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A Study of a Backorder EOQ Model for Cloud-Type Intuitionistic Dense Fuzzy

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DOI: 10.1007/s40815-019-00756-1

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Int. J. Fuzzy Syst.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40815-019-00756-1
A Study of a Backorder EOQ Model for Cloud-Type Intuitionistic
Dense Fuzzy Demand Rate
Suman Maity1 • Sujit Kumar De2 • Sankar Prasad Mondal3
Received: 12 March 2019 / Revised: 25 September 2019 / Accepted: 4 October 2019
 Taiwan Fuzzy Systems Association 2019
Abstract This paper deals with a backorder inventory
problem under intuitionistic dense fuzzy environment. In
fuzzy set theory, the concept of dense fuzzy set is quite
new that depends upon the number of negotia-
tions/turnovers made by the decision makers (DMs) of any
kind of industrial setup. Moreover, we have discussed the
preliminary concept on intuitionistic dense fuzzy set
(IDFS) with their corresponding (non)membership func-
tions and defuzzification methods. The graphical overview
resembles the graphs obtained from a cloud aggregation
model developed by Mao et al. in 2018. The basic differ-
ence is that they considered interval-valued hesitant fuzzy
model with unsharp boundary but the content of present
study is solely associated with nonrandom uncertainty
having proper boundary. Finally, numerical examples,
comparative study, sensitivity analysis, graphical illustra-
tion, and conclusion are made for justification of the new
approach.
Keywords Backorder EOQ model  Intuitionistic dense
fuzzy set  Nonlinearity of (non)membership grade  Score
function  Optimization
& Sujit Kumar De
skdemamo2008.com@gmail.com
1
Department of Applied Mathematics with Oceanology and
Computer Programming, Vidyasagar University,
Midnapore 721102, India
2 correlation for dichotomous variables. Moreover, intro-
Department of Mathematics, Midnapore College
(Autonomous), Paschim Medinipur 721101, India
3 itself Atanassov [1, 2] developed intuitionistic fuzzy set
Department of Applied Science, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
University of Technology, West Bengal, Nadia, Haringhata,
India
1 Introduction
This section has been split into two different subsections
namely literature review and motivation, respectively, and
they are stated below.
1.1 Literature Review
Backlogging is an emergent trend of recent economic order
quantity (EOQ) modelling. Researchers were involved to
control such types of problems for long decades. In the
competitive world, the EOQ model gets more challenges
from various aspects for which the deterministic models
are unable to solve the complexities of the problem. Gen-
erally, the complexities occur due to the random and
nonrandom uncertainties of the parameters of the basic
model. Bellman and Zadeh [6] studied a decision-making
problem using fuzzy set to capture the nonrandom uncer-
tainty. After that, many researchers were engaged to
characterize the actual nature of the fuzzy set
[3–5, 9, 23, 28]. Piegat [39] gave a new definition of fuzzy
set. Heilpern [25] discussed on fuzzy mappings and fixed-
point theorem. Chutia et al. [7] developed an alternative
method of finding the membership of a fuzzy number and
in the same year Mahanta et al. [37] were able to construct
the structure of fuzzy arithmetic without incorporating the
help of a-cuts also. The concept of fuzzy complements
functional studies by Roychoudhury and Pedrycz [40]. De
and Sana [18] developed a backorder EOQ model using
pentagonal fuzzy number and made their decision using
ducing nonmembership and hesitant degree in the fuzzy set
(IFS) which is confined to the degree of hesitation called
hesitation margin denoted by pð xÞ ¼ 1  lð xÞ  cð xÞ. The
123

notion of defining IFS as generalized fuzzy set is quite
interesting and it has many areas of applications. Ejegwa
et al. [24] applied IFS in career determination via nor-
malized Euclidean distance method. De and Sana [19, 20]
discussed a backlogging model under IFS using the score
value of the objective function. De et al. [13] have studied
an EOQ model with backorder considering the interpolat-
ing by-pass technique over the pareto optimality in intu-
itionistic fuzzy technique. In intuitionistic fuzzy
environment, De [12] has investigated a special type of
EOQ model where the natural idle time (general closing
time duration per day) has been considered. Das et al. [8]
studied a backorder intuitionistic fuzzy EOQ model using
step order fuzzy approach. One year later, De and Pal [17]
made an intelligent decision for a bi-objective inventory
problem.
1.2 Motivation
In this present world business scenario, the role of learning
experiences is incredible and the strategies of decision-
making are set accordingly. To incorporate this situation in
modelling, Write [42] had wisely introduced learning
function and it was used in deterministic models for a long
period of time. But after the invention of fuzzy set theory
[44], the situation has been changed. Since then several
attempts have been made to capture the learning theory by
eminent researchers. Articles like Kazemi et al. [30–32]
kept a new dimension over the learning theory itself. De
and Mahata [15, 16] studied over a cloud-type fuzzy
backorder model. Consequently, De and Beg [10, 11] dis-
cussed the learning effect by introducing dense fuzzy set
and its corresponding new defuzzification method. They
were also able to use this concept into the neutrosophic
fuzzy set also. After that, dense fuzzy set has been applied
in the various field of decision-making problems. Kar-
makar et al. [26] discussed a pollution-sensitive production
inventory model using dense fuzzy set and its corre-
sponding new defuzzification methods. To capture the
cases of multiple decision maker in a single decision-
making management problem, a new methodology has
been developed by De [22] under the name Triangular
dense fuzzy lock set. Utilizing dense fuzzy lock set
approach, Karmakar et al. [27] developed a pollution-sen-
sitive remanufacturing model for waste items. However,
Maity et al. [35, 36] discussed two decision makers’ single
decision over the backorder and without backorder EOQ
model, respectively. Beyond this, considering nonlinear
heptagonal dense fuzzy number, Maity et al. [34] devel-
oped a backorder EOQ model. Recently, a monsoon-type
fuzzy model has been developed by De and Mahata [14]
where the concepts of cloud and monsoon are explained in
a rigorous manner. Subsequently, the use of aggregation
123
International Journal of Fuzzy Systems
operator in multi-attribute decision-making problem has
kept another importance in decision-making problem
exclusively. De and Sana [21] studied an intuitionistic
model for stochastic demand with Bonferroni mean
aggregation operator. By the use of linguistic fuzzy set, the
cases of interval-valued cloud drop distribution of hesitant
multi-attribute group decision-making problem studied by
Mao et al. [38], intuitionistic cloud decision support model
developed by Liang and Wang [33]; intuitionistic fuzzy
quantifier model discussed by Singh et al. [41], and interval
intuitionistic trapezoidal fuzzy incomplete weight infor-
mation model studied by Kaur et al. [29] have contributed
significantly something new knowledge towards the intu-
itionistic fuzzy domain itself. Recently, Wu et al. [43]
applied an additive consistency preference relation princi-
ple on hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets.
From the above study, it is seen that none of the
researcher studied the intuitionistic dense fuzzy model to
represent the learning–forgetting process of any kind of
decision-making problem. Mao et al.’s model was ran-
domized cloud drop linguistic hesitant fuzzy model that
lacks to draw the sharp boundary of the fuzzy set but in our
proposed study, we have discussed intuitionistic dense
fuzzy model for learning–forgetting arena where the
learning curves associated (non)membership function look
similar to that of cloud drop model (shown in Fig. 1). At
the beginning, we define the nonlinear IDFS along with
several membership functions and their graphical repre-
sentations. Considering a backorder EOQ model and uti-
lizing the linear IDFS, we have optimized the objective
function under several learning–forgetting scenario.
Finally, numerical examples, comparative study, sensitivity
analysis, and graphical illustrations are made to justify the
novelty of proposed approach.
Fig. 1 Cloud drop distribution (Source: Mao et al. [38])
S. Maity et al.: A Study of a Backorder EOQ Model for Cloud-Type Intuitionistic Dense Fuzzy Demand Rate

2 Preliminaries [11] fuzzy number A~ of the form A~ ¼ ha1 ; a2 ; a3 i then we call it

Triangular Dense Fuzzy Set. Now, if for m ¼ 0; cðx; mÞ
2.1 Triangular Dense Fuzzy Set (TDFS) attains the highest membership degree 1 then we can call
this fuzzy number as Normalized Triangular Dense Fuzzy
In this section, we introduce different definitions of dense Set (NTDFS).
fuzzy set and triangular dense fuzzy set with their graphic
Definition 6 Nonlinear triangular dense fuzzy num-
representations and examples for subsequent use.
ber The general form of a nonlinear triangular dense
Definition 1 Consider the fuzzy set à whose components fuzzy number is defined as A~NA ¼ ða1 ; a2 ; a3 Þðn1 ;n2 Þ associ-
are sequence of functions generating from the mapping of ated with the membership function
natural numbers with a crisp number x. Now if all the 8
> 0 if x\a1 and x [ a3
components converge to the crisp number x as n ? ?, >  x  a1  n 1
>
>
then the fuzzy sets under considerations are called dense < if a1  x  a2
fuzzy set (DFS) (Fig. 2). lA~NA ðx; nÞ ¼ a2  a1 
> a x 2
> n
>
> 3
: if a2  x  a3
Definition 2 Let a fuzzy number A~ ¼ ha1 ; a2 ; a3 i with a 3  a2
a1 ¼ a2 fn and a3 ¼ a2 gn , where fn and gn are the sequence ð1Þ
of functions. If fn and gn are both converges to 1 as n ? ?
then the fuzzy set A~ ¼ ha1 ; a2 ; a3 i converges to a crisp and the nonmembership function is given by
8 
singleton {a2 }. Then we call the fuzzy set A~ = ha1 ; a2 ; a3 i >
> a2  x n1
>
> if a1  x  a2
as a Triangular dense fuzzy set (TDFS). < a2  a1
 n2
cA~NA ðx; mÞ ¼ x  a2 ð2Þ
Definition 3 Alternative definition of TDFS. Let, >
> if a2  x  a3
>
B~ = hfn ; gn ; hn i be three sequences of the elements of a : 3  a2
> a
0 elsewhere
triangular fuzzy set, where fn and gn are the sequence of
functions. Now, if fn ! a2 , gn ! a2 and hn ! a2 hold for
n ! 1 then the fuzzy set B~ converges to a crisp singleton
{a2 }. Then we call the fuzzy set B~ = hfn ; gn ; hn i as a Tri- 2.1.1 Particular Cases
angular dense fuzzy set.
i. If n1 ¼ n2 then nonlinear triangular dense fuzzy
Definition 4 Definition of TDFS based on Cartesian number becomes symmetry. For n1 ¼ n2 ¼ 2 we get
product of two sets. Let A~ be the fuzzy number whose Figs. 3 and 4 and that for n1 ¼ n2 ¼ 1=2 we get Figs. 5
components are the elements of R  N; R being the set of and 6, respectively.
real numbers and N being the set of natural numbers with ii. If n1 ¼ n2 ¼ 1 then nonlinear triangular fuzzy number
the membership grade satisfying the functional relation l : becomes linear triangular dense fuzzy number.
R  N ! ½0; 1: Now as n ! 1 if lðx; nÞ ! 1 for some
x 2 R and n 2 N then we call the set A~ as dense fuzzy set.
If A~ is triangular then it is called TDFS. Now, if for some n
in N; lðx; nÞ attains the highest membership degree 1 then
the set itself is called Normalized Triangular Dense Fuzzy
Set (NTDFS).
Definition 5 Definition of TDFS based on nonmember-
ship function. Let A~ be the fuzzy number whose compo-
nents are the elements of R  N whose nonmembership
grade satisfying the functional relation c : R  N ! ½0; 1.
Now as m ! 1 if cðx; mÞ ! 0 for some x 2 R and n 2 N
then we call the set A~ as dense fuzzy set. If we consider the

Fig. 3 Graph of nonlinear membership function over learning

Fig. 2 Dense fuzzy set experience

123
 International Journal of Fuzzy Systems

Example 1 As per Definitions (2–4) let us assume the

   
q
TDFS as follows A~ ¼ a2 1  1þn r
; a2 ; a2 1 þ 1þn ; for
0\q; r\1; n  0 and the graph of the membership
function is shown in Fig. 7.
Example 2 As per definition (5) let us assume the TDFS
 0
  0

as follows A~ ¼ a2 1  q ; a2 ; a2 1 þ r ; for
1þm 1þm
0\q; r\1; m  0 and the corresponding graph of the
nonmembership function is given in Fig. 8.
Figure 9 showing the joint effect (learning–forgetting
process) of member and nonmembership function of the
linear triangular fuzzy number.

Fig. 4 Graph of nonlinear membership function over learning 2.2 New Defuzzification Method Based on a-Cuts
experience (Extension of De and Beg [11])

Utilizing (1) and (2) we get the left and right a-cuts of the
score function
SðxÞ ¼ lðx; nÞ  cðx; mÞ are L1 ða; n; mÞ ¼ a2 þ

ða1Þa2  and R1 ða; n; mÞ ¼ a2 þ ð1aÞa2

1þm .
1þn 1þm ð1þn
r þ r0 Þ
q þ q0

So, the index value is given by

Z1
  1 X N X M 
I A~ ¼ L1 ða;n;mÞ þ R1 ða;n;mÞ da
2MN n¼1 m¼1
0
2 3
1 X M X N
42a2 þ  a 2 a 2
¼   5
2MN m¼1 n¼1 2 1þn
r þ r0
1þm
2 1þn þ 1þm
0 q q

ð3Þ
Fig. 5 Graph of nonlinear membership function over learning  
experience [Note: Obviously, as M; N ! 1; I A~ ! a2 ].

Fig. 6 Graph of nonlinear membership function over learning

experience Fig. 7 Graph of membership function over learning experience

123
S. Maity et al.: A Study of a Backorder EOQ Model for Cloud-Type Intuitionistic Dense Fuzzy Demand Rate

3.2 Assumptions

We have the following assumptions

i. Demand rate is uniform and known
ii. Rate of replenishment is finite
iii. Lead time is zero/negligible
iv. Shortage is allowed and fully backlogged

4 Formulation of Crisp Mathematical Model

Let the inventory starts at time t = 0 with order quantity Q1

and demand rate d1 . After time t ¼ t1 the inventory reaches
zero level and the shortage starts and it continues up to
Fig. 8 Graph of nonmembership function over learning experience time (T ¼ t1 þ t2 ). Let Q2 be the shortage quantity during
that time period t2 . Also, we assume that the shortage time
demand rate depends on the duration of shortage time t2 .
Therefore, the mathematical problem associated to the
proposed model is shown in Fig. 10 and the necessary
calculations are given below.
From Fig. 10, using the formula of the area of triangle
and curvature shape, we get the following relations
1
Inventory holding cost ¼ C1 Q1 t1
2
1 1
Shortage cost ¼ C2 Q2 t2 ¼ C2 d1 ð1  et2 Þt2
2 2
and set up cost ¼ C3 ð4Þ
8
< Q1 ¼ d
> 1 t1
R t2
where; Q2 ¼ 0 D2 dt2 ¼ d1 ½1  et2 
>
:
T ¼ t1 þ t2
Fig. 9 Graph of (non)membership function over learning experience
Therefore, the total average inventory cost

3 Assumptions and Notations

3.1 Notations

C1 : Holding cost per quantity per unit time ($)

C2 : Shortage cost per unit quantity per unit time ($)
C3 : Setup cost per unit time period per cycle ($)
d1 : Actual demand rate
D2 : Demand in shortage period ðD2 ¼ d1 et2 Þ
Q1 : Inventory level within time t1 (days)
Q2 : Shortage quantity during the time t2 ðdaysÞ
t1 : Inventory run time (days)
t2 : Shortage time ðdaysÞ
T: Cycle time (¼ t1 þ t2 Þ(days)
TAC: Total average cost ($)

Fig. 10 Backorder inventory model

123
 International Journal of Fuzzy Systems

88 9
1 1 > > >
TAC ¼ C1 Q1 t1 þ C2 Q2 t2 þ C3 =T > >
< >

2T 2T
>
>
>
> d1  D 1 = q0
>
> for d1 1   D 1  d1
1 t2 1 ð1  et2 Þt2 C3 >>
> > d1 q0 > > 1þm
¼ C1 d1 1 þ C2 d1 þ >
> :
<8 1 þ m 9
;
2 t1 þ t2 2 t1 þ t2 t1 þ t2
  cðD1 Þ ¼ > >
1 t2 1 ð1  et2 Þt2 C3 > >
< >

¼ d1 C1 1 þ C2 þ >
>
> D 1  d1 = r0
2 t1 þ t2 2 t1 þ t2 t1 þ t2 >
> for d1  D1  d1 1 þ
>
> >
> d r0 > > 1þm
ð5Þ >
> : 1 ;
>
> 1 þ m
:
Therefore, our crisp problem is given by minimizing 0 elsewhere
ð11Þ
TAC ¼ d1 w þ u; ð6Þ
Thus, the score function of the demand rate D1 is given
where
8 by
>
> 1 t2 1 ð1  et2 Þt2
< w ¼ C1 1 þ C2 SðD1 Þ ¼ l
8ðD Þ  cðD
1Þ
2 t1 þ t2 2 t1 þ t2 81  9
ð7Þ >>
> q >
> C > >
< D  d 1  >
>u ¼ d1  D1 =
3 > 1 1
: >
> 1þn
t1 þ t2 >
> 
>
> >
> d1 q d1 q0 >
>
>
<: ;
Subject to the conditions (4). 1 þ n 1þm 9
¼ 8

>
> > r >
> >
< d1 1 þ  D1 >
>
>
>
> 1 þ n D1  d1 =
5 Fuzzy Mathematical Model >
> 
>
> > d1 r d1 r0 >
:>: >
;
1þn 1þm
Since demand rate follows an important role in defining the
objective function in an inventory process, so we consider whose left and the right a-cuts are
the demand rate as flexible value in the proposed model ða  1Þd1
and it may assume dense fuzzy set. So, the objective L1 ða; n; mÞ ¼ d1 þ   and R1 ða; n; mÞ
1þn 1þm
q þ q 0
function ðTAC ¼ Z Þ of the crisp model (6, 7) can be
written as ð1  aÞd1
¼ d1 þ 1þn 1þm
r þ r0
Z~ ¼ d~1 w þ u; ð8Þ
Now, using Sect. 2.2 the index value of d~1 is given by
where w and u are given by (12). Now, (11) can also be
written as Z1
  1 X M X N 
I d~1 ¼ L1 ða;n;mÞ þ R1 ða;n;mÞ da
ðZ  u Þ 2MN m¼1 n¼1
d1 ¼ ð9Þ 0
w 2 3
1 X M X N
42d1 þ  d d
Now using (1) and (2) the membership and nonmem- ¼
1
  1
5
bership functions of the demand rate are given by
2MN m¼1 n¼1 2 1þn
r þ r0
1þm
2 1þn þ 1þm
0 q q
88
9
> > q > ð12Þ
>
> >
<D 1  d1 1  >
=

>
> 1þn q
>
> for d1 1   D1  d1
>
>>> d1 q > 1þn However, to find the membership and nonmembership
>
> : >
;
>
< 1 þ n
8
9 functions of the fuzzy objective function, we take the
lðD1 Þ ¼ > r >
><
> >d1 1 þ  D 1 >
=
 relations (8, 10) and get
>
> 1þn r
>
> for d1  D1  d1 1 þ 8 8

9
>
> > d1 r > 1þn > Z u q >
>
>>: >
; >
> >
> d 1 >

>
> 1þn >
> < w
1
1þn = q
: >
>
 for uþwd1 1 Z uþd1 w
0 elsewhere >
>
>
> >
> q >
> 1þn
>
> : d1 ;
ð10Þ < 1þn


9
lðZ Þ ¼ 8> r Z u >
>
> >
<d1 1þ  >
=

>
> 1þn w r
The nonmembership function for the demand rate is >
>
> for uþwd 1 Z uþd 1 w 1þ
>
> > d1r > 1þn
>>
>
> : >
;
>
: 1þn
0 elsewhere

and

123
S. Maity et al.: A Study of a Backorder EOQ Model for Cloud-Type Intuitionistic Dense Fuzzy Demand Rate

88 9
> > Z  u> 6 Case Study and Numerical Illustration
>
> >
<d 1  >
=

>
> w q0
>
> for u þ wd1 1   Z  u þ d1 w
>
>> d1 q 0
> 1þm
>
> >
: >
; We visited a Toy producing company situated at Kolkata,
>
<8 1 þ m 9
cðZ Þ ¼ >
>>
Z  u >
 d1 >
 the capital of West Bengal, India last year. After long
>
> < = r0
> w discussion with the manager (DM) it is found that the
>
> for u þ wd1  Z  u þ d1 w 1 þ
>
>>> d r 0
>
> 1þm
>
> : 1
; company has normal run time and a shortage run time in
>
> 1 þ m
:
0 elsewhere their total cycle time. During shortage period, the demand
depletes exponentially with the duration of shortage period.
Thus, the score function of Z~ is given by The holding cost, shortage cost, setup cost, and usual
Sð Z Þ ¼ l demand of the items are C1 ¼ $2:5; C2 ¼ $1:8; C3 ¼
8ðZ8Þ

 cð Z Þ

 9 $1200; d1 ¼ 100 units , respectively. Also, this demand
>
> > Zu q Z  u>
>
> >
<  d 1 1  d 1  >
= may vary - 30% to ? 20% for their sole customers.
>
> w 1þn w
>
>
  However, from their past experience they have seen this
> d1 q0
>>
> > q >
>
<:
> d1
1 þ n 1 þ m
; demand may vary up to - 40% to ? 30% due to opposi-
¼ 8

 9 tion. Thus, the problem is that how much toys the company
>>
> r Zu Zu >
>
> >
< d 1 1 þ   d 1 >
= should produce per cycle such that the average inventory
>
> 1þn w w
>
>  cost will be minimum. We note that the fuzzy information
>
> >
> d1r d1 r0 >
>
>
::
>
1þn 1þm
; for membership degree is ðq; rÞ ¼ ð0:3; :02Þ and that for
nonmembership degree is ðq0 ; r0 Þ ¼ ð0:4; 0:3Þ. We solve
this problem with the help of the proposed model and
whose left and the right a cuts are given by utilizing LINGO 14.0 software. The result is stated in
L1 ða; n; mÞ ¼ u þ d1 w þ ða1Þd1 w and R1 ða; n; mÞ ¼ Table 1 for five different approaches.
1þn 1þm
q þ q0 Table 1 shows that the solution under crisp approach of
u þ d1 w þ ð1aÞd1 w
and utilizing the Sect. 2.2 the corre- the proposed model gives the cost value $430.21. if we
ð1þn
r þ r0 Þ
1þm
consider the general intuitionistic fuzzy approach then the
sponding index value of Z~ is obtained as proposed cost value of the model becomes $428.95.
  1 X M X N 1 However, it is observed that the values of the cost function
I Z~ ¼ r L1 ða; n; mÞ þ R1 ða; n; mÞ da under trapezoidal and pentagonal dense fuzzy approach
2MN m¼1 n¼1 0
assume $501.96 and $472.76, respectively. If we go
1 X M X N
through the whole table it is seen that the IDF approach
¼
2MN m¼1 n¼1 gives lowest cost value $428.86 exclusively. Also, it is seen
2 3 that under learning–forgetting scenario, having learning
d 1 w d 1 w frequency 2 and forgetting frequency 1 the value of the
 42ðu þ d1 wÞ þ 1þn 1þm   5:
2 r þ r0 2 1þn
þ 1þm
0
objective function gets minimum value with respect to the
q q
order quantity 303.83 units, backorder quantity 94.74 units,
ð13Þ and the cycle time 6.11 days alone.
5.1 Particular Cases
6.1 Sensitivity Analysis
i. If we put m ¼ n ¼ 0 in (13) then the index value of the
proposed cost function gets the value due to general Considering the initial data set of the above numerical
intuitionistic fuzzy environment and in this case example, we take sensitivity of each of the parameters
q; r; q0 and r0 from - 20%, to ? 20% exclusively. The
  d1 w d1 w
I Z~ ¼ ðu þ d1 wÞ þ 1 1     numerical result of the sensitivity analysis of the proposed
4 r þ r0 4 q1 þ q10 backorder EOQ model is shown in Table 2.
From Table 2 we see that all the fuzzy system param-
ii. For m; n ! 1 we get crisp environment and the eters (q; r; q0 ; r0 Þ are almost insensitive over the total
proposed cost function reduces to average cost of the proposed model. It is also seen that
 
I Z~ ¼ u þ d1 w: within the change domain (- 20%, ? 20%) the value of
the objective function always gets lesser value than that of
the crisp value. Throughout the study of Table 2 it is
observed that the order quantity assumes the range (303.52,
304.20) units and the backorder quantity assumes the range

123
 International Journal of Fuzzy Systems

Table 1 Optimal solution of backorder EOQ model

Approach M* N* Time ðt1 Þ Time ðt2 Þ Q1 Q2 Minimum cost (Z*)

Crisp 3.046 3.046 304.67 95.24 430.21

Trapezoidal dense fuzzy (TDF) 4 4 3.013 3.013 290.17 91.55 501.96
Pentagonal dense fuzzy (PDF) 4 4 3.103 3.103 288.81 88.88 472.76
Intuitionistic fuzzy (IF) 1 1 3.057 3.057 303.86 94.78 428.95
Intuitionistic dense fuzzy (IDF) 1 1-2 3.056 3.056 303.83 94.74 428.86
1–2 1–3 3.054 3.054 303.97 94.82 429.08
1–3 1–4 3.053 3.053 304.07 94.88 429.24
1–4 1–5 3.052 3.052 304.14 94.92 429.36
1–5 1–6 3.051 3.051 304.19 94.96 429.49
*Indicates the optimum value of the decision variables

Table 2 Sensitivity analysis with changing parameters from (- 20% to ? 20%)

Values of the parameter % Change Time ðt1 Þ Time ðt2 Þ Q1 Q2 Minimum cost Z  ($) Z  Z
Z 100%
(days) (days)

q ? 20 3.059 3.059 303.52 94.55 428.35 - 0.43

? 10 3.057 3.057 303.67 94.64 428.60 - 0.37
- 10 3.054 3.054 304.01 94.84 429.14 - 0.25
- 20 3.051 3.051 304.20 94.96 429.45 - 0.17
r ? 20 3.053 3.053 304.06 94.88 429.23 - 0.23
? 10 3.054 3.054 303.95 94.81 429.06 - 0.27
- 10 3.057 3.057 303.71 94.66 428.66 - 0.36
- 20 3.058 3.058 303.57 94.58 428.43 - 0.41
q0 ? 20 3.058 3.058 303.65 94.63 428.56 - 0.38
? 10 3.057 3.057 303.73 94.68 428.70 - 0.35
- 10 3.055 3.055 303.94 94.81 429.05 - 0.27
- 20 3.053 3.053 304.08 94.89 429.25 - 0.22
0
r ? 20 3.055 3.055 303.95 94.81 429.06 - 0.27
? 10 3.056 3.056 303.90 94.78 428.97 - 0.29
- 10 3.057 3.057 303.76 94.69 428.74 - 0.34
- 20 3.058 3.058 303.68 94.65 428.61 - 0.37

(94.55, 94.96) units with respect to the range of cycle time

(6.10, 6.12) days for the same learning–forgetting system. 520
For the change of the left fuzzy deviation parameters (q; q0 ) 500
the inventory run time and shortage time get decreasing
Inventory Cost($)

and that for the right deviation parameters (r; r0 Þ these 480
become increasing. In addition, the values of the order 460
quantity and the shortage quantity behave similar manner 440
as per fuzzy system parameters do.
420
400
7 Graphical Illustrations 380
Crisp TDF PDF IF IDF
As per numerical output obtained in Tables 1 and 2, the Soluon Approach
following Figs. 11, 12 have been drawn. Figure 11 shows
the model minima at intuitionistic dense fuzzy environment Fig. 11 Inventory cost vs. methodology

123
S. Maity et al.: A Study of a Backorder EOQ Model for Cloud-Type Intuitionistic Dense Fuzzy Demand Rate

Inventory cost vs parametric change

(a)
429.4
429.2
429
-20%
Inventory Cost($)

428.8
428.6 -10%
428.4
428.2 10%
428
20%
427.8
ρ σ ρ' σ'
Parameters

Inventory cost vs parametric change

(b)
429.4 Fig. 13 Variation of cost function under learning–forgetting scenario
429.2
Inventory cost($)

429 responsible for the increase of the cost function whenever

ρ
428.8 the range (- 20%, ? 20%) of changes takes place.
428.6 σ Figure 13 has been drawn using (13) which explores
428.4 that under learning–forgetting scenario, within the change
ρ'
428.2 of the frequencies (0–8) the value of the average inventory
428 σ' cost gets the bounds $(428.8–429.8). At learning frequency
427.8 2 and the forgetting (opposition) frequency 1, the cost
-20 -10 10 20
function gets minimum value and for higher values of
Percentage learning–forgetting frequencies the cost function begans to
increase.
Inventory cost vs parametric change
(c) 7.1 Merits and Demerits of the Model
429.5
Inventory Cost($)

429 From the study of numerical illustrations, we may insert

-20%
some specific merits and demerits of the proposed
428.5 -10% approach which are stated follows:
428 10%
7.1.1 Merits
427.5 20%
ρ σ ρ' σ'
i. The DM can reduce the inventory cost by applying
Parameters
the IDF approach properly.
Fig. 12 a–c Inventory cost versus parametric change ii. The less qualified DM can also find an accurate
decision with the help of IDF approach.
among other approaches. Figure 12a showing the conver- iii. Learning–forgetting process is an emergent situation
gency of the cost function very closer to $429 for any kind that usually occurs in any inventory/supply chain
of variation (- 20% to ? 20%) of the fuzzy system problems. Thus, we cannot ignore IDF approach in
parameters q; r; q0 ; r0 taking not altogether. practice.
Figure 12b showing whenever values of all the fuzzy
system parameters reduce within the range (- 20%, 7.1.2 Demerits
- 10%), the values of the cost function become closer and
meet at a finite point at the changes within (- 10%, i. This model is not applicable for experience-free
? 10%). The values of the cost objective began to diverge enterprises and also for newly set up inventory system.
whenever positive changes occur. ii. In this approach, adequate man power requires to
Figure 12c showing the left fuzzy deviation parameters collect more information about the model.
(q; q0 ) responsible to decrease the cost function and (r; r0 Þ

123

8 Conclusion
Here, we have discussed a simple backorder EOQ model
under intuitionistic dense fuzzy environment. In this study,
it is seen that the crisp approach is inferior to the dense
fuzzy approach. In addition, the concept of learning–for-
getting process through the use of intuitionistic dense fuzzy
approach gives a special attention to the decision makers
who are supposed to get experiences under nonrandom
uncertain system. However, it has been observed that when
the learning frequency (experience gained day by day) gets
more value than that of forgetting (complexity increases
day by day) then the extreme optimality exists. Thus, the
basic insights for an intelligent decision maker are:
• Learning and forgetting process are gradual and their
intension is to meet each other over the pass of time.
• To get more benefit, the gain of learning experiences
(fuzzy membership value) would exceed the truth value
of forgetting (fuzzy nonmembership degree).
• Learning curve (membership) as well as forgetting
curve (nonmembership) should have single peak
instead of multiple peak for which the DM can take a
specific decision quickly.
• Cloud drop distribution curve gives no proper boundary
but learning–forgetting curves have a finite shape and
hence all decisions are user friendly.
• Learning–forgetting is an unavoidable part of any
managerial system and any kind of decision might be
performed within the intuitionistic dense fuzzy envi-
ronment, beyond this model will be unrealistic.
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to the anonymous
reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions to improve the
quality of this article.
Compliance with Ethical Standards
Conflict of interest The authors declare that there are no conflicts of
interest regarding the publication of this article.
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