Nature of ownership and challenges faced by businesses of organic cosmetic

manufacturing in Algeria

Table of Contents

Abstract 4

1 Introduction 5

1.1 Background 5

1.2 Research problem and justification 5

1.3 Justification 5

1.4 research aims 6

1.5 research questions 6

1.6 Scope 6

1.6.1 Structure of the report 6

2 Literature review 8

2.1 Introduction 8

2.2 Organic cosmetics manufacturing 8

2.3 Challenges in Organic cosmetics manufacturing 9

3 Research methodology 11

3.1 Introduction 11

3.2 Research philosophy and approach 11

3.3 Research design 11

3.4 Data collection and analysis 12

3.5 Ethical considerations 12

4 Analysis findings and discussion 13

 4.1 Introduction 13

4.2 Organic cosmetic manufacturing of Algeria 13

4.3 Ownership of business 13

4.4 Challenges faced by organic manufacturing in Algeria 14

4.4.1 Training 14

4.4.2 Production capacity 15

4.4.3 Organic certification 15

4.4.4 Competition 15

4.4.5 COVID-19 16

4.5 Chapter summary 16

5 Conclusions and study implication 17

5.1 Conclusion 17

5.2 implications of the study 17

5.3 limitations 17

5.4 Direction for future research 18

6 References 19
Abstract
The organic cosmetic products demand is on the rise as consumers adopt green
consumption strategies. The number of businesses involved in organic cosmetic products
manufacture is also rising. The current study aimed to evaluate the nature of the ownership
and the challenges of businesses manufacturing organic cosmetic products in Algeria. The
study adopted the use of secondary data to answer the research question. Pragmatic
philosophy and inductive approach were used to guide data collection, analysis and
interpretation. A mixed research method was used as both quantitative and qualitative data
was considered in the study. From the research finding, the organic cosmetic products
market of Algeria is fast growing due to increased demand. The manufacturing process is
mainly done on a small scale, with a business owned by families, local groups, or
multinational organizations in Algeria. Organic cosmetic manufacturing businesses were
reported to face challenges. The main challenge included lack of training, low manufacturing
capacity, lack of certification and standardization, and competition in the market. It is
recommended that empowerment businesses and standardization of organic cosmetic
products be undertaken to enhance the sector's growth.
1 Introduction
1.1 Background
The cosmetic industry is considered a multi-billion industry segmented by geographical
location, product types, and consumer needs (Lee, et al., 2019). The competition for
products in the cosmetic industry has continuously increased as consumers' demand and
need to evolve. The customer demand for the product has been changing with the shift to
healthy and environmental conscious products. Consequently, the organic cosmetic product
niche has grown as more consumers prefer an organic product that they perceive as healthy
(Tewary, et al., 2021). Organic cosmetics products comprise over 75% of organic raw
material (Thukaram, 2019). There are many upcoming businesses in different parts of the
world, including Algeria, focusing on organic cosmetic manufacturing. The current study
aimed to evaluate the ownership and challenges of Family businesses of organic cosmetic
manufacturing in Algeria.

1.2 Research problem and justification

Organic cosmetics is considered an important industry due to the economic, environmental,
and social development of the different countries that have production capabilities. Algeria
is one of the countries with a high potential of producing organic cosmetics, including for
export, due to the rich plant biodiversity that is a crucial ingredient. Algeria also has a high
production of olive oil, a key component for cosmetic products. Even so, there are very few
organic manufacturing businesses that have been started in the record. Moreover,
information about the business’s management and the business's challenges in operation in
Algeria has not been fully evaluated. In addition, there is limited information on barriers to
organic cosmetic manufacturing in Algeria. Although the demand for organic cosmetic
products is on the rise across the globe, evaluating the organic cosmetic market in Algeria
has not been undertaken in-depth.

1.3 Justification
Undertaking the research will provide more information about the organic cosmetic industry
in Algeria that will be vital for policymakers to improve the industry and influence more
sustainable business establishment. In addition, the research findings will facilitate existing
businesses to identify ways of overcoming the challenges in the industry. The study also
contributes to the body of literature by identifying challenges that the organic cosmetic
manufacturing organization faces in Algeria. Moreover, the study contributes to the body of
research by identifying the research gap area that exists that needs to be filled and
providing background information that can guide future research undertaking.

1.4 research aims

The current study aimed to evaluate the nature of ownership and challenges of organic
cosmetic manufacturing businesses in Algeria. The specific objectives that the research will
answer are:

i. To evaluate the current status of organic cosmetic manufacturing industry of Algeria.

ii. To assess the challenges that businesses in organic cosmetic manufacturing in Algeria
face.
iii. The evaluate the nature of ownership of organic cosmetic manufacturing business in
Algeria

1.5 research questions

The research questions of the study are:

i. How is the current organic cosmetic manufacturing industry of Algeria?

ii. What challenges are faced by businesses in organic cosmetic manufacturing in

Algeria?

iii. How is the nature of ownership of organic cosmetic manufacturing business in

Algeria?

1.6 Scope
The scope of a study represents the limits that bound the research study being undertaken.
The current study was limited to the organic cosmetic industry of Algeria, and the study was
also limited to the use of secondary data in answering the research questions. The theme of
focus was the challenges faced in the organic cosmetic industry and the nature of ownership
of businesses involved in the manufacturing process.
1.6.1 Structure of the report
The research report will comprise the introduction chapter that defines the research
problems, objectives, research questions and the justification of the study undertaking. The
second section will be the literature review of theories, models and published information
relating to the research question. The third chapter presents the research methodology, and
this will be followed by the description of the research findings and their discussion. The last
section offers the research conclusion and recommendations for future research and
industry development.
2 Literature review
2.1 Introduction
Organic cosmetic products have gained popularity in the market, seeing the number of
research studies undertaken in the area rise. This section aims to undertake an in-depth
literature review on organic cosmetics manufacturing. The specific section covered include
challenges faced in organic cosmetic manufacturing and Organic cosmetics manufacturing in
general.

2.2 Organic cosmetics manufacturing

Girotto (2013) recognizes that green strategies and sustainability are the main drivers of
organic cosmetic products manufacturing. On the other hand, Sakhawat (2019) pointed that
a green attitude is a driver of the consumption of organic cosmetics in Pakistan. Therefore,
consumer demands are another significant driver for the manufacture of organic cosmetics
in the market (Sakhawat, 2019). In addition, Vasiljević and Bojović (2018) pointed that the
demand for organic cosmetics has increased significantly in Europe, providing market and
opportunity for existing and new manufacturers in the industry.

Due to the high demand for organic cosmetics, its manufacture has increased in different
parts. According to Stita and Alkhayyat (2021) manufacture of organic cosmetics is
associated with the use of natural and non-toxic ingredients in developing cosmetic
products. Furthermore, Karaduman (2014) refers to organic cosmetic manufacturing as
converting natural raw material to cosmetic products with minimal interference. Even so,
Barbaud and Lafforgue (2021) pointed out that the definition of natural and organic in
literature has not been harmonized, which can impact which ingredients in the cosmetic
product can be referred to as organic. Romero et al. (2018) point that organic cosmetics
should meet the definition of ingredients provided by government policies and international
standards.

Yapar (2017) pointed out that manufacturing organic cosmetic products must adopt the
right manufacturing practices that meet the international standard for organic cosmetic
ingredients and manufactured outputs. The research concurs that organic cosmetic
manufacturing should focus not only on the production of the different products but also on
the set guidelines for them to be accepted in the market and effectively meet the needs of
the consumers. Gamage et al. (2021) recognized that manufacture of herbal-based
cosmetics is a new cosmetic niche gaining popularity due to the perceived benefits to the
users. The study identified over 150 plant species that could be utilized in the development
of herbal-based cosmetic products focusing on Sri Lanka. The study also pointed out that for
effective manufacturing of organic cosmetics, there is a need to control the quality of the
raw materials and undertake further research to identify other organic materials and
technic for cosmetic production (Gamage, et al., 2021).

Badalyan and Borhani (2019) reported that it is possible to manufacture organic cosmetics
from macro fungi. The study identified 52 species of fungi that could be used to
manufacture organic cosmetic products. The fungi cosmetic, nutritional, and medicinal
properties make it a crucial raw material in manufacturing cosmetics (Badalyan & Borhani,
2019). The study identified the importance of maintaining the quality of raw material
utilized in organic cosmetic production. On the other hand, Hsiao et al. (2017) reported the
importance of adequate packaging of the cosmetic products before releasing them to the
market. The literature review shows that organic cosmetic manufacturing is on the rise, with
organizations required to adhere to set standards and regulations.

2.3 Challenges in Organic cosmetics manufacturing

The manufacturing of organic cosmetics is reported to face various challenges that require
to be overcome for the industry to be booming. In evaluating organic cosmetics products,
Fonseca-Santos et al. (2015) noted that manufacturers' main challenge in producing organic
cosmetics products is developing the required formulation that meets regulatory
considerations and is safe for consumer use. The formulation is considered crucial as it
determines the Physico-chemical and microbial stability of the product (Fonseca-Santos, et
al., 2015). Presern and Pharm (2021) concurs with this and point out that getting the right
formulation that provides quality and sensory properties to customers is challenging and
require investment in research and time. The formulation is required to consider the various
ingredients contained in the cosmetic product to meet the intended purpose (Beerling,
2013). Baki and Alexander (2015) noted the technological innovation could overcome the
formulation challenges that manufacturing companies of organic cosmetics face.
Another challenge identified by Presern and Pharm (2021) is the lack of proper regulation in
relation to organic cosmetic products. The study identified that a lack of definition of what
product should be considered organic or natural has led to an increase in market
manipulation. Some products are manufactured and labeled organic, some of which are not
organic products. Therefore, the loophole floods the market with cosmetic products that are
not purely organic, which compete with the organic products produced (Presern & Pharm,
2021). Lin et al. (2018) pointed out that although organic cosmetics and their sustainability
image are essential, there is a need to establish effective standards and regulations for the
niche to ensure customers' safety and control the quality of products.

Neacșu and Madar (2015) evaluate the case of Romania, the main challenge identified in
processing and packaging limitations. The cost of the equipment required for the process of
manufacturing the organic cosmetic product is high, with the majority of businesses not
able to afford it. Consequently, this lowers the capacity and ability of a country to leverage
the raw resources for organic cosmetic manufacture that are available (Neacșu & Madar,
2015). Bom et al. (2019) also pointed out that manufacturing businesses face a challenge in
identifying sustainable packaging material that can be used for organic cosmetic products.

Rajagopal (2007) pointed that for organic cosmetics, there is a need for creating awareness
among the consumers in order to influence their purchasing decision. The market is
considered to have many competing brands, hence the need to create awareness
(Rajagopal, 2007). According to Rybowska (2014) reported the cost and unavailability of
organic cosmetic products impact the attitude of the consumers towards the product.
Organizations are required to focus on lowering the cost of production of organic products
to make them accessible. The other challenge is that manufacturing products are
competitive in the market. The synthetic or inorganic products from local and international
organizations compete with organic products in the market (Jinachai, et al., 2016).
Organizations are therefore required to implement competitive advantage strategies to
remain competitive and leverage the growing organic cosmetic market.
3 Research methodology
3.1 Introduction
The methodology section is essential in enabling the organization to find a solution to a
research problem. The current section presents the methodology adopted to focus on
answering the research questions. The section offers the research philosophy, research
design, data collection and analysis, and ethical considerations in research.

3.2 Research philosophy and approach

Research philosophy refers to the assumptions, beliefs, and principles that research base
their data collection, analysis, and interpretation (Saunders, et al., 2016). Researchers can
adopt various research philosophies to guide their study, including positivist, interpretivism,
and pragmatic philosophies. For the current study, pragmatic research philosophy was
adopted to facilitate answering the research question. The pragmatic approach was adopted
because it posits that research is required to adopt the most appropriate method to answer
the research question there it is flexible (Clarke & Visser, 2019).

Apart from research philosophy, the research approach is crucial as it influences researcher
reasoning and the generalization of research findings. Saunders et al. (2016) identified that
the research approach could either be deductive or inductive. For the current study, an
inductive research approach was adopted. The approach was adopted as the information
synthesis of the organic cosmetic industry in Algeria is limited, and the current research
provided a generalization based on the research findings.

3.3 Research design

Research design offers the researcher's plan to follow to answer the research question
sufficiently (Saunders, et al., 2016). For the overall research design, the exploratory research
design was adopted as it facilitates finding more information about the area of research that
is being targeted. The research strategy, archival research, facilitated the use of secondary
data to answer research questions. For the research method, the research study adopted a
mixed research method. The choice for mixed research method was because both
qualitative and quantitative research methods were utilized in the research. The mixed-
method allows the researcher to leverage the merits of both qualitative and quantitative
research methods. Moreover, the research adopted a cross-section research method as
data was only sourced with no follow-up or time consideration in data sourcing.

3.4 Data collection and analysis

Data collection is considered an important phase in research undertaking as it ensures the
right data is collected that will facilitate answering the research questions. The current study
adopted secondary data to answer the research question. The data was obtained from
online databases that were considered to be reliable. The information was sourced through
the use of Keywords that included organic manufacturing, organic cosmetics manufacturing,
Algeria, and the organic cosmetic market. Google scholar and google search platforms were
used to search for information that was related to organic cosmetics in Algeria. The research
read the title and the abstract of the result of the search al filter to include only those that
were deemed to have the relevant information related to the study. Thematic analysis was
utilized to analyze the information gathered from secondary sources. Those selected were
read and reread to identify the key themes, which were summarized and used in the study's
discussion section.

3.5 Ethical considerations

The research undertaking had low ethical implications as minimal interaction with people
during the study. Even so, the researcher ensured that ethical considerations were being
adhered to throughout the research undertaking. Some of the ethical aspects included
ensuring that data was sourced from reliable sources, being objective and unbiased in data
collection and reporting, and ensuring that credit was given to the authors of all information
incorporated in the research study.
4 Analysis findings and discussion
4.1 Introduction
This chapter aims to present the finding from secondary data on the organic cosmetic
industry of Algeria. Specifically, the chapter provides an overview of the market segment,
ownership of businesses, and the main challenges faced in the industry.

4.2 Organic cosmetic manufacturing of Algeria

The organic cosmetic market in Algeria has grown as various organic-based products are
being produced to meet the different needs of the consumers. Bouzabata (2017) undertook
a study on the use of natural cosmetics in North-Eastern Algeria. The study identified that it
is most utilized by the majority of the surveyed respondents, using a sample of 300
Algerians in the region. The form of organic cosmetics that the users utilized included liquids
such as cleaning milk, shampoos, hair oil and lotions, semi-solids, and solid soaps. Soaps
used by 67%, hair oil used by 56%, and cream used by 49% of respondents were the most
commonly used products. The main plants used to produce organic cosmetic products
include Citrus lemon, Ricinus communis, Lavandula angustifolia, Matricaria recutita, and
Aloe vera. Azzi et al. (2021) recognized the majority of the organic cosmetic manufacturing
in Algeria is plant-based, leveraging aromatic and medicinal characteristics of the
ingredients.

4.3 Ownership of business

The manufacture of organic cosmetics in Algeria is mainly undertaken by small businesses
and through informal sectors. According to GIZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale
Zusammenarbeit), women from Algeria rural area are responsible for collecting raw
ingredients such as blossoms, leaves, and berries generating cosmetic oil (www.giz.de,
2019). The oil product is considered a valuable source of income for the rural community
and sustains small businesses (www.giz.de, 2019). In addition, the rural women are
considered to have formed a cooperative that facilitates their access to natural products
even in protected areas while ensuring the sustainability of natural resource exploitation.
Bouzabata (2017) identified that in North-Eastern Alger, the tradition is used to produce
organic and natural cosmetics for subsistence and local use. The business thus is owned at
the family level and produces a small number of organic cosmetics in Algeria (Bouzabata,
2017). The finding concurs with Amberg and Magda (2018) who pointed out that small-scale
businesses usually manufacture organic cosmetic products.

Apart from the traditionally managed organic cosmetic manufacturing in Algeria, there are
some established brands. Celuxe Cosmetic is one of the stabled brands that manufacture
natural-based cosmetic products, including hair care, body care, soaps, and perfumes. The
company has its operation location in Igounane in Algeria. Even so, the company is a
subsidiary of Aurekad company located in France (www.celuxe-dz.com, 2021). This concurs
with Euro Monitor that pointed Algeria cosmetic industry dominated by multinational and
foreign brand (Euromonitor International, 2021). Consequently, it is expected that more
multinational companies will take advantage of the organic cosmetic market of Algeria that
is considered as to have a lot of potential. Thanisorn and Chanchai (2012) reported that
international brand entry in the market limit the growth of local business. Consequently,
this impact number and sustainability of local businesses. The same could impact the
businesses in Algeria, which reduced number of locally owned organic cosmetic
manufacturing business and increase the number of foreign owned business in the country.

4.4 Challenges faced by organic manufacturing in Algeria

The manufacturing of organic cosmetic products in Algeria are considered to face various
challenges. The challenges can be considered to originate from the different phases of the
organic cosmetic product manufacturing.

4.4.1 Training
One of the leading challenges that faces the manufacture of organic cosmetic products in
Algeria is lack of sufficient training (Euromonitor International, 2021). Training and
competencies limitation negatively impact the business ability of effective utilization of the
natural resources available in Algeria to produce quality organic cosmetic products
(Euromonitor International, 2021). Lack of sufficient training on manufacturing,
commercialization and value addition limits the potential of the organic cosmetic
manufacturing that is done mostly through traditional methods in Algeria (Bouzabata,
2017). Iwata and Shimada (2012) note that improvement in research, techniques and
training in cosmetics formulation to improve quality, novel and safe cosmetic products in
the market. Consequently, there is need for provision of modern training on advance in
organic cosmetic production for the local businesses to facilitate them maximize the
potential in the market in Algeria and globally.

4.4.2 Production capacity

The other challenge that is faced by the organic manufacturing business is the scope of
production. The majority of the business are undertaken through the informal sector which
produced organic product in small amount which makes it less economically viable
(Euromonitor International, 2021). According to Boudi et al. (2016) who focused on the olive
oil value chain, pointed that although Algeria is among the top 10 leading producers of olive
oil that is a key component in the manufacture of Organic cosmetic product, lack of effective
technologies and lack of organized structure limits value addition to the product. Olive oil is
exported as raw material to facilitate cosmetic product manufacturing in other countries.

Algeria needs to improve on the capacity of organic cosmetic manufacturing to be able to

take advantage on the growing multi billion industry. Baghel (2020) point that utilization of
technology will be crucial in developing the cosmetic industry hence can be a strategy
implemented in Algeria.

4.4.3 Organic certification

In addition, the majority of the manufacturing business have not attained organic
certification for their product that makes it challenging for them to sale their produced
products an organic. Consequently, this denies the manufacturers from accessing the
international market with their products, and lose competitive advantage in the market
(www.giz.de, 2019). Apart from certification, Boudi et al. (2016) also points to the lack of
quality control and labelling of organic products along the supply chain. Consequently, this
limits the amount of revenue and benefits that is generated from the manufacturing
process. Newerli-Guz (2012) confirms that it is important for labelling and standardization of
organic cosmetics in the market to improve efficiency of meeting the consumer’s needs.

4.4.4 Competition
Competition is the other significant challenge the organic cosmetic business face in their
operation in Algeria. According to Euromonitor, Algeria cosmetic market is dominated by
international brands that includes Colgate-Palmolive, L'Oréal and Unilever as of 2020. The
brands have established distribution channel and are perceived to have higher quality by
Algerians hence more preference. Consequently, the organic cosmetic business has to face
the challenge and put in place effective competitive advantage to be able to remain
profitable (Euromonitor International, 2021). The competition is made worse by lack of
market transparency and information which could be crucial for the local manufacturing
businesses to thrive (Boudi, et al., 2016).

4.4.5 COVID-19
The recent challenge also that has impacted the cosmetic industry including the organic
cosmetic niche is the effect of COVID-19. The Algerian government implemented lockdown,
to contain the spread of the pandemic. The closure lead to reduction in the demand for
cosmetic products leading to low purchase of product and this impacted the cosmetic
manufacturing process (Euromonitor International, 2021). In addition, lock down impacted
the distribution channel and availability of labor which further impacted manufacturing
process, with some of the businesses being forced to closed down.

4.5 Chapter summary

The chapter has presented evaluation of the organic cosmetic industry of Algeria. The
nature of ownership and the challenges that are faced by businesses in the industry have
been evaluated in depth.
5 Conclusions and study implication
5.1 Conclusion
From the finding, it is evident that the organic cosmetic industry of Algerian is growing and
has a lot of potential due to the identified natural resources available as raw material for the
industry. Various plants with medicinal or aromatic properties have been studied and
identified that they can be used in organic cosmetic manufacturing. On ownership, the
majority of the local manufacturing of organic cosmetics are done in small scale through
informal sector or through cooperation. Traditional methods of cosmetic production are
utilized in Algeria. In addition, foreign owned multinational companies also have entered the
organic cosmetic manufacturing industry maximizing on the potential while offering stiff
competition for the existing businesses. organic cosmetic manufacturing businesses were
identified to face various challenges that impact their ability to maximize the market
potential. The challenges include lack of standardization and certification of product, COVID-
19 pandemic impact, competition from local and international brands and substitute, low
production capacity, and lack of sufficient training. Overcoming of the challenges is
considered a strategy to boost the organic cosmetic industry.

5.2 implications of the study

The undertaking of the research study has various implications. First, the study identified
the main challenges that is impacting the sustainability of organic cosmetic manufacturing in
Algeria. Consequently, businesses and organization are required to put in place solution to
the challenges to enhance the operation of the organization. The government is
recommended to improve on the certification and regulation of the organic cosmetic
industry to maximize the industry potential. The study has identified that majority of the
manufacturing businesses are small scale and in the informal sector that requires
government assistance for the industry to grow.

5.3 limitations
The research faced a number of limitations that impacted the meeting of the research
objective and accuracy of the research findings generalization. The first limitation of the
current study was the limited amount of information about organic cosmetics
manufacturing in Algeria, having minimal information to infer. Secondly, the accuracy of the
information utilised in the study was limited to the accuracy of the information of the
secondary data used in the study.

5.4 Direction for future research

From the finding, there are various recommendation that has to be considered for future
research undertaking. They include:

✔ Further research be undertaken on documentation of the tradition manufacturing

process of organic cosmetic product for preserving the knowledge and improving it.
✔ Further research be undertaken through use of primary data to supplement the current
information available about organic cosmetic manufacturing in Algeria.
✔ Additional research be undertaken to evaluate the solutions that businesses in organic
cosmetic industry in Algeria adopt in overcoming the challenges that have been
identified in the current study.
6 References
Amberg, N. & Magda, R., 2018. Environmental Pollution and Sustainability or the Impact of
the Environmentally Conscious Measures of International Cosmetic Companies on
Purchasing Organic Cosmetics. Visegrad J. Bioecon. Sustain, Volume 1.

Azzi, R., Mohammed Chaouche, T., Belyagoubi-Benhammou, N. & Gaouar, S., 2021.
Aromatic and Medicinal plants: Virtues and development prospects. Genetics and
biodiversity journal.

Badalyan, S. & Borhani, A., 2019. Medicinal, nutritional, and cosmetic values of macrofungi
distributed in Mazandaran Province of Northern Iran. International journal of medicinal
mushrooms, 21(11).

Baghel, D., 2020. Interdependence of social and technical indicators of innovation: the case
of cosmetic MSMEs in India. Innovation and Development, pp. 1-19.

Baki, G. & Alexander, K., 2015. Introduction to cosmetic formulation and technology.
s.l.:John Wiley & Sons.

Barbaud, A. & Lafforgue, C., 2021. Risks associated with cosmetic ingredients. In: Annales
de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie. s.l.:Elsevier Masson, pp. 77-93.

Beerling, J., 2013. Green formulations and ingredients. Sustainability: How the cosmetics
industry is greening up, pp. 197-215.

Bom, S., Jorge, J., Ribeiro, H. & Marto, J., 2019. A step forward on sustainability in the
cosmetics industry: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 225, pp. 270-290.

Boudi, M., Laoubi, K. & Chehat, F., 2016. A value chain analysis for sustainable
development of olive oil agro-industry: the case of Algeria. Journal of Agriculture and
Environment for International Development (JAEID), 110(2), pp. 267-292.

Bouzabata, A., 2017. Contemporary use of phytocosmetics in three districts from North-
Eastern Algeria. Pharmacognosy Journal, Volume 6, p. 9.

Clarke, E. & Visser, J., 2019. Pragmatic research methodology in education: possibilities and
pitfalls. International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 42(5), pp. 455-469.

Euromonitor International, 2021. Beauty and Personal Care in Algeria. [Online]

Available at: https://www.euromonitor.com/beauty-and-personal-care-in-algeria/report#
[Accessed 14 November 2021].
Fonseca-Santos, B., Corrêa, M. & Chorilli, M., 2015. Sustainability, natural and organic
cosmetics: consumer, products, efficacy, toxicological and regulatory considerations.
Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 51(1), pp. 17-26.

Gamage, D. et al., 2021. Emerging Herbal Cosmetic Production in Sri Lanka: Identifying
Possible Interventions for the Development of the Herbal Cosmetic Industry.. Scientifica.

Girotto, G., 2013. Sustainability and green strategies in the cosmetic industry: Analysis of
natural and organic cosmetic products from the value chain to final certification.

Hsiao, S., Yen, C. & Lee, C., 2017. Applying dynamic mold temperature control to cosmetic
package design. In: MATEC Web of Conferences. s.l.:EDP Sciences.

Iwata, H. & Shimada, K., 2012. Formulas, ingredients and production of cosmetics:
technology of skin-and hair-care products in Japan. s.l.:Springer Science & Business Media.

Jinachai, N., Anantachoti, P. & Winit-Watjana, W., 2016. Exploring competitiveness of

Thailand's cosmetic industry using Porter's diamond model. Thai Journal of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, 40(4).

Karaduman, I., 2014. Factors influencing consumer preferences on natural and non-natural
cosmetics in Turkey. International Journal of Business and Management Studies, 6(1), pp.
141-153.

Lee, J., Goh, M. & Noor, M., 2019. Understanding purchase intention of university students
towards skin care products. PSU Research Review.

Lin, Y., Yang, S., Hanifah, H. & Iqbal, Q., 2018. An exploratory study of consumer attitudes
toward green cosmetics in the UK market. Administrative Sciences, 8(4).

Neacșu, N. & Madar, A., 2015. Design and Aesthetics on Organic Cosmetics Market Case
Study: Face Creams. University of Brasov.

Newerli-Guz, J., 2012. Labelling of organic and natural cosmetic products in harmonized
standards. Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni, Volume 74, pp. 36-42.

Presern, A. & Pharm, M., 2021. Nature above all in cosmetics: There are so many challenges.
Cos ACTIVE J. 2021, p. 7–10.

Rajagopal, 2007. Buying decisions towards organic products: an analysis of customer value
and brand drivers. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 2(3), pp. 236-251.
Romero, V., Khury, E., Aiello, L. & Leonardi, G., 2018. Differences between organic and
natural cosmetics: Clarifying literature for prescribers. Surg Cosmet Dermatol, Volume 10,
pp. 188-193.

Rybowska, A., 2014. Consumers attitudes with respect to ecological cosmetic products.
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademi Morskiej w Gdyni, Volume 84, pp. 158-164.

Sakhawat, M., 2019. Sensory Marketing in Organic Cosmetic Industry of Pakistan: Viewing
the Mediating Role of Green Attitude.

Saunders, M., Lewis, P. & Thornhill, A., 2016. Research Methods for Business Students. 7
ed. Harlow: Pearson Education.

Stita, A. & Alkhayyat, A., 2021. Consumer behavior towards green cosmetic products in
Sweden.

Tewary, T., Gupta, A., Mishra, V. & Kumar, J., 2021. Young working women's purchase
intention towards organic cosmetic products. International Journal of Economics and
Business Research, 22(2), pp. 256-277.

Thanisorn, R. & Chanchai, B., 2012. Thai Consumers’ Perception on Herbal Cosmetic
Products: A Comparative Study of Thai and Imported Products. Information Management
and Business Review, 4(1), pp. 35-40.

Thukaram, M., 2019. A Green Thumbs-Up for the Future of Cosmetics. The global home of
chemical engineers, p. 56.

Vasiljević, D. & Bojović, L., 2018. Organic and natural cosmetic products: How safe are
they?. Arhiv za farmaciju, 68(5), pp. 990-1007.

www.celuxe-dz.com, 2021. Celuxe cosmetics: perfumes, soaps, body and hair care. [Online]
Available at: https://www.celuxe-dz.com/index.php/contact/
[Accessed 14 November 2021].

www.giz.de, 2019. Algeria: Natural cosmetics sourced from protected areas and produced
by women. [Online]
Available at: https://www.giz.de/en/mediacenter/80797.html
[Accessed 14 November 2021].

Yapar, E., 2017. Herbal cosmetics and novel drug delivery systems. Indian Journal of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 51(3), pp. 152-158.