Effects of Unbalanced Voltages on the Energy

Performance of Three-phase Induction Motors

*Enrique C. Quispe Ivan D. Lopez

GIEN, Department of Energy and Mechanics Technical Manager
Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, UAO Tenorio García Y Cía. Ltda
Cali, Colombia Cali, Colombia
ecquispe@uao.edu.co ing.ivan.david.lopez@gmail.com

Abstract—This paper presents the results of a study about the

effects of unbalanced voltages on the energy performance of II. MODEL EQUATIONS AND ENERGY DIAGRAM UNDER
three-phase induction motors. The principal contribution of this VOLTAGE UNBALANCE CONDITION
paper is that presents a study of the influence of positive
sequence voltage on the several characteristics: line currents, A. Model Equations and Energy Diagram
losses, efficiency and power factor under different voltage The induction motor equivalent circuit under voltage
unbalanced conditions. A three-phase induction motor of 3 HP
unbalance condition can be represented in two equivalent
was used in the study. The paper suggests that the positive
steady state decoupled circuits: positive sequence and negative
sequence voltage must be considered together with the Voltage
Unbalance Factor VUF (or Percent Voltage Unbalance PVU)
sequence, Fig. 1. The circuit considers the effect of
index to evaluate the performance of the induction motor. displacement current due to the frequency of the negative
sequence current [22].
Keywords—voltage unbalance; induction motors; energy
performance; losses; efficiency; power factor.

I. INTRODUCTION
When an induction motor is operating under voltage
unbalance conditions, in the motor air gap two rotating fields
are created, one in the direction of the motor rotation (positive
sequence) and another in the opposite direction to the rotation
of the motor (negative sequence), giving as result an elliptical
field [1]. Consequently for a given percentage of voltage
unbalance and a given load, the phase currents and the
temperature rise will be much greater than when operating
under the same loading conditions and balanced voltages,
affecting the motor performance.
The effect of unbalanced voltages on the motor has been
studied by several authors, who expose the main effects on the Fig. 1. Positive and negative sequence circuits, considering the current
motor: unbalanced currents, temperature rise, increased losses, displacement effect caused by negative sequence frequency.
output power and torque reduction, pulsation torques, speed
The active power Pin entering the machine has two
reduction, etc. [2]- [19]. These studies are generally focused on
the effects caused by the component of negative sequence components: positive sequence active power P1 and negative
voltage. Recently, other authors have proposed to consider sequence active power P2. Then: Pin = P1 + P2. The motor
both the positive and negative sequence voltage in the analysis output power is Pout and it is composed by the sum of the
of the induction motor operating under voltage unbalance output power values provided by each sequence. Using the
condition [20]-[23]. positive sequence circuit is obtained:
In this paper, using the method of symmetrical components, PPerd _ 1 = 3 ⋅ re ⋅ I 12 + 3 ⋅ rM ⋅ I m2 1 + 3 ⋅ r21 ⋅ I 21
2
(1)
a qualitative and quantitative effect of unbalanced voltages on
the flow analysis, losses, efficiency, power and power factor is The mechanical power converted by the positive sequence
presented. The analysis considers the effect of the positive and is:
negative sequence voltage components and the angle between
them. ⎛1 − s ⎞ 2
Pmec _ 1 = 3 ⋅ r21 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ I 21 (2)
⎝ s ⎠

978-1-4673-7652-5/15/$31.00 ©2015 IEEE

 And the mechanical output power, Peje_1, will be the Pout Pout (10)
converted mechanical power, less the friction and ventilation η= =
P1 + P2 Pout + PPerd _ Tot
losses:
In Fig. 2, the power flow in the motor under voltage
⎛1− s ⎞ 2 (3) unbalance conditions is shown, with P1 and P2 the positive and
Peje _ 1 = 3 ⋅ r21 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ I 21 − Pfv
⎝ s ⎠ negative sequence active power that enter to the motor.
From the negative sequence circuit is obtained:
PPerd _ 2 = 3 ⋅ re ⋅ I 22 + 3 ⋅ rM ⋅ I m2 2 + 3 ⋅ r22 ⋅ I 22
2
(4)

The mechanical power converted by the negative sequence

is:
⎛ s −1⎞ 2 (5)
Pmec _ 2 = 3 ⋅ r22 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ I 22
⎝2−s⎠
Therefore, the motor output power, Pout, is:

Pout = 3 ⋅ r21 ⋅
(1 − s ) ⋅ I 2. + 3 ⋅ r ⎛ s −1 ⎞ 2
⋅⎜ (6)
21 22 ⎟ ⋅ I 22 − Pfv
s ⎝2−s⎠
When the motor is in the operating region, the slip varies Fig. 2. Induction motor power flow operating under unbalanced conditions
using the positive and negative sequence equivalent circuit.
between 0.01 and 0.05. Then, from (6), in this zone the
mechanical power generated by the negative sequence field For calculations, first the positive and negative sequence
Pmec2 will be negative, and it can be interpreted as the power line voltages are calculated using (11):
expended in overcoming the torque produced by the magnetic
flux of negative sequence. This power is dissipated as copper ⎡0 ⎤ ⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡V ab ⎤
loss of the negative sequence circuit. ⎢V ⎥ = 1 ⎢1 a a 2 ⎥ ⎢V ⎥ (11)
⎢ 1⎥ 3⎢ ⎥ ⎢ bc ⎥
From power flow in the negative sequence circuit, it can be ⎢⎣V 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢1 a 2 a ⎥ ⎢⎣V ca ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦
shown that:
Then, using the positive and negative sequence phase
r 2 ⎛ s −1 ⎞ 2 2 voltages, the positive and negative sequence currents are
3 ⋅ 22 ⋅ I 22 − 3⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ r22 ⋅ I 22 = 3 ⋅ r22 ⋅ I 22 (7)
(2 − s ) ⎝2−s⎠
calculated as follows:
V1 f V2 f
Equation (7) shows that the power dissipated as losses in I1 = ; I2 = (12)
the windings of the negative sequence rotor has two sources: Z1 Z2
the electric power that transfers the negative sequence source
Finally, the line currents are calculated using the
Pentreh2 and mechanical power expended in overcoming the
transformation of symmetrical components:
torque produced by the negative sequence magnetic flow. Both
are dissipated in PCu22 as losses. ⎡ I a ⎤ ⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡0 ⎤
If Equation (6) is applied to the operation zone of the ⎢ I ⎥ = ⎢1 a 2 a ⎥ ⎢ I ⎥ (13)
machine, slip values between 0.01 and 0.05, we get: ⎢ b⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ 1 ⎥
⎢⎣ I c ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 a a 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ I 2 ⎥⎦
⎛1− s ⎞ 2 3 2
Pout = 3 ⋅ r21 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ I 21 − ⋅ r22 ⋅ I 22 − Pfv (8)
⎝ s ⎠ 2 B. Parameters and Data of the Motor
A 3HP motor was used for the analysis. The tests and
Equation (8) shows that the voltage unbalance has an effect
parameters were calculated following the method proposed by
on the reduction of the motor shaft power. It is also noted that
Quispe [22]. The motor data are: induction three-phase motor,
this reduction effect is independent of the motor slip, so it will
Standard NEMA, 3 HP, 220V, 8.4 A, 60 Hz, 1740 RPM,
be more noticeable if the motor operates at less than the rated
Frame 225, Design B.
power. Total losses in the motor are:
The parameters of the equivalent circuit of the motor,
PPerd _ Tot = 3 ⋅ ( re I 12 + rM I m2 1 + r21 ⋅ I 21
2
+ calculated from tests are:
(9)
+ re I 22 + rM ⋅ I m2 2 + r22 ⋅ I 22
2
) + Pfv re =0.78Ω, rm =1.573Ω, r21 =0.599Ω, r22 =1.054Ω, x1 =0.951Ω,
x M =26.447Ω, x21 =1.509Ω, x22 =1.473Ω, Pfv (mech losses)=9.76 W
And motor efficiency is:
To simulate the effect of voltage unbalance on the motor, the
mathematical model was implemented in the Scilab Software.
III. EFFECTS OF UNBALANCED VOLTAGE ON THE PERFORMANCE V1 Z Z
2
(24)
OF THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS Ic = ⋅ 1 + 2 ⋅ VUF ⋅ 1 cos(θ I 2 − θ I 1 − 240°) + VUF 2 ⋅ 1
Z1 Z2 Z2

A. Effects on the Line Currents From equations (22) to (24), it is observed that the currents
The line currents are calculated from the line voltages using depend on the magnitude of V1, VUF and sequence
(11), (12) y (13). impedances. The maximum value of the current in phase 'a'
occurs when the positive and negative sequence current are in
The current unbalance is given by the Complex Current phase, thus (θ I 2 − θ I 1 ) = 0 . It is also noted that the line current
Unbalance Factor CCUF. According Oliveira [13], it is:
will be different in each phase and thus, different warming to
I 2 ⎛⎜ V2 f ⎞⎛ Z 1 ⎞ ⎛Z ⎞ occur at each phase. See Fig. 3.
CCUF = = ⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ = CVUF ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ (14)
I 1 ⎜⎝ V1 f ⎟⎜ Z
⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ Z2 ⎠
Thus:
⎛ Z ⎞ (15)
CCUF = ⎜⎜VUF × 1 ⎟⎟∠θ I 2 − θ I 1
⎝ Z2 ⎠
From which we obtain:
CCUF = CUF∠θ I 2 − θ I 1 (16)
From Equation (15), the Current Unbalance Factor CUF
can be expressed as:

I2 V Z Z (17)
CUF = = 2 ⋅ 1 = VUF ⋅ 1
I1 V1 Z 2 Z2
Equation (15) shows that the Complex Current Unbalance
Factor CCUF, depend of CVUF and of the sequence
impedances. Equation (17), relates the magnitudes of the
equation (15). From Equation (16), the relationship between
the positive and negative sequence current is:
I 2 = I 1 ⋅ CUF∠θ I 2 − θ I 1 (18)
From Equations (13) and (18) we can deduce the next
equations for the line currents:
Fig. 3. Variation in the voltages and stator currents depending of the angle
I a = I 1 + I 2 = I 1 (1 + CUF ⋅ ∠θ I 2 − θ I 1 ) (19) between the positive and negative sequence currents.

I b = a 2 ⋅ I1 + a ⋅ I 2 = The current in each phase will have a maximum value. That

(20) same maximum value will be reached by the other phases after
= I 1 (1∠240° + 1∠120° ⋅ CUF ∠θ I 2 − θ I 1 ) 120 °:
I c = a ⋅ I1 + a 2 ⋅ I 2 = (21) V1 ⎛ Z ⎞
I a max = I 1 ⋅ (1 + CUF ) = ⋅ ⎜⎜1 + VUF ⋅ 1 ⎟⎟ (25)
= I 1 (1∠120 ° + 1∠ 240 ° ⋅ CUF ⋅ ∠θ I 2 − θ I 1 ) Z1 Z2 ⎠
⎝
Equations (19) to (21) show that the line currents dependent
Equation (25) permits to determine the maximum load that
of CCUF. Applying the law of cosines to these equations and
reached the phase current for a VUF and V1 given and a speed
considering (18), we find the magnitude of the line currents
operation fixed.
based on the angle between the positive and negative sequence
currents, thus: The voltage angle for which the maximum value of the
2
current is reached in a phase occurs when: (θI2 – θI1) = 0, i. e.
Ia =
V1 Z Z
⋅ 1 + 2 ⋅ VUF ⋅ 1 ⋅ cos(θ I 2 − θ I 1 ) + VUF 2 ⋅ 1
(22) whether:
Z1 Z2 Z2
(θ 2 − θ1 ) = (θ Z 2 − θ Z 1 ) (26)

2
B. Effect of the Motor Load on the Current Unbalance
V Z Z (23)
I b = 1 ⋅ . 1 + 2 ⋅ VUF ⋅ 1 cos (θ I 2 − θ I 1 − 120 ° ) + VUF 2 ⋅ 1 From the Equations (22) it follows that is important to
Z1 Z2 Z2
analyze the variation of the impedance with the slip. Equation
(17) also shows that the current unbalance factor CUF can be
expressed as:
 I 2 V2 f Z1 Z (27) Z 22 N = Z 1 RB (28)
CUF = = ⋅ = VUF ⋅ 1
I1 V1 f Z 2 Z2
Additionally, because the slip in the operation zone varies
Hence for a given unbalance, being V1f and V2f fixed, the from 0 to 0.05, and it is much lower than 2, can be
approximated to:
values of I1 and I2 depend on the variation of the impedance
with the load. Because the impedances are function of the slip, ⎛ R ⎞ R
it is important to evaluate how the impedance varies as a ⎜ R1 + 22 ⎟ ≈ R1 + 22
⎝ 2−s⎠ 2
function of this.
Therefore, it can be considered that in the motor operation
If the impedance Z1 is evaluated, since the starting motor zone, the negative sequence impedance Z2 not depends on the
(s=1) until the no-load condition (s ≈ 0.001). It is noted that the slip. Which is verified in Figure 5, where the variation of the
term, r21/s vary from r21 until 1000 times r21. Therefore the impedances Z1 and Z2 shown in the motor operation zone, for
value of Z1 is strongly dependent of the slip and its value the 3 HP motor.
increased from the start to the point of no-load. If the
impedance Z2 is evaluated, since the starting motor (s=1) until
the vacuum condition (s≈0,001). It is noted that the term, r22/s
varies from r22 until r22/2. Therefore, the value of Z2 varies very
little with the slip and his value will decrease slightly from the
start to the point of no-load.
To quantitatively analyze the variation of the impedance,
was used the 3 HP induction motor. Fig. 4 shows the variation
of the impedances of positive and negative sequence according
to the slip, for the 3HP induction motor.

Fig. 5 Variation of the positive and negative sequence impedances with the slip
in the motor operation zone: motor 220V, 3 HP.

The Equation (17) establishes that the Current Unbalance

Factor CUF is equal to the Voltage Unbalance Factor VUF
multiplied by the ratio of impedances. As seen above, in the
motor operation zone Z2 is kept constant while Z1 increases
when the load is reduced. Consequently the result will be that
the CUF increases sharply with decreasing of motor load. The
Fig. 6 shows the variation of CUF% with motor slip for 3 HP
induction motor.

Fig. 4. Variation of the sequence impedances with the slip. Comparison of the
negative sequence impedance in nominal slip with the locked rotor impedance:
motor 220 V, 3 HP.

Fig. 4 shows that the positive sequence impedance Z1

strongly dependent on the slip, taking the highest value in no-
load and its lowest value in blocked rotor. And the most
variation of the Z1 occurs at low slip, ie in the zone of motor
operation. The Fig. 4 also shows that the negative sequence
impedance Z2, practically no depend of the slip and for
practical purposes can be regarded as constant. It also shows
that the value of Z2, is slightly higher in the starter, as
expected.
Another interesting fact shown in Figure 4, the negative
sequence impedance Z22N at nominal slip, has a value very
close to the impedance of the positive sequence Z1 at the point Fig. 6 Variation of the Current Unbalance Factor CUF% for 3 HP motor 220V ,
60 Hz.
of locked rotor, Z1RB. This phenomenon is explained by the
effect of the displacement of the negative sequence current, Table I, shows how the relationship (Z1 /Z2) varies for the
which causes the resistance of negative sequence of the rotor is three typical motor speeds: no-load, rated and locked rotor. It is
greater than the resistance of the positive sequence, [15], [16], evident that in no-load the value of the current unbalance is 7-
[22], [23]. Therefore, the following equation is true: 11 times the voltage unbalance.
 TABLE I. RATIO OF THE VALUES OF THE SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE FOR
SEVERAL OPERATION POINT OF THE MOTOR
Motor NEMA, 3 HP
Operation Point No load Rated load
Z1 / Z 2 10.4 5.66
C. Effect on the Motor Losses
In voltage unbalance conditions, the losses are increased,
since the component of the negative sequence voltage
generates a magnetic field in the opposite direction to the
rotation of the motor, creating negative effects on its operation.
The effect of voltage unbalance on induction motor losses are
important for its effect on the efficiency and economic and
energy consumption [24] - [26].
From the equation (1) and (4), the iron loss can be
expressed according to the voltage unbalance:
⎛ V1 f 2
V2 f
2
⎞ 2
PFe = 3 ⋅ R M ⋅ ⎜ + ⎟ = 3 ⋅ R ⋅ V1 f
⎜ ZM ZM ⎟ M
ZM
⎝ ⎠
The equation (29) shows that the iron losses depend on the
square of the magnitude of the component of positive sequence
voltage and the square of voltage unbalance factor VUF.
Because VUF squared is much smaller than unity, these losses
are mainly caused by the positive sequence component.
In relation to the copper losses, the Equation shows that
losses due to the positive sequence voltage dependent on the
magnitude of V1 and the motor load. While losses caused by
negative sequence voltage are practically constant with the
motor load.
Therefore, the losses of the negative sequence circuit
remain constant independent of the motor load. These losses
are mainly defined by the magnitude of the negative sequence
voltage V2f. This makes the effect of voltage unbalance is more
noticeable when the engine is under load. On the other hand
the voltage unbalance has little influence on the friction and
windage losses.
Thus it can be concluded that under unbalanced conditions,
is added to the motor loss independently of the load, additional
losses in the iron and mechanical, and these are the losses
caused by the negative sequence current.
In (30) shows that the apparent power input Sent in
unbalanced conditions, has two components, and depends on
the magnitude of the sequence voltage and the sequence
Locked rotor impedances. The positive sequence component changes with
0.99 the motor load while the negative sequence component is kept
approximately constant, since the impedance will not change
with the load.
Therefore, the efficiency and power factor are expressed as:
Peje
η= (32)
Re[S ent ]
Re[S ent ] (33)
FP =
S ent
In (32) and (33) show that the efficiency and power factor
dependent of voltage unbalance factor (VUF), the magnitude of
the positive sequence (V1) and the load of the motor, so the
(1 + VUF )
2 (29)
positive sequence voltage should be one more variable in the
analysis of the efficiency and power factor.
If the positive sequence voltage is greater than the nominal,
for a given VUF, increase the iron losses in the motor.
Therefore, if the motor is made of a magnetic flux density
close proximity to the saturation zone, may be considerably
increased iron losses.
The Fig. 7 shows the evolution of the efficiency in function
of the voltage unbalance and the positive sequence voltage. For
three values of V1 (0.95Vn, Vn and 1.05Vn) and different
values VUF and a fixed angle CVUF.
Fig. 7. Variation of the efficiency with V1 (positive sequence voltage
unbalance) and VUF. Motor 220 V, 3 HP, NEMA.

D. Effect on the Efficiency and the Power Factor The Fig. 8 shows that the power factor decreases with
increasing unbalance, and higher power factor is obtained at a
The efficiency and power factor are important components lower operating voltage.
that determine the energy consumption of the induction motor.
The apparent power absorbed by the motor voltage
unbalance condition is:

S ent = 3 ⋅V1 f ⋅ I 1∗ + 3 ⋅V2 f ⋅ I 2∗ =

2 2 (30)
V1 f V2 f
= 3⋅ + 3⋅ = Pent + jQ ent
Z 1∗ Z 2∗
Where:
Pent = Re[S ent ] Qent = Im[S ent ] (31) Fig. 8. Variation of Power Factor with the V1 (positive sequence voltage
unbalance) and VUF.
 IV. CONCLUSIONS
Under voltage unbalance conditions, the unbalance of the
motor line currents depends on: the VUF; the angle of the
Complex Voltage Unbalance Factor (CVUF); the positive
sequence impedance of the equivalent circuit and the motor
speed.
If the negative sequence voltage is fixed the magnitude of
the negative sequence current is practically independent of the
motor load. Thus the copper losses caused by the negative
sequence current depend mainly on the magnitude of the
negative sequence voltage and not the engine load.
If the magnitudes of the positive and negative sequence
voltage are fixed (VUF fixed), the negative sequence current is
independent of the motor load. But the magnitude of the
positive sequence current is dependent on the motor load. Then
the current unbalance is strongly dependent on the motor load.
It has been verified analytically and experimentally that CUF
(current unbalance factor) vary between 4 to 11 times the VUF.
Under unbalance condition, the losses caused by the
negative sequence voltage are fixed and are independent of the
motor load, these losses are added to the other motor losses and
thus the motor efficiency is reduced.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of
J.A. Palacios, J.E. Patiño, X.M. Lopez-Fernandez and A.J.
Marques-Cardoso for their work on the original version of this
document.
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