CHILD LABOR IN ACEH PROVINCE: PROBLEM AND ITS

ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION

Child labor is a serious problem in Aceh Province of Indonesia because it causes

exploitation of children’s rights. The latest data shows that there are is 3.573 ,567 .567

children are are involved ed in child labor. They work under hazardous and unsafe

condition such as coal mininge, cement, factoryies, fishing, road construction and

agricultural sector. This condition infringes the rights to f to education to develop their

skills as stipulated in Article 26 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and

Indonesian law Number o. 39 of 1999. Thus,Therefore, child labor practice has to be

eliminated immediately; otherwise, the condition might be worse in the future. There are

at least at least three alternative solutions that are are available to solve this problem.

Option-1: prohibits children to work and regulate child labor condition. Oprtion-2:

provides vocational training and free primary education for child labor. Option-3:

increases the livelihood of child labor’s ’s parents. Among these options, option-3 is

highly suggested recommended to be taken into consideration. Option-3 can directly

cures the root of the problem – poor living condition causing child labor. This is a strong

ength option. This option is more likely to be effective because it is easy to be engaged

into international supports and several other supports are also available. However, this

option also has a weakness because it puts s more burdens on the government to provide

financial supports for vocational trainings. The risky oneConsequently, is that this option

is highly depends on international supports s and could be failed if no support is

provided.

1. THE PROBLEMS IN CONTEXT

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Aceh is one of the poor provinces s in Indonesia especially after tsunami hit this area on
26th December 2004. This poor condition has forced the children to work as child labor
(RRA 2006). The number of child labor in Aceh significantly increases every year and
the latest figure is 3.567 children and most of them are between 12 and 6 years old12-16
years old (Statistic Bureau, 2006). Children (must be plural) workers quite often become
the victims such as they are employed to work of employers (simplify) in coal mines,
cement factoriesies, fishing sectors, road constructions and agricultural sectors. The tasks
which are are asked to be done by children can jeopardize their health and safety.
Moreover, the working conditions are very poor and the wages are very low (Agung, P,
2006).

In most cases, child labor infringes the rights to educateion to and develop (parallel,
telling the purpose) their skills as stipulationed (noun) in Article 26 of the UN
Convention on the Rights of the Child (UN-CRC) 1989. This Convention allows to
employ child labor the children (object of the sentence) with limitation not to be directed
to the exploitation condition (Article 27-32). S The similar condition is is also allowed
by Indonesian Law law Number No. 39 of /1999. However, the problem arises when this
employment may cause the exploitation towards the children. Unfortunately, the
employment of child labor in Aceh is already directed to exploitive condition. Therefore,
this child labor exploitation should needs to be eliminated immediately.

There are two concepts that look similar, but in fact they are quite different, namely
“child work” and “child labor”. UNICEF defines child work as a participation of children
in economic activity which does not have negatively aeffect (have as verb, adj+noun)
their health and development or interfere with education (UNICEF, 1994). Any light
work done by children as long as does not effect their education is permitted by ILO
Convention Number o.138/ of 1973 which comes into force on 19th June1976. Moreover,
child work is also children’s right to have an adequate standard of living as stipulated in
Article 27 of UN-CRC. However, this kind of work is only allowed for children above 12
years old (Article 32 UN-CRC).

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Child labor is defined as an employment of children under an age determined by law or
custom. It includes all children below under 12 years of age working in any economic
activities, and children above aged 12 years engaged in harmful work, and all children
below under 16 years old engaged in the worst forms of work (UNICEF, 1994). A long
time ago, child labor was not considered as a serious problem, but it becomes became a
serious problem since Universal Declaration of Human Rights was declared in 1948 and
the concepts of children's rights was acknowledged by hHuman rRights cCommission
(Ashagrie, K, 1993).

The problem of child labor exists every where around the world especially in developing
countries such as India, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Thailand, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe and
Malawi (Eswaran, M, 1996). It is estimated that around 246 million children in the world
are engaged in child labor (ILO Report, 2006). Majority of them are working in
hazardous situations such as working in mines, pesticides, dangerous machinery,
chemical factories and agriculture sector under horrific circumstances.

In terms of number, ILO reports that Asian and the Pacific regions are the largest number
of child labor in the world around 127.3 million in total. In sub-Saharan Africa, it is
estimated around 48 million child labors. Latin America and the Caribbean have
approximately 7.4 million child labors. Around 2.5 million child workers are predicted
working in the Middle East and North Africa (ILO Report, 2006). In Asian countries such
as Pakistan, Afghanistan, the Philippines, Thailand and Cambodia, the vast majority of
child labor around 70 % is working in agriculture sector (Rosati, F.C and Rossi, M,
2003).

In national level, the study conducted by ILO (2003) shows that there are more than
700,000 children work as domestic help in Jakarta and about 70 locations have been
pinpointed as the centers for child labor. In North Sumatra Province, Indonesia, there are
also found 5,090 children working as child labor in fishing platforms known as Jermals.
They work every day between for 15-18 hours a day and no time is allocated for children
to go to schools (Damanik, T, 2005). Similarly, the number of child labor in Aceh

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Province has significantly increased and now the number has reached 3,567 children
(Statistics Bureau, 2006).

The problem of child labor is not a local issue, but it has become a global issue which
requires serious measurements (serious is adjective, must be followed by noun) from
related stakeholders to eliminate it. Therefore, in 1989 the United Nations adopted the
Convention on the Rights of the Child as a serious measurement (must be noun after
adjective serious) to provide sufficient protection to children and prevent them from any
exploitation. This Convention provides a wide range of rights to which children are
entitled under iInternational lLaw (Name of law must be capitalized). Among the long list
of articles, the Article 32 (1) provides specific protection for the children. This article
stipulates that “states parties should recognize the right of the child to be protected from
economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to
interfere with the child's education, or to be harmful to the child's health or physical,
mental, spiritual, moral or social development”.

Therefore, in order to avoid any exploitation, the Convention requests national

government to set a minimum age of employment and to regulate working conditions as
stipulated in Article 32 (2) of the Convention. In doing so, the best interest of the child
must be the primary consideration made by the state (Article 3 of the Convention). In
line with this, Schech, S and Haggis, J (2000, p.168) argue that child labor should be
regulated, rather than simply prohibited. This view is also shared by many child labors
who attended a conference on child labor in Amsterdam in 1996. They argued (Simple
past tense) that the right to work should not be provided to adults only, but also should be
provided to children too.

2. ROOT CAUSES OF CHILD LABOR IN ACEH PROVINCE

Aceh is one of a poor provinces (One of must be followed by plural) in Indonesia and this
condition causes the families are unable to fulfill their family needs such as food, clothes
and shelters. In order to fulfill family needs, they enforce their children (‘their’ belongs to
they) to work. Without children’s incomes, the parents are almost unable to fulfill family
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needs. In this regards, children’s incomes are considered as secondary resource for the
family (specific). As a result, the children have no time to go to schools to pursue their
basic education. It is very clear that poor living condition has become the main factor that
causes child labor in Aceh Province. This poor condition has taken place since Dutch
colony occupied Aceh Province in 1873 and so far no significant progress has been
achieved to reduce this poor condition (Hasyimi, A, 2004).

Secondly, traditional culture plays very significant roles significantly (Simplify the
sentence) in creating child labor in Aceh Province. It has become a common view in
Aceh Province since Dutch colony that the parents do not feel guilty to employ and force
their children to work. It was considered as a strange idea when human rights activists
campaign for human rights which are saying that it is the right of children not to be
exploited to work as child labor. Similarly, the children also prefer to work than to go to
schools because of by (telling cause) working as child workers. tThey (to begin the
sentence must be capitalized) can get some money and are proud to be able to help their
parents to fulfill their family needs. This traditional culture still exists in that society and
there is very small change has been made during the last decades (Muhammad, A, 2003).

Thirdly, the need to learn new practical skills for future life may result in child labor in
Aceh Province. Majority of Mostly (word choice) parents think that their children need to
use their childhoods to learn some skills especially practical skills for their later lives
such as how to be a good farmer, carpenter, fisherman, gardener, painter, cleaner, house
keeper and shop assistant (Marzuki, M, 2002). It is expected that by having such skills,
their children might be able face new life when they are adult by which at that time they
have to be independent. In line with this, the children also never consider the instruction
given by their parents as a burden for them and even they love to do it.

2.1. Key development issues

The facts in Aceh Province show that majority works done by the children are very risky
for their health and quite dangerous for their safety. For example, some children are

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working at road constructions without using proper equipments like helmet and boot
shoes, working at mining industries, working in fishing sector with fishermen, working at
agriculture sector involved in using pesticide, and so on. Besides, the length of working
time is also not suitable for them and normally they work more than 8 hours a day seven
days a week (Agung, P, 2006). In addition, the wages received by child workers are very
low and lower than the wages received by adult workers. Sometimes, they are not paid at
all when they are working with parents to help their parents businesses.

This condition tells us that the nature of works done by child labor in Aceh Province is
already directed to the exploitation of children. This condition is against with the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948, ILO Convention on Elimination of Child
Labor No.183/1973, UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989, ILO Convention of
Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child labor 1999, Indonesian lLegislation (Must be
capitalized) the Act No.39/1999 about Human Rights Protection and some legal
instruments protecting children’s rights. This kind of exploitation needs to be eliminated
immediately; otherwise the condition might be worse in the future. This is a key issue of
development held by this project. In other words, this project tries to eliminate any
exploitation of child labor and to maintain the rights of children to work without
interfering their education, health and safety.

2.3. Stakeholders: their interests and risks

There are some stakeholders who are closely related to the child labor problem, they are:
1. The Child labor. (Using “the” because it is specific)
Working children are the main stakeholder of this problem and they are quite often to
be the victims of exploitations. They have interests to have proper jobs without
harmful their health and safety as well as to obtain proper wages. In addition that they
need to be provided sufficient time to go to schools during school terms. However,
the risk that will be faced by child workers if this problem is solved is that they
cannot have sufficient income from their jobs anymore due to limited working hours
provided for them.

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2. The Parents.
Parents are the important stakeholders who have directly (Need adverb for verb
impact) impacts (The subject is stakeholders, it doesn’t need V1 s form) from child
working and they have interest to have a the (Using “a” for countable noun) financial
support for the family income. The more money earned by the child labor, the more
benefits obtained by the family. On one hand, the parents want their children to work
more hours to get more money. On the other hand, they also understand that their
children need to have good education for their future (Suryahadi, A and Pritchett, L,
2003). The risk that might be faced if this child labor problem is solved is that the
parents will lose or have less financial support from their children.

3. The Employers
Employers get more benefits by employing child labor children (general meaning) in
their businesses because they can get cheaper labor. Cheaper labor will lead to lower
production cost, and then lower cost will supply higher profits for the employers
(Jones, G, 2001). If child labor problem is solved, employers are the main stakeholder
who will suffer from this policy. They have interest to keep child labor as usual so
that they can employ them as they want and to keep this condition not to be changed.
If theiry policy is changed, they will lose their profits due to restricted working hours
for children. Moreover, they have to spend more money to pay adult workers who
might replace child workers in their businesses.

4. The Government of Indonesia

The Government of Indonesia especially The Ministry of Labor is the important
stakeholder who should take responsibility to solve child labor problem. The
Ggovernment (it doesn’t need capital letter because it doesn’t followed by the
government’s name) has an interest to eliminate any form of child labor exploitation
in Indonesia as obligated by nthe National lLegislation No.39 of 1999. Moreover, as a
member of the UN Convention on Elimination of Child Labor No.183 of 1973 and
the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989, Indonesian government has legal
obligations to make sure that no exploitation of child labor is practiced in Indonesia.

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 The risk is that if the exploitation of child labor is still practiced, Indonesia might be
excluded from international trade and all product produced by using child labor could
be banned by World Trade Organization. This kind of international sanction has been
imposed to Nepal and Bangladesh initiated by the USA in 1990 (Harkin, S, 1994).

5. The United Nations - ILO

As a creator of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 and the UN
Convention on Elimination of Child Labor 1973, the United Nations especially
International Labor Organization (ILO) has an interest to make sure that all state
members are implementing the provisions of these two conventions. Therefore,
nowadays ILO runs a specific program to eliminate any exploitation of child labor
around the world, namely International Program on Eliminating of Child Labor
(IPEC). One of the this IPEC program is being implemented in Aceh Province as a
pilot project for Indonesia (ILO-IPEC, 2006).

6. The International and National NGOs

International NGOs which are very active in promoting children’s rights such as Plan
International, Care International, and Children on the Street have special interests on
in (interest is followed by “in” preposition) elimination of child labor problem. These
INGOs are currently working in Aceh Province to promote, protect and fulfill the
rights of children especially after tsunami (not English word) hit Aceh on 26th
December 2004. Since 2005 this program has been conducted together with the local
NGOs like Children Care, Human Rights Foundation for Aceh and Aceh Children to
make sure that no child labor is exploited by any employer. The risk is that if this
program is does (do/does must be followed by V1) not run successfully, those NGOs
might lose their reputation and image from their constituents.

3. POSSIBILITIES FOR ALLIANCE BUILDING

A comprehensive approach to solve child labor problem is more effective compared to a

single approach. Hence, common understanding among related stakeholders needs to be

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set up first. Parents should not force their children to work for full-time jobs. In order to
get more income for the family, the parents should get extra jobs and increase their skills.
Children also should use their childhood times efficiently to pursue their studies and
might have light work to help their parents.

In addition, the employers also should release children from their jobs in the morning and
recruit more adult workers to replace child workers. By doing so, more employments for
adult workers will be created. It is understood that by releasing child labor, the employers
will get less profits due to higher wages paid for adult workers. This is a risk that will be
faced by the employers if they want to solve child labor problem.

Besides, Indonesian government also needs to be involved actively to solve this problem
as a mediator among child labor, parents and employers to fulfill the interests of each
party. Furthermore, the government should create a specific regulation about work
condition for child labor agreed by all parties by respecting the interests of each group. In
this regards, some technical assistance from ILO and other organizations might be
sought. Moreover, labor union as another stakeholder also needs to be involved to solve
this problem because they have interest that child labor is not exploited by any employer.

In To implementing an alliance building in solving child labor problem, the lesson insight
from Malaysia is a good example model to be learned. Before 1990 Malaysia faced huge
problems about child labor issues. Then, the government regulated work condition for
child labor with certain limitation. An alliance building involveding some other
iInternational oOrganizations such as World Bank, ADB, ILO, UNDP, INGOs and Local
NGOs as well to organize this useful problem was very useful (To simplify the sentence).
As a result, now child labor condition in Malaysia is much better than before (Weiner, M,
1991). Similar success of solving this problem also occurred in some Scandinavian
countries such Norway and Sweden (Swaminathan, M, 1997).

3.1. Resources requirements and possible timeframe

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To solve this child labor problem requires certain amount of resources, among them are
financial and human resources. Those resources could be obtained from central
government of Indonesia especially from the Department of Labor under skill training
scheme. The An additional budget is also available at the Department of Agriculture
under the farmer empowerment scheme, the Department of Youth under youth training
scheme, the Department of Justice under legal assistance scheme. Hence, cross
department budget needs to be applied to solve this child labor problem immediately.

Moreover, financial support also can be sought from the United Nations bodies such
UNICEF, UNDP, WHO, FAO, UNFPA and ILO. Currently ILO has special budget for
eliminating of child labor under IPEC programme which is currently being held in Aceh
Province of Indonesia. Further financial assistance also can be sought from the
international NGOs such as Care International, Plan International, Children on the Street,
and World Vision. An additional support also might be obtained from local NGOs taking
care about child labor in Aceh such as Children Care Centre, Human Rights Foundation
and Aceh Children Care.

4. ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS

There are many alternative solutions proposed to solve child labor problem in Aceh
Province; however, in this case three options are proposed to be considered, as follows:

Option-1: Strictly prohibit children to work and regulate child labor condition.

In order to prohibit children to work; firstly, the government should create a very strict
law with severe punishment. The law should mention say (word choice) something like
“children under 16 years old are strictly prohibited to work and under no circumstance
can the employer employ children”. Secondly, legal enforcers such as police, lawyer,
solicitor and judge should be well informed about this law and they are requested to fully
implement it. It is expected that by applying this law, no children will work and no
employer will employ them. By taking this measurement, it (Measurement is noun;

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Dependent and independent sentences is expected that Indonesian government will not be
accused by international organizations to employ children.

It seems that this solution is very strait forward to solve child labor problem. However,
this option will create new several problems which might be worse than the previous
condition and it could cause more serious impacts on human life. Firstly, child workers
will lose their opportunities to earn money to support their lives to have an adequate
living standard. Secondly, the children will lose their opportunities to learn certain skills
for their later lives. Children normally use their childhoods (uncountable noun) to learn
something to build their skills for their future. If they do not learn something during their
early hoods, it might be difficult for them to find jobs in their future life (word choice)
later lives. Consequently, they could be job less in the future and again poor living
condition might occur.

Thirdly, the parents will lose their income support from their children. Currently the
parents very much rely on children’s incomes to support their family needs because they
are very poor. Fourthly, the employers will lose their cheaper workers and consequently
their production will be lower. Actually the employers can substitute child workers with
adult workers, but they have to pay more wages. As a result, their profit will decrease and
it would lead to less production. Furthermore, less production will create negative impact
on economic growth as a whole.

Fifthly, the government needs to spend more budgets to create a new law starting from
drafting process until approval process by the parliament. Then the government also
needs more budgets to implement this law. On the other hand, currently Indonesian
government faces serious financial constraint. It seems that this option puts more burdens
on the government side.

In terms of international context, this option might not be supported by international

organization such as UNICEF, ILO and other international donors because it strictly
closes the door for children to work. However, international instruments as described in

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part-1 and part-2 allow children to work with certain limitation such as not harmful for
their health, safety and education. Moreover, this option also might contrast with some
international laws because it is too strict to the children. Consequently, international
support might not be obtained for this option. So far there is no such law is implemented
by any country in the world.

Option-2: Provide vocational training and free primary education for child labor

In order to avoid the exploitation of child labor, the government may provide vocational
trainings for child workers. The training is aimed to provide children certain skills to
increase their capability to create their own jobs or find other jobs which are not harmful
for their health and safety. Type of trainings could be vary from one group to other group
such as carpenter, handicraft, painting, hair cutting, and some other vocational trainings
that are suitable for them. This training could be run for 9-12 months followed by 20–30
children/class (Priyambada, A, 2002).

Before this vocational training is conducted, the number of trainees should be identified
first. It is recommended that the training should be prioritized to children who are
between 12– 16 years old because that period is the appropriate time to learn new skills.
In this matter, Parker, S.W (2005) argues that the ages between 12 and 16 is the sensitive
period to learn new things. After few years later those children will be adult workers and
they really need to get jobs. Moreover, the fact also shows that the majority of child
workers working in Aceh Province are between 12-16 years old. It is expected that by
having sufficient knowledge and skills obtained from this vocational training, they will
be able to find their jobs or create their own jobs.

There are pros and contras among scholars and activists about the idea of this option. The
experts who support this argument such as Suryahadi, A and Pritchett, L (2003), Jones,
G (2001) and Rosati, F.C and Rosti, M (2003) argued that this vocational training may
significantly provide positive impacts towards children. One of the positive impacts is
that the children can obtain new knowledge, skills, methods and new ideas from the

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training which enable them to shift from harmful jobs to the better jobs. However, the
contrast opinions say that this vocational training might not solve child labor problem
because the children still have to struggle to find other jobs after the training is completed
and not all of them are able to create their own jobs. Then they are involved again in the
previous jobs (Eswaran, M, 1996 and Weiner, M, 1999).

Other opinion, Sumarto, S (1998) argued that this vocational training might give new
burden for Indonesian government because they have to allocate huge amount of
financial resources while the government itself is facing financial constraint. To
anticipate this financial constraint, Schultz, T.P (2004) suggested that international
cooperation could be used as an alternative solution. Besides, soft loan from international
financial institutions such as World Bank, IMF and ADB could be proposed by the
government because child labor already becomes a global problem which needs an
international assistance. James, M (2005) also argues that skill training provided for the
children should be viewed in the long run view rather than short run view. In the long
run, this training will not only reduce the worst form of child labor, but also may create
new employments.

Maitra, P and Ray, R (2002) said that just providing vocational training is not enough
because the children are still keen to work for full time jobs after the training is
completed. In order to eliminate it, the government should also provide free basic
education and encourage child labor to go to schools. Currently child labor cannot go to
schools because of their parents are unable to pay tuition fees, uniforms and books. By
providing free education, it is expected the parents will have motivation to encourage
their children to pursue their basic education in the morning. Then, the children can do
light works in the afternoon to help their parents or to work with other employers. In this
matter, Sumarto, S (1998) stated that free education should be provided for 7 – 16 years
old children. In case the children need financial assistance, the government should
provide it too so that no reasons for child labor not to go to school. By doing so, the
number of child labor who are working for full time jobs in Aceh province would be
reduced regularly.

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Unfortunately, Eswaran, M, (1996) argued that if the government provides free basic
education means that the government must subsidy huge amount of fund. This condition
definitely will create new budget deficit every year and the government has to carry this
burden for a longer time. Unlike Eswaran, M; Suryahadi, A and Pritchett, L (2003)
emphasized that this condition is a trade off for government between budget
consideration and children’s future. They prefer the government to pay more attention to
children’s future and the money needed for that purpose could be obtained from soft
loans provided by international organizations.

Option-3: Increasing the livelihoods of child labor’s parents.

It has been elaborated in the part-2 that the main factor which causes child labor in Aceh
Province is poor living condition of child labor’s family. The fact shows that almost all
child labor existing in Aceh Province right now are coming from the poor family. They
are also uneducated people with very low rate of literacy. Therefore, increasing the
livelihoods of child labor’s parents is the most effective solution to cure child labor
problem. By having sufficient incomes, it is expected that parents will not force their
children to work anymore. It is commonly understood that none parents want to exploit
their children to work if there have sufficient income to survive.

If this option can be considered by the government, the next issue is how to increase the
livelihoods of child labor parents. In order to do so, here are some measures that could be
taken by the government. Firstly, the government should create a policy providing that
no children are allowed to work in the morning during school time, and they are only
allowed to work after school time. This policy will contribute positive impact toward new
employment. It means that when there are no children working in the morning time, it
might open new job opportunities for the parents. Then the parents can work for those
jobs to replace child workers. By having those jobs may associate new incomes for
parents and then the parents will be better off in the future. Unfortunately, this policy can
cause big lost for employers because they have to pay higher wages for adult workers,

14
while during this time the employer just pay child workers with very low wages. In this
regards, the employers need to understand about this condition.

Secondly, the government should provide vocational trainings for the parents so that they
can run their own businesses. There are wide ranges vocational training can be done for
the parents such as carpenter, painting, construction and electrical training. In conducting
these vocational trainings, the government definitely needs financial support and human
resources. Due to limited resources which are available right now, the government can
build cooperation with international institutions such as ILO, UNDP, World Bank, IMF
and ADB to get financial resources. Compared to option-2 proposed earlier to provide
vocational training for child workers, this option-3 is more useful and more effective
solution to reduce child labor because it cures the root of problem.

Thirdly, provide soft loan for child labor’s parents to run their own businesses. After
having certain skills obtained from the previous vocational trainings, the parents need to
run their business to get sufficient incomes to support their family lives. In running that
business, they need financial support as the initial capital. Therefore, the government
should provide them sufficient financial support. This support could be in the form of soft
loan with very low interest or micro credit which uses revolving system from one group
to another group. According to ILO (2006), soft loan and micro credit are the most
effective methods to generate family income. In terms of micro credit, the case study in
Bangladesh shows that micro credit scheme is very helpful to generate family incomes
and they get better off through this scheme. Therefore, the micro credit methods applied
in Bangladesh could be used to apply it in Indonesia especially in Aceh Province. By
having sufficient family income, it is expected that the number of child labor might be
eliminated regularly.

5. THE WAY FORWARD

Each option has strengths and weaknesses and none of them is perfect. In this case,
option-3 is more reasonable, acceptable and applicable to be implemented. There are

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three justifications for this option. Firstly, option-3 can be effective to cure the root of
problem – poor living condition -- that causes child labor. By solving the root of problem,
it may directly cure the derived problem – child labor. Logically, when the families have
sufficient income, they might not force their children to work anymore.

Secondly, this option may create stable condition for long time. By having better
livelihoods, the better living condition for the family can be maintained. Consequently,
the family will not employ their children any more and no child labor could happen in the
future. By doing so, children will have sufficient time to focus on their educations and
self development as emphasized in the Articles 26 of UN Convention on the Rights of the
Child 1989.

Thirdly, this option-3 is easy to be engaged into international dimension because there are
some financial resources are available to support livelihoods of poor people in developing
countries. This program has been launched in the Millennium Goals program set up by
the United Nations. The resource to run this program can be sought from some
international institutions like World Bank, IMF, ILO, etc. Therefore, this option-3 is
more effective compared to option-1 and option-2 in eliminating child labor in Aceh
Province, Indonesia. Hence, I highly recommend that option-3 should be taken into
higher consideration.

References

Agung, P 2006, Child labour in Aceh: Trade-off between human needs and education,
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Ashaqrie, K 1993, “Statistics on child labor”, Buletin Labor Statistics No. 3, ILO
publication, Geneva.

Damanik, T 2005, Child labour in North Sumatra, KKP publication, Indonesia.

Eswaran, M 1996, Fertility, literacy, and the institution of child labor, University of
British press, Columbia.

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Grossmann, H and Michaelis, J 2007, “Trade sanction and the incidence of child labour”,
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Synergy, Germany.

Hasyimi, A 2004, The history of Aceh Province: The past and present, Balai Pustaka,
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Harkin, S 1994, “Now act to ban the products of child labour”, letter to editor, New York
Times, December 5, 1994.

ILO 1973, ILO Convention No. 138 of 1973 on the Elimination of Child labor, ILO
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ILO 1996, ILO Annual Report, ILO publication, Geneva.

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Geneva.

ILO 2002, ILO Survey about child labour in Metropolitan Cities in Indonesia, ILO
publication, Jakarta Office.

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