Hkkjrh; la?

kh; O;oLFkk ekWM~;wy - 2

Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ
eq[; rÙo

8
Hkkjrh; la?kh; O;oLFkk fVIi.kh

Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa ls lacafèkr ikapoas vè;k; esa vkius lh[kk fd lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa
us Hkkjr osQ fy, ,d la?kh; <kapk viuk;kA
la?kh; <kaps esa f}&Lrjh; ljdkj gksrh gS ftlesa nksuksa dh 'kfDr;ksa vkSj dk;ks± dk Li"V nk;jk gksrk gSA
bl O;oLFkk esa osQUnz dh ljdkj rFkk bdkb;ksa dh ljdkjsa ,d lqLi"V {ks=k esa dk;Z djrh gSa rFkk vius
dk;ks± esa leUo; LFkkfir djrh gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] la?kh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyh vusdrk esa ,drk ykus gsrq
rFkk lkekU; jk"Vªh; y{;ksa dks izkIr djus dk ,d laoSèkkfud lkèku miyCèk djkrh gSA

mís';
bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn vki%
z la?kokn dk vFkZ le> losQaxs_
z ;g O;k[;k dj losQaxs fd Hkkjr esa la?kh; O;oLFkk dks D;ksa viuk;k x;k_
z Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh la?kkRed fo'ks"krkvksa dks igpku losaQxs_
z Hkkrh; lafoèkku osQ ,dkRed y{k.kksa dh igpku dj losaQxs_
z osQUnz ljdkj ,oa jkT; ljdkjksa dh izfØ;kvksa dks lwphc¼ dj losQaxs_
z ;g O;k[;k dj losQaxs fd Hkkjr dk pfj=k la?kh; gS ijUrq vkRek ,dkRed_
z osaQnz rFkk jkT; ljdkjksa osQ chp foèkk;h] iz'kklfud (dk;Zdkjh) ,oa foÙkh; lacaèkksa dh O;k[;k
dj losaQxs_
z vki ;g ijh{k.k dj losQaxs fd fdl izdkj ls osQUnz dks jkT;ksa osQ mij izkFkfedrk izkIr gSA
z osaQUnz vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa osQ chp }a}kRed {ks=kksa dks igpku losaQxs_
z fofHkUu jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk viuh Lok;Ùkrk dh ekax osQ ckjs esa tku losaQxs_
z ljdkfj;k vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'kksa dh O;k[;k dj losaQxs rFkk osQUnz&jkT; osQ chp lg&vfLrRo
dh vko';drk dks tku losaQxsA

8.1 Hkkjrh; la?kokn dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡

Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku eas la?kh; lafoèkku osQ y{k.k rks gSa fdUrq ;g ,d la?kh; 'kklu LFkkfir djus dk
nkok ugha djrk gSA lafoèkku lHkk osQ lnL; ;g r; ughaa dj ik, fd Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dks la?kh;
lafoèkku dgk tk ldrk gS ;k ughaA bl loky dk tokc la?kokn osQ vFkZ dks tkus rFkk blosQ vko';d

81
 ekWM~;wy- 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ y{k.kksa dks igpkus fcuk ugha ik;k tk ldrk gSA vkb,] vc ge bl ckr dk ijh{k.k djsa fd Hkkjr
eq[; rÙo la?k gS vFkok ughaA
8.1.1 fyf[kr lafoèkku
fdlh Hkh la?k dk lcls izeq[k y{k.k gksrk gS fd mlosQ ikl ,d fyf[kr lafoèkku gksuk pkfg, ftlls
t:jr iM+us ij osQUnz rFkk jkT; ljdkj ekxZn'kZu izkIr dj losaQA Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ,d fyf[kr lafoèkku
gS vkSj ;g nqfu;k dk lcls foLr`r lafoèkku gSA bleasa lafoèkku dks loksZPprk iznku dh xbZ gS D;ksafd
fVIi.kh blesa osQUnz rFkk jkT; dks lafoèkku }kjk 'kfDr iznku dh xbZ gS rFkk mUgsa vius&vius {ks=k esa 'kklu dh
Lora=krk iznku dh xbZ gSA
8.1.2 tfVy lafoèkku
fdlh laoSèkkfud i¼fr esa lafoèkku la'kksèku lkekU;r% ,d tfVy izfØ;k gksrh gSA Hkkjrh; lafoèkku
osQ vuqlkj oqQN la'kksèku fo'ks"k cgqer ij fuHkZj gksrk gSA bl izdkj osQ la'kksèku laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa
osQ lnL;ksa dh laiw.kZ la[;k osQ vfèkdre lnL;ksa dh lgefr ls rFkk mifLFkr lnL;ksa osQ nks&frgkbZ
erksa osQ vkèkkj ij gksrk gSA blosQ vfrfjDr oqQN la'kksèku ipkl izfr'kr jkT;ksa dh lgefr ls gh gksrs
gSaA bl izfØ;k osQ ckn la'kksèku ij jkT; izeq[k ;kfu jk"Vªifr gLrk{kj djrs gSaA Hkkjr esa izeq[k la'kksèku
blh izfØ;k ls gksrs gSaA blh dkj.k] Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dks tfVy lafoèkku dgk x;k gSA
8.1.3 'kfDr;ksa dk foHkktu
gekjs lafoèkku eas 'kfDr;ksa dk Li"V foHkktu gSA bl izdkj osQUnz rFkk jkT; ljdkj ,d&nwljs dks fcuk
ckèkk igqapk,] viuh lhekvksa dk fcuk vfrØe.k fd, rFkk nwljs dh xfrfofèk;ksa eas gLr{ksi fd, fcuk
lqpk: :i ls viuh foèkk;h 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA blosQ fy, gekjs lafoèkku esa rhu izdkj
dh lwfp;ksa dk o.kZu gSμosaQnz] jkT; rFkk leorhZA osQUnzh; lwph esa 97 jk"Vªh; egÙo osQ fo"k;ksa dk
mYys[k fd;k x;k gS ftlosQ vUrxZr j{kk] jsyos] Mkd ,oa rkj vkfn fo"k; vkrs gSaA jkT; lwph eas 66
LFkkuh; egÙo osQ fo"k; tSls f'k{kk] tu&LokLF;] iqfyl] vkfn vkrs gSaA leorhZ lwph esa osQUnz rFkk
jkT; nksuksa ls lacafèkr 47 egÙoiw.kZ fo"k; tSls fctyh] etnwj laxBu] vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd ;kstuk]
vkfn vkrs gSaA
8.1.4 U;k;ikfydk dh loksZPprk
la?k osQ vU; y{k.kksa easa ls ,d vU; egÙoiw.kZ y{k.k gS fd mlosQ ikl ,d Lora=k U;k;ikfydk gks]
tks fd lafoèkku dh O;k[;k djs rFkk bldh ifo=krk dh j{kk djsA osQUnz rFkk jkT; osQ chp mRiUu
fooknksa dks lqy>kuk loksZPp U;k;ky; dk ewy {ks=kkfèkdkj gSA ;fn osQUnz vFkok jkT; ljdkj }kjk ikfjr
dksbZ dkuwu lafoèkku osQ fdlh izkoèkku dk mYya?ku djrk gS rks loksZPp U;k;ky; mls vlaoSèkkfud
?kksf"kr dj ldrk gSA

ikBxr iz'u 8.1

lgh fodYi pqudj fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,A
(d) la?k esa 'kfDr;k¡ ——————————— osQ gksrh gSaA (osQUnz osQ ikl] jkT; osQ ikl] osQUnz
rFkk jkT; osQ chp foHkkftr)
([k) la?k osQ ikl viuk ————————— lafoèkku gksrk gSA (fyf[kr] vfyf[kr] le;kuqlkj
fodflr)

82
 Hkkjrh; la?kh; O;oLFkk ekWM~;wy - 2
(x) Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa —————— lwph gSA (2,3,4) Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ
(?k) ———————— lwph esa 66 fo"k; of.kZr gSaA (osQUnz] jkT;] leorhZ) eq[; rÙo
(Ä) leorhZ lwph esa —————— fo"k; of.kZr gSaA (97,47,66)

8.2 Hkkjrh; la?k dk Lo:i fVIi.kh

Hkkjr dk lafoèkku ,d la?kh; lajpuk dh LFkkiuk djrk gSA bl rF; osQ ckotwn] Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dks
fo'kq¼ :i ls la?kh; Js.kh esa j[kuk dfBu gSA lafoèkku osQ fuekZrkvksa us blosQ la?kh; y{k.kksa eas ifjorZu
djosQ blesa oqQN xSj&la?kh; fo'ks"krk,a Hkh tksM+ nh gSaA ;s bl izdkj gSa %&
lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn&1 eas ;g dgk x;k gS fd Hkkjr jkT;ksa dk ^lewg* gSA blesa nks ckrsa fufgr gSa] igyh
rks ;g fd ;g jkT;ksa osQ chp vkilh le>kSrs dk ifj.kke ugha gS vkSj nwljh ;g fd jkT;ksa dks osQUnz
ls vyx gks tkus vFkok Lora=k :i ls O;ogkj djus dh NwV ugha gSA blosQ vykok osQUnz rFkk jkT;
nksuksa osQ fy, ,d gh lafoèkku gS] ftlosQ Hkhrj gh osQUnz ,oa jkT; nksuksa dks dk;Z djuk gSA la?k ,d
lewg gS D;ksafd bls lekIr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS ,oa ;g ns'k esa ,drk dk;e j[kus esa lgk;rk
djrk gSA
jkT; osQ jkT;ikyksa dh fu;qfDr osaQnz djrk gS rFkk mldh vuq'kalk ij ;k mlosQ cxSj Hkh jkT; iz'kklu
dks osQUnz vius gkFkksa esa ys ldrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa es]a jkT;ksa esa jkT;iky osQUnz dk izfrfufèk gksrk gSA Hkkjrh;
la?kh; O;oLFkk osQ dk;kZUo;u us vc lkiQ dj fn;k gS fd jkT;iky vfèkdrj jkT; osQ eqf[k;k osQ
:i esa u gksdj osQUnz osQ ,tsUV osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA bldk eryc gS fd osQa nz osQ ikl jkT; iz'kklu
dks fu;af=kr djus dh {kerk gksrh gSA
la?kokn dh lcls igyh vkSj vko';d ekax gksrh gS fd laln osQ Åijh lnu esa jkT;ksa dks leku
izfrfufèkRo izkIr gksA vesfjdh lhusV osQ Åijh lnu esa izR;sd jkT; ls nks izfrfufèk;ksa osQ fy, lhVsa
vkjf{kr gksrh gSaA foaQrq gekjs lafoèkku esa bl izdkj dh cjkcjh dk dksbZ izkoèkku ugha gS vkSj u gh jkT;
lHkk esa bl izdkj osQ izfrfufèkRo osQ fy, lhVksa dk vkj{k.k gSA
blh Øe esa yxHkx lHkh egÙoiw.kZ inksa tSls eq[; pquko vk;qDr] egkys[kk ijh{kd] vkfn dh fu;qfDr;ka
osQUnz ljdkj }kjk dh tkrh gSaA ;gka bdgjh ukxfjdrk dk izkoèkku gSA ;gka vyx&vyx jkT;ksa osQ fy,
vyx&vyx lafoèkku dk dksbZ izkoèkku ugha gSA lafoèkku esa fdlh Hkh izdkj osQ la'kksèku dh igy osQUnz
ljdkj gh dj ldrh gSA jkT; ljdkj lafoèkku esa fdlh la'kksèku dk izLrko ugha yk ldrh gSA
blh Øe esa la?kh; <kaps dks NsM+s fcuk ;gka ,d:irk rFkk U;wure lk>k iz'kklfud Lrj dks cuk, j[kus
osQ fy, Hkh izkoèkku gSA blosQ fy, vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa tSls vkbZ-,-,l rFkk vkbZ-ih-,l- dk xBu
fd;k x;k] tks fd osQUnz }kjk fu;af=kr gksrk gSA foÙkh; ekeyksa esa Hkh jkT; osQUnz osQ Åij vkfJr jgrk
gSA jkT; viuh t:jr osQ foÙkh; lalkèku Hkh [kqn ugha mikftZr dj ldrsA foÙkh; ladV osQ le; jkT;
dh foÙkh; fLFkfr ij osQUnz dk iwjk fu;a=k.k gks tkrk gSA
fdlh jkT; esa ;fn fdlh izdkj dh v'kkafr mRiUu gks tkrh gS rks osQUnz dks ;g vfèkdkj izkIr gS fd
og ml jkT; esa vFkok ml jkT; osQ v'kkar fgLls esa osQUnzh; iqfyl cy dks fu;a=k.k osQ fy, HkstsA
laln dks ;g Hkh vfèkdkj izkIr gS fd og fdlh jkT; osQ {ks=k dks c<+k vFkok ?kVk ldrh gS vkSj lkFk
gh og fdlh jkT; osQ uke vFkok mldh lhek&js[kk esa cnyko vFkok ifjorZu dj ldrh gSA

83
 ekWM~;wy- 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ la?kh; fl¼kar nksgjh U;k;ikfydk dh O;oLFkk djrk gS ijUrq Hkkjr esa ,dy U;k;ikfydk gS ftlosQ
eq[; rÙo 'kh"kZ ij loksZPp U;k;ky; gSA
lafoèkku eas osQUnzh; lwph osQ vUrxZr lHkh egÙoiw.kZ fo"k;ksa dks 'kkfey djosQ osQUnz dks vR;ar
'kfDr'kkyh cuk;k x;k gSA jkT; ljdkj dh 'kfDr;k¡ cgqr gh lhfer gSaA foÙkh; :i ls jkT; osQUnz ij
fuHkZj gSA
mijksDr ppkZ osQ ckn vc ;g ckr Li"V gks tkrh gS fd jkT;ksa dh 'kfDr;ksa dks de djrs gq, 'kfDr;ksa
fVIi.kh dk >qdko osQUnz ljdkj osQ i{k esa gSaA jkT;ksa dks osQUnz ls fudV lg;ksx djosQ gh pyuk iM+rk gSA bl
izdkj bu ckrksa ls bl fookn dks cy feyrk gS fd Hkkjrh; lafoèkku vius Lo:i esa rks la?kkRed gS
fdUrq bldh vkRek ,dkRed gSA lafoèkku fo'ks"kKksa us bls ^v¼Zla?kh;* dgk gSA

ikBxr iz'u 8.2

lgh fodYi ls iwfrZ djsaA
(d) —————————— dks fdlh Hkh jkT; osQ {ks=k easa ifjorZu dk vfèkdkj izkIr gSA
(laln] foèkkueaMy] uxj egkikfydk)
([k) vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa dk fu;a=k.k —————— }kjk gksrk gSA (osQUnz ljdkj] jkT; ljdkj]
ftyk)
(x) la?k esa ;g vko';d foèkku gksrk gS fd laln osQ Åijh lnu esa ——————————
izfrfufèkRo dh O;oLFkk gksA (vleku] leku] vkuqikfrd)

8.3 osQUnz&jkT; lacaèk

ge bl ckr ij igys gh ppkZ dj pqosQ gSa fd Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ,d la?kkRed <kaps dk fuekZ.k djrk
gSA osQUnz vkSj jkT; nksuksa dk fuekZ.k lafoèkku }kjk gksrk gS vkSj nksuksa viuh 'kfDr;k¡ blh lafoèkku ls izkIr
djrs gSaA oqQN vkykspdksa dk ;g xaHkhj vkjksi gS fd Hkkjr ,d la?k rks gS fdUrq blesa iwjd ,dkRed
y{k.k Hkh ekStwn gSaA ;g vkykspuk dgka rd lgh gS] bl ckr dks le>us osQ fy, osQUnz&jkT; lacaèkksa
dk vè;;u vko';d gSA
lafoèkku osQ Hkkx 11 rFkk 12 esa foèkk;h] iz'kklfud rFkk foÙkh; vkèkkjksa ij osQUnz rFkk jkT; osQ chp
lacaèkksa dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA vkb,] Øe'k% bu fcaanqvkasa ij ppkZ djsaA
8.3.1 foèkk;h lacaèk
gekjs lafoèkku eas foèkk;h lacaèkksa dks ysdj vfèkdkjksa dk f=k&Lrjh; foHkktu fd;k x;k gSA foèkk;h
vfèkdkjksa ls lacafèkr nks lwfp;k¡ gSa] igyh osQUnz lwph vkSj nwljh jkT; lwphA blosQ vfrfjDr ,d vU;
lwph Hkh blosQ lkFk tksM+ nh xbZ gS ftls ge leorhZ lwph osQ uke ls tkurs gSaA
bu rhuksa lwfp;ksa esa lcls yach lwph osQUnz lwph gS] ftlesa jk"Vªh; fgrksa ls lacafèkr 97 ekeyksa dk mYys[k
gSA blesa j{kk] jsyos] Mkd rkj] vk;dj] vkcdkjh] vkfn ekeys vkrs gSaA laln dks laiw.kZ ns'k eas dkuwu
cukus rFkk osQUnzh; lwph ij dk;Z djus osQ fy, fo'ks"k vfèkdkj izkIr gSaA

84
 Hkkjrh; la?kh; O;oLFkk ekWM~;wy - 2
jkT; lwph eas LFkkuh; eqíksa ls lacafèkr 66 fo"k;ksa dk mYys[k gSA bueas ls oqQN egÙoiw.kZ ekeys tSls Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ
jkT; easa okf.kT; rFkk O;kikj] iqfyl] eRL; ikyu] ou] m|ksx] vkfn mfYyf[kr gSaA foèkkueaMy dks
eq[; rÙo
jkT; lwph esa lfEefyr lHkh fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu cukus dk vfèkdkj izkIr gSA fdUrq lacafèkr jkT; fliZQ
vius jkT; ls lacafèkr eqíksa ij gh dkuwu cuk ldrk gSA
leorhZ lwph esa osQUnz rFkk jkT; nksuksa ls lacafèkr 47 ekeyksa dk mYys[k gSA buesa eqnzkad 'kqYd] vkS"kfèk]
fctyh] v[kckj] vkfn fo"k; egÙoiw.kZ gSaA laln rFkk foèkkueaMy nksuksa gh bl lwph esa lfEefyr
fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu cuk ldrs gSaA ;fn fdUgha fLFkfr;ksa esa ,d gh fo"k; ij jkT; rFkk osQUnz }kjk cuk, fVIi.kh
dkuwuksa osQ chp }a} mRiUu gks tkrk gS rks ,slh fLFkfr eas osQUnz ljdkj }kjk cuk;k x;k dkuwu gh ekU;
gksrk gSA
;fn bu rhuksa lwfp;ksa esa lfEefyr fo"k;ksa osQ vfrfjDr fdlh fo"k; ij dkuwu cukuk gks rks ml ij
laln fopkj djrh gSA
fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa laln jkT; lwph osQ fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu cuk ldrh gSA

8.3.2 iz'kklfud lacaèk

osQUnz rFkk jkT; osQ chp iz'kklfud lacaèkksa dks ysdj gekjs lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa osQ eu eas dHkh Hkh nks
Lora=k iz'kklfud bdkbZ;ksa osQ fuekZ.k dh bPNk ugha jgh cfYd mUgksaus nksuksa osQ chp leUo; (Co-
ordination) rFkk lg&Hkkfxrk (Co-operation) cuk, j[kus dh dksf'k'k dhA

jkT; osQ dk;Zikfydk lacaèkh vfèkdkj laln }kjk cuk, x, dkuwuksa osQ Hkhrj gh izHkkoh jgrs gSaA blosQ
vykok ;fn dHkh t:jr iM+s rks osQUnzh; dk;Zikfydk jkT; dk;Zikfydk dks funsZ'k Hkh ns ldrh gSA
osQUnzh; ljdkj jkT;ksa dks lalnh; dkuwu osQ vUrxZr jk"Vªh; ,oa lSfud egRo osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls lapkj]
jsyos] vkfn dh lqj{kk osQ fy, fn'kk&funsZ'k tkjh dj ldrh gSA
blh Øe eas varjkZT;h; ufn;ksa ls lacafèkr fooknksa ij laln vosQys iSQlys dj ldrh gSA blosQ vykok
,d izkoèkku ;g Hkh gS fd jkT;ksa osQ chp mRiUu fooknksa ij jk"Vªifr dks lykg nsus osQ fy, ,d
varjkZT;h; ifj"kn dk xBu fd;k tk,A
;gka rd fd jkT; ls lacafèkr oqQN iz'kklfud dk;Z jkT; ljdkjsa ,d fuf'pr vofèk osQ fy, osQUnzh;
ljdkj dks lkSai ldrh gSaA
Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku esa iz'kklfud iz.kkyh dh ,d:irk dk izkoèkku gSA blosQ fy, vf[ky Hkkjrh;
iz'kklfud lsokvksa dk xBu fd;k x;k gS vkSj blosQ }kjk fu;qDr vfèkdkjh tSls vkbZ-,-,l-] vkbZ-ih-
,l- vFkok vU; fu;qDr inkfèkdkjh jkT; iz'kklu eas èkqjh dk dke djrs gSaA vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok osQ
inkfèkdkfj;ksa osQ ekè;e ls osQUnz ljdkj viuh lÙkk dk bLrseky djrs gq, jkT; ij fu;a=k.k j[krh gSA
bu lsokvksa osQ lnL; osQUnz }kjk fu;qDr gksrs gSa rFkk jkT;ksa esa lsok nsrs gSaA jkT; ljdkjsa osQUnz dh vuqefr
osQ fcuk muosQ f[kykiQ dksbZ vuq'kklukRed dkjZokbZ ugha dj ldrh gSaA lafoèkku esa ;g Hkh izkoèkku
gS fd jkT; lHkk osQ vuqeksnu (laLrqfr) ij laln u, vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa dk xBu Hkh dj ldrh
gSA osQUnz ljdkj osQ ekè;e ls jk"Vªifr jkT; iz'kklu ij fu;a=k.k j[krk gSA bl ckr dks le>us osQ fy,
vki vkikrdky osQ izkoèkkuksa dk vè;;u djsaxsA
vkidks ;g ckr Hkh ;kn gksxh fd t:jr iM+us ij dsUnzh; dk;Zikfydk jkT; dk;Zikfydk dks iz'kklfud
funsZ'k ns ldrh gSA osQUnzh; vFkok jkT; iz'kklu dh Lok;Ùkrk ij funsZ'k tkjh djus lacaèkh osQUnz ljdkj

85
 ekWM~;wy- 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ dks foLr`r vfèkdkj izkIr gSaA jkT;ksa osQ vkxzg ij osQUnz ljdkj osQUnzh; iqfyl cy vFkok lsuk dks dgha
eq[; rÙo Hkh fu;qDr dj ldrh gS vkSj ;fn dksbZ ,slk volj vk;k rks jkT; osQ fgrksa dk è;ku j[krs gq, osQUnzh;
iqfyl cy rFkk lhek lqj{kk cy dks iwjs jkT; esa iSQyk;k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd jkT;
iz'kklu esa osQUnz ,d cgqr vge Hkwfedk vnk djrk gSA
8.3.3 foÙkh; lacaèk
osQUnz osQ lkFk jkT;ksa osQ lacaèkksa osQ fuèkkZj.k esa jktLo lalkèkuksa dk caVokjk cgqr gh egÙoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk
fVIi.kh
gSA lafoèkku eas osQUnz rFkk jkT; nksuksa osQ fy, Lora=k jktLo lalkèkuksa dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA la?kh;
lwph esa 'kkfey fo"k;ksa ij laln dj yxk ldrh gSA jkT; lwph osQ fo"k;ksa ij jkT; ljdkj dj yxk
ldrh gSA lkèkkj.kr;k vaarjkZT;h; djksa dh mxkgh osQUnz ljdkj }kjk rFkk LFkkuh; djksa dh mxkgh jkT;
ljdkjksa }kjk dh tkrh gSA
osQUnzh; lwph esa fuc¼ djksa dh mxkgh fuEufyf[kr Js.kh esa dh tkrh gS%
(d) djksa dk fuèkkZj.k rks osQUnz ljdkj }kjk fd;k tkrk gS fdUrq budk ladyu vkSj lap; jkT; ljdkj
}kjk fd;k tkrk gS tSls eqnzkad 'kqYd] nokbZ;ksa ij mRikn dj rFkk izlkèku lacèa kh oLrq,]a vkfnA
([k) jsyos] leqnzh rFkk gokbZ djksa dk fuèkkZj.k djuk rFkk mxkgh djuk rks osQUnz dk dk;Z gS fdUrq mUgsa
jkT;ksa dks ns fn;k tkrk gSA
(x) ;fn laln ;g dkuwu cuk ns fd (tSls & osQUnzh; mRikn 'kqYd rFkk izlkèku lacaèkh oLrqvksa ij
yxk, tkus okys dj) djksa dk caVokjk osQUnz vkSj jkT;ksa osQ chp gksuk pkfg,] rc buls lacafèkr
djksa dh mxkgh rFkk ladyu dk dk;Z rks osQUnz djrk gS fdUrq osQUnz ,oa jkT;ksa osQ chp djksa dk caVokjk
gks tkrk gSA
(?k) osQUnz }kjk fuèkkZj.k ,oa ladyu fd, x, dj ftudk lap;u dsUnz djrk gS tSls & vkcdkjh rFkk
vk;dj] vkfn ls lacafèkr djA
(Ä) osQUnz }kjk fuèkkZfjr dj ftudk ladyu rFkk lap;u osQUnz }kjk fd;k tkrk gS fdUrq osQUnz rFkk
jkT;ksa osQ chp mudk caVokjk gks tkrk gS tSls & o`Qf"k osQ vykok yxk;k x;k djA
bl izdkj foÙkh; {ks=k esa Hkh osQUnz dks csgrj lalkèku miyCèk gSaA osQUnz jkT; osQ foÙkh; lalkèkuksa ij
viuk fu;a=k.k j[krk gS rFkk jkT; dh fodkl ;kstukvksa osQ ys[kk&tks[kk osQ vkdyu osQ vkèkkj ij
lkekU; rFkk fo'ks"k nksuksa izdkj dh fLFkfr;ksa esa og jkT;ksa dks foÙkh; lgk;rk iznku djrk gSA foÙkh;
vkikrdky dh fLFkfr esa jk"Vªifr osQUnz rFkk jkT;ksa osQ chp gksus okys djksa osQ caVokjs dks LFkfxr dj
ldrk gSA og jkT;ksa osQ oqQN [kpks± ij izfrcaèk Hkh yxk ldrk gSA
jkT; dh ;kstukvksa dk fuèkkZj.k osQUnz dh izkFkfedrkvksa osQ vuq:i gh gksrk gS ,oa mudk dk;kZUo;u
;kstuk vk;ksx dh lgefr ls gksrk gSA blosQ vykok jkT;ksa dks osQUnz }kjk izk;ksftr ;kstukvksa dks ykxw
Hkh djuk iM+rk gS ftlosQ fy, osQUnz gh vuqnku nsrk gS ,oa 'krs± Hkh j[krk gSA ;kstuk vk;ksx us vfrosQUnzho`Qr
fu;kstu dh O;oLFkk cuk nh gSA jkT;ksa osQ ikl vxqokbZ dk dksbZ ekè;e ugha gS rFkk osQUnzh; :i ls fuèkkZfjr
;kstuk,a vO;kogkfjd :i ls ,oa cxSj mudh fLFkfr le>s] muosQ Åij Fkksi nh tkrh gSA

86
 Hkkjrh; la?kh; O;oLFkk ekWM~;wy - 2
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ
ikBxr iz'u 8.3
eq[; rÙo
lgh fodYi pqudj fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,A
(d) osQUnzh; lwph esa —————————— fo"k; lfEefyr gSaA (97] 66] 47)
([k) Mkd ,oa rkj ————————————— lwph esa lfEefyr fo"k; gSaA
fVIi.kh
(osQUnzh;] jkT;] leorhZ)
(x) jk"Vªifr 'kklu ykxw gksus ij jkT;&lwph eas fuc¼ fo"k;ksa ij ———————————
}kjk dkuwu cuk;k tk ldrk gSA (foèkkueaMy] laln] nksuksa)
(?k) okf.kT; rFkk O;kikj ————————— lwph dk fo"k; gSA (osQUnz] jkT;] leorhZ)

8.4 jkT;ksa dh vfèkd Lok;Ùkrk dh ekax

Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ fuekZrk ns'k dh ,drk o v[k.Mrk osQ izfr ltx FksA mUgsa ns'k dh ,drk o
v[k.Mrk dks rksM+us okyh 'kfDr;ksa dh tkudkjh FkhA Lora=krk osQ le; ,d 'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz ljdkj
vko';d Fkh tks bu [krjksa dk lkeuk dj ldrh FkhA
vr% lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa us osQUnz dh ,d izHkko'kkyh Hkwfedk fuèkkZfjr dhA lkFk gh lkFk mUgksaus ,d
lgdkjh la?k dh LFkkiuk dhA
fiNys ik¡p n'kdksa esa Hkkjrh; la?k osQ }kjk fd;s x;s dk;ks± ls Li"V gS fd osQUnz vkSj jkT;ksa osQ chp
ges'kk gk£nd lacaèk ugha jgs gSaA
Hkkjr ljdkj us osQUnz&jkT; lacaèkksa dks lqpk# :i ls pykus osQ fy, le;&le; ij iz'kklfud lqèkkj
vk;ksx o vU; vk;ksx cuk;s gSaA osQUnz ljdkj us osQUnz&jkT; lacaèkksa esa lqèkkj osQ jkLrs lq>kus osQ fy,
ljdkfj;k vk;ksx dk xBu fd;kA

ljdkfj;k vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'kksa }kjk iz'kklfud] foèkk;h vkSj foÙkh; lacaèkksa dh egÙkk irk pyrh gSA
blus lafoèkku dh ekSfyd lajpuk esa ifjorZu dh dHkh lykg ugha nh gSA blosQ vuqlkj la?kkRed gksuk
vfèkd vPNh O;oLFkk gS] ctk; n`<+ laLFkkfud ifjdYiuk osQA vk;ksx us LFkk;h varjkZT;h; ifj"kn~ dh
LFkkiuk ij tksj fn;kA blosQ vfrfjDr] blus bl ckr ij Hkh cy fn;k fd osQUnz vkSj jkT; nksuksa dks
gh fiNM+s {ks=kksa osQ fodkl osQ izfr ltx jguk pkfg,A ;fn bls ,d lqO;ofLFkr izdkj ls fd;k tk;s
rks vyxkooknh 'kfDr;k¡ Lor% gh lekIr gks tk;sxa hA vkilh lykg e'kfojs }kjk la?k vkSj jkT;ksa dks vius
varjksa dks lekIr djus dh dksf'k'k djuh pkfg,A jkT;ksa }kjk vfèkd foÙkh; lgk;rk dh ekax dks vk;ksx
us mfpr Bgjk;k gSA osQUnz&jkT;ksa osQ lacaèk lqèkkjus osQ fy, vk;ksx us vk£Fkd mnkjhdj.k vkSj lafoèkku
la'kksèkuksa dh fliQkfj'k dh gSA

87
 ekWM~;wy- 2 jktuhfr foKku
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ
eq[; rÙo ikBxr iz'u 8.4
fjDr LFkku Hkfj, %
(d) lafoèkku la'kksèku dh izfØ;k dh igy _____________ ljdkj }kjk dh tk ldrh gSA
([k) Hkkjrh; lafoèkku _________________ la?kh; gSA
fVIi.kh
(?k) jkT; ___________________ Lok;Ùkrk dh ekax dj jgs gSaA
(?k) ————————— vk;ksx us osQUnz&jkT; lacaèkksa osQ ckjs esa fjiksVZ lkSaih gSA

vkius D;k lh[kk

la?kh; O;oLFkk eas osQUnz rFkk jkT;ksa osQ chp 'kfDr;ksa osQ Li"V foHkktu dh vko';drk gksrh gSA blosQ
fy, ,d fyf[kr ,oa dBksj lafoèkku dh t:jr gksrh gSA lkFk gh blesa ,d Lora=k U;k;ikfydk dh
Hkh vko';drk gksrh gS tks osQUnz rFkk jkT;ksa osQ chp mRiUu gq, fooknksa dks lqy>k losQ gkykafd Hkkjrh;
lafoèkku eas la?kh; lafoèkku osQ lHkh y{k.k ekStwn gSa ysfdu lgh vFkksZa esa la?k dguk dfBu gSA
Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa us bdgjh ukxfjdrk] bdgjh U;k;ikfydk] l'kDr osQUnz dh LFkkiuk]
jk"Vªifr }kjk jkT;ikyksa dh fu;qfDr rFkk jkT; lHkk esa vleku izfrfufèkRo osQ }kjk lafoèkku esa vla?kh;
y{k.k ykus dk Hkjld iz;kl fd;k gSA blls l'kDr osQUnz dh vksj ,d izcy >qdko fn[krk gSA jkT;ksa
dks osQUnz osQ lkFk lgHkkfxrk osQ vkèkkj ij dk;Z djuk iM+rk gSA Hkkjrh; lafoèkku eas la?kh; y{k.k rks
gSa ¯oQUrq bldh vkRek ,dkRed gSA
osQUnz&jkT; lacaèkksa ij è;ku nsa rks foèkk;h iz'kklfud rFkk foRrh; lacaèkksa osQ vkèkkj ij ge ikrs gSa fd
dsUnz ljdkj jkT; ljdkj ls T;knk 'kfDr'kkyh gSA jk"Vª dh ,drk ,oa v[kaMrk ij vkus okys [krjksa
dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, osaQnz ljdkj dks T;knk izHkko'kkyh Hkwfedk iznku dh xbZ gSA bl izdkj gekjs ;gka
lgdkjh la?kokn dk foèkku gSA
brus o"kksZa rd Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ dk;Z djrs jgus osQ ckn vc ;g ckr Li"V gks xbZ gS fd osQUnz rFkk
jkT;ksa osQ chp lacaèk vc cgqr eèkqj ugha jg x, gSaA jkT; vius fy, vfèkdre Lok;Ùkrk dh ekax djus
yxs gSaA Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk osQUnz&jkT; lacaèkksa dh iquO;kZ[;k djus osQ fy, dbZ vk;ksx xfBr fd, tk
pqosQ gSaA ljdkfj;k vk;ksx us viuh fliQkfj'kksa esa foèkk;h] iz'kklfud rFkk foRrh; lacaèkksa esa cnyko
dk lq>ko fn;k gSA

ikBkar iz'u
1- Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ ,dkRed y{k.kksa dks Li"V dhft,A
2- osQanz rFkk jkT;ksa osQ chp foèkk;h lacaèkksa ij ,d laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k,A
3- osQanz rFkk jkT;ksa osQ chp foRrh; lacaèkksa dk fo'ys"k.k dhft,A
4- ^Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dk Lo:i la?kkRed gS ijUrq vkRek ,dkRedA* O;k[;k djsaA

88
 Hkkjrh; la?kh; O;oLFkk ekWM~;wy - 2
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ
ikBxr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj eq[; rÙo
8.1
(d) osQUnz rFkk jkT;ksa osQ chp foHkkftr
([k) fyf[kr
fVIi.kh
(x) 3
(?k) jkT;
(Ä) 47
8.2
(d) laln
([k) osQanz ljdkj
(x) leku
8.3
(d) 97
([k) osQanz
(x) laln
(?k) jkT;
8.4
(d) osQUnzh;
([k) v¼Z
(x) vfèkd
(?k) ljdkfj;k

ikBkar iz'uksa osQ fy, laosQr

1. [k.M 8-2 ns[ksaA

2. [k.M 8-3-1 ns[ksaA

3. [k.M 8-3-3 ns[ksaA

4. [k.M 8-1 ,oa 8-2 ns[ksaA

89