ISO/FDIS 50001 defines Energy Policy as “Statement by the organization of its overall intentions, and direction of
an organization related to its energy performance, as formally expressed by top management.”
 The energy policy provides a framework for action and for the setting of energy objectives and energy targets and is
documented, communicated, and understood well within the organization.
Appropriate to the scale and nature of the organization energy use.
Availability of necessary resources and support.
Commitment to comply with applicable regulations and other requirements.
Setting and reviewing of energy objectives and targets.
Supports the purchase of energy efficient technology and services.
In India, energy policy declaration by an organization is seen as a top management commitment to continual
improvement of organization's energy performance

ENERGY POLICY

ENERGY PLAN
Energy Conservation Approach
Reduce specific consumption of energy by 2% every year over next ten years
Intent
To lessen the burden on the environment by reducing energy on a continuous basis and conserve natural resources.
Requirements
Implement the following fundamental practices related to energy consumption in our organization. These practices
have to be taken up on a continuous basis.
1. Monitor energy and water consumption for the whole plant with section wise breakup
2. Establish specific energy (kWh or kCal or kL / ton or unit of production)
3. Develop an in house programme to sustain energy conservation activities in the plant.

ENERGY PLAN
Strategies
PLANNING & ACHIEVEING

TARGET
DEFINE PLAN TRACK & MANAGE
COLLECT STATUS
COLLECTION OF DEVELOP THE
DATA STRATEGIES
PLAN & TAKE
DEVEELOP SCHEDULE ADOPTIVE
COMAPARISON OF
ACTION
DATA
PREPARE REPORT
ANALYZE TO DOCUMENT THE
RESOURCES RESULTS
ANALYSIS OF DATA
DEVELOP RISK
MANAGEMENT
PLAN
Energy Conservation Team

ENERGY PLAN
 ENERGY PLANNING
 Consistent with energy policy and has the following activities:
• Energy review- determination of Energy performance for identification of energy saving opportunities
• Energy baseline- establishing basis for energy performance comparison.
• Energy performance indicators (EnPIs)- setting EnPIs, measure of energy performance.
• Objectives- establishing, implementing and maintaining documented energy objectives.
• Targets- setting targets consistent with the objectives.
• Action plans- formulating action plans to achieve objectives and targets, legal/ regulations and other requirements
and shall include:
• ⎯ designation of responsibility;
• ⎯ the means and time frame by which individual targets are to be achieved;
• ⎯ a statement of the method by which an improvement in energy performance shall be verified;
• ⎯ a statement of the method of verifying the results.

Do
 IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION
• Organization to use the action plans and other outputs resulting from the planning process for implementation
and operations and would require:
• Competence, training and awareness of work force on their role, responsibilities and duties
• Communicate internally with workforce on energy performance, EnMS and establish a process through which
suggestions can be invited to improve EnMS
• Records and document of the implementation and operation of the EnMS- scope and boundaries, energy policy ,
objectives , targets, action plan and other documents as required
• Operational Controls of those operation and maintenance activities related to significant use of energy
• Design of new, modified and renovated facilities, equipment, systems and processes that can have a significant
impact on energy performance.
• Procurement of energy efficient products, services and energy.

Check
 MONITORING ,MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS

• Key characteristics of operations that determine energy performance are monitored, measured and analysed at
planned intervals
 Corrective and preventive actions
• Significant energy uses and other outputs.
• Energy Performance Indicators (EnPIs).
• Effectiveness of Action plans.
• Energy measurement plan.
• Evaluation and correction of deviations of the energy performance.
• Control of records.

Check (contd.)
 INTERNAL AUDIT
• Conduct internal audits to ensure that Energy Management System(EnMS) confirms to:
• planned arrangements for energy management

• energy objectives and targets established;
• effective implementation

Act
 MANAGEMENT REVIEW
 Top management shall review the organization's EnMS to ensure its continuing
suitability, adequacy and effectiveness.
 Inputs for review will include:
• Calendar of review.
• Records.
• Follow-up actions from previous management reviews.
• Energy policy.
• Energy Performance Indicators(EnPIs).
• Legal compliance and other requirements.
• Energy objectives and targets.
• Results of the audit.
 CORRECTIVE AND PREVENTIVE ACTIONS.

• Projected energy performance.
• Recommendations for improvement.
• Resources.

Act
 Continual Improvement
 A recurring process which results in enhancement of overall energy performance
and the EnMS
 Output of Management Review will include:
• Changes in the energy policy.
• Changes in the EnPIs.
• Changes in the targets, goals and objectives.
• Allocation of resources.

Comparison between ISO 50001, ISO 9001 and ISO 14001
• ISO 50001 is proposed to be in line with ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 standards that address quality management
and environmental management issues.
• ISO 50001 is based on the same Plan-Do-Check-Act approach of ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 and it draws
extensively on the structure and content of the QMS and EMS.
• Implementation of ISO 9001 means what the organization does to fulfill the customer's quality requirements,
and applicable regulatory requirements, while aiming to enhance customer satisfaction,
• Implementation of ISO 14001 means what the organization does to minimize harmful effects on the
environment caused by its activities, and to achieve continual improvement of its environmental performance.
• Similarly ISO 50001 implementation is expected to address what the organization does to effectively manage
energy resources and performance that is relevant to global standards.

ISO 50001 in Indian Context
India has enacted the Energy Conservation Act in 2001, which has been amended in 2010
The five major provisions of EC Act relate to:
Designated Consumers (mainly energy intensive industries) to comply with the specific energy
consumption norms for the manufactured products and services and establishment of energy
management system,
Standard and Labeling of energy consuming appliances, gadgets and equipment to ensure promotion
of energy efficiency of the new stocks entering the market
Energy Conservation Building Codes ensuring that new commercial buildings constructed in the
country have less electricity consumption
Creation of Institutional Set up (Bureau of Energy Efficiency) for effective coordination of the energy
conservation efforts in the country and
Establishment of Energy Conservation Fund at Centre and States to provide necessary financial
support for energy efficiency initiatives in the country.
Energy efficiency institutional practices and programs in India are now mainly being guided
through various voluntary and mandatory provisions of the Energy Conservation Act

 The National Action Plan on Climate Change was released by Honorable Prime Minister of India in June 2008
 The Action Plan Outlines 8 Missions including National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE)
 The basic objective of the NMEEE mission is to ensure a sustainable growth by an approximate mix of 4 E’s,
namely- Energy, Efficiency, Equity and Environment
 In one of the four components of NMEEE, namely, Perform Achieve and Trade (PAT), energy baseline parameters
and energy saving targets are being fixed for 8 sectors of energy intensive industry including Thermal Power
Stations under EC Act (amended)
 PAT process has really made aware the manufacturing sector to how to establish energy performance baseline,
normalized energy performance indicators, targets fixation process and action plans to achieve targets.

 In order to achieve the targets, as set , the plant is required to have a strong energy management system , well
defined energy policy and qualified human resource.
 More than 200 industrial units and other establishments have already declared their energy policy and have
certified energy managers and energy auditors.
 India has now about 8414 Certified Energy Managers, out of which 6073 are also qualified as Certified Energy
Auditors, from the previous 11 examinations conducted by Bureau of Energy Efficiency since 2004.
 These professionally qualified energy managers and energy auditors have expertise in energy management,
project management, financing and implementation of energy efficiency projects, and policy analysis
 In view of the above , it may be relatively easier for Indian industry to adopt ISO 50001 Standard

ENERGY EFFICIENT DEVELOPMENT : CONTEXT
Cities occupy 3% of the Earth’s land surface, and house 54% of the human
population
· Cities account for a considerable portion of a country’s energy

consumption. [2/3 of worldwide energy usage and GHG emissions]
· Most production, trade and transportation activities usually are located in
these areas. [80% of Asia’s GDP is produced by Asian cities]
· Growing built environment
· Cities concentrate industrial development and its pollution.
· Increasing volumes of waste generated
· Motor vehicles dominate urban transportation systems - producing
congestion, local air pollution, and GHGs.
· Massive and typically inefficient energy consuming urban systems waste
resources and generates pollution and GHGs
· Uncertainty of energy supplies & other energy concerns
· Social issues – urbanization of poverty – lack of basic services

Energy for Sustainable Development
Sustainable energy: Energy solutions that address development issues related to economic growth, environment and
social equity simultaneously.
Economic
Key input
for
Environmental economic
growth Social
Impacts of Poverty
energy alleviation
production and
and use gender




Low Carbon Development of Urban Communities

· Urban Systems – Infrastructures; resource intensive (energy, water, materials and land); Difficult and costly to modify.
· Traffic congestion - Inadequate road & transport infrastructures - cost can be as high as 10% of the city’s GDP.
· Typical buildings – non-energy efficient - can account for 40% of a city’s total energy consumption and 30% of GHG
emissions.
· Expansion of infrastructures (rapid urbanization; fast economic growth; increased competitiveness, etc.).
· The way a city is planned, designed, operated and maintained will influence its future energy usage and emissions
(GHG & pollutants).
Energy Consuming Urban Systems
Linkage between energy demand and the way the development and arrangement of cities are planned.
Correlation between the urban systems and environmental health, economic competitiveness and the quality of life in
cities.
The patterns of consumption and production of infrastructures that are built for urban systems can have positive or
negative outcomes, depending on how these are designed, operated and maintained.
Investments on urban system infrastructure development to achieve and sustain socio-economic development goals.

Climate Change and Energy Use in Cities
· Human activities release GHG emissions that contribute to global warming
· Climate change is directly linked to emissions of GHGs bulk of which are from the utilization of energy (non-renewable
forms)
Land Use Issues Mechanism Energy Impacts

Climate Change Challenges in Cities
Increasing Carbon Footprint
· Increasing urban sprawl – increased use of private transport

· Energy-consuming lifestyles and practices
· Poor urban planning, management and governance
· What is the challenge? Managing a city’s development that:
 Maximizes low-carbon energy sources
Enhances efficiency in delivering urban services
 Moves to low-carbon intensity for a given unit of GDP
Vulnerability to Climate Extremes
· Cities situated in low lying coastal or river plains

· Extreme weather events - increasing in intensity and frequency
· Sea level rise; Poor suffer more
· New driver of urbanization - “eco-refugees/eco-migrants”

Challenges
 Inadequate policy and regulatory

frameworks that support environmentally
sustainable development in cities
 Insufficient capacity of cities to plan, design
and implement integrated sustainable
development actions
 Lack of financing for initiatives on
environmentally sustainable urban
development
 Lack of available replicable successful
examples of sustainable development
applications at the urban level
 Lack of easily accessible information on
feasible and applicable technologies and
practices on sustainable urban development



Energy-Integrated Urban Development Planning
Integrating Energy & Environment Concerns & Impacts in:
1. Land Use and Transport Planning

Contiguous development patterns; parking plans and siting; street design and layout; traffic rules; trip reduction
measures; citizens participation, etc.
2. Site Planning and Building Design

Building efficiency; orientation; landscaping; building services design and operations; pedestrian facilities; transit
facilities, etc.
3. Infrastructure Efficiency
Water supply and use; wastewater collection and storm drainage; solid waste collection & recycling facilities; heat &
power recovery; joint infrastructure planning & delivery.
4. Energy Supply
Electricity supply & distribution; district heating & cooling; waste heat utilization; cogeneration systems; waste-to-
energy systems; renewable energy utilization, etc.

Low carbon development of

cities can be facilitated
through the enforcement of
appropriate policies and
regulatory frameworks that
support the planning , design
and implementation of
interventions that fully
recognize the importance of
urban development planning
that takes serious
consideration of the energy
and environment aspects of
sustainable development.

Challenges
Institutional Challenges
• e.g., Divided responsibilities and split incentives of relevant stakeholders; energy and climate change are not
mainstreamed in urban development planning processes
Energy Use and Energy Policy Challenges
• e.g., Energy planning not responsibility of cities; existing laws, regulations not supportive of EE and RE initiatives;
restrictive regulations and default controls
Political Challenges
• e.g., Local authorities support missing; changes in administration often translate to change in policies; lack of
awareness & information about the economic, environmental (and also political) benefits of low carbon
development
Social/Community Challenges
• e.g., Local communities not aware and resistant to proposed changes lifestyles and attitudes
Capacity & Financial Challenges
• e.g., City planners & engineers not skilled/knowledgeable of EIP and low carbon development; Lack of financing
for low carbon development initiatives

Challenges
Key Players
• Local Government Authorities and Staff (city development planning, public works and general services, city
engineers office, etc..)
• National and Regional Development Agencies
• Utilities (Fuel, Electricity, Water & Sanitation, Telecommunications)
• Real Estate Developers
• Business Community (industry, trade and commerce, service)
• Public Transport Operators
• NGOs/CBOs and Citizens Groups
• General Public

Planned Development Areas

• Preservation and Protection of Natural Features of the Land including Environmentally Sensitive Areas
• Access to Existing Infrastructure and Services
• Access to Transport and Transit Systems
Community Design & Layout Spatial Structures

• Streets and Roads
• Natural Features and Open Spaces
Buildings and Infrastructures

• Energy Efficient Buildings & Building Materials
• Utilization of the Natural Landscapes & Green Infrastructures
• Energy Efficient Design, Operation and Maintenance of Urban Systems
• Green Construction
• Sustainable Energy Production and Supply

Sustainable and Energy Efficient City Development
Strategies to Support Plan Implementation
Privatization and the Role of the Private Sector

• Joint development (e.g., residential housing program; public facilities)
• Privatization (Garbage collection; Sewerage system operation; selected user fee collection; Road infrastructure
construction; Leasing of government vehicles; Tourism promotion; Historical and cultural preservation; Road and
park maintenance; Building inspection; and, Information dissemination campaigns)
Improvement of City's Public Image
Revenue Enhancement Interventions
• Improve collection efficiency of locally levied taxes

• Improve city government fee rates to better coincide with cost recovery of development infrastructures/services
and improve fee collection procedures.
• Consider the potentials of grants manship.
• Introduce fundamental reforms in local government revenue structure.

Examples of Strategies to Support Plan Implementation
1. Energy-Environment Conservation Strategies

• Implementation of a Public Utilities Surcharge
• Restructuring and Increasing Vehicle Tax
• Authorization of Cordon Pricing or Trip Tolls to CBD
• Parking Fees
2. City Development Strategies

• User Fees, Surcharges
• Increase Share in Land Registration Tax Earnings
• Increase Development Fees for Building Permits
• Implementation of Betterment Charges
• Privatization of Selected Urban Infrastructure and Services
• Increase Public/Private Sector Joint Development

Examples of Strategies to Support Plan Implementation
1. Energy-Environment Conservation Strategies

• Implementation of a Public Utilities Surcharge
• Restructuring and Increasing Vehicle Tax
• Authorization of Cordon Pricing or Trip Tolls to CBD
• Parking Fees
2. City Development Strategies

• User Fees, Surcharges
• Increase Share in Land Registration Tax Earnings
• Increase Development Fees for Building Permits
• Implementation of Betterment Charges
• Privatization of Selected Urban Infrastructure and Services
• Increase Public/Private Sector Joint Development

Sustainable and Energy Efficient Cities
Benefits from Sustainable Energy Projects in Cities
• Reduction in the use of raw materials as resource inputs

• Reduction in pollution
• Increased energy efficiency leading to reduced energy use in the city as a whole
• Reduction in the volume of waste products requiring disposal (with the added benefit of preventing disposal-related
pollution)
• Increase in the amount and types of process outputs that have market value
Benefits of Low Carbon Development of Cities
• GHG Emission Reduction (climate change mitigation)

• Energy Use and Energy Cost Reduction
• Preservation of Natural Environment
• Pollution Reduction (air, land, water)
• Improved Public Health
• Empowered Communities
• Enhanced Quality of Life in Cities (safety, welfare and well-being)
• Improved Economy and Competitiveness

Benefits from Sustainable Energy Projects in Cities
• Reduction in the use of raw materials as resource inputs

• Reduction in pollution
• Increased energy efficiency leading to reduced energy use in the city as a whole
• Reduction in the volume of waste products requiring disposal (with the added benefit of preventing disposal-related
pollution)
• Increase in the amount and types of process outputs that have market value
Benefits of Low Carbon Development of Cities
• GHG Emission Reduction (climate change mitigation)

• Energy Use and Energy Cost Reduction
• Preservation of Natural Environment
• Pollution Reduction (air, land, water)
• Improved Public Health
• Empowered Communities
• Enhanced Quality of Life in Cities (safety, welfare and well-being)
• Improved Economy and Competitiveness





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SUP - MODULE III

ENERGY AND URBANISATION

SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING I CLASS : 4 I M3 PLANNING I GEC 1

ENERGY PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT;

SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING I CLASS : 5 I M3 PLANNING I GEC 2

SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING I CLASS : 5 I M3 PLANNING I GEC 3

SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING I CLASS : 5 I M3 PLANNING I GEC 4

SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING I CLASS : 5 I M3 PLANNING I GEC 5

ISO 50001: Energy Management Systems Standard-Introduction

This Draft International Standard was released in April 2010

Applicable to any organization, whatever the size, industry or geographical location

SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING I CLASS : 5 I M3 PLANNING I GEC 6

ISO 50001: Energy Management Systems Standard-Introduction

Adoption of ISO 50001 by any organization will:

SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING I CLASS : 5 I M3 PLANNING I GEC 7

ISO 50001: Energy Management Systems Standard-Introduction

Need to minimize fossil fuel use and mitigate GHG

SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING I CLASS : 5 I M3 PLANNING I GEC 8

ISO 50001-EnMS Requirement

SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING I CLASS : 5 I M3 PLANNING I GEC 9

Plan - Do - Check – Act (PDCA)

⎯ Do: implement the energy management action plans;

SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING I CLASS : 5 I M3 PLANNING I GEC 10

INTERNAL AUDIT CHECKING MONITORING, MEASUREMENT

SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING I CLASS : 5 I M3 PLANNING I GEC 11

Appropriate to the scale and nature of the organization energy use.

Availability of necessary resources and support.

Commitment to comply with applicable regulations and other requirements.

Setting and reviewing of energy objectives and targets.

Supports the purchase of energy efficient technology and services.

SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING I CLASS : 5 I M3 PLANNING I GEC 12

SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING I CLASS : 5 I M3 PLANNING I GEC 13

Energy Conservation Approach

SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING I CLASS : 5 I M3 PLANNING I GEC 14

PLANNING & ACHIEVEING

DEFINE PLAN TRACK & MANAGE

Energy Conservation Team

SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING I CLASS : 5 I M3 PLANNING I GEC 15

SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING I CLASS : 5 I M3 PLANNING I GEC 16

 IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION

SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING I CLASS : 5 I M3 PLANNING I GEC 17

 MONITORING ,MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS

SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING I CLASS : 5 I M3 PLANNING I GEC 18

• planned arrangements for energy management

SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING I CLASS : 5 I M3 PLANNING I GEC 19

 CORRECTIVE AND PREVENTIVE ACTIONS.

SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING I CLASS : 5 I M3 PLANNING I GEC 20

SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING I CLASS : 5 I M3 PLANNING I GEC 21

SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING I CLASS : 5 I M3 PLANNING I GEC 22

SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING I CLASS : 5 I M3 PLANNING I GEC 23

SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING I CLASS : 5 I M3 PLANNING I GEC 24

SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING I CLASS : 5 I M3 PLANNING I GEC 25

· Cities account for a considerable portion of a country’s energy

SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING I CLASS : 5 I M3 PLANNING I GEC 26

Energy for Sustainable Development

SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING I CLASS : 5 I M3 PLANNING I GEC 27

SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING I CLASS : 5 I M3 PLANNING I GEC 28

SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING I CLASS : 5 I M3 PLANNING I GEC 29

SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING I CLASS : 5 I M3 PLANNING I GEC 30

Low Carbon Development of Urban Communities

SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING I CLASS : 5 I M3 PLANNING I GEC 31

Land Use Issues Mechanism Energy Impacts