CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
A.         Background
              Language that produced through the articulation of human called substitutions,
sentences or utterances, namely a system of regular sound or list of sounds that presents
repeatedly or sequentially. Language come from sounds called speech-sounds. Language acts
through two forms namely involving language sounds that produced by means of speech of
human and stimulate the ideas, situation of social and meaning. Sound has two fields, namely
phonetics and phonology.
B.  Problem Formulation
1. What is the phonetic?
2. What is the articulary phonetic?
C. Objective problem  
1. To know what this phonetic
2. To know what this articulary phonetic
 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. The Phonetic
  Phonetics is the systematic study of speech and the sounds of language. Traditionally
phoneticians rely on careful listening and observation in order to describe speech sounds. In
doing this, a phonetician refers to a classificatory framework for speech sounds which is
based on how they are made and on aspects of the auditory impression they make. The best
known such framework is that of theInternational Phonetic Association. Much of our
knowledge of the sounds of the world's languages comes from this kind of description, which
is still an important aspect of phonetics today.
       Phonetics is often defined with respect to phonology. Both disciplines are concerned with
the sound medium of language, and it is not useful to draw a hard and fast line between them.
The centre of gravity of the two fields is, however, different. In general, phonology is
concerned with the pattering of sounds in a language (and in language in general), and is thus
comparable to areas of linguistics such as syntax and morphology which deal with structural
elements of language at other levels. Phonetics is more centred on the way those structural
elements are "realised" in the world, through movements of the speech organs which create
the acoustic signal. Phonetics therefore has important links not only to linguistics but to
natural sciences such as physics and anatomy.
       Phonetics has always had applications. Traditionally it has been important for language
teaching, and for speech and language therapy. Nowadays it contributes to speech
technology, and increasingly to forensic science (in cases, for instance, where speaker
identif2ication is at issue).

B. Articulatory phonetics
The study of how speech sounds are produced by the human vocal apparatus.
Phonetics is the study of the articulation and acoustic properties of the sounds of human
language.
b Phonetics is the study of the sounds of language.

C. Manner of Articulation
 Consonants are sounds which involve full or partial blocking of airflow.  In English,
the consonants are p, b, t, d, ch, j, k, g, f, v, th, dh, s, z, sh, zh, m, n, ng, l, r, w, and y.   They
are classified in a number of different ways, depending on the vocal tract. According the
manner of articulation ( how breath is used) the consonants are:
a. Plosives: are sounds that are made with a complete closure in the oral (vocal) tract.  The
velum is raised during a plosive sound, which prevents air from escaping via the nasal cavity.
English plosives are the sounds /p,b,t,d,k,g/. Plosives can be held for quite a long time and are
thus also called ‘maintainable stops’.
b. Nasals are similar to plosives in regards to being sounds that are made with a complete
closure in the oral (vocal) tract. However, the velum is lowered during nasal sounds, which
allows airflow to escape through the nasal cavity. There are 3 nasal sounds that occur in
English /m,n, ŋ/
For example, the nasal consonants [m] and [n] are quite common in languages and are
certainly found in English.

Let's take a word that starts with M in English such as man.

Pronounce only the M in man and put your finger right in front of your nostrils. You
should feel some air coming out.

This tells you that there is an element of nasality to this consonant sound.

For nonnasal consonant sounds, there may be a bit of air coming out of the nose, but the
flow of air is more pronounced with nasal consonants (and nasal vowels, for that matter).

Let's move on to the plosives.

c. Affricates
Affricates are sounds that produced by made up of two parts a stop and fricative.  In English,
we have ch (unvoiced) and j (voiced).  Many consider these as blends:  t-sh and d-zh.
Example:
a. Sibilant Affricates
 Affricates can be viewed as a combination of two sounds which are pronounced pretty
much simultaneously. Often, in phonetic transcriptions, the two sounds will be joined
by a tie bar like this: [ ͡   ].
In sibilant affricates, it's usually the sound on the right that is sibilant. Two examples
of sibilant affricates in English are [t͡ʃ] and [d͡ʒ].
The ch in the word change represents the sound [t͡ʃ] while the g in the same word is
pronounced [d͡ʒ].
b. Non-sibilant Affricates
Unlike in sibilant affricates, the sound on the right in non-sibilant affricates lacks
sibilance.
In other words, it doesn't have the radio static-like aspect to it.
The best example I can come up with is in New York English. If you ever get the
chance, notice how they pronounce the word tooth. The th sound at the end is
pronounced [t̪͡ θ]. If you want to hear what a non-sibilant affricate is right now,
listen to this guy for a bit. Some of his th sounds in words like that and this sound
like [d͡ ̪ ð]:

d. Laterals
These sounds are produced by having the air go out of the mouth from both besides of
tongue. In English, these include
Example: The key feature of laterals is that the airflow passes to the sides (of the
tongue, usually) when pronouncing them.

If your native language uses the Latin alphabet, chances are that the L in it is a lateral.

The only sound in Standard American English which is a lateral, to my knowledge, is

[ɫ] (also known as the "dark" L) and sometimes [l] (depending on who is pronouncing
and of the position of the L in the syllable).

Here are a few examples in Standard American English: lake and bell.

e. Fricatives
 Fricatives,these are sounds produced by having the air rub against some surface in the mouth
causing friction.  In English, these include f, v, th, dh, s, z, sh, zh, and h.

a. Sibilant Fricatives
The distinctive feature of fricatives is that, when producing them, you use your vocal
apparatus to partially block the airflow at the place of articulation in such a way that
only some air passes through. By restraining the airflow, it creates some friction
between the air and your vocal apparatus which is what produces the distinctive kind
of sound of the fricatives.

Sibilant fricatives are characterized by louder and higher frequency sounds than non-
sibilant fricatives. These are the sounds found in a words like show and season.

b. Non-sibilant Fricatives

Non-sibilant fricatives are essentially the same except that the sound is not as intense.
To hear that difference, compare the sibilant fricative sounds of show and seasonwith
the th in this and the f in fine.

f.  Semivowels
 Semivowels are sounds that are, as half consonant and half vowel. In English, we    have w
and y, which you can see are a lot like vowels such as oo and ee, but with the lips almost
closed for w ( bilabial) and the tongue almost touching the palate for y (a palatal). 
 Chapter III

Cover

Conclusion

Consonants possess relatively less overall energy than vowels and need not have a clear
formant structure. In terms of articulation, they are characterized by the presence of a noise-
producing obstruction in the epiglottal cavities of the speech organs; they are produced in a
precisely determined manner and have a strictly fixed point of articulation. In addition to the
noise source, a tonal sound source—the larynx—may also participate in the articulation of
consonants; in the larynx, the “voice” feature is created by periodic vibrations of the vocal
cords. Depending on whether only the first source or both sources are present during the
articulation of a consonant, a distinction is made between voiceless consonants, such as the
Russian p, t, s, and x, and voiced consonants, such as the Russian b, d, z, l, and n. The voiced
consonants include a group of resonant consonants (sonants), such as l, r, m, n, and j, which
are distinguished from the obstruents, both voiced and voiceless, by the presence of a clear
formant structure. The clear formant structure makes sonants similar to vowels, although
sonants are characterized by less overall energy. Sonants include the nasal consonants.
During the articulation of nasals, the soft palate is lowered, thus causing the nasal cavity to
act as a resonator.