II.3 Classical Laminate Theory

MÁSTER UNIVERSITARIO EN CIENCIA E INGENIERÍA DE MATERIALES
MATERIALES COMPUESTOS AVANZADOS

CURSO 2021/2022
Part II - Mechanics of composite materials
II.1 Micromechanics of a composite lamina

- Elastic behavior of long-fiber UD composites, effect of fibre length
(shear lag model) and strength of a composite lamina.
II.2 Constitutive behavior of a lamina

- Stiffness and compliance tensors in material axis, plane stress
assumption and transformation tensors for local-to-global axis.
II.3 Classical laminate theory (CLT)

- Laminate definitions, Kirchhoff hypothesis, laminate stiffness matrix
(ABD matrix), ply stresses and strains, thermal stresses.
II.4 Failure of composite materials

- Failure modes and failure criteria.
II.3 Damage propagation and damage tolerance

- Continuum damage models, cohesive models, delamination damage.
CURSO 2021/2022
Part II - Mechanics of composite materials
II.1 Micromechanics of a composite lamina

- Elastic behavior of long-fiber UD composites, effect of fibre length
(shear lag model) and strength of a composite lamina.
II.2 Constitutive behavior of a lamina

- Stiffness and compliance tensors in material axis, plane stress
assumption and transformation tensors for local-to-global axis.
II.3 Classical laminate theory (CLT)

- Laminate definitions, Kirchhoff hypothesis, laminate stiffness matrix
(ABD matrix), ply stresses and strains, thermal stresses.
II.4 Failure of composite materials

- Failure modes and failure criteria.
II.3 Damage propagation and damage tolerance

- Continuum damage models, cohesive models, delamination damage.
CURSO 2021/2022
Recap – Constitutive behaviour of a lamina
Orthotropic material – compliance matrix (9 independent constants)

𝜖11 1Τ𝐸1 −𝜈21 Τ𝐸2 −𝜈31 Τ𝐸3 0 0 0 𝜎11
𝜖22 −𝜈12 Τ𝐸1 1Τ𝐸2 −𝜈32 Τ𝐸3 0 0 0 𝜎22
𝜖33 −𝜈13 Τ𝐸1 −𝜈23 Τ𝐸2 1Τ𝐸3 0 0 0 𝜎33
𝛾23 = 𝜏23
0 0 0 1Τ𝐺23 0 0
𝛾13 0 0 0 0 1Τ𝐺13 0 𝜏13
𝛾12 0 0 0 0 0 1Τ𝐺12 𝜏12
3 perpendicular symmetry planes (12, 13 and 23).
Transversally isotropic – compliance matrix (5 independent constants)
𝜖11 1Τ𝐸1 −𝜈12 Τ𝐸1 −𝜈12 Τ𝐸1 0 0 0 𝜎11

𝜖22 −𝜈12 Τ𝐸1 1Τ𝐸2 −𝜈23 Τ𝐸2 0 0 0 𝜎22
𝜖33 −𝜈12 Τ𝐸1 −𝜈23 Τ𝐸2 1Τ𝐸2 0 0 0 𝜎33
𝛾23 = 𝜏23
0 0 0 1Τ𝐺23 0 0
𝛾13 0 0 0 0 1Τ𝐺12 0 𝜏13
𝛾12 0 0 0 0 0 1Τ𝐺12 𝜏12
Material is isotropic in one of the symmetry planes. 23 in this case.

CURSO 2021/2022
Recap – Constitutive behaviour of a lamina

Plane stress assumption (4 elastic constants) 𝜎33 ≈ 𝜏13 ≈ 𝜏23 ≈ 0
𝜖11 1Τ𝐸1 −𝜈12 Τ𝐸1 −𝜈12 Τ𝐸1 0 0 0 𝜎11

𝜖22 −𝜈12 Τ𝐸1 1Τ𝐸2 −𝜈23 Τ𝐸2 0 0 0 𝜎22
𝜖33 −𝜈12 Τ𝐸1 −𝜈23 Τ𝐸2 1Τ𝐸2 0 0 0 𝜎33
𝛾23 = 𝜏23
0 0 0 1Τ𝐺23 0 0
𝛾13 0 0 0 0 1Τ𝐺12 0 𝜏13
𝛾12 0 0 0 0 0 1Τ𝐺12 𝜏12
Lamina stiffness matrix (transversally isotropic material + plane stress)
𝐸1 𝜈12 𝐸2
0 𝜎𝑥
𝜎1 1 − 𝜈12 𝜈21 1 − 𝜈12 𝜈21 𝜖1 𝑄11 (𝜃) 𝑄12 (𝜃) 𝑄16 (𝜃) 𝜖𝑥
𝜎2 = 𝜈12 𝐸2 𝐸2 𝜖2 𝜎𝑦 = 𝑄12 (𝜃) 𝑄22 (𝜃) 𝑄26 (𝜃) 𝜖𝑦
𝜏12 0 𝛾12 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑄16 (𝜃) 𝑄26 (𝜃) 𝑄66 (𝜃) 𝛾𝑥𝑦
1 − 𝜈12 𝜈21 1 − 𝜈12 𝜈21
0 0 𝐺12 Transformation – local
to global coordinates
CURSO 2021/2022
Laminate definition
The lamina/ply is the building block of a laminate. The laminate consists of multiple
plies oriented in different direction and perfectly bonded together in a structural unit.
zetas positivas
z0
Lamina 1
𝐻
z1
z2 Lamina 2 2
mid plane (z = 0)
zk-1
zk Lamina k x
Lamina N 𝐻 Lamina/ply k thickness
zN
2 ℎ𝑘 = 𝑧𝑘 − 𝑧𝑘−1
zetas negativas
z Laminate thickness
𝑁
𝐻 = ෍ ℎ𝑘
𝑘=1
Local ply θ x
orientation
2 1
y
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Laminate stacking sequence (or lay-up)

The laminate is denoted by its staking sequence. Plies are specified from top to bottom.
Some examples:
0º
90º 0º
45º 30º
Mid-plane (z = 0) Mid-plane (z = 0)
60º -30º
-45º 0º
0 30º
90 -30º
0º
[0/90/45/60/-45/0/90/0] [(0/30/-30)2]
CURSO 2021/2022
Laminate stacking sequence (or lay-up) laminados

`` especiales
Some special laminate types:

SYMMETRIC BALANCED QUASI-ISOTROPIC
0º 0º
90º 0º 45º
45º 0º 90
45º -45º -45º
Mid-plane Mid-plane Mid-
90º 45º 0º
(z = 0) (z = 0) plane
0º 90º [45/90/-45/0] (z = 0)
[03/-45/45/90]
[0/90/45]s Same stiffness in any in-
For each +θ there is a –θ ply (of the plane (xy) direction. No
SYMMETRIC (ODD) same material and thickness) direction has more fibers
0º somewhere in the laminate. than any other direction.
90º
45º
90º Mid-plane
0º (z = 0)
laminas especiales
[0/90/45]s
Symmetric stacking sequence, ply

thickness and orientation with
respect to the mid-plane.
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Classical Laminate Theory

Determination of the constitutive equation (elastic) for the laminate. It is based on these
hypotheses:
• Plies can be considered homogeneous solids with average properties of the ply
microstructure (from micromechanics). Perfect fiber-matrix bonding and ply-ply
bonding.
• Laminate under in-plane stresses only (plane stress assumption - thickness small
compared to other dimensions).
• For bending loads: cross-sections remain planar and there is no thickness change
after deformation (Kirchhoff hypothesis). The deformations of the laminate are
represented by the deformations of the mid-plane. Transverse displacement of the
mid-plane small with respect to the thickness. Displacements perpendicular to the
mid-plane do not depend on z.
CURSO 2021/2022
Desplazamiento de cualquier
Classical Laminate Theory – Kirchhoff hypothesis punto del laminado
Not important if the laminate is subjected to in-plane loads. What happens when the
laminate is subjected to bending loads?
Mid-plane
displacements
Effect of the rotation of the

normal to the mid-plane on
the in-plane displacement of
points along the thickness
Ex
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Classical Laminate Theory – deformations

The deformations of the laminate are then a composition of the membrane strains and
the curvatures. Membrane strains are constant through the thickness and equal to the
mid-plane strains.
• Strain determination ( ):
•In compact form:
Membrane strains (in- Curvatures of

plane) of the mid-plane the mid-plane
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Classical Laminate Theory – deformation modes

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Classical Laminate Theory – stress distribution along the thickness
𝜎𝑥 𝑄11 (𝜃) 𝑄12 (𝜃) 𝑄16 (𝜃) 𝜖𝑥

𝜎𝑦 = 𝑄12 (𝜃) 𝑄22 (𝜃) 𝑄26 (𝜃) 𝜖𝑦
𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑄16 (𝜃) 𝑄26 (𝜃) 𝑄66 (𝜃) 𝛾𝑥𝑦
𝜎𝑥 𝑄11 (𝜃) 𝑄12 (𝜃) 𝑄16 (𝜃) 𝜖𝑥0 + 𝑧𝜅𝑥0 Stress distribution for
each ply. Stiffness
𝜎𝑦 = 𝑄12 (𝜃) 𝑄22 (𝜃) 𝑄26 (𝜃) 𝜖𝑦0 + 𝑧𝜅𝑦0
𝜏𝑥𝑦 matrix constant within
𝑄16 (𝜃) 𝑄26 (𝜃) 𝑄66 (𝜃) 0 + 𝑧𝜅 0
𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑦 the ply.
CURSO 2021/2022

Example
Let’s consider a [0/90]s laminate, with ply thickness 0.13 mm and lamina properties: E1 = 110
GPa, E2 = 9 GPa, ν12 = 0.3 and G12 = 5 GPa. The laminate is deformed in the x-direction
(fibre direction) 1%. Calculate the stress distribution in the laminate through the thickness.
1) Build the stiffness matrix of each ply in global axis
110.8 2.7 0 9.1 2.7 0

0º plies 2.7 9.1 0 90º plies 2.7 110.8 0
0 0 5 0 0 5
2) Determine strains in each ply. Remember: mid-plane membrane strains and curvatures are
constant in all plies (in global coordinates), but there is a z multiplying the curvature term.
𝜖𝑥0 + 𝑧𝜅𝑥0
𝜖𝑦0 + 𝑧𝜅𝑦0 In this case all plies have the same strain vector {0.01, 0, 0}.
0 + 𝑧𝜅 0
𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑦 esfuerzo, multiplicación de la matriz por el strain vector
CURSO 2021/2022

Example
Let’s consider a [0/90]s laminate, with ply thickness 0.13 mm and lamina properties: E1 = 110
GPa, E2 = 9 GPa, ν12 = 0.3 and G12 = 5 GPa. The laminate is deformed in the x-direction
(fibre direction) 1%. Calculate the stress distribution in the laminate through the thickness.
3) Determine stress vector by multiplying stiffness matrix by strain vector (in global
coordinates). Then, use transformation tensors to express results in local coordinates.
Longitudinal stress in local coordinates (σ1) Transverse stress in local coordinates (σ2)
Ply 1 Ply 1
Ply 2 Ply 2
1 1
Ply 3 Ply 3
Ply 4 Ply 4
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 20 40 60 80 100

Stress [MPa] Stress [MPa]
CURSO 2021/2022
Average stresses in the laminate estimated from resultant forces and moments
𝐻 𝐻 𝐻
ൗ2
1 ൗ2
𝑁𝑥 1 ൗ2
𝑦 1 𝑁𝑥𝑦
𝜎𝑥,𝑎𝑣 = න 𝜎𝑥 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 𝜎𝑦,𝑎𝑣 = න 𝜎𝑦 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = 𝜏𝑥𝑦,𝑎𝑣 = න 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 =
𝐻 −𝐻ൗ 𝐻 𝐻 −𝐻ൗ 𝐻 𝐻 −𝐻ൗ 𝐻
2 2 2
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Classical Laminate Theory – Forces resulting from stress distribution

H: ESPESOR DEL LAMINADO TOTAL
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Classical Laminate Theory – Moments resulting from stress distribution

Direcciones positivas
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Classical Laminate Theory – Building the stiffness matrix

𝐻ൗ 𝐻ൗ 𝐻ൗ 𝐻ൗ
2 2 2 2
𝑁𝑥 = න 𝜎𝑥 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = න 𝑄11 𝜃 𝜖𝑥 𝑑𝑧 + න 𝑄12 𝜃 𝜖𝑦 𝑑𝑧 + න 𝑄16 𝜃 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑧
−𝐻ൗ2 −𝐻ൗ2 −𝐻ൗ2 −𝐻ൗ2
𝑧1 𝑧𝑘 𝑧𝑁 𝑁 𝑧𝑘
න 𝑄11 𝜃1 𝜖𝑥 𝑑𝑧 + ⋯ + න 𝑄11 𝜃𝑘 𝜖𝑥 𝑑𝑧 + න 𝑄11 𝜃𝑁 𝜖𝑥 𝑑𝑧 = ෍ 𝑄11 𝜃𝑘 න 𝜖𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑧0 𝑧𝑘−1 𝑧𝑁−1 𝑘=1 𝑧𝑘−1
Strains are decomposed in membrane Stiffnesses are constant in each ply

and curvature components
𝑁 𝑧𝑘 𝑁 𝑧𝑘 𝑁 𝑧𝑘
𝑁𝑥 = ෍ 𝑄11 𝜃𝑘 න 𝜖𝑥0 + 𝑧𝜅𝑥0 𝑑𝑧 + ෍ 𝑄12 𝜃𝑘 න 𝜖𝑦0 + 𝑧𝜅𝑦0 𝑑𝑧 + ෍ 𝑄16 𝜃𝑘 න 0
𝛾𝑥𝑦 0
+ 𝑧𝜅𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑘=1 𝑧𝑘−1 𝑘=1 𝑧𝑘−1 𝑘=1 𝑧𝑘−1
𝑁 𝑧𝑘 𝑁 𝑧𝑘 𝑁 𝑁
1 2 2
෍ 𝑄11 𝜃𝑘 𝜖𝑥0 න 𝑑𝑧 + ෍ 𝑄11 𝜃𝑘 𝜅𝑥0 න 𝑧𝑑𝑧 = ෍ 𝑄11 𝜃𝑘 (𝑧𝑘 − 𝑧𝑘−1 )𝜖𝑥0 + ෍ 𝑄11 𝜃𝑘 (𝑧𝑘 − 𝑧𝑘−1 )𝜅𝑥0
𝑧𝑘−1 𝑧𝑘−1 2
𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1
𝑁 𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
1 2 2
𝑁𝑥 = ෍ 𝑄11 𝜃𝑘 (𝑧𝑘 − 𝑧𝑘−1 )𝜖𝑥0 + ෍ 𝑄12 𝜃𝑘 (𝑧𝑘 − 𝑧𝑘−1 )𝜖𝑦0 + ෍ 𝑄16 𝜃𝑘 (𝑧𝑘 − 0
𝑧𝑘−1 )𝛾𝑥𝑦 + ෍ 𝑄11 𝜃𝑘 (𝑧 − 𝑧𝑘−1 )𝜅𝑥0 +
2 𝑘
𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1
𝑁
𝑨𝟏𝟏 𝑁
𝑨𝟏𝟐 𝑨𝟏𝟔 𝑩𝟏𝟏
1 2 2 1
+ ෍ 𝑄12 𝜃𝑘 (𝑧𝑘 − 𝑧𝑘−1 )𝜅𝑦0 + ෍ 𝑄16 𝜃𝑘 (𝑧𝑘2 − 𝑧𝑘−1
2 0
)𝜅𝑥𝑦
2 2
𝑘=1 𝑘=1
𝑩𝟏𝟐 𝑩𝟏𝟔
CURSO 2021/2022
Matriz "A" matriz fuerza membrana matriz de acoplamiento.
In-plane stiffness Coupling stiffness

CURSO 2021/2022

𝐻ൗ 𝐻ൗ 𝐻ൗ 𝐻ൗ
2 2 2 2
𝑀𝑥 = න 𝑧𝜎𝑥 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = න 𝑧𝑄11 𝜃 𝜖𝑥 𝑑𝑧 + න 𝑧𝑄12 𝜃 𝜖𝑦 𝑑𝑧 + න 𝑧𝑄16 𝜃 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑧
−𝐻ൗ2 −𝐻ൗ2 −𝐻ൗ2 −𝐻ൗ2
𝑧1 𝑧𝑘 𝑧𝑁 𝑁 𝑧𝑘
න 𝑄11 𝜃1 𝜖𝑥 𝑧𝑑𝑧 + ⋯ + න 𝑄11 𝜃𝑘 𝜖𝑥 𝑧𝑑𝑧 + න 𝑄11 𝜃𝑁 𝜖𝑥 𝑧𝑑𝑧 = ෍ 𝑄11 𝜃𝑘 න 𝜖𝑥 𝑧𝑑𝑧
𝑧0 𝑧𝑘−1 𝑧𝑁−1 𝑘=1 𝑧𝑘−1
Strains are decomposed in membrane Stiffnesses are constant in each ply

and curvature components
𝑁 𝑧𝑘 𝑁 𝑧𝑘 𝑁 𝑧𝑘
𝑀𝑥 = ෍ 𝑄11 𝜃𝑘 න 𝑧𝜖𝑥0 + 𝑧 2 𝜅𝑥0 𝑑𝑧 + ෍ 𝑄12 𝜃𝑘 න 𝑧𝜖𝑦0 + 𝑧 2 𝜅𝑦0 𝑑𝑧 + ෍ 𝑄16 𝜃𝑘 න 0
𝑧𝛾𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 2 𝜅𝑥𝑦
0
𝑑𝑧
𝑘=1 𝑧𝑘−1 𝑘=1 𝑧𝑘−1 𝑘=1 𝑧𝑘−1
𝑁 𝑧𝑘 𝑁 𝑧𝑘 𝑁 𝑁
1 2 1
෍ 𝑄11 𝜃𝑘 𝜖𝑥0 න 𝑧𝑑𝑧 + ෍ 𝑄11 𝜃𝑘 𝜅𝑥0 න 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 = ෍ 𝑄11 𝜃𝑘 2
(𝑧𝑘 − 𝑧𝑘−1 )𝜖𝑥0 + ෍ 𝑄11 𝜃𝑘 (𝑧𝑘3 − 𝑧𝑘−1
3
)𝜅𝑥0
𝑧𝑘−1 𝑧𝑘−1 2 3
𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1
𝑁 𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
1 2 1 1 1
𝑀𝑥 = ෍ 𝑄11 𝜃𝑘 2
(𝑧𝑘 − 𝑧𝑘−1 )𝜖𝑥0 + ෍ 𝑄12 𝜃𝑘 (𝑧𝑘2 − 𝑧𝑘−1
2
)𝜖𝑦0 + ෍ 𝑄16 𝜃𝑘 (𝑧𝑘2 − 𝑧𝑘−1
2 0
)𝛾𝑥𝑦 + ෍ 𝑄11 𝜃𝑘 (𝑧𝑘3 − 𝑧𝑘−1
3
)𝜅𝑥0 +
2 2 2 3
𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1
𝑁
𝑩𝟏𝟏 𝑁
𝑩𝟏𝟐 𝑩𝟏𝟔 𝑫𝟏𝟏
1 3 3 1
+ ෍ 𝑄12 𝜃𝑘 (𝑧𝑘 − 𝑧𝑘−1 )𝜅𝑦0 + ෍ 𝑄16 𝜃𝑘 (𝑧𝑘3 − 𝑧𝑘−1
3 0
)𝜅𝑥𝑦
3 3
𝑘=1 𝑘=1
𝑫𝟏𝟐 𝑫𝟏𝟔
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momento flectores curvatura
Coupling stiffness Bending stiffness

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Classical Laminate Theory – Laminate stiffness matrix carga axial

MATRIZ ABD
momento flextor
carga momento flextores

axiales
In-plane stiffness
Coupling stiffness Bending stiffness

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Hacemos matriz B a 0 (CERO)

Classical Laminate Theory – Special laminates
SYMMETRIC LAMINATES
There is no coupling between membrane and
bending deformations.
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SYMMETRIC LAMINATES
UNDEFORMED
y
y
x z
z x
DEFORMED
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SYMMETRIC LAMINATES
Stretching-bending
UNDEFORMED
coupling when non-
symmetric!
DEFORMED
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BALANCED LAMINATES
There is no coupling between stretching and shearing

deformations. Every lamina oriented at θ has a counterpart - θ.
0º
0º
0º
-45º
45º
90º
[03/-45/45/90]
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CROSS-PLY LAMINATES
Only 0 or 90 plies.
no coupling
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Considering thermal effects
In each lamina
Where thermal expansion in each lamina is calculated from:

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Considering thermal effects

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Take home problem:
Determine the lamina stresses in a laminate subjected to:

Individual assignment of properties and laminate lay-up.
HACER LA CONVERCION DE METROS A milimetros
hacer la grafica de los esfuerzos en cada lamina

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Additional – Coordinates transformations

Global to local
𝜎1 cos2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝜎𝑥
𝜎2 = sin2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃 −2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝜎𝑦
𝜏12 − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 (cos2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃) 𝜏𝑥𝑦
𝜖1 cos2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝜖𝑥

𝜖2 = sin2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝜖𝑦
𝛾12 − 2sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 (cos2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃) 𝛾𝑥𝑦
Local to global
𝜎𝑥 cos2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 −2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝜎1

𝜎𝑦 = sin2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝜎2
𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 −sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 (cos2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃) 𝜏12
𝜖𝑥 cos2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝜖1

𝜖𝑦 = sin2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝜖2
𝛾𝑥𝑦 2sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 −2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 (cos2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃) 𝛾12

II.3 Classical Laminate Theory

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II.3 Classical Laminate Theory

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MÁSTER UNIVERSITARIO EN CIENCIA E INGENIERÍA DE MATERIALES

MATERIALES COMPUESTOS AVANZADOS

Part II - Mechanics of composite materials

II.1 Micromechanics of a composite lamina

II.2 Constitutive behavior of a lamina