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Ejercicios Dinamica
Ejercicios Dinamica
Ejercicios Dinamica
For each of the possible wave forms below, indicate which satisfy the wave
equation, and which represent reasonable waveforms for actual waves on a string. For
those which do represent waves, find the speed and direction of propagation, and
sketch the waveform at t=0. The quantities a, b, c, A, and v are all positive constants.
a. yx, t ax bt c
2
(4 pts.)
b. y x, t
1
(4 pts.)
ax b
2
x t
c. y x, t A sin (4 pts.)
a b
d. yx, t A sin ax 2 bt 2 (4 pts.)
Solution
a) y(x,t) = (ax + bt + c)2
This function can solve the wave equation, so in that sense it is a solution. However,
it is a parabola which goes to infinity at large x, so it does not describe a reasonable
wave.
b) y(x,t) = 1/(ax2+b)
This function has no time dependence, so cannot be a wave.
Grader: 5 pts each. 3 for successfully plugging in, and 2 for explaining if it’s
a good wave or not. (The first 2 points are for cases where partial credit is
needed, some of these can be solve/explained without plugging into the
wave equation).
13. (20 pts) It is observed that a pulse requires 0.1 second to travel from one end to
the other of a long string. The tension in the string is provided by passing the string
over a pulley to a weight which has 100 times the mass of the spring.
Solution
100 L g
(a)
L vt
100Lg
L t
L 100Lg t
Solve for L:
L 100g t
2
L 9.8m
Grader: 10 pts. They may plug in 0.1 seconds right away and have
strange looking expressions with incorrect units, but that is OK if they
get the right answer.
(b)
This is a clamped string for which we have written the normal modes
before. Simply plug in 3 for n:
3x
y An sin cos n t
L
3x
y An sin cosvkn t
L
3x
y An sin
cos 10 Lg k n t
L
3x 2
y An sin cos10 Lg t
L n
And the expression for the normal mode wavelengths for a clamped string:
3x 2n
y An sin cos10 Lg t
L 2L
3x g
y An sin cos10 3t
L L
3x g
y An sin cos 30 t
L L
For this problem, we found above that g and L are numerically equal, so
you can express it like this:
3x
y An sin cos30t
L
x
0 L
a) Using the appropriate boundary conditions, give the solution yn(x,t) for the nth
normal mode, and give explicitly the frequency n and the wavelength n.
(20 pts.)
b) Sketch the patterns for the three lowest allowed modes. (10 pts.)
Hints: Think carefully about the x=0 boundary condition. The size of the rod and massless
ring are negligible. Perhaps a free body diagram would be in order!
-----------------------------
The right boundary condition is simply that for a clamped string: the y-value is zero
at all times.
yL, t 0
For the left boundary condition, consider a free body diagram of the massless ring:
Frod
Tstring
The massless ring feels a horizontal force from the rod which opposes the
horizontal component of the string tension. The lack of friction means that there
will be no vertical force from the rod. Since the ring is massless, there must also be
no vertical force from the string. If there were, the massless ring would instantly
respond (with infinite acceleration) and move to a point where the vertical
component of the tension is zero. Since the vertical tension is proportional to the
slope of the string (dy/dx), the slope must be zero. So the boundary condition is:
y
0
x x 0
Just as initial conditions can apply to the function (initial position) or its first
derivative (initial velocity), boundary conditions can apply to the function (constant
position) or its first derivative (constant slope).
How you reach the answer depends on your initial guess for the string shape. Since
the left side is zero and the origin is displaced, cosine would be a good choice:
y
Ak sin cost 0
x x0
yL, t A coskLcost 0
n
kn L n 1,3,5,7,...
2
km L
2m 1 m 1,2,3,4,5,....
2
4L
n n 1,3,5,7,...
n
n nv
y n A cos x cos t n 1,3,5,7,...
2L 2L
Grader: There are many ways to do this problem! Correct identification and
use of the two boundary conditions is worth 10 points. The boundary
condition at x = L can only be as I stated it. For the boundary condition at x
= 0, they may assume that the end will oscillate with amplitude A and get the
same answer. Note that they may also neglect the phase if they choose
wisely between sine and cosine to describe the shape (some will understand
this, and some will get lucky).
The expression for wavelengths is worth 5 pts, frequencies are worth 5 pts,
and normal modes are worth 4pts. Note that these expressions may vary
depending on choice of sine or cosine, and on choice of odd integers or all
integers.
Solution
The stationary state with smallest frequency will be the first normal mode. Since
both ends are anti-nodes, the n=1 normal mode has a wavelength equal to twice the
string length L:
A cost
Acost
0 L
1 2L
Its best to guess cosine since the string has amplitude at x = 0. Apply the left
boundary condition:
This tells us that the amplitude of the normal mode (An) must just be the amplitude
of the drive oscillation (A). Also, the frequency of the normal mode must be the
frequency of the drive oscillation.
Here I have plugged in L at the right boundary, and set it equal to the value of the
left boundary, but 180 degrees out of phase.
k n L n odd n (1,3,5,7,9,...)
nv
n
L
v
1
L
TL
1
L m
T
1
mL
Grader: 10 pts for getting that the first normal mode wavelength is 2L (which
can be done with equations or graphically), and 10 pts for finding the lowest
frequency. If they stop too early and leave the expression for lowest
frequency in terms of v (velocity) rather than T and m, take 2 pts.