UG - B.A. - History (Tamil) - 108 23 - History - History of India (From 1707 To 1947 AD) - CRC Tamil Edn

அழகப்பா பல்ைகலக்கழகம்
ேதசியத் தர நிர்ணயக் ��வ�ன் �ன்றாம் �ற்�த் தர மதிப்ப�ட்�ல் A+(CGPA: 3.64) த�தி�ம்

மன�தவள ேமம்பாட்� அைமகச்சகம் - பல்கைலக்கழக மான�யக்��வ�ன் �தல் தரப்
பல்கைலக்கழகம் மற்�ம் தன்னாட்சித் த�தி�ம் ெபற்ற�
காைரக்�� – 630 003
ெதாைலநிைலக்கல்வ� இயக்ககம்
ப�.ஏ. [வரலா�]
ப�வம் – II
108 23
இந்தியாவ�ன் வரலா�
(கி.ப�. 1707 �தல் 1947 வைர)
BA-History_History of India (from 1707 to 1947 AD).indd 1 4/30/2019 1:28:27 PM

Authors:
Dr Vijay Kumar Tiwary, Assistant Professor, University of Delhi
Bhaskar Priydarshy, Assistant Director, District Child Protection, Unit Saharsa
Units (1.2-1.5, 4.2, 11.4, 13)
Rajeev Garg, Academic Writer
Units (2, 3, 4.3-4.4, 5, 6.2, 6.3.1, 7.2)
Dr Pooja Kapoor, Assistant Professor, Symbiosis Law School, Noida
Units (6.3, 10)
Vikas® Publishing House
Units (1.0-1.1, 1.6-1.10, 4.0-4.1, 4.5-4.9, 6.0-6.1, 6.4-6.8, 7.0-7.1, 7.3-7.8, 8, 9, 11.0-11.3, 11.5-11.9, 12, 14)
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gy;fiyf;fofg; ghlj;jpl;lk; – ghlg;gFg;G ml;ltiz
,e;jpa tuyhW (fp.gp 1707 Kjy; 1947 tiu)
gy;fiyf;fofg;ghlj;jpl;lk; ghlg;gFg;G
gFjp – I: gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fs; kw;Wk; INuhg;gpau;fspd; tUif
myF 1: gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fs; – kuhj;jpa $l;likg;G – kuhl;ba myF 1: gpw;fhy
mjpfhuj;jpd; vOr;rp – %d;whtJ ghdpgl; Nghu;. Kfyhau;fSk; kuhl;bau;fspd;
vOr;rpAk;
(gf;fq;fs; 1–38)
myF 2: INuhg;gpaupd; tUif-Nghu;j;JfPrpau;fs; – lr;R – gpnuQ;R – myF 2: INuhg;gpau;fspd;
Mq;fpNyau;fs;. tUif
(gf;fq;fs; 39–61)
myF 3: Mq;fpy-gpnuQ;Rg; gifik – gpupl;b\; mjpfhuj;jpd; vOr;rp. myF 3: ,e;jpahtpy; INuhg;gpa
mjpfhuq;fSf;F ,ilapy;
gifik
(gf;fq;fs; 62–82)
gFjp – II: 1757 Kjy; 1857 tiu ,e;jpa jiyik jsgjpfs;

myF 4: ,uhgu;l; fpist;-epu;thfk;> thud; N`];bq;]; – fhud;thyp]; gpuG. myF 4: gpupl;b\; jiyik
MSeu;fs; – I
(gf;fq;fs; 83–103)
myF 5: nty;ny];yp gpuG – N`];bq;]; gpuG – tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG – myF 5: gpupl;b\; jiyik
ly;`T]p gpuG. MSeu;fs; – II
(gf;fq;fs; 104–120);
myF 6: 1857 ,e;j fpsu;r;rp – fhuzq;fSk; tpisTfSk; – Rje;jpuj;jpd; myF 6: 1857 ,d; vOr;rp
Kjw; epiy Nghuhl;lk;. kw;Wk; ,e;jpa Njrpaj;jpd;
Njhw;wk;
(gf;fq;fs; 121–140)
gFjp – III: ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; Kjw; epiy 1885–1919 kw;Wk;

,e;jpahtpy; rpy MSikfs;
myF 7: ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; – kpjthjpfs;-jPtputhjpfspd; vOr;rp. myF 7: ,e;jpa Njrpa
fhq;fpurpd; cUthf;fk;
(gf;fq;fs; 141–159)
myF 8: tq;fhsg; gpuptpid – cs;shl;rp ,af;fk; – rpy jiytu;fs;;. myF 8: tq;fhsg; gpuptpid
kw;Wk; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk;
(gf;fq;fs; 160–181)
myF 9: jpyfu;> NfhfNy> y[;gj; uh[;> V. O. rpjk;guk; – Kjy; cyf myF 9: gpugy jiytu;fspd;
Nghupd; jhf;fk; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;
(gf;fq;fs; 182–195)

gFjp – IV: ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; epiy (1919–1947)
myF 10: ,uz;lhk; epiy – [hypad; thyhghf; Jf;f epiy – myF 10: Rje;jpug;
xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;. Nghuhl;lj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; epiy
(gf;fq;fs; 196–205)
myF 11: Rauh[;a gFjp – rl;l xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; – ,uz;lhtJ myF 11: rl;l xj;Jioahik
cyfg; Nghu;. ,af;fk;
(gf;fq;fs; 206–215)
myF 12: nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; – gpuptpid kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk; – myF 12: gpuptpid kw;Wk;
rpy jiytu;fs;. Nkhjpyhy; NeU> Kfk;kJ myp [pd;dh> [tù;yhy; Rje;jpuk;
NeU> fhe;jp[p> kw;Wk; uh[h[p. (gf;fq;fs; 216–240)
gFjp – V: gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; r%f kw;Wk; epUthfr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;

myF 13: Mq;fpNyaupd; fPo; r%f rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; – kf;fspd; nghUshjhu myF 13: Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd;
epiy-kj kw;Wk; r%f epiyfs; fPo; r%f> nghUshjhu kw;Wk;
rka epiyikfs;
(gf;fq;fs; 241–270)
myF 14: fy;tp Nkk;ghL – cs;Shu; Ra tsu;r;rp – fy;tpapy; muR myF 14: mq;fpNya Ml;rpf;
fPo; fy;tp tsu;r;rp
(gf;fq;fs; 271–307)

cs;slf;fk;
Kd;Diu x
gFjp – I: gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fs; kw;Wk; INuhg;gpau;fspd; tUif

myF 1 gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk; kuhl;bau;fspd; vOr;rpAk; 1–38
1.0 Kd;Diu
1.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
1.2 gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fs;
1.2.1 tq;fhsk;
1.2.2 mtj;
1.2.3 i`juhghj;
1.2.4 gQ;rhg;
1.3 kuhj;jpa mjpfhu vOr;rp
1.4 kuhj;jpa $l;likg;G
1.5 %d;whk; ghdpgl; Nghu;
1.6 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpAk; tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs;
1.7 RUf;fk;
1.8 Kf;fpa fUj;Jg;gbkq;fs;
1.9 jw;Nrhjid kw;Wk; gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;
1.10 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 2 INuhg;gpaupd; tUif 39–61

2.0 Kd;Diu
2.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
2.2 INuhg;gpau;fspd; tUif
2.3 Nghu;j;JfPrpau;fs;
2.3.1 njhopw;rhiyfs;> gilauz; kw;Wk; tu;j;jf Vw;ghLfs;
2.3.2 Vw;Wkjp kw;Wk; ,wf;Fkjpapd; ruf;Ffs;
2.3.3 Nghu;j;JfPrpau;fspd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
2.4 lr;R
2.5 gpnuQ;R kw;Wk; gpupl;b\;
2.5.1 gpnuQ;R
2.5.2 gpupl;b\;
2.5.3 gpuQ;Rf;F vjpuhf Mq;fpNyau;fs;
2.7 RUf;fk;
2.10 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 3 ,e;jpahtpy; INuhg;gpa mjpfhuq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd Nghl;b 62–82

3.0 Kd;Diu
3.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
3.2 fu;ehlfj;jpy; Mq;fpy-gpnuQ;R Nghl;bfs;

3.3 gpupl;b\; mjpfhuj;jpd; vOr;rp
3.3.1 ,ul;il murhq;fk;
3.3.2 gf;rhu; Nghu;
3.4 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpAk; tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs;;
3.5 RUf;fk;
3.8 NkYk; gbf;f
gFjp – II: 1757 Kjy; 1857 tiu ,e;jpa jiyik MSeu;fs;

myF 4 gpupl;b\; jiyik MSeu;fs; – I 83–103
4.0 Kd;Diu
4.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
4.2 ,uhgu;l; fpist; kw;Wk; mtuJ epu;thfk;
4.3 thud; N`];bq;];
4.4 fhud;thyp]; gpuG
4.6 RUf;fk;
4.8 jw;Nrhjid kw;Wk; gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;;
4.9 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 5 gpupl;b\; jiyik MSeu;fs; – II 104–120

5.0 Kd;Diu
5.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
5.2 nty;ny];yp gpuG: Jiz $l;lzp Kiw
5.3 thud; N`];bq;]; gpuG: rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;
5.4 tpy;ypak; ngd;bq; gpuG
5.4.1 tpy;ypak; ngd;bq; gpuGtpd; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;
5.5 ly;`Trp gpuG: thupR ,og;G nfhs;if
5.7 RUf;fk;
5.8 Kf;fpa fUj;Jg;gbkq;fs;;
5.10 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 6 1857-d; fpsu;r;rp kw;Wk; ,e;jpa Njrpajpd; Njhw;wk; 121–140

6.0 Kd;Diu
6.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
6.2 1857 vOr;rp: fhuzq;fs; kw;Wk; tpisTfs;
6.3 Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Kjy; Kjy; epiy
6.3.1 murpay; rq;fq;fs; cUthf;fk; (1885 tiu)
6.5 RUf;fk;
6.8 NkYk; gbf;f

gFjp – III: ,
e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; Kjy; epiy 1885–1919 kw;Wk;
,e;jpahtpd; rpy MSikfs;
myF 7 ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; cUthf;fk; 141–159
7.0 Kd;Diu
7.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
7.2 ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];: kpjthjpfs; cUthf;fk;
7.3 jPtputhjpfspd; vOr;rp
7.3.1 jPtputhj vOr;rpf;F toptFj;jf; fhuzpfs;
7.3.2 jPtputhjpfspd; Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; topKiwfs;
7.5 RUf;fk;
7.8 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 8 tq;fhsg; gpuptpid kw;Wk; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; 160–181

8.0 Kd;Diu
8.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
8.2 tq;fhsg; gpuptpid
8.3 cs;shl;rp ,af;fk; kw;Wk; rpy egu;fs;
8.5 RUf;fk;
8.8 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 9 Rje;jpu Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jdp egu;fs; 182–195

9.0 Kd;Diu
9.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
9.2 jpyf;> NfhfNy> yhyh y[;gjp uh[; kw;Wk; V. O. rpjk;guk;
9.3 Kjy; cyfg; Nghupd; jhf;fk;
9.5 RUf;fk;
9.8 NkYk; gbf;f
gFjp – IV: ,e;jpa Njrpathj ,af;fj;jpd; ,uz;lhtJ epiy (1919–1947)

myF 10 Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; ,uz;lhtJ epiy 196–205
10.0 Kd;Diu
10.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
10.2 [hypad; thyhghf; Jd;gepiy
10.3 xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;
10.5 RUf;fk;

10.8 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 11 rl;l xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; 206–215

11.0 Kd;Diu
11.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
11.2 Rauh[;au;fs;
11.3 rl;l xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;
11.4 ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghu;
11.6 RUf;fk;
11.9 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 12 gpuptpid kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk; 216–240

12.0 Kd;Diu
12.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
12.2 nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk;
12.3 gpuptpid kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk;
12.3.1 rpy MSikfs;
12.5 RUf;fk;
12.8 NkYk; gbf;f
gFjp – V: Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo; r%f kw;Wk; epUthfr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;

myF 13
Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo; r%f> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; 241–270
rka epiyikfs;
13.0 Kd;Diu
13.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
13.2 Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo; r%f> kj rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;: kf;fspd; r%f> kj epiyikfs;
13.3 kf;fspd; nghUshjhu epiy
13.5 RUf;fk;
13.8 NkYk; gbf;f
myF 14 Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp Nkk;ghL 271–307

14.0 Kd;Diu
14.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
14.2 fy;tp Nkk;ghL
14.3 cs;Shu; Ra murpd; tsu;r;rp

14.5 RUf;fk;
14.8 NkYk; gbf;f

Kd;Diu
,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; fp.gp. 1707 Kjy; 1947 tiuapyhd ,ilg;gl;l fhyk; kpfTk;
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
gpd;du; tu;j;jfk; nra;j INuhg;gpau;fspd; tUif> ,e;jpahit ePz;l fhykhf Ml;rp
nra;j Mq;fpNyau;fspd; gilnaLg;Gf;F toptFj;jJ. Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;>
,e;jpah jdJ nghUshjhu tsj;jpw;fhf ngupJk; Ruz;lg;gl;lJ.
vdpDk;> mtu;fspd; Ml;rp ,e;jpahtpy; r%fk;> fy;tp> tzpfk; kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw
rhu;e;j Jiwfs; Nghd;w gy;NtW Jiwfspy; rPu;jpUj;jq;fSf;F toptFj;jJ. ,uz;lhk;
cyfg;NghUk; cyf Aj;jKk; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Njrpak; vd;w czu;it J}z;bajpy;
Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;jJ.
ehl;bd; tpLjiyf;fhf gy;NtW Rje;jpug; Nghuhspfs; Nghuhbdhu;fs;. ,Wjpahf>
1947 Mf];L 15 md;W ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; ngw;wJ. 1950 [dtup 26Mk; Njjp ,e;jpa
murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; mky;gLj;jg;gl;lNghJ Fbaurhf khwpaJ.
,e;jpahtpd; tuyhW (fp.gp.1707 Kjy; 1947 tiu) vd;Dk; ,g;Gj;jfk; njhiyJ}u fw;wy;
khztiu kdjpy; nfhz;L vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J xU njspthd> Fog;gkw;w nkhopia
gad;gLj;jp xU gadu; - el;G tbtj;jpy; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. xt;nthU myFk; xU Kd;DiuAld;
njhlq;FfpwJ> mjd;gpwF Nehf;fq;ffspd; ntspg;ghl;il czu;jJ ; fpwJ. ,jpy; tpupthd
cs;slf;fk; gpd;du; xU vspa kw;Wk; fl;likf;fg;gl;l Kiwapy; toq;fg;gLk;, cq;fs;
Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpf, khztupd; Gupjiy Nrhjpf;f cjTfpwJ. RUf;fk;, Kf;fpa
fUj;Jg;gbkq;fs;, jw;Nrhjid kw;Wk; gapw;rp tpdhf;fs; mlq;fpa njhFj;Jiuj;jy; xt;nthU
myfpd; ,WjpapYk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk;
gFjp – I kuhl;bau;fspd; vOr;rpAk;
gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fs; kw;Wk; INuhg;gpau;fspd; tUif
myF 1 gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk; Fwpg;Gfs;

kuhl;bau;fspd; vOr;rpAk;
mikg;G
1.0 Kd;Diu
1.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
1.2.1 tq;fhsk;
1.2.2 mthj;
1.2.3 i`juhghj;
1.2.4 gQ;rhg;
1.6 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpAk; tpdhf;fSf;fhd
tpilfs;
1.7 RUf;fk;
1.10 NkYk; gbf;f
1.0 Kd;Diu
Kfyha tk;rj;ij epWtpaJ ,e;jpahtpy; gy r%f> gz;ghl;L
khWjy;fisf; nfhz;Lte;jJ. filrp ngupa Kfyhau;fspy;
xUtuhd xsuq;frPg;> mtuJ Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg; ngupa
gFjpia nfhz;bUe;jhu;. tpiutpNyNa mtu; gpd;gw;wpa kjf; nfhs;if
mtuJ Nguurpy; ,Ue;J tpRthrkhd ,e;Jf;fs;> uh[Gj;jpuu;fis
xJf;fp itj;jJ. mNj Neuj;jpy; rpth[papd; jiyikapy; kw;nwhU
ngUk; rhk;uh[;ak; mjpfhuj;jpw;F te;jJ. nkhfyhag; Nguurpy; ,Ue;j
vz;zw;w fpsu;r;rpfis rhjfkhf;fpf; nfhz;l rpth[p> tpiutpNyNa
nkhfyhag; Nguurpd; ngUk;gFjpfis ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;.
xsuq;frPgpd; Kfyha Ml;rpahsu;fs; gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fs; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.
nkhfyhag; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpahy;> mjd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;
Vw;gl;l Fog;gq;fs; epyg;gFjpfis rpwpa rk];jhdq;fshfg;
gpupf;fg;gl;ld. Kfyhau;fis J}f;fp vwpe;Jtpl Ntz;Lk; vd;w
fdTfis nfhz;l tl;lhu Ml;rpahsu;fs; frg;ghd Nghu;fis
elj;j njhlq;fpdu;. mthj;> Ijuhghj;> gQ;rhg;> ikR+u; Nghd;w
khepyq;fs; Kd;dzpf;F te;jd. mthj; kw;Wk; i`juhghj;
Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs; 1

gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk; ethg;fs; Mq;fpNyau;fspd; iffspy; ntWk; ifg;ghitfshf
khwpdu;. ,e;j myF tq;fhsk;> mthj;> gQ;rhg; rpe;J> i`juhghj;
kw;Wk; ikR+u; Mfpa ehLfspd; gpuhe;jpa rf;jpfspd; vOr;rpia
tpsf;FfpwJ. kuhl;bag; Nguurpd; vOr;rp gw;wpAk; mJ tpthjpf;fpwJ.
Fwpg;Gfs;
1.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
,e;j myif ePq;fs; gbj;J Kbj;j gpd;G cq;fshy;>
••18Mk; E}w;whz;by; gpuhe;jpa muRfspd; vOr;rpia tpthjpf;f
KbAk;
••kuhj;jpa Nguurpd; vOr;rpAk; tPo;r;rpiaAk; Muha KbAk;
••%d;whk; ghdpg; Nghupd; fhuzq;fs; kw;Wk; tpisTfis tpsf;f
KbAk;

xsuq;frPg;gpd; kiwTf;Fg; gpwF> fle;j fhyj;jpd; khngUk;
nkhfyhag; Nguuru;fspd; ghuk;gupaj;Jld; xg;gpl Kbahj xU Gjpa
Nguuru; rk;gt ,lj;jpw;F te;J Nru;e;jjhu;. KfkJ \h> mfkJ \h
gfJ}u;> Mykfpu; II> \h Myk;-II kw;Wk; gy Ngu; Nguurpy; nfLit
tifgLj;jKbahj gytPdkhd jiytu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. fhyg;Nghf;fpy;
Kfyha rf;futu;j;jpapd; rf;jp tYtpof;f Muk;gpj;jJ. kj;jpa muR
tYtpoe;J tUtjhy; gpuhe;jpa tPuu;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; ikag; Nkilia
vLf;fj; njhlq;fpdu;. ntsptuj; njhlq;fpa ,e;j gy;NtW gpuhe;jpa
muRfis gw;wp ehk; tpthjpg;Nghk;.
1.2.1 tq;fhsk;
1717 y; nkhfyhag; Nguuru; Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpw;;F rpwg;G
rYiffs; toq;fpajd; %yk; xU /gpu;Nkid (murhuizg; gj;jpuk;)
ntspapl;lhu;. mjhtJ> tq;fhsj;jpypUe;J ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l
nghUl;fSf;F tup tpyf;F mspf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. vdpDk;> ,e;j rYif>
ve;j tupiaAk; nrYj;jhky; tq;fhsj;jpy; tu;j;jfk; nra;a KbAk;
vd;gij cWjp nra;atpy;iy. kw;w ,e;jpa tu;j;jfu;fs; Nghd;w epWtd
Copau;fs; tup nrYj;j Ntz;bapUe;jJ. /gpu;Nkdpd; ,e;j jtwhd
tpsf;fk; tq;fhsj;jpYk; epWtdj;jpd; ethGfSf;F ,ilNa Vw;gl;l
epiyahd jfuhWf;fhd fhuzk; MFk;. Ku;\pj; Fyp fhdpypUe;J
myptu;jp fhd; tiu> tq;fhsj;jpd; midj;J ethGfSk;> me;j
epWtdj;jpd; jtwhd tpsf;fj;jpd; kPJ mDjhgk; nfhs;s kWj;jJld;>
mtu;fs; j];jhf;fis jtwhf gad;gLj;jpapUe;jhy;> xU ngUk;
njhifia ,og;gPlhf toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; fl;lhag;gLj;jgl;ldu;.
1741 y; KfkJ \h uq;fyh Kfyha ,iwahz;ik ngw;w
NghJ> tq;fhsj;jpd; MSeuhd myptu;b fhd; jd;id Rje;jpukhf
mwptpj;J> K\pjhghj;jpy; jdJ jiyefiu epWtpdhu;. 1756 y;>
myptu;b kiwT kw;Wk; ve;j xU rupahd thupRk; ,y;yhj epiyapy;>
2 Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;

gy gpupTfSk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W ,ize;J tq;fhs ethGfis gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk;
Nju;e;njLj;jdu;. myptu;b mtuJ Ngud;> jdJ ,isa kfspd;
kfdhd rpuh[;-cj;-lhyhit> ethg;gpw;F ifafg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;
vd;W tpUk;gpdhu; vd;whYk;> gpe;ijatu; mupaizapy; ,Ue;j
myptu;bapd; %j;j kfs;fshd n\sj; [hq; (/ghuPj;) kw;Wk; Fwpg;Gfs;
f]pjp Ngfk; Nghd;w gpw Nghl;bahsu;fshy; Vw;f kWj;jdu;. mjpfupj;J
tUk; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; rjpj;jpl;lq;fs; fhuzkhf> Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa
epWtdk;> ethGf;F vjpuhf> Ntiy nra;Ak; gpupTfspy; ntw;wp ngWk;
tha;g;ig ngw;W> mjd; %yk; ethg; cldhd xU jiyfPo; NkhjYf;F
topelj;jpaJ.
gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;by; tq;fhsk; kpfTk; nropg;ghd
khfhzkhf ,Ue;j epiyapy;> Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk;
nghUshjhu uPjpahfTk;> murpay;uPjpahfTk; kpFe;j yhgfukhff;
fUjg;gl;lJ. vdNt> mtu;fs; tq;fhsj;jpy; jq;fs; epiyia ,d;Dk;
cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpdu;. fy;fj;jhtpy; jq;fs;
nraw;ghLfis mbj;jsg; gLj;jtpUk;gpdu;. tq;fhsj;jpy; mjhtJ
lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; kw;w INuhg;gpar; Nghl;bahsu;fis nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
mtu;fs; rpdRuhtpy; jq;fs; njhopw;rhiy kw;Wk; rz;nlu;dNfhupy;
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fSld; jq;fs; njhopw;rhiyia nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
rpuh[;-cj;-lTyh 1756 y; tq;fhs ethg; Mdhu;. thupRupikahy; kfpo;r;rpahf
,y;yhj FLk;gj;jpy; gy gifikfisg; ngw;wijj; jtpu> mtu;
Kjpu;r;rpaw;w epiyapy;> R+o;epiyia vjpu;nfhs;s NghJkhd jpwd;fis
nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. njw;fpy;> ,q;fpyhe;J fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpAk;>
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fSk; xUtUf;nfhUtu; vjpu;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. ethg;
rpuh[;-cj; -lTyhtpd; xg;Gjiy ngw Kw;glhkNyNa> Mq;fpNyau;fs;
fy;fj;jhtpy; Nfhl;ilfis fl;lj; njhlq;fpdu;. mtu;fs; jq;fsJ
,uhZt Mjhuq;fis ngUf;fTk;> 1717 vd;w /gpu;Nkd; %yk;
mtu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l j];jhgq;fis jtwhfg; gad;gLj;jpAk;
ethg;gpd; cj;juit Gwf;fzpj;jdu;. NkYk;> epWtd Copau;fs;
1717 vd;w /gpu;Nkd; toq;fpa rYiffis jtwhfg; gad;gLj;jp>
jq;fs; jdpg;gl;l tu;j;jfj;jpd; kPjhd rYiffis tpupthf;fpdhu;fs;.
tq;fhsj;jpw;F NkYk; nghUshjhu ,og;ig Vw;gLj;jpa epiyapy;>
,e;jpa tu;j;jfu;fspd; j];jhgq;fis tpw;gid nra;tjd; %yk;
mjpfhupfs; ,yhgk; <l;l Muk;gpj;jdu;. rpuh[; kPJ Mq;fpNyaUf;F
Vw;gl;l mjpUg;jpf;F kw;nwhU fhuzk;> rpuh[pd; vjpupahd uh[h
uh[gy;yhth vd;gtupd; kfdhd fpU\;z jh]; mtu;fSf;F
ghJfhg;G mspf;Fk; mtu;fsJ czu;TG+u;tkhd eltbf;if MFk;.
tq;fhsk; kw;Wk; gpupl;ldpd; ethg;fSf;F ,ilapyhd R+o;r;rp>
E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; Mq;fpNyau;fspd; vOr;rpapy; Kf;fpa gq;if
Mw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.
1.2.2 mthj;
Kfyhag; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpapd;NghJ> 18Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,uz;lhk;
gpw;ghjpapy;> tl ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\; fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpd; gq;F

gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk; gbg;gbahf Fiwe;J te;jJ. ,J mthj;jpd; nghUshjhuj;ijAk;
murpaiyAk; typikAld; nfhz;bUe;jJ. 1801 tiu> mthj;>
kuhl;bau;fspd; mjpfhuj;Jf;F vjpuhf tq;fhsj;ij ghJfhf;Fk; xU
,ilaf murhf elj;jg;gl;lhu;. Mf;fpukpg;G kw;Wk; ,izg;G gw;wpa
Fwpg;Gfs; gpur;rpid votpy;iy. 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; jpUg;gj;ij xl;b> mthj;>
gpupl;b\; tpupthf;fj;jpw;F xU tl;lhukhf khw;paJ. ,J ,Wjpapy; 1856
y; khfhzj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhs;s toptFj;jJ.
gf;]hu; Nghupy; mthj; kw;Wk; Mq;fpNyaUf;fpilNa ,Ue;j tpNuhjk;
1764 y; Jtq;fpaJ. ,g;Nghl;bapy; Mq;fpNya ethg; \_ [h-cj;-lTyh>
nkhfyhag; Nguuru; \h Myk;> tq;fhs ethg; kPu; fhrpk; MfpNahupd;
$l;Lg; gilfis Njhw;fbj;jJ. Nghu; Kbe;jTld;> mthj; ethg; kw;Wk;
Mq;fpNyaUf;F ,ilNa myfhghj; cld;gbf;if ifnaOj;jplg;gl;lJ.
,e;j cld;gbf;ifapd;gb> Rn[sj;-lhyh mthj;ij jf;fitj;Jf;
nfhs;s mDkjpf;fg;gl;lhu;. vdpDk;> Nfhuh kw;Wk; myfhghj;; nkhfyhag;
NguurUf;F ,irtspj;J te;jdu;. x ; U jiyfPo; Vw;ghlhf Eioe;j
xU epWtdj;Jld; xt;nthU vy;iyg;gFjpiaAk; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf
\_[h kPJ jtiz Kiwapy; nrYj;j Ntz;ba 50 yl;rk; Nghu;
,og;glP hf toq;fg;gl;lJ. ethg;fs; epWtdj;jpd; tsu;eJ; tUk; typik
kw;Wk; tpisTfs; gw;wp mwpe;jpUe;jdu;. tq;fhs ethGfs; NghyNt>
Fiwe;jgl;rk; xU Nghuhl;lj;jpd; xU Gwj;Njhw;w xw;Wik ,y;yhky;
nry;y mtu;fs; jahuhf ,y;iy. ,J Muk;g fl;lq;fspy; gpupl;b\;
tu;jj
; fuPjpahd mthj; CLUtypd; xU xUq;fpize;j ce;Jjypd;
tbtj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. mNjhL mthj; ,uhZtj;jpd; xU ngupa
kWrPuikg;Gk; rPuj; pUj;jKk; njhlq;fpaJ.
gf;]hu; vd;w ,lj;jpy; Vw;gl;l mtkhdj;jpw;F gpd;du; \_[h-cj;-
lTyh cUthf;fpa ,uhZt rPuj ; pUj;jq;fs;> Mq;fpNyaiu mr;RWj;jNth
my;yJ kPzL ; k; xU Nghiu Cf;Ftpg;gNjh tpUk;gtpy;iy. khwhf>
xl;Lnkhj;j ,uhZt Kaw;rp> md;dpa epWtdj;jhy; gbg;gbahf
Fiwkjpg;gpw;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;j ethg; jdJ murpay;
mjpfhuj;ij fhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj gpujpgypf;fpwJ. epWtdj;ijg;
nghWj;jtiuapy;> mthj; kpf Kf;fpakhd> ,yhgfukhd xU
khfhzj;ij jdpj;J tplg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. ,jd; kpfg;
ngupa njhif> epWtdj;jpd; ,uhZtq;fSf;F JizGupAk; tifapy;
gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;. ftdkhf jpl;lkpl;l fl;lq;fspy; epWtdk;
jdJ epjp Nfhupf;iffis Klf;fptpl;lJ. 1773 y; mthj; kw;Wk;
,q;fpyhe;J fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk; ,ilNa Kjy; epr;rakhd xg;ge;jk;
KbTf;F te;jJ. ,e;j xg;ge;jj;jpd; %yk;> ethg;> mthj; my;yJ
myfhghj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; epWtd gilfspd; xt;nthU gpuptpw;Fk;
& 2>10>000 ia khje;NjhWk; nfhLf;f rk;kjpj;jhu;. ,e;j Vw;ghL mthj;
ePzl; fhy fld;Rikapd; njhlf;fj;ijj; njhlq;fp> me;j gpuhe;jpaj;jpd;
murpay; mikg;GKiwf;F Muk;g gpupl;b\; ce;Jrf;jpia gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
nra;jJ.
1775 f; Fg; gpwFk; ethgpapd; Jau; $u; i kahff; nfhz; L
te; jJ. ,e; j Mz; L fspy; > Gjpa eP j pkd; w k; kw; W k; jiyefu;

yf;Ndhtpy; ikak; nfhz; b Ue; j xU khfhz gz; ghl; L milahsk; > ; gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk;
(jiyefuk; njhOrhghj; jpy; ,Ue; J khw; w g; gl; l J) Kd; G ,Ue; j ij
tpl kpfj; njspthf milahsk; fhzg; gl; l J. 1775 y; m/g; - cj; -
lTyh mupaizapd; thupRupik> {[htpd; eP j pkd; w jiytu; f s; kw; W k;
Nuh`py; fz; l ; MSeuhf ,Ue; j mtuJ rNfhjuu; rjhj; mypapd; Fwpg;Gfs;
vjpu;f; fl; r pj; jiytu; MfpNahupd; gifik ,Ue; j NghjpYk; $l> xU
ngUk; ryryg; G ,y; y hky; nrd; w J. Mdhy; tpiutpNyNa> Ku; j h]
h fhdpd; jiyikapy; > (Kf; j hu; - ud-lTyh vd; w cau; e ; j gl; l j; i j
ngw;w Mr/g; .) gioa gpuGf; f Sk; jsgjpfSk; ,lk; ngau; e ; j jhy; >
jw;NghJs; s murpay; mikg; G cWjpj; j d; i k tYg; gLj; j g; gl; l J.
NkYk; > ethg; > tlf; Nf [hd; G+u; kw; W k; Nkw; N f myfhghj; j py;
cs;s ngdhu]; gFjpia Rw; w pAs; s gFjpfis Mq; f pNyau; f spd;
fl;Lg; g hl; b w; F nfhz; L te; J > gpd; du; rhj; rpq; jiyikapy; xU
cld; g bf; ifia nra; J nfhz; l hu; . fk; n gdpapd; gilg; gpupTf; F
Kd;i g tpl mjpf khdpaj; i jAk; ,e; j cld; gbf; i f epu; z apj; j J.
,Wjpahf midj; J ,uh[je; j pu eltbf; i ffSk; ntspehl; L
csTj;JiwAk; ethgpd; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; trpg;Nghu; %yk; Mq;fpNyauhy;
fl;Lg; g Lj; jg; g l; L te; jJ. murpay; mikg; GKiwapd; rpijT>
mthj; tptfhuq; fspy; Mq; f pNyau; f spd; mg; gl; l khd jiyaP L >
mrh/g; - cj; - lTyhtpd; kpFe; j kNdhepiyaw; w jd; i k kw; W k;
murpay; tptfhuq; fspy; myl; rpak; Mfpa ,uz; L k; mthj;
gpuGj; J tj; jpd; fzprkhd gFjpia vr; rupf; i f nra; j J. JUg; Gf; f s;
epYitapy; ,Ue; jjhy; kw; W k; ,lq; f spd; fpsu; r; rpahy; epiyik
Nkhrkile; jJ. ,e; j ,ilA+Wfs; > rl; l tpNuhjk; Nghd; w nray; f s;
gpupl;b\; jiyaPl ; b w; F top nra; f pd; w d. 1890 fspy; Mq; f pNya
fpof;fpe; jpa epWtdk; > mthj; ,iwahz; i kapd; mbg; gilia
njhlu; e ; J epuhfupj; J te; jJ. Mq; f pNyaupd; ,uhZt gpurd; dj; j hy;
Vw;gl; l tpiuthd khw; wk; > 1780 y; ele; j ethgp Ml; rpia
fLikahf fPoWf; fr; nra; j J. mthj; j pd; tsq; f s; kP J kP z; L k;
mDkjp ,y; y hj mOj; jk; eP b f; f g; gl KbahJ vd; W k; > Mq; f pNya
FbapUg; g hsupd; mjPjkhd jiyaP L mthg; gpd; gad; epiy
,Ue;j hy; > mJ ntl; l g; g l Ntz; L k; vd; W k; fy; f j; j htpy; cs; s
cau; muR epu; g ; g e; jpj; jJ. ,jw; F Jiz tpkhdp cj; j uthjk;
mspf; f Ntz; L k; .
,t;thwhf> 1784 ,y; thud; `rg;-lTyh xU Gjpa njhlu; Vw;ghLfs;
nra;ag;gl;L> mjd; %yk; ‘50 yl;rk;’ flid Fiwj;jNjhL> mthj;
Ml;rpapd; kPjhd mOj;jKk; Fiwe;jJ. gpd;tUk; gj;jhz;Lfspy; xU
ghjp> mthj; Ml;rp xU miu jd;dhl;rp ngw;w gpuhe;jpa rf;jpahf
njhlu;e;J ,aq;fpte;jJ. me;j epWtdj;Jld; cwTfs; R%fkhd
Kiwapy; ,Ue;jd. ,e;j tptfhuk; 1797 tiu m]hg; kiwT Mz;L
tiu ePbj;jJ. Mq;fpNyau; kPz;Lk; xU Kiw> kPz;Lk; xU jlit
,e;j tp\aj;jpy; jiyapl;L te;jdu;. m]hj; gpd; gjtpf;F te;j t[pu
myp> rhj; mypf;F Mjuthf gjtpapypUe;J ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lhu;.
rhNjhj; mypAld; 1798 gpg;utup 21 md;W xU Kiwahd xg;ge;jk;

gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk; ifnaOj;jplg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Mz;L 76 ,yl;rk; tiu khdpak;
mjpfupj;jJ.
1798 y; te;j nty;ny];yp gpuG> mthj; mikg;ig epuhfupf;f
kl;LNk xU Kd;Ndhf;fpa nfhs;if njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. epWtdj;jpd;
Fwpg;Gfs; mjpfupj;j epjp Njitia nfhLf;f ,ayhjjw;F ethg;gpd; mwptpg;G>
xU nghUj;jkhd rhf;Fg;Nghf;fhf nty;ny];yp> xU rupahd rhf;if
toq;fpaJ. nrg;lk;gu; 1801 y; n`d;up nty;ny];yp yf;Ndhit jdJ
KOg; gpuhe;jpaj;ijAk; ruzilAkhW tw;GWj;j yf;Ndh te;jile;jhu;.
ePbj;j Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfSf;Fg; gpd;du;> ,e;epWtdk; Nuh`py;ld;>
Nfhuf;G+u; kw;Wk; Njhrhg; Mfpatw;wpd; epue;jukhd ,iwahz;ikia
Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. ,J 1 Nfhb 35 ,yl;rk; &gha; ,e;j ,izg;Gfs;
Mq;fpNyh-mthj; cwTfspy; Gjpjhf rfhg;jj;ij njhlq;fp
itj;jJ. rgd; Rgh> fk;ngdpapd; Ml;rpg; gq;fpd; cWjpg;ghl;bw;F
,dpAk; mr;RWj;jyhf ,Uf;f KbahJ. Mq;fpNyaupd; ,iltplhj
Kd;Ndhf;fpw;F vjpu;g;G vd;w ve;jf; fUj;ijAk; mthj; Ml;rpahsu;fs;
Vw;ftpy;iy. mtu;fs; mtu;fSila ,uhZtj;ijAk; mtu;fSila
gFjpapy; ghjpia ,oe;J tpl;ldu;> gz;ghl;L gpd;njhlu;gpy; jq;fs;
Mw;wiy Ftpj;jdu;.
,jpy; mtu;fs;> yf;Ndh ePjpkd;wj;ij Rw;wp xU Jbg;ghd
kw;Wk; capUs;s fyhr;rhu muq;ifr; Rw;wpf; fl;ba mg;-cj; -lhyh
MfpNahupd; mbr;RtLfisg; gpd;gw;wp te;jdu;. ,e;j MjuT Y}kp]
pfs; kw;Wk; ftpQu;fs; kpu;rh ugp rlh (1713–86) kw;Wk; kPu; Fyhk;
`rd; (1734–86) tiu tpupTgLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;j czu;r;rpfukhd
fbjq;fSf;F yf;Ndh ,uz;lhtJ tPlhf ,Ue;jJ. nly;ypia
tpl;L ntspNawp> mtu;fs; Nerpj;jpUe;j cyfpw;Fg; Gyk;gpdhu;.
fhrp-jPd;-i`lu; (1819) vd;w Nguurpd; me;j];J> nkhfyhag;
,iwahz;ikia cj;jpNahfG+u;tkhf jpUk;gg; ngWjy; mthj;
kPjhd ePjpkd;w fyhr;rhuj;jpd; xUq;fpize;j gFjpahFk;. Mdhy;
,J epu;thfj;jpYk;> khfhzj;jpYk; Ml;rpahsupd; fl;Lg;ghl;il
tPo;r;rpAld; xUq;fpizAk; tifapy; mike;jpUe;jJ. ~ghJfhg;G| vd;w
epWtdj;Jf;F njhlu;e;J Cjpak; toq;f Ntz;Lk;> mikr;ru;fsplk;
epu;thf nghWg;ig gutyhf;FtJ> Mjpf;f gpupl;b\; FbapUg;ghsupd;
epiyg;ghL> kw;Wk; ve;j xU nudpay; Mlk;guKk;> tpohTk; kiwf;f
Kbahj cz;ikfshf ,Ue;jJ.
mthj; ethg; gy thupRfis itj; j pUe; j hu; . vdNt> thupR
,of; Fk; nfhs; i fahYk; mJ %lg; gl KbahJ. mtUila Ml; r pg;
gFjpapy; mtiu tpl; L ntspNa tu NtW rpy rhf; F g; N ghf; F fs;
fz; L gpbf; f g; gl; l d. ,Wjpahf mthj; kf; f spd; Jauj; i j
jzpf; F k; Nahridia ly; ` T]p gpuG mbj; j hu; . ethg; t[pl;
myp \h jdJ muir jtwhf Ml; rp nra; j jhf Fw; w k; rhl; lg; g l; L
rPu ; jpUj; j q; f is mwpKfg; gLj; j kWj; Jtpl; l hu; . vdNt mtuJ
muR 1856 y; ,izf; f g; gl; l J. re; N jfj; j pw; F ,lkpd; w p> mthj;
epu; t hfj; j pd; rP uopT mjd; kf; f Sf; F xU Ntjidahd ajhu; j ; j khf
,Ue; jJ.

1.2.3 i`juhghj; gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk;
nkhfyhag; Nguurpd; MW jf;fhz R`hf;fs; i`juhghj; gFjpia
cUthf;fpj; juNtz;bapUe;jJ. Kfyhau;fs; Nghu; ntwpau;fSld;
njhlu;e;J Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;L te;jjhy;> Gjpjhf nty;yg;gl;l
Fwpg;Gfs;
jf;fhz gpuhe;jpaj;ij tYg;gLj;Jtjw;F mtu;fs; Gwf;fzpj;jpUe;jdu;.
xsuq;frPg; ,we;Jtpl;l gpwF> xU Nguhu;tkhd [_y;gu;fhd; xsuq;frPg;gpd;
tYthd> nry;thf;F kpFe;j n[duYk;> jf;fhzf;fspd; xU njhdpiaAk;
ifg;gw;WNthk; vd;W cWjpnkhop vLj;Jf;nfhz;lJ. mt;thW nra;a
Ntz;Lkhdhy;> nkhfyhag; giftu;fis — kuhl;bau;fis ,izj;J>
mtu;fSld; ,ufrpa cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhs;s KbntLj;jhu;.
fhd; xU \pah K];ypkhf ,Ue;jjhy;> gP[hg;G+u; kw;Wk; Nfhy;nfhz;lh
Mfpa ,lq;fspy; xU \pah muir epWTtJ mtuJ yl;rpakhf
,Ue;jJ. Mdhy;> ,e;j ,uz;L khepyq;fspd; gupRf; $j;jpd; kPJ mtu;
xU fz; kl;Lk; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. rpd; Frpypr; fhd; (gpd;dhspy;
mwpag;gl;l ep[hk;-cy;-KNf m]hg; [h) Nghd;w xU rf;jptha;e;j
kd;jhjhuu;> jf;fhzj;jpy; Rje;jpukhd muir mikf;f tpUk;gpdhu;.
[{y;gpfu; fhd; kw;Wk; rpd; Fy;tpr; fhd; MfpNahu; ePz;l fhykhf
vjpupfshf ,Ue;J te;jdu;. Vnddpy; mtu;fs; Kfyha ePjpkd;wj;jpy;—
,uhdp kw;Wk; lu;dp Mfpa ,uz;L Nghu; Kfhk;fisr; Nru;e;jtu;fs;.
vdpDk;> xsuq;frPg; ,we;j gpwF> [{y;gp];fhd; rw;W tpspk;G Vnddpy;
mtuJ je;ij m]hj; fhd; xsuq;frPg;gpd; fhyj;jpy; t[puuhf ,Ue;J>
Nguuru; ,we;j gpwF ePz;l Neuk; jdJ nry;thf;if epiyehl;bdhu;.
1708 y; [{y;gpfu; jdJ ,yl;rpak; epiwNtWtjw;F ,d;Dk; neUf;fkhf
te;jhu;. mtu; jdJ Fwpf;Nfhis epiwNtw;wpdhu;. 1713 y; jdJ
nfhiyahsp gu;fhd;-rpahu; MfpNahupd; iffspy; ,wf;Fk; tiu me;jg;
gjtpia mtu; elj;jpdhu;.
xsuq;frPg; ,we;j clNdNa> mtuJ kfd;fs; mupaiz vLf;f
jq;fSf;Fs; rz;iliaj; njhlq;fpdu;. Mdhy;> jhrpd; Fy;tpr;
fhd; gP[hg;G+upd; ,Lifapy; eLepiyahf ,Ue;jhu;. 1707 brk;gu;
9 md;W gfJ}u; \htpd; mthj; kw;Wk; ghuP[;jhu; MSeuhf mtu;
,Ue;jhu;. ,t;tpjk; mtu; jdJ yl;rpaq;fis yhgp gP[hg;G+uplkpUe;J
mfw;wpdhu;. gfJ}u; \h jdJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; neUq;fp
te;j NghJ> fhrpd; Fy;tpr; fhd; nghJg; gzpapy; kPz;Lk; Nru;e;jhu;.
Vnddpy; mtu; mjpfhuj;jpw;F tUtjw;F kw;nwhU tha;g;igf;
fz;lhu;. vdpDk;> jf;fhzj;jpd; kW Ml;rp> 1713 y; ep[hk;-cy; K];f;>
eprhk;-cy;-K];f; vd;w ngUikf;Fupa gl;lq;fis toq;fpdhu;. fhd; fhdh>
gfJ}u; gNj[hq; Nghd;wtu;fs; mtUila NritfSf;F jpUk;Gfpd;wdu;.
Gjpa ftu;duhd ep[hk;-cy;-K];f;> nkhfyhag; gFjpapy; ,Ue;J
Rje;jpuj; jiyaPl;ilf; nfhz;L jf;fhzg; gpuhe;jpaj;ij Ml;rp nra;a
Mirg;gl;lhu;.
ep[hk;-cy;-K];f; xU je;jpukhd kw;Wk; xU epu;thfpahf
,Ue;jhu;. kuhl;bau;fis mlf;f epidj;j mtu;> ‘nrsj;’ vd;w
nfhLg;gdit epWj;jp> Vw;fdNt ngUik nfhz;l kw;Wk; Raeykpf;f

gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk; kuhl;ba jiytu;fis rh`{ kPJ J}z;btpl;lhu;. ,jw;fpilNa>
nly;yp ePjpkd;wj;jpy; gy murpay; rjpr;nray;fs; cUthfpf;
nfhz;bUe;jd. ,jd; fhuzkhf ep[hk;-cy;-K];f; jf;fhzj;jpypUe;J
tutiof;fg;gl;lhu;. 1715 ,Wjpapy; `Nrd; myp Mz;l;bf;F
Fwpg;Gfs; neUf;fkhf ,Ue;jhu;. Kjhghj;ijAk;> gpd;du; gPfhiuAk; fl;Lg;gLj;j
ep[hk; cy; K];f; mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;lhu;. mtu; ,d;Dk; jahuhfpf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ mtuJ Gjpa flikfspd; nghWg;ig Vw;fTk;
guhf;-rpaW tPo;e;jJ kw;Wk; ep[hk;-cy; K];f;> ,k;Kiw khstpahTf;F
kPz;Lk; khw;wg;gl;lhu;. ,e;j Kiw mtu; kPz;Lk; ,lkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl
khl;lhu; vd;w cWjpnkhopia ngw;whu;.
,Wjpahf khy;thtpy; ep]hk;-cy;-Ky;f; xU ngupa jiytuhdhu;.
kpfTk; gpugykhf ,Ue;j mtu;> iraJ rNfhjuu; kPJ nghwhik
nfhz;lhu;. mtiuAk;> mtu; kPz;Lk; ePjpkd;wj;Jf;F mioj;J te;jdu;.
Mdhy;> ep[hk;-cy;-Ky;fpw;F ,e;j KbT kfpo;r;rp jutpy;iy> mjdhy;
mjw;F vjpuhf fpsu;r;rp nra;jhu;. Nk 1720 kw;Wk; %d;W ehl;fs; fopj;J
gu;ù;G+u;> mrpu;fu; kPJ fl;Lg;ghl;il vLf;f ,uhZtj;ij topelj;jpr;
nrd;whu;. iraj; K[h`pj; myp fhd; kw;Wk; Myk; myp fhid>
ep]hk; cy; K];f; flj;Jtjw;F iraJ rNfhjuu;fis mDg;gpdhu;.
Mdhy; jpy;thu; myp fhd; [_d; 1720y; Njhy;tpiar; re;jpj;jNjhL>
Myk; myp fhd; rz;ilapy; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. 1720 mf;Nlhgu; 8 md;W
mtu; jf;fhzj;jpy; ,Ue;jNghJ `{ird; myp nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhu;.
tpiutpNyNa iraJ mg;Jy;yhTk; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;.
iraJ rNfhjuu;fs; mtuJ topapy; ,Ue;J ntspNa te;jJk;>
ep]hk;- cy; Ky;f; jf;fhzj;jpd; MW Rghf;fspd; Ml;rpahsuhf jd;id
epakpj;J kuhl;bau;fs; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;j jdJ ftdj;ij khw;wpdhu;.
gpg;utup 1722 md;W Kfyha Nguurpd; tpUe;Jfshy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;L>
mtu; 1724 tiu Kfyha Nguurpd; t[pu gjtp mtUf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ.
mtu; fz;bg;ghd xOq;if filgpbg;gtuhf ,Ue;jhu;. ePjpkd;wj;ij
,Uk;Gf; fuk; nfhz;L Ml;rp nra;a Kad;whu;. vdpDk;> ePjpkd;wj;jpy;
,Ue;j J}f;fpypLgtu;fSf;F ,J gpbf;ftpy;iy. mtiug; gw;wpa
fijfis kd;ddplk; gug;gpdu;. xU t[pu; vd;w Kiwapy; mtu;
khy;th kw;Wk; F[uhj;ij jf;fhz gFjpAld; Nru;e;jpUe;jhYk; mtuJ
gjtp mtUf;F kpfTk; jpUg;jpaspg;gjhf ,Ue;jJ.
xU Kiw mtu; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ghuhl;lg;gltpy;iy vd;gij
fz;lwpe;jjd; %yk;> rf;utu;j;jpaplk; tpLg;G vLf;fhky;> jf;fhzj;jpy;
,Ue;J ntspNawpdhu;. rf;utu;j;jp mtkjpf;fg;gl;L> Kgu;kP]; fhid
jf;fhzj;jpd; it];uhahf epakpj;J> Gjpa it];uhia ep[hk;
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F mioj;J tUkhW mtu; cj;jutpl;lhu;. Mdhy; ep[hk;
mt;tsT vspjpy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gltpy;iy. KguP]; fhid nfhd;wNjhL
mjw;Fg; gjpyhf mtdJ jiyia rf;utu;j;jpaplk; mDg;gpdhu;. ep[hk;-
cy;-Ky;f; MfpNahUk; KguP]; fhdpd; kfid Njhw;fbj;J> 1725 Mk;
Mz;L Muk;g fhyj;jpy; i`juhghj;ij kPz;Lk; gpbj;jdu;.
,e;j tuyhw;whsuhd ,u;tpd; vOJfpwhu;> ‘,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpypUe;J
ep[khKy;-Ky;f;> nka;epfu; Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; jw;Nghija i`juhghj;

murpd; m];jpthuk; Mfpaitahf ,Uf;fyhk;.’ ep]hk; jdJ Ml;rpiaj; gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk;
njhlq;fp> gy;NtW gjtpfSf;fhf mYtyu;fis epakpj;Jf; nfhz;L>
jdJ gpbj;jq;fisAk;> jFjpahd mYtyu;fSf;F gl;lq;fis
toq;FtjpYk; <Lgl;L te;jhu;. jdJ nrhe;j epu;thfj;ijg; nghWj;J
epy tUthapYk; xJf;fPLfis mtu; toq;fpdhu;. kw;w vy;yh Fwpg;Gfs;
topfspYk; mtu; xU muridg;Nghy; ,Ue;jhu;. mtu; jdJ nrhe;j
ngaupy; nts;spf;fpoik gpuhu;j;jidiag; gad;gLj;jpAk;> mtuJ
nrhe;jg; ngaupyhd ehzag; gjpTk;> xU muru; Nghy> mur
ntspg;ghLfisf; nray;gLj;jpdhu;.
ep]hk;-cy;-khypf; xU mwpthu;e;j Ml;rpahsuhf ,Ue;jhu;> Fwpg;ghf
Ng\;th gh[puht;ia jf;fhzj;jpy; mtuJ Rje;jpukhd Ml;rpia
vjpu;j;J> kuhl;bau;fspd; Nehf;fq;fis mtu; tpl;Lf; nfhLj;J tpl;lhu;.
,t;thW jLg;G eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s mtu; KbntLj;jhu;.
mNj rkak;> Ng\;th kPJ mjpUg;jpaile;j gy kuhl;ba jiytu;fs;>
ep]hk; mtu;fis jd; gf;fk; nfhz;Lte;J tpl;ldu;. ep]hk;; kw;Wk;
Mjuthsu;fshd Ng\;th gh[puht; MfpNahUf;fpilNa ele;j rz;il
Ie;J Mz;Lfs;—1727 Kjy; 1732 tiu njhlu;e;jJ. 1728-y; ep]hk;
ghy;Nfj; Njhy;tpaile;jhu;. mtuJ Kf;fpa Mjuthsuhd Nrdhgjp
jpupk;guhf; uht; lghNj gpd;du; 1731-y; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;.
mtu; xU gu];gu Ngr;Rthu;j;ij mtrpak; vd;gij
ep]hk;-cy;-Ky;f; czu;e;jhu;> ,j;jifa ePz;l fhy rr;ruTf;Fg; gpd;du;
mikjpia tpUk;gpa Ng\;th cldhd ed;ik jUk; cld;gbf;if>
tlf;fpw;F mtu; tpiue;J nry;y Ntz;Lk; vd;W ep]hkplk; MjuT
Nfhupdhu;. ,e;j ,U jiytu;fSk; brk;gu; 1732-y; rkurk; nra;J
nfhz;ldu;. mjd; njw;fpYk; Ng\;thTk; tlf;fpy; jdJ Nguuir
tpupTgLj;Jtjw;F eprhkpw;F Rje;jpuj;ij mspj;jJ.
Ng\;th gh[puht; I jpBnud ,we;Jtpl;l
epiyapy;> ep[hk; rf;utu;j;jpahy; miof;fg;gl;L [_iy 1737-y; nly;yp
nrd;wile;jhu;. ,q;F ep]hk; m]hg; [h vd;w gl;lk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
gpd;du; ep]hk; khstpahTf;F Kd;Ndwp> Nghghypy; mUfpYs;s
Ng\;th gh[puht; kPJ mjpf jpwDld; [dtup 1738-y; mtkhdfukhd
rkhjhd cld;gbf;ifapy; ifnaOj;jpl Neu;e;jJ. e[pk; khy;fhtpd;
Jizghup gh[p uhTf;Fk;> eu;kjh kw;Wk; rk;gy; ejpfSf;Fk; ,ilapy;
ifnaOj;jpl Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
Kfyha ,e;jpah kPJ ehjpu;\h jhf;Fjy; elj;jpa gpwF
ep]hk; ehjpu;\htplk; rkhjhd xg;ge;jj;ij ,Wjp nra;a Ntz;Lk;
vd;W tpUk;gpa rf;futu;j;jp nly;ypf;F mioj;J te;jhu;. ep]hk; ,e;jg;
gzpapy; ntw;wp ngw;whu;> Mdhy; ]jhj; myp fhdpd; jiyaPl;lhy;
mJ ngupjhf nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy.
1748-y; kuzk; milAk; tiu ep]hk; cy; Kf; jf;fhz
kz;lyj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;jpdhu;. Kfyha Ml;rpahsuplk; jdJ tpRthrj;ij
epiyehl;b tpl;L> nly;ypapy; mupaizapy; ,Ue;j ehjpu;\htpd;
Nfhupf;ifia epuhfupj;jhu;. ep]hk;-cy;-Ky;f; xU rpwe;j n[duYk;>

gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk; rpe;jpf;Fk; Kw;Nghf;fhd epu;thfp kl;Lky;yhky;> mtu; xU rpwe;j
uh[je;jpupahfTk;> ,Ue;jhu;. mtu; jdJ nghUshjhu kz;lyq;fspd;
fPo; cs;s gpuhe;jpaq;fis ntw;wpfukhf mlf;Ftjw;F cjtpdhu;. ,J
kPzL ; k; Kwpe;jj; jiytu;fs;> mjpf Nguhu;tk; nfhz;l mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk;
Fwpg;Gfs; nfhs;isf;fhuu;fis xLf;FtJ MFk;. mtu; jdJ mstPlL ; tUtha;
kjpg;gLP kw;Wk; tup tpjpg;gpd; %yk; tu;jj ; fj;ij cau;jj ; pdhu;.kjk;
thupahf> mtu; rfpg;Gj;jd;ikiaAk; Kw;Nghf;ifAk; nfhz;bUe;jhu;.
jpthd; vd;W epakpf;fg;gl;l mtuJ tyJ if kdpju; GUd; re;j; Mthu;.
ep]hk; -cy; Kf; ,we;j gpwF> ,Wjpapy; jf;fhzj;jpy;
Mq;fpy-gpnuQ;Rg; gpur;idAld; thupR Aj;jk; njhlu;e;jJ. ,Wjpahf
1762-y; ep]hk; myp mupaizapy; te;J 40 Mz;LfSf;Fk; Nkyhf
Ml;rp nra;j NghJ ,e;jpah murpay; epiyj;jd;ikia mile;jJ.
Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk; jd;idj; jhNd epWtpl> nty;ny];yp
gpuG epu;thfpahf ,Ue;j gpwF> ep]hk; mtu;fSld; xU Jiz
$l;lzpapy; Eioe;J jq;fs; $l;lhspahf khwpdhu;.
1.2.4. gQ;rhg;
gQ;rhig Nru;e;j uQ;rpj;rpq; jd;id jhNd jiytuhf mwptpj;Jf;
nfhz;lhu;. Mq;fpNyau;fspd; fLikahd vjpupahf jpg;G Ry;jhd;
miof;fg;gl;bUe;jhu;. Mg;fhdpa Ml;rpahsuhd [khd; \h kPjhd
gilnaLg;ghy; ,e;jpah mr;RWj;jg;gl;lNghJ> uQ;rpj; rpq;Ff;Fk;
gpupl;bRf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Kjy; Kiwahd njhlu;G 1800-y; Nghu;
mwptpf;fgl;ljhf njupfpwJ. Kd;ndr;rupf;if eltbf;ifahf> gpupl;b\;
jug;gpy; kfhuh[hit nty;tjw;F gzf;fhu gupRfSld;> uQ;rpj;rpq;
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F Kd;\p A+R/g; mypia mDg;gpdu;. Mdhy;> [khd;
\htpd; gilnaLg;gpd; Mgj;J> A+R/g; mypapd; epidtpw;F te;jJ
vd;W mtu; mwpe;J nfhz;lhu;.
uQ;rpj; rpq;fpd; cjtpNahL kuhl;ba jiytu; N`hy;fu; gQ;rhgpy;
Eioe;jNghJ> ,uz;lhtJ njhlu;G 1805-y; nra;ag;gl;lJ. Ky;yh
kw;Wk; [`q;fpd; MfpNahiu nty;y uQ;rpj; rpq; nrd;wpUe;jhu;.
Mdhy;> N`hy;fu; tUifia mwpe;J mkpu;jru]; te;jhu;. N`hy;fu;
kPJ filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba nfhs;if gw;wp KbntLf;f> ru;gj; fhy;rh
xU $l;lj;ij mioj;jhu;. /gjf; rpq; m`;Yy;thypah kw;Wk; gq; rpq;
[z;l;f;Fk;> N`hy;fu; cjtp nra;tjd; %yk; gpupl;lDldhd Nkhjypy;
tu Ntz;lhk; vd;W uQ;rpj; rpq;fpw;F mwpTWj;jpdhu;. Mq;fpNyaUf;F
vjpuhf jdf;F cjtg; Nghtjpy;iy vd;W uQ;rpj; rpq; N`hy;fuplk;
kupahijAld; $wpdhu;. n[duy; Nyf; kw;Wk; kfhuh[h uQ;rpj; rpq;
MfpNahUld; [dtup 1806-y; xg;ge;jk; xd;iw Kbj;jhu;.
,e;jpah kPjhd gpnuQ;Rg; gilnaLg;gpd; mghak;
njhiyJ}uj;jpy; ,Ue;jjhy;> Mq;fpNyaupd; uQ;rpj; rpq;if Nehf;fp
fLikahd nfhs;ifia ifahz;lhd;. mtUf;F> jiyik MSeu;
nkl;fy;g; xU Fwpg;G nfhLj;jhu;. mtUila Mf;fpukpg;G nfhs;iff;F
vjpuhf rpy nkd;ikahd vr;rupf;iffs; ,Ue;jd. 1806 Kjy; mtu;
trk; ,Ue;j midj;J ,lq;fisAk; kPl;Lf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W

uQ;rpj; rpq; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhu;. mJ mtUila ,uhZt cupikia gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk;
Rl;ny[; tq;fpf;F vLj;Jr; nry;Yk;. ,e;j Nfhupf;ifia Vw;f uQ;rpj;
rpq; jahuhf ,y;iy. Mdhy;> mtu; mk;ghyh kw;Wk; rdpthy; gilfis
tpyf;fpf; nfhz;lhu;. Mdhy;> njhlu;e;J /ghupNlhNfhl; jf;fitj;Jf;
nfhz;lhu;. uQ;rpj; rpq;> Nfhtpe;j;fu; Nfhl;ilia nrwpT+l;lj; Jtq;fp Fwpg;Gfs;
tpl;lhu;. Mdhy;> filrp fl;lj;jpy; uQ;rpj; rpq; kdk; khwp> 1809-y;
mkpu;jru]; cld;gbf;ifapy; ifnaOj;jpl rk;kjpj;jhu;.
mkpu;jru]; cld;gbf;ifapd; tpisTfspy; xd;W> gpupl;b\;
murhq;fj;jhy; Rl;ny[; khepyq;fis mjd; ghJfhg;gpd; fPo; nfhz;L
tu Kbe;jJ. fpof;fpy; uQ;rpj; rpq;fpd; Kd;Ndw;wk; rupghu;f;fg;gl;lJ.
Mdhy;> me;j gFjpapy;> Rl;ny[; gw;wpf; ftiyg;gLk; msTf;F
mtu;f;F Fjpiug;gilapd; ths; xd;W nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
1839 [_d; khjk; kfhuh[h uQ;rpj; rpq;fpd; kuzk;> murpay;
cWjpaw;w jd;ik kw;Wk; gQ;rhgpy; muR tpiuthd khw;wq;fs;
Mfpait njhlu;e;jd. RaeyKk;> Coy; jiytu;fSk; Kd;Df;F
te;jhu;fs;. ,Wjpapy;> mjpfhuk; vd;gJ Jzpthd> Njrg;gw;W nfhz;l>
Mdhy; Kw;wpYk; xOf;fkw;w ,uhZtj;jpd; iffSf;Fs; tpOe;jJ. ,J
gpupl;b\hUf;F> 1809-y; cld;gbf;if xd;wpy; ifnaOj;jpl;bUe;jhYk;>
Ie;J MWfspd; epyj;jpy; Rl;ny[; KOtJk; xg;ge;jk; ,lg;gl;lJ.
kfhuh[h uQ;rpj; rpq;fpd; uh[;[paj;ijf; fhz;gpf;Fk; glk; 1.1 fhl;LfpwJ.
glk; 1.1 kfhuh[h uQ;rpj; rpq;fpd; uh[;[pak;


gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk; Kjyhk; Mq;fpNyh-rPf;fpau; Nghu; (1845–1846)
Kjy; Mq;fpNyh-rPf;fpau; Nghu; 1845 brk;gu; 18 md;W Kl;fpapy;
Nghuhb> rPf;fpau;fs; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;ldu;. brk;gu; 21y; ngNuh]pg;G+upy;
Mq;fpNyau;fs; kPz;Lk; Nghupy; ntw;wp ngw;wdu;. Mdhy;> uQ;rpj; rpq;
Fwpg;Gfs;
k[pjpah jiyikapyhd rPf;fpau;fs; 1846 [dtup 21 md;W Gj;jthy;
vd;w Mq;fpNyaiu Njhw;fbj;jdu;. Mdhy;> [dtup 28k; Njjp
mypthy; rPf;fpau;fs; kPz;Lk; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;ldu;. khu;r; 10> 1846 md;W
Nrhg;uhdpy; ele;j jPu;f;fkhdg; Nghupy; rPf;fpau;fs; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;ldu;.
gpd;du;> gpg;utup 13 md;W gpupl;bi\f; fle;J> gpg;utup 20k; Njjp yh$u;
jiyefiu ifg;gw;wpdhu;. rPf;fpau;fs; Kw;wpYk; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;l
epiyapy;> Nguuir ,izj;Jf; nfhs;SkhW gpuG `hu;bf;F gyUk;
mwpTWj;jpdu;. Mdhy;> mtu; ,ij Vw;ftpy;iy.
1846 khu;r; 9 md;W ifnaOj;jplg;gl;l yh$u; cld;gbf;ifapd;gb
Nghu; KbTf;F te;jJ. ,e;j cld;gbf;if Mq;fpNyau;fis vjpu;f;Fk;
jpwd; ,y;yhky;> rPf;fpau;fis tpl;L tpyfpaJ. 1846 brk;gu; 16 md;W
rPf;fpau;fSld; kw;nwhU xg;ge;jk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,e;j cld;gbf;if
‘,uz;lhk; yh$u; cld;gbf;if’ my;yJ ‘igNuhthy; cld;gbf;if’
vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
,uz;lhk; Mq;fpNyh-rPf;fpau; Nghu; (1848–1849)

Kjy; rPf;fpa Aj;jj;jpy; jq;fs; Njhy;tpia rPf;fpau;fs; ngUk;
mtkhdkhf fUjpdhu;fs;. uQ;rpj; rpq;fpd; fhyj;jpy; ntw;wpfSf;F
gofpg; Nghd mtu;fs;> ,e;jj; Njhy;tp mtu;fspd; kdepiyf;F
Kul;Lj; jdkhf mjpu;r;rpia mspj;jJ. rPf;fpau;fs; ,uh[;[pak;
tPo;r;rpaile;Jk;> ,uz;lhk; Mq;fpNyh-rPf;fpau; Aj;jKk; 1848–1849Fs;
ele;jJ.
gpupl;b\; jsgjpahf ,Ue;j nfsF`;> etk;gu; 13 md;W
gQ;rhg;gpd; gpukhz;l gilAld; yh$iu mile;jhu;. etk;gu; 22k; Njjp
uhk;efupy; ele;j rz;ilapy; fpsu;r;rpahsu;fs; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;ldu;.
brk;gu; 3k; Njjp rjhy;yhg;G+upy; kw;nwhU jPu;f;fkhd nray; ele;jJ.
%d;whtJ Mq;fpNyh-rPf;fpau; Nghu; (1849)

%d;whtJ Nghu; 1849 [dtup 13 md;W nrypad;thyh vd;w ,lj;jpy;
eilngw;wJ. gpg;utup 21k; Njjp> buhn[l; efupy; ele;j kw;nwhU
rz;ilapy;> nfsF`; gpuG rPf;fpau;fis re;jpj;jhu;. rPf;fpau;fs; Kw;wpYk;
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;fs;. uhty;gpz;bapy; mtu;fs; ruzile;jdu;.
rPf;fpau;fspd; KOikahd Njhy;tp mtu;fsJ uh[;[paj;jpd;
jiytpjpia %b Kj;jpiuapl;lJ. ly;`T]p gpuG jdJ nrhe;jg;
nghWg;gpy; 1849 khu;r; 29 md;W gQ;rhg;ig ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;.
gQ;rhg;ig ,izj;Jf; nfhz;L> ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s Mq;fpNyag;
gFjpfis> mtw;wpd; ,aw;ifahd vy;iyfs; tiu tlNkw;F Nehf;fp
ePl;bj;J ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. mJ kl;Lky;yhky;> rPf;fpau;fspd;

mjpfhuk; mopf;fg;gl;lgpd;> ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpNyaupd; ghJfhg;Gf;F gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk;
mr;RWj;jy; Vw;gLk; tifapy; ve;j jPtpu rf;jpAk; Njhd;wtpy;iy.
cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpf

Fwpg;Gfs;
1. 1717-y; nkhfyhag; Nguuruhy; toq;fg;gl;l murhiz gj;jpuk;
vd;d?
2. mthj; kw;Wk; Mq;fpNyaupd; gifik vg;nghOJ Muk;gpg;gJ?

xsuq;frPg;gpd; kuzk; fpl;lj;jl;l %d;W khjq;fSf;Fg; gpd;du;> etk;gu;
3Mk; Njjp Kjy; nkhfyhag; rpiwapy; ,Ue;j rhk;g`hdpd; kfd;
rh`{ I (1682 md;W gpwe;jhu;)> 1689 Nk 1707 md;W xsuq;frPg;gpd;
,uz;lhtJ kfd; gfJ}u; \h rpk;khrdj;jpy; ,Ue;J tpLjiy
nra;ag;gl;lhu;. kuhl;bau;fspd; muruhf rh`_ mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lhu;.
kuhl;ba Rauh[;aj;jpd; cupikahfTk;> nrsj; Kfyhau;fspd; jf;fhz
cg rigf;fhfTk; kw;Wk; ru;NjKfp $l mNefkhf milahsk;
fhzg;gl;L mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lhu;fs;. Nguurpd; xU tk;rkhf> mtu; Ml;rp
nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w Vw;ghl;bd; %yk; nkhfyha Nkyhjpf;fj;ij
ghJfhj;jdu;. jf;fhzj;jpy; ePz;lfhyk; tiuag;gl;Ls;s Nghu;fis
KbTf;Ff; nfhz;L tu Ntz;Lk; my;yJ kuhj;jpa Kfhkpy;
cs;s fUj;J NtWghLfis Vw;gLj;JtJ jhd; Kfyhau;fspd;
Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,uz;L R+o;epiyfSk; Kfyhau;fSf;F
rhjfkhdjhf ,Ue;jjhy;> mtu;fs; Vkhw;wk; milatpy;iy. rh`{apd;
tpLjiyiaj;njhlu;e;J> 1714 tiu ePbj;j jhuhgha; kw;Wk; rh`{
Mfpa gilfSf;F ,ilNa cs;ehl;Lg; Nghu; Vw;gl;lJ.
ghyh[p tp];tehj; (1713–1720)

ghyh[p tp];tehj; jdJ gzpia xU rpwpa tUtha; mjpfhupahf
njhlq;fp> 1708-y; \h`{ vOjpa ‘Nrdh fhu;Nl’ vd;w gl;lj;ij toq;fpdhu;.
mtu; 1713 y; Ng\;th Mdhu;. me;j gjtpia kpf Kf;fpakhd kw;Wk;
rf;jptha;ej
; > kuGupikahf nra;jhu;. \h`{ ,Wjp ntw;wpapy; Kf;fpa
gq;iff; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. fpl;lj;jl;l midj;J kuhl;ba ru;jhu;fSk;
\h`{ gf;fk; epd;W> ntw;wp ngw Kf;fpag; gq;fhw;wpdhu;fs;.
mtu; iraJ rNfhjuu;fSld; (1719) xU xg;ge;jj;ij Kbj;jhu;.
mjd; %yk; Kfyhag; Nguuru;(/ gUf;`; rpau;) \hFit> Rauh[;[pa
muruhf epakpj;jhu;. ghyh[papd; FzKk;> jpwDk;> ehl;bd; tprpj;jpukhd
R+o;epiyAk;> Ng\;th]Pd; vOr;rpiaAk;> JiwfisAk; Mjupj;jJ.
mtuJ kfd; rh`{ tpd; ey;y elj;ijf;fhf> nly;ypapy; mtiu
gpizaf; ifjpfshf ifJ nra;j Kfyhau;fs; rpiwapy; ,Ue;J>
rh`{tpd; jhahiu gj;jpukhf kPl;L tu Ntz;Lk; vd;W Kjy; Kjyhf
ghyh[p miog;G tpLj;jhu;. kw;Wk; gpg;utup 1719 mtuJ Nfhupf;iffs;
midj;Jk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk; mjd;gb rh`{tpd; jha; kw;Wk; FLk;gj;jpdu; tpLjiy
nra;ag;gl;ldu;. mtu; rpth[papd; tPl;L Ml;rpj;Jiwapd; Ml;rpahsuhf
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lNjhL> nlf;fhdpy; cs;s MW rigfspypUe;J nrsj;
kw;Wk; ru;Nj\;Kfp MfpNahiu fu;ehlfk; kw;Wk; jkpofj;jpYk;
Fwpg;Gfs; Nrfupf;f mDkjpf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,jw;F <lhf kuhl;bau;fs; Kfyhau;fspd;
Nritapy; 15>000 Fjpiufs; kPJ xU gilg;gpupit itj;Jf; nfhz;L
nlf;fhdpy; xOq;if epiyehl;Lthu;fs; vd;W vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ.
nly;ypapy; ghyh[papd; ntw;wp mtuJ mjpfhuj;ijAk;> fTutj;ijAk;
ngupJk; mjpfupj;jJ. ghyh[p tp];tehj; ‘kuhl;ba khepyj;ij Nru;e;j
,uz;lhk; epWtdu;’ vd;W rupahf miof;fg;gl;lhu;.
kuhl;ba mjpfhuj;jpd; gioa KbauR tbtj;jpy; Gj;Japu;gG ;
vd;gJ ,dpAk; rhj;jpakpy;iy vd;Wk;> Kf;fpakhd ,lj;jpy; ntw;wp
ngw;w ngUk; gpuGf;fSf;F rYiffs; toq;fg;glhtpl;lhy;> ehl;bd;
,uhZt tsq;fis nghJthd fhuzj;jpw;F gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ
fbdkhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;Wk; mtu; $wpdhu;. mtu;fs; jkJ gilnaLg;gpid
epu;tfpg;gjpy; Rje;jpukhd xU ifia toq;fpAk;> nghJf; nfhs;if
tptfhuq;fspy; xd;WgLtjd; %yk; ngupa jpahfk; vijAk; nra;a
Ntz;lhk; vd;W mtu;fSf;F miog;G tpLj;Jk;> mtu;fis jkJ
nrhe;j $l;lhspahfNth my;yJ ,iwik ngw;w $l;lhfNth
mbgzpa itj;jdu;. Mdhy; ,e;j Vw;ghL> ,e;j jiytu;fisf; fzf;fpy;
nfhz;L kpf mjpf mstpy; mjpfhuj;ij tpl;Lr; nrd;W tpl;lJ. mJ>
kuhl;ba mjpfhuj;jpd; tpiuthd tpupthf;fk; kw;Wk; mjd; tpiuthd
fiyg;gpw;F nghWg;ghf ,Ue;jJ. ghyh[papd; Ng\;th`papd; gjtpf;fhyk;>
mur fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J Ng\;thtpd; taij Nehf;fp khwpaijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
ghyh[p ‘xU jiyrpwe;j epjp’ vd;w fzf;fpy; tuT itf;fg;gl;L
cs;shu;. Nghu; kw;Wk; ,uh[je;jpuj;jpy; njhlu;e;J <Lgl;L te;jhYk;>
mtu; uh[;[paj;jpy; muh[fj;ij epWj;j cWjpahd eltbf;iffis
vLj;jhu;. mtu; flw;nfhs;isau;fis mlf;fp> FbAupikf;Fupa
murhq;fj;ij kPl;nlLj;jhu;. ];tuh[; rk];jhdj;jpy;> Neub mur
epu;thfj;jpd; fPo; ,Ue;j> ed;F xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l tUtha; Kiwf;F
jplkhd mbj;jsk; Nghl;lhu;.
gh[p uht; I (1720–1740)

ghyh[p tp];tehj; vd;gtupd; %j;j kfdhd gh[puht; mtUila
,sk; tajhd ,UgJ tajpNyNa Ng\;thit ntw;wp nfhz;lhu;.
rpth[pAk; kuhl;ba mjpfhuKk; mtUf;Fg; gpd;> cr;rj;ij vl;baJ.
mtu; nfhupy;yhg; Nghu;j;je;jpuq;fspd; kpfg; ngupa ghfkhf fUjg;gl;lhu;.
mtUf;F fPo; gy kuhj;jpa FLk;gq;fs; gpugykhfpaJ. ,e;jpahtpd;
gy;NtW gFjpfspy; mtu;fs; jq;fis epiyepWj;jpf; nfhz;ldu;.
,tw;wpy; rpy ,lq;fs; tUkhW:
••gNuhlhtpYs;s nfa;f;thl;
••ehf;G+upYs;s Nghd;];Ny];
••,e;NjhupYs;s N`hy;fu;fs;

••FthypaupYs;s rpz;bah]; gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk;
••GNdtpYs;s Ng\;th];
epyg;gFjpapy; (1722) ,Ue;J [Q;rpuh rpj;jpiaj; Njhw;fbj;J>
ntspNaw;wpag; gpd;du; mtu; Nghu;j;JfPrpaj;jpy; cs;s gNrapd;
Fwpg;Gfs;
(1733) kw;Wk; rhy;ril ntw;wp fz;lhu;. mtu; Nghghy; mUNf
ep[hk;-cy;-Ky;if Njhw;fbj;jhu;. Jiu rhu; xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhz;lhu;.
,jd; %yk; mtu; khy;th kw;Wk; Gypf; fz;lj;ijAk; ngw;whu; (1737).
nkhfyhag; Nguuirg; gytPdg;gLj;jTk; kuhl;bau;fis ,e;jpahtpNyNa
cr;r rf;jpahf Mf;fTk; tl ,e;jpahtpy; vz;zw;w ntw;wpfukhd
gzpfis mtu; Kd;dpd;W nra;jhu;.
ghyh[p gh[puht; (1740–1761)

ghyh[p gh[puht; ‘ehdh rhfpg;’ vd;W midtuhYk; mwpag;gl;lhu;.
jdJ ,UgJ tajpy; je;ijia ntw;wp fz;lhu;. je;ij ,we;j
gpwF> midj;J khepy tptfhuq;fspd; epu;thfKk; mtu; ifapy;
tplg;gl;lJ. nkhfyhag; NguurUld; (mfkJ \h) Nghlg;gl;l xg;ge;jk;
xd;wpy;> Ng\;th (1752)> nkhfyhag; Nguuirg; ghJfhj;J> cs;ehl;L
kw;Wk; ntspg;Gw (m`;kj; \h mg;jhyp) vjpupfsplkpUe;J fhg;ghw;wp
nrsj;jpw;F jpUk;gpdhu;. jdJ cwtpdu; rjhrpt uht; ghK mtu;fspd;
mwpTiuiaAk;> topfhl;LjiyAk; mtu; ek;gpapUe;jhuhk;.
jdJ murpd; vjpu;fhyf; nfhs;ifiag; nghWj;j tiu> jdJ
je;ijapd; nfhs;iffis njhlu Ntz;Lk; vd;W rjhrpt uht; ghD
Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhu;> ‘%j;j gh[puht;’ uh[htpd; mu;g;gzpg;G Nritapy;
ngupa rhjidfis mile;jhu;. Mdhy; mtuJ tho;f;if FWfpajhf
mike;jJ. eP mtd; kfd;> `pe;J];jhdj;ij ntd;W> xU Nguuir
epWtp> cd; Fjpiufisj; jhf;FjYf;F topelj;jpr; nry;y Ntz;Lk;.
ehdh rhNfg; Nkw;nfhz;l Muk;gfhy rhjidfspy; xd;W>
midj;J epjpr; nfhLj;jy; thq;fy;fs; kPJk; ftdkhf Nkw;ghu;it
nra;tjd; %yk; Nguurpd; epjp Nkyhz;ikia rpwe;jjhf Mf;FtJ
MFk;. mtu; gpd;du; tl ,e;jpa tptfhuq;fs; gw;wp N`hy;fu; kw;Wk;
rpe;jpah MfpNahUld; tpthjpj;jhu;. Vg;uy; 1742 md;W tlf;F Nehf;fp
mzptFj;Jr; nrd;wdu;. 1743 y; u`{[p Nghd;];Ny vd;w gFjpapy;
cs;s myp tu;jp fhdpd; rk];jhdj;jpw;F (tq;fhsj;jpy;) ,Ue;J cjtp
nra;a tlf;Nf ,uz;lhtJ gilnaLg;ig Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. Ng\;th
Ku;\pjhghj;ij mile;J myp tu;jp fhid re;jpj;jhu;. mtu; tq;fhsj;jpw;F
nrsj;ij nfhLf;f rk;kjpj;J> &. 22 yl;rj;ij Ng\;thtpw;F
mtUila gilnaLg;G nryTf;fhf xg;Gf; nfhz;lhu;. ,e;j xg;ge;jj;jpd;
%yk; Ng\;th myp tu;jp fhdpd; gFjpfis u`{[papd; gilfshy;
R+iwahlg;gl;ljpypUe;J tpLtpj;jhu;. mtuJ Ng\;th\pgpd; Kjy;
ghjpapy; fu;ehlfhtpy; kuhl;ba Nkyhjpf;fj;ij epWtpdhu;. uh[GjdTf;F
Jupjg;gLj;jy;fs; mDg;gg;gl;ld.
1749 brk;gu; 15Mk; Njjp rh`{ rpYny]; ,we;J Nghdhu;. mtu;
,wg;gjw;F Kd; mtuJ thuprhf jhuhgha; vd;w Ngud; uhkuh[id

gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk; epakpj;jpUe;jhu;. uhkuh[u; fle;j 1750 [dtupapy; mrj;ugjp vd;gtiu
mile;jhu;. mtu; gytPdkhf> jpwikaw;w epiyapy; ,Ue;jjhy;>
jhuhgha; mtiu jdJ nrhe;jf; fuq;fspy; xU nghk;ikahfNt khw;w
Kad;whu;. kuhl;ba uh[;[paj;jpy; Fog;gKk;> neUf;fbAk;; NkYk;
Fwpg;Gfs; Mokile;jJ. uhkuh[h jhugj;jpd; Ngud; my;y vd;W Ng\;th mwpe;J
nfhz;lhu;. ,e;j cz;ikia mwpe;j NghJ rj;ugjp fpl;lj;jl;l
rjhuh Nfhl;ilapy; milf;fg;gl;L> murpay; epfo;TfSld; vy;yhj;
njhlu;GfisAk; ,oe;jhu;. vdNt> kuhl;ba $l;lhl;rp kw;Wk; Ng\;th
mjd; nka;epfu; Ml;rpahsuhf GNd tpsq;fpaJ.
ghyh[papd; ,uz;lhk; Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; (1751–1761) ehd;F
gpur;rhuq;fSk; tlf;fpy; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;bUe;jJ. gQ;rhg;
murpay; me;j Neuj;jpy; Fog;gkhd epiyapy; ,Ue;jJ. ,jd; tpisthf
mfkJ \h mg;jhyp mtu;fspd; Kjy; ,uz;L gilnaLg;Gf;fs;
yh$u;> Ky;lhd; kw;Wk; fh\;kPupd; cghf;fs;> mg;Jyp Ml;rpg; gFjpapy;
cs;sJ. %d;whtJ gilnaLg;gpw;Fg; gpwF Kfyha t[pu; rgu;[q;>
Nk 1752 md;W Nguuriu mjd; cs;ehl;L> ntspg;Gw giftu;fSf;F
vjpuhf ghJfhj;jjw;fhf Nguurpia xU xg;ge;jj;jpy; Eioa rk;kjpf;f
itj;jhu;. ,jw;Fg; gjpyhf kuhl;bau;fs; tl Nkw;F khfhzq;fspd;
nrsj; rj;ijAk; Mg;fhdpau;fshy; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;ldu;. Mdhy;>
cz;ikahd gilnaLg;ghy; kl;LNk me;jr; nrsj;ij ghJfhf;fg;gl
KbAk;. kuhl;bau;fSf;F Mf;uh> m[;kPu; Mfpa cg rigfSk;
toq;fg;gl;ld. ,e;j xg;ge;jj;jpd; tpisthf kuhl;ba uhZtg;gil
nly;ypapy; mQ;rypf;fhf itf;fg;gl;lJ. mtu;fs; njhlu;e;J tl
,e;jpa murpaypy; jiyapl;L nly;ypapy; jq;fs; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij
epiy ehl;bdhu;fs;.
‘xU nkhfyhag; NguuR – kuhl;ba $l;lzp ,e;jpah KOtijANk
Ml;rpnra;a Ntz;Lk;’ vd;w ghyh[p gh[puht; fdit ,e;j Vw;ghl;bd;
%yk; Fwpj;jpUe;jhu;. Mdhy; rjhu;[q; jdJ t[Pupifia ,oe;J
1753 y; mthj; Xa;T ngw;whu;. Nguurpd; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; cs;s
mjpfhuk; ep[hk; cy; K];f; vd;w gFjpapy; cs;s ,khl; cy;-
K];f; tiu nrd;wJ. me;j cjtpaw;w rf;utu;j;jpia kuhj;jpa> cjtp
nra;J> gjtpapy; ,Ue;j mfkJ \hit gjtpapypUe;J ePf;f mtu;
mr;RWj;jpdhu;. mtu; 1754 y; Nguurpd; rpk;khrdj;jpy; gfJ}u; \htpd;
Ngud; mykfpu; II mku;j;jg;gl;lhu;.
,khj;-cy;-Ky;f; Ml;rpia Nghd;Nw> nly;ypiar; Nru;e;j xU
t[pu; Ml;rp ey;y tpisitg; ngw;wJ. mjdhy; jdf;Fk;> NguuRf;Fk;>
mtuJ ez;gu;fshYk;> vjpupfSf;F kpFe;j JauKk; Vw;gl;lJ.
Kjypy; mtu;> ‘kuhl;bau;fspd; khu;gfj;jpw;F xU cjtpaw;w rpRit
Nghy; gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ’ vd;W $wpdhu;. Mdhy;> ‘kuhl;ba el;GwT
kl;LNk ek;gpapUe;j nuhf;f cwTit njhlu Kbatpy;iy’ vd;W
mtu; mfkJ \h mg;jhyp> mthj;> kfd; kw;Wk; rjhup[hq; MfpNahupd;
kfDk;> mjd; thupRk;> khfhz ftu;du; fg;gypy; ,Ue;J kuhl;bau;fis
gjtpapypUe;J ePf;ff; $lhJ vd;W m`kJ \h`ypapd; jpl;lj;jpw;F
(1757) Mk; Mz;L xg;Gf;nfhz;lhu;. ,J \{[h-cj;-njsyh> R+u[khy;

[hl; kw;Wk; kuhl;bau;fs; xd;whf Nru;e;J> ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk;
mg;jhyp ,y;yhjNghJ> ,k;ghl; cy;-Ky;ypf; Kw;wpYk; el;gw;wJ vd;W
,Oj;jJ. Nkw;fz;l Vw;ghLfspd;gb> 1758y;> uFehj; uht;> khyù;
cld; uht; N`hy;fu; gQ;rhg;gpy; Eioe;jhu;. mtUld; mbdh Ngf; fhd;
kw;Wk; rPf;fpau;fSld; ,ize;J ,Ue;jdu;. rpwp`pe;j; tPo;e;jJ yh$u; Fwpg;Gfs;
Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;L (Vg;uy; 1758) Mg;fhdpau;fs; ntspNaw;wg;gl;ldu;.
kuhl;bau;fshy; jpk;G+u; \h jg;gp Xbtpl;lhu;.
jpk;gpu; \h jg;gp Xbdhu;. mtu;fs; Mw;iw flf;ftpy;iy.
Vnddpy;> mJ kpfTk; Mokhf ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; mjw;F mg;ghy;
,Ue;j khtl;lq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; Mg;fhdpau;fspd; trpg;gplq;fshf
,Ue;jd.
mbdh ngf; fhdpd; nghWg;gpypUe;J khfhzj;ij tpl;L
ntspNawpa gpd;du; uFehj; uht; gQ;rhgpypUe;J jpUk;gpdhu;. rpy
khjq;fSf;F gpwF (mf;Nlhgu; 1758) gpe;ija kuzj;jpd; gpd;dhy;
Fog;gk; Vw;gl;lJ. Ng\;th> fle;j Vg;uy; 1759 md;W fpof;F fiuia
mile;j jlhj;[p rpe;jpah jiyikapy; xU ngupa gilia mDg;gpdhu;.
me;j khfhzj;jpd; ftu;du; fg;giy vLj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf rgh[p
rpe;jpah yh$Uf;F mDg;gpdhu;. xU rpy khjq;fSf;Fs; mg;Jyp
mDg;gpa typikahd uhZtk; rpe;J ejpiaf; fle;jJ. rgh[p kPz;Lk;
jtwp> gQ;rhg;gpd; KO khfhzj;ijAk; Mg;fhdpau;fsplk; iftpl;lhu;.
mg;Jyp jdJ murhq;fj;ij yh$upy; epWtp> jdJ Nguzpia kPz;Lk;
njhlq;fpdhu; kw;Wk; rpu;`pe;jpw;F (etk;gu; 1759) Eioe;jhu;.
gQ;rhgpy; cs;s kuhl;lh rhfrkhdJ> ‘,e;J gupTKiwia
mlhf;Ff;F nfhz;L nry;Yk;’ vd rpy tuyhw;whrpupau;fshy; $wg;gl;lJ.
kuhj;jh ,uhZtk; cz;ikapy; mNlhf; tiu Kd;Ndw;wk; mile;jJk;>
buhd;-nrdhg; khtl;lj;jpy; tUtha; tR+ypg;G Kw;wpYk; jw;fhypfkhf
,Ue;jJ vd;why; re;Njfk;jhd;. gQ;rhg;ig njhlu;e;J xU ngupa rf;jp
nfhz;l gilia itj;Jf; nfhs;shky; jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;s KbahJ
vd;gij Ng\;th czutpy;iy. Njitahd epjp fpilf;fhjjhy;>
yh$upd; Fspu;fhyj;ij ve;j kuhl;ba tPuUk; rkhspf;f KbahJ
vd;gjhy; ,J rhj;jpakpy;iy. tlNkw;F vy;iyg;Gwj;jpd; ghJfhtyu;
gjtpf;F ve;j Kjy; ju kuhl;ba jsgjpAk; epu;zapf;fgltpy;iy.
mg;jhYld; elf;Fk; Nghiu jtpu;f;f KbahJ vd;gjhy;> ‘Mj;jpu%l;Lk;
tifapy; Kd;Ndwpa vy;iyg;Gwj;jpw;F’ xg;Gjy; nfhLj;jhu; Mdhy;
mjd; ghJfhg;gpw;F NghJkhd Vw;ghl;il mtu; nra;atpy;iy.
tl ,e;jpah: ght; ,d; gilnaLg;G (1760)

gQ;rhg;ig ntw;wp nfhz;l gpd;du; jpy;yp Nehf;fp (Nk 1759) jpUg;gpaJld;
jlhj;[p rpe;jpah> Nuhfpy;fz;by; cs;s e[Pg;-cj;-lTyh MfpNahUld;
Nghu; gzpapy; <Lgl;bUe;jhu;. mtu; Njhy;tpaile;jhu; kw;Wk;
ghdpgl; (brk;gu; 1759) Nehf;fp gpd;thq;fpdhu;> kw;Wk; mg;jhyp gilfs;
rpe;JtpypUe;J Kd;Ndwp tUtjhfTk; mk;gyhit Mf;fpukpj;Js;sjhfTk;
Nfs;tpg;gl;lhu;. mtuJ vjpu;g;G Njhy;tpaile;jJ. nly;ypf;F tlf;Nf

gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk; 16 fpNyhkPl;lu; njhiytpYs;s ghu;ghup vd;w ,lj;jpy; ([dtup 1760)
ele;j rz;ilapy; mtu; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. rpfz;nluhghj; mUNf ky;ù;
uht; N`hy;fu; Mg;fhdpau;fs; %yk; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;. mjd; gpwF
,e;J];jhdpy; kuhl;ba uhZtk; Kbtile;jJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; ,e;jg; NguopTfspd; nra;jp GNdtpy; Ng\;thit
mile;jNghJ> ‘tl ,e;jpahtpy; mtu; ngw;w ntw;wpfs; midj;Jk;
Jilj;njwpag;gl;lJ. mtu; kPz;Lk; nly;yp rhk;uh[;aj;jpd; kPJ
kuhl;ba fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F Nghuhl Ntz;Lk;> mNj mbj;jsj;jpypUe;J
`pe;J];jhdj;jpy; jdJ Nkyhjpf;fj;ij fl;bnaOg;g Ntz;Lk;.’ vd;W
czu;e;jhu;. tlf;fpw;F gykhd ,uhZtj;ij mDg;Gtjd; %yNk
,e;j neUf;fbia vjpu;nfhs;s KbAk;. tpiutpNyNa Ng\;th mtuJ
cwtpduhd rjhrpt; uht; ght; kw;Wk; mtuJ %j;j kfd; tp];th];
uht; MfpNahupd; fPo; kuhl;ba gilfis mDg;gp itj;jhu;. kuhl;ba
gPuq;fpg;gil> ,g;uh`pk; fhd; fhu;bahy; fl;lisaplg;gl;lJ. [_iy
1760 y; kuhl;bau;fs; nly;ypia Mf;fpukpj;jdu;. ,e;j rpwpa ntw;wp
kuhl;bau;fSf;F nfsutj;ij Nru;j;jJ. Mdhy; mtu;fs; tl ,e;jpah
KOtJk; el;gpy;yhj epiyapy; ,Ue;jdu;. [hl; muru; Ruh[;ky; $l
filrp Neuj;jpy; mtu;fis tpl;L tpyfptpl;lhu;. kWGwk;> mfkJ \h
mg;jhypf;F UNfyh jiytu;fs;> e[pg;-cj;-jTyh kw;Wk; ethg; R[h-cj;
lTyh MfpNahupd; Mjuitg; ngw Kbe;jJ. ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; mfkJ
\h mg;jhyp kw;Wk; Ng\;th MfpNahUf;F ,ilNa rkhjhdj;jpw;fhf
rpy gadw;w Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. Mdhy; kuhl;bau;fs;
kw;Wk; K];yPk; Ml;rpahsu;fspd; Ra eyd;fs; fhuzkhf mtu;fshy;
ntw;wpngw Kbatpy;iy. ,J ghdpgl;bd; JujpU\;ltrkhd> NguopT
juf;$ba Nghupy; Kbe;jJ. ghdpgl; Nghu; ([dtup 14> 1761) md;W
tp];th]; uht; (ehdh rhfpg; vd;gtupd; kfd;) kuzk; mile;jhu;.
khjt uht; (1761–1772)> ehuhaz uht; (1772–1773)> rtha; khjh
uht; (1773–1795)> kw;Wk; gh[p uht; II (1795–1818) MfpNahu; gpd;du;
mtiu vjpu;j;J ntw;wp mile;jhu;fs;.

‘$l;likg;G’ vd;w thu;j;ij Mq;fpNyh-gpnuQ;R thu;j;ijapypUe;J
‘$l;likg;G rpau;’ vd;w nrhy;ypypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ fofk;
my;yJ njhopw;rq;fk;> khepyq;fs; my;yJ jdpegu;fs; vd;gjhFk;.
rpth[papd; Ngud; rh`{ Kfyhaf; fhtypd;fPo; ,Ue;jhu; (1689
f;Fk; 1707 f;Fk; ,ilNa) ,J mtiu gytPdkhfTk;> nrayw;W
kw;wtu;fis rhu;e;J ,Ug;gtuhf khw;wpaJ. Ng\;th ‘eilKiwapy;’
Ml;rpahsuhf Njhd;Wtij Neubahf rh`{tpd; gytPdkhd gz;Gld;
njhlu;GgLj;jg;gl;lJ. ghyh[p tp];tehj; Ng\;th (1713–1720) vd;w
Kiwapy; gzpahw;wpa NghJ uh[hit jdJ ifapy; xU ifg;ghit
kw;Wk; jdJ nrhe;j guk;giu gjtpia mspj;jhu;.
Mdhy; kuhl;bag; NguuR tl> njd;dpe;jpahtpy; tpuptile;jNghJ>
ghyh[p tp];tehj; vd;gtupd; kfdhd gh[puht; I (1720–1740) vd;w
Ng\;th`papy; kuhl;ba $l;likg;G njhlq;fpaJ. Ng\;th jd; fPof
; z;l

Jizg; gzpahsu;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; ngUk; gFjpfis nfhz;L gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk;
te;jhu;:
••uNkh[p rpe;jpahtpd; fPo; Fthypau;
••jhkh[p nfa;f;thj;jpd; fPo; gNuhlh
Fwpg;Gfs;
••ky;ù; uht; N`hy;fu; fPo; ,z;Nlhu;
••uF[p Ngh];Nytpd; fPo; ehf;G+u;
Ng\;thtpd; Mrdk; G+dhtpy; ,Ue;jJ. rh`{ ngaustpw;F
kd;ddhf kl;LNk ,Ue;jhu;. ,e;j $l;lzpahdJ ,uz;L Ng\;thf;fs;
fz;bg;ghd Kiwapy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ:
••gh[p uht; (1720–1740)
••ghyh[p gh[p uht; (1740–1761)
mfkJ \h mg;jhyp vd;w Mg;fhdpa uhZtj;jpd; %d;whtJ
ghdpg;gl; Nghupy; kuhl;bau;fspd; Njhy;tp Ng\;thtpd; gjtpia kpfTk;
gytPdkhf Mf;fp tpl;lJ. mtu; ,g;NghJ gl;dtp]; kw;w kuhl;ba
jiytu;fisAk; rhu;e;Js;shu;.
kuhl;bau;fspd; $l;likg;Gj; Njhw;wk;> uh[huhk; my;yJ ruQ;rk;
Kiw> ,uh[uhk; mtu;fshy; GJg;gpf;fg;gLtjw;F milahsk; fhzg;glyhk;.
Mdhy;> gh[puht; fhyj;jpy;> me;j mikg;G jdf;fhd mbj;jsj;ij
cUthf;fpf; nfhz;lJ. ,e;j nray;ghl;by;> ,e;jpahtpd; gy;NtW
gFjpfspypUe;J nrsj; kw;Wk; ru;Nj\;Kfpia Nrfupf;f rh`{ jdJ gy;NtW
kuhj;jh ru;jhUf;F fbjq;fis toq;fpdhu;. ,e;j mjpfhuf; fbjq;fs;
ruQ;rk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ld. ,e;j rh];jpuq;fis itj;jpUg;gtu;fs;
ruk;Qj; hu;fs; vdg;gl;ldu;. rh`{ kiwTf;Fg; gpwF kuhl;ba Ng];th];
jq;fs; ngaustpyhd jiytuhf kl;LNk mq;ff P upj;Js;sdu;. ,e;j
tifapy;> kpf Kf;fpakhd kuhl;ba [hfPuj ; hu;fisf; nfhz;l $l;likg;G
cUthdJ. mtw;wpy; rpy tUkhW:
••nguupd; uhF[p Nghd;];Ny
••gNuhlhtpd; nfa;f;thl;
••,e;Njhupd; N`hy;fu;
••Fthypaupd; rpe;jpah
••G+dhtpd; Ng\;th
1. Kjyhk; Mq;fpNyh-kuhl;bag; Nghu; (1775–1782)

Kjy; Mq;fpNyh-kuhl;bag; Nghu;> Ng\;th ehuhazuhia nfhd;w gpd;du;
uFehj; uht;> Ng\;th gjtpia tfpf;Fk;NghJ njhlq;fpaJ. Mdhy;
ehuhazuhtpd; tpjit khjt uht; ehuhazDf;F gpwe;jhu;. ehdh
jiyikapy; kuhl;ba ru;jhu;fs; rpW khjt; uht; ehuhazid Ng\;th
vd;W Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. xU ez;gid Njb te;j uFehj; uhkplk;>
khu;r; 7> 1775 md;W R+uj; efupy; Mq;fpNyaUld; xg;ge;jk; Kbj;jhu;.
,e;j cld;gbf;if gpupl;b\hUf;Fk; kuhl;baUf;Fk; ,ilNa Kjy;
NghUf;F toptFj;jJ.

gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk; Kjy; Mq;fpNyh-kuhj;jpa Nghupd; fhuzq;fs;
Kjy; Mq;fpNyh-kuhl;bag; Nghupd; fhuzq;fs; tUkhW:
••uFehj; uhTld; el;G
Fwpg;Gfs; ••jyPNfhtpy; kuhl;bau;fshy; Mq;fpNyau;fspd; Njhy;tp (1776)
••kj;jpa ,e;jpah topahf fy;fj;jhtpypUe;J mfkjhghj;jpd; fPo;
cs;s gpupl;b\; uhZtj;jpd; mzptFg;G (mJ me;j ehl;fspy;
xU khngUk; ,uhZt rhjidahf ,Ue;jJ) kw;Wk; topapy;
ml;lfhrkhd ntw;wpfs; ngw;wd. (1779–1780)
••,uz;L tUlj;jpw;fhd Kl;Lf;fl;il kw;Wk; Kl;Lf;fl;ilg;
G+l;Lk; (1781–1782) fhuzkhFk;.
KbTfs;
Kjy; Mq;fpNyh-kuhj;jpa Nghupd; KbTfs; tUkhW:
••R+uj; cld;gbf;if (1775): uFehj; uht; ifnaOj;jpl;lhu;
mjpy; ghNrdpd; kPJk; kw;Wk; rhy;rl; kPJk; iftpLtjhf
thf;FWjp nfhLj;jhu;. gk;gha;f;F mUfpYs;s xU rpy jPTfs;
Mq;fpNyau;fsplk; ,Ue;jd.
R+uj;ij xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhz;l Vw;ghLfs; tUkhW:
oouFehj; uhzpAld; 2>500 Ngu; nfhz;l gilAld; cjt
Mq;fpNyau;fs; rk;kjpj;jdu;.
oorhy;rl; kw;Wk; g\py; MfpNahUf;F Mq;fpNyaiu
mspf;f uFehj; uht; rk;kjk; ngw;whu; kw;Wk; MW yl;rk;
ghJfhg;Gf;fhf Kd;njhif nra;ag;gl;lJ.
ookuhl;bau;fs; tq;fhsk; kw;Wk; fu;ehlfhtpy; Nrhjid
elj;jtpy;iy.
ooR+uj;> ghUQ;r; Mfpa rpy gFjpfs; Mq;fpNyaUf;F
nfhLf;fg;gLk;.
ooGNdTld; xg;ge;jk; nra;a uFehj; uht; KbntLj;jhy;
Mq;fpNyaupd; <LghL mjpy; ,Ue;jJ.
gk;gha; kw;Wk; kjuh]; murhq;fj;jhy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l rl;l
newpKiwr; rl;lk; 1773-y; fy;fj;jh rigahy; NkYk; tYthapw;W.
gk;gha; murhq;fj;jpd; eltbf;iffs; ‘mghafukhdJ’>
‘mq;ffP hukw;wJ’> ‘mepahak;’; vd;W ,e;j FOthy; fz;ldk;
nra;jNjhL R+uj; cld;gbf;ifia epuhfupj;jJ. khu;r; 1> 1776
md;W Gue;ju; cld;gbf;ifia KbTf;F nfhz;L te;j GNdTf;F
Jizahf mDg;gpaJ.
••Gue;ju; cld;gbf;if (1776): khjtuht; II ifnaOj;jpl;l
epWtdj;jpd; xg;ge;jj;jpy; kpfg; ngupa Nghu; FiwghLfs; kw;Wk;
rhy;rl;ilj; jf;fitj;Jf; nfhz;lJ.
Gue;ju; cld;gbf;ifapd; Vw;ghLfs; tUkhW:

ooMq;fpNyaUk; kuhl;bau;fSk; mikjpia epiyehl;Lthu;fs;;. gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk;
oo,q;fpyhe;J fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk; rhy;rl;ilj; jf;fitj;Jf;
nfhs;Sk;.
oouFehj; uht; F[uhj; kw;Wk; GNd nry;thu; mtUf;F khjk;
Fwpg;Gfs;
2>500 &gha; Xa;T+jpak; mspf;fg;gLk;.
,k;Kiw gk;gha; murhq;fj;jpd; cld;ghL Vw;Gilajhf ,y;iy
kw;Wk; GNdTk; nray;gLj;Jtjpy; Mu;tk; fhl;ltpy;iy. ruhrup
fhyj;jpy; mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghu; (1776–1781) njhlq;fpaJ. ,e;j
Aj;jj;jpy; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fs; Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf mnkupf;fu;fis
Mjupj;jhu;fs;. Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpd; gioa
Nghl;bahsu;fshd gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fs; GNd ju;ghu; mUNf te;jhu;fs;.
Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpd; ,af;Feu; ePjpkd;wk; Gjpa
murpay; tsu;r;rpAld; ftiy nfhz;bUe;jJ mjdhy; mJ Guhz
cld;gbf;ifia epuhfupj;jJ. gk;gha; muR kfpo;r;rpahf ,Ue;jJ
kw;Wk; fy;fj;jh rigf;F mtkhdkhf ,Ue;jJ. gk;gha; muR uFehj;
uhTld; (R+uj; cld;gbf;ifAld;) cwTfis GJg;gpj;Jf; nfhz;lJ
(etk;gu; 1778) xU gpupl;b\; gilfs; R+uj;Jf;F mDg;gg;gl;lJ gpupl;b\;
JUg;Gf;fs; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L gk;gha; murhq;fk; epu;g;ge;jpf;fg;gl;lJ
kw;Wk; gk;gha; muR GNd ju;ghUld; thl;fhd; cld;gbf;if
ifnaOj;jpLk; fl;lhaj;jpw;F js;sg;gl;lJ.
thl;fhd; cld;gbf;if: Vw;ghLfs;

thl;fhd; cld;gbf;if Fwpj;j Vw;ghLfs; tUkhW:
••gk;gha; murhq;fk; vy;yhg; gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk; jpUk;Gk;. mJ 1773
f;F gpd;du; kuhl;bau;fshy; Mf;fpukpg;G nra;ag;gl;lJ.
••tq;fhsj;jpypUe;J Mq;fpNyag; gil tUtij gk;gha; muR
epWj;jptpLk;.
••rpe;;jpahtpw;F gh&r; %yk; XusT tUkhdk; fpilf;Fk;.
,e;j cld;gbf;if kPz;Lk; xUKiw fy;fj;jh murhq;fk;
kw;Wk; gk;gha; murhq;fj;Jf;fpilNa gpsT Vw;gLj;jpaJ. thud;
ftu;dupd; jiyik ftu;du; (1773–1785) thl;fhd; khehl;il
epuhfupj;jhu;. fhl;thu;l; jiyikapyhd xU gil tq;fhsj;jpypUe;J
te;J mfkjhghj; (gpg;utup> 1780) kw;Wk; ghNraupia (brk;gu;>
1780) md;W ifg;gw;wpaJ Mdhy; Mq;fpNyag; gil GNdapy;
(Vg;uy;> 1781) Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lJ. Nfg;ld; ghg;`hk; jiyikapyhd
kw;nwhU gpupl;b\; ,uhZtk; fy;fj;jhtpypUe;J te;J Fthypaiu
ntd;wJ (3 Mf];L 1780) rpe;jpah $l rpg;uhtpy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;
(16 gpg;utup 1781)> Mq;fpNyaUf;fpilNa kj;jpa];juhf gzpahw;w
rk;kjpj;jhu; kw;Wk; GNd ju;ghupy;; ry;gha; (17 Nk 1782) xg;ge;jk;
nra;jJ.
••ry;gha; cld;gbf;if (1782): k`hj;[p rpe;jpah ifnaOj;jpl;l
,e;jpa murpaypy; gpupl;b\; nry;thf;F kw;Wk; gu];gu Nkhjy;fs;

gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk; kuhl;bau;fspilNa mjpfupj;jJ. Mdhy; gpupl;b\hUf;F ,UgJ
Mz;Lfs; kuhl;bau;fSf;F mikjpia mspj;jJ.
ry;gha; cld;gbf;if Fwpj;j Vw;ghLfs; tUkhW:
oogpupl;b\;fhuu;fs; u`f;ehj; uhit Mjupj;jhu;. Mdhy; mtu;
Fwpg;Gfs;
GNdapy; ,Ue;J Ng\;th jiyik mYtyf Xa;T+jpak;
ngw;whu;.
oorhy;rl; kw;Wk; vypgz;lh Mfpait Mq;fpyNyaUf;F
toq;fg;gl;ld.
oorpe;jpah epyj;ij aKidf;F Nkw;Nf nfhz;L te;J tpl;lJ..
ookw;w gFjpfis xUtUf;nfhUtu; jpUg;gp mDg;g kuhl;bau;fis
Mq;fpNyau;fs; rk;kjpj;jdu;.
Ry;gha; cld;gbf;if jw;Nghija epiyia epWtpaJ. mLj;j
,UgJ Mz;LfSf;F kuhl;bau;fsplkpUe;J mtu;fSf;F mikjp
fpilj;jjhy; ,e;epWtdk; gadile;jJ. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s
ikR+Uupy; ,Ue;j mtu;fspd; fLikahd vjpupfSf;F vjpuhf
mtu;fsJ Mw;wYk; tsq;fisAk; mtu;fs; Ftpj;Jf; nfhs;s
Kbe;jJ.
2. ,uz;lhk; Mq;fpNyh-kuhj;jpg; Nghu; (1803–1806)

kuhl;ba $l;lhl;rp gw;wpa cl;fl;rp G+ry; mtu;fis kPz;Lk; Nghu;
tpspk;gpy; nfhz;L te;jJ. Ng\;th; gh[puht; II, gPl;J[p N`hy;fu;
nfhy;yg;gl;l gpwF [];te;j; uht; N`hy;fupd; rNfhjuu; GNdapy; ,Ue;J
jg;gp Xbtpl;ldu;. GNdtpy; tpehaf; uhit N`hy;fu; mkur; nra;jhu;.
gh[puht; kw;Wk; gNrapd; 1802 brk;gu; 31 md;W Mq;fpNyaUld;
xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhz;lhu;. ,j;jifa epiyikiaNa vg;NghJk;
vjpu;ghu;j;J Njbf; nfhz;bUe;j epWtdk; Ng\;thit Vwj;jho xU
nghk;ikahfg; ngw;wJ.
••ghNrapd; cld;gbf;if (1802): gh[puht; II-f;F ,ilNa
ifnaOj;jplg;gl;l ,e;j cld;gbf;if kuhj;jpia kl;Lky;y>
jpwikahd fl;Lg;ghl;ilf; nfhLj;jJ. Mdhy; jf;fhz
gpuhe;jpaq;fSk; epWtdj;Jf;F te;jd.
ghNrapd;; cld;gbf;if Vw;ghLfs; tUkhW:
ooMq;fpyNyaUf;F 600 JUg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; gPuq;fpfs; Ng\;thTf;F
cjTk;.
ooNg\;th epWtd Ml;rp epytuq;fSf;F 26 yl;rk; &gha;
tUkhdk; toq;f KbT nra;jJ. Jq;fgj;uhf;F mUfpYs;s rpy
gpuNjrq;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l gFjpfs; F[uhj; kw;Wk; njw;Nf
Mf;ukpf;fgl;l lhg;b> kw;Wk; eghu;lh j];jp gFjpfspy; ,Ue;jd.
ooMq;fpyNyau;fis jtpu NtW ve;j INuhg;gpaj;ijAk; jdJ
gilapy; itj;jpUf;f khl;Nld; vd;W Ng\;th thf;FWjp
mspj;jhu;.

ooR+uj;jpy; Ng\;th jdJ $w;iw tpl;Lf; nfhLg;ghu;. gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk;
ooMq;fpyNyaupd; xg;Gjy; ,y;yhky; Ng\;th kw;w khepyq;fSld;
ve;j ntspehl;L cwTk; nfhz;bUf;f khl;lhu;.
ooi`juhghj; ep[hk; cld; ,Ue;jhy; Ng\;th mjd; midj;J
Fwpg;Gfs;
ru;r;irfisAk; jPu;g;ghu; kw;Wk; nfa;f;thl; epWtdj;;Jld;
gNuhlh ,zf;fg;ghL nfhz;lJ.
Mu;ju; nty;ny];yp cjtpAld; Ng\;th Nk 13> 1803
md;W GNdtpy; Eioe;J mij ifg;gw;wpdu;. Mdhy;> ghNrapd;
cld;gbf;if kw;w kuhl;baj; jiytu;fshy; ngUk; mtkhdkhf
czug;gl;lJ. Njt;yl; uht; rpe;jpah kw;Wk; uF[p Nghd;];Ny MfpNahu;
gpupl;b\hUf;F vjpuhf ifNfhu;j;Js;sdu;. rkhjhdj;ij
nfhz;LtUtjw;Fg; gjpyhf ,e;j cld;gbf;if Aj;jj;ij
nfhz;Lte;jJ. Mf];l; 1803 md;W kuhl;ba ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tlf;F
kw;Wk; njw;fpy; ,Ue;J Nghu; njhlq;fpaJ. nghJthf Vup kw;Wk;
njw;F fl;lisg;gb Mu;ju; nty;ny];yp tlf;F fl;lis jiyikahy;
jhq;fg;gl;lJ gpupl;b\hu;> gz;by;fz;bYk; kw;Wk; xuprhtpy; F[uhj;jpYk;
rz;iliaj; njhlq;fpdu;. vy;yh kuhl;baj; jiytu;fSk; ntt;NtW
,lq;fspy; <LgLj;jg;gl;ldu; kw;Wk; xd;Wgl mtu;fis mDkjpf;f
$lhJ. nrg;lk;gu; 23> 1803 Mu;ju; nty;ny];yp mTuq;fhghj; mUNf
M]hNa vd;w ,lj;jpy; xU $l;Lg; gilia Njhw;fbj;jhu;. Fthypau;
brk;gu; 15> 1803 md;W tpOe;jhu;. nly;ypapy; cs;s Mf;uhtpy; mypgpup
efupy; mf;Nlhgu; khjk; 1803 md;W tlf;Fg; nghJ Vup ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
kPz;Lk; ythup (etk;gu; 1803) md;W rpe;jpah Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L> rhk;gy;
ejpapd; njw;Fg; gFjpia ,oe;jJ. Mq;fpNyau;fs; fl;lhf; kw;Wk;
F[uhj; kw;Wk; gz;by;fhz;lia ifg;gw;wp ntw;wp ngw;whu;fs;.
,e;j mtkhdfukhd Njhy;tp Ng\;ththy; ifnaOj;jplg;gl;l
mNj khjpupahd cld;ghl;il Kbtpw;F nfhz;Ltu Nghd;];Ny kw;Wk;
rpe;jpah epu;g;ge;jpf;fg;gl;ldu;. 17 brk;gu; ,y; 1803 Nghd;];Nyapy;
bufhd; kw;Wk; brk;gu; 30 njsyj;; uht; rpe;jpah> Ru;[u;[d;-fhd; rkhjhd
cld;gbf;if xg;ge;jj;jpy; ru;[p ifnaOj;jpl;lhu;. Nghd;];Ny fl;lhf;>
ghyNrhu;> kw;Wk; thu;jh ejpapd; Nkw;Fg; gFjpia Mq;fpNyaUf;F
mspj;jhu;. rpe;jpah n[a;g;G+u;> N[hj;G+u;> tlf;Nf Nfhfl; mfkJefu;>
gh^r;> m[e;jh MfpNahUf;F mspj;jhu;. fq;iff;Fk; aKidf;Fk;
,ilg;gl;l vy;yhg; gpuNjrq;fSk;. ep[hk; mtu;fspd; epYitapy; cs;s
gpur;ridfis jPu;j;J itg;gjpy; ,UtUNk cld;gl;lhu;fs; kw;Wk;
Ng\;th mtu;fs; Mq;fpNya cjtpia ehLthu;fs;. Mq;fpNyaupd;
ve;jg; giftUk; jkJ jiyefupy; trpg;gij mDkjpf;f khl;Nlhk;
vd;W mtu;fs; xg;Gf;nfhz;lhu;fs;; mtu;fs; jq;fs; jiyefuj;jpy;
xU gpupl;b\;fhuiu itj;Jf; nfhz;L ghNrapd; cld;gbf;ifia
Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;fs;. N`hy;fu; Vg;uy; 1804 y; Nghu; njhlq;fpaJ. Nfhlh
mUNf cs;s KFe;j; jhuh vd;w gFjpapy; fhdy; Nkhd;rd; vd;gtiu
Njhw;fbj;j gpd;du; nly;ypia Nehf;fp Kd;Ndwpa mtu; nly;ypia
ifg;gw;Wk; Kaw;rpapy; Njhy;tpailr; nra;jhu;. etk;gu; 13k; Njjp 1804
kw;Wk; etk;gu; 17> 1804 md;W ghUfhghj; Mfpa Njjpfspy; mtu;

gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,Wjpahf> mtu; gpupl;b\hUld; [dtup 7Mk; Njjp
1806 md;W ,uh[Gu;fl; Jiwapy; xU cld;gbf;ifia Kbj;jhu;.
rhk;ghs;> Gd;`y;fy; kw;Wk; Ng\;th MfpNahupd; vy;iyg;gFjpapy;
tlf;Nf ,Uf;Fk; ,lq;fspy; jdJ $w;Wf;fis iftpl mtu;
Fwpg;Gfs; xg;Gf;nfhz;lhu;. mtu; jdJ uh[;[paj;jpy; Mq;fpyj;ij jtpu NtW
ve;j INuhg;gpaiu kfpo;tpf;ftpy;iy vd;W cWjpaspj;jhu;. ,jw;Fg;
gjpyhf> rk;gs; ejpapd; njw;Fg; gFjpapy; jiyaplg;Nghtjpy;iy
vd;W Mq;fpNyau;fs; thf;FWjp mspj;jdu;.
3. %d;whk; Mq;fpNyh kuhj;jpg; Nghu; (1817–1818)

%d;whtJ Mq;fpNya kuhl;bag; Nghu;> ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\;
Vfhjpgj;jpaj; tbtikg;GlDk; kw;Wk; kuhl;ba murpd; ,ay;GlDk;
xusT njhlu;GilaJ. 1813 y; gl;lak; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. ,J
Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpd; VfNghf cupikia KbTf;F
nfhz;L te;jJ. jw;NghJ midj;J Mq;fpNya epWtdq;fSk;
,e;jpahtpy; jq;fs; jahupg;Gfis tpw;f mDkjp ngw;W ,e;jpahtpypUe;J
%yg;nghUl;fis thq;f mDkjpf;fg;gl;ld. gpupl;b\; Kjyhspfs;
mjpf re;ijia Njbdu;. ,e;jpag; gFjpfis ,izj;Jf; nfhs;tJ
,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;B\; nghUl;fSf;F ngupa re;ijiaAk; gpupl;b\;
njhopw;rhiyfSf;F kypthd %yg; nghUl;fisAk; nfhLj;jd vd;W
nghUs;gLk;. ,e;jpa gUj;jp kw;Wk; jf;fhz kz;lyj;ij Mq;fpNya
gUj;jp Miyfs; ngupJk; ek;gpapUe;jd gUj;jp cw;gj;jpahy;
Gfo;ngw;wJ. ,e;jpa khepyq;fSldhd ‘jiyaPL mw;w’ nfhs;if
,dpAk; nghUj;jkw;wJ.
kuhj;jpfSf;F vjpuhd Nghiu elj;Jtjw;F xU jtpu;f;ftpayhj
Njliy epWtdk; Njbf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. gpe;jhup]pd; gpur;rpid xU
tha;g;igf; nfhLj;Js;sJ. gy rhjpfisAk; kw;Wk; tFg;GfisAk;
nfhz;l gpe;jhup];fs; kuhl;ba uhZtj;Jld; ,ize;jpUe;jdu;.
mtu;fs; ngUk;ghYk; kuhl;baj; jiytu;fspd;fPo; $ypg;gilfis
Nghy; gzpahw;wpdhu;fs;. Mdhy; kuhl;ba Kjy;tu; gytPdkhfp>
mtu;fis Kiwahf Ntiyf;F mku;j;jj; jtwpajhy; epWtdk;
my;yJ mjd; $l;lhspfspd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; ,Ue;j gFjpfs;
cl;gl gy;NtW gFjpfis mtu;fs; R+iwahlg; njhlq;fpdu;. epWtdk;
kPJ kuhj;jpau;fSf;F milf;fyk; kw;Wk; Cf;fk; nfhLj;jjw;fhf
Fw;wr;rhl;L vOfpd;wd.
gpuG> ftu;du; n[duy; (1813–1823) khy;thtpy; cs;s
gpz;lhu;fis xU ngupa uhZtj;jhy; R+o;e;J nfhs;s xU jpl;lj;ij
Nkw;nfhz;lhu; kw;Wk; kuhl;bau;fs; mtu;fSf;F cjtp nra;tij
jLf;fTk; nra;jdu;. 1817 ,Wjpf;Fs; 1818 Muk;gj;jpy; rk;ghs;
KOtJk; gpz;lhu;fs; Ntl;ilahlg;gl;ldu;. ,jpy; Mapuf;fzf;fhNdhu;
gypahfpdu;. mtu;fsJ jiytu;fshd mkPu; fhd; kw;Wk; fuPk; fhd;
MfpNahu; kpfTk; Mgj;jhd> rpJ> mrpu;fu; Mfpa ehLfspy; ,Ue;J jg;gpr;
nrd;wdu;. Mq;fpyj;jpw;Fk; kuhl;bau;fSf;FkpilNa Neubr; rz;il
eilngw;wJ. vdpDk;> fhf;thj; J}juhf ,Ue;j fq;fhju rh];jpup>

Ng\;th gpujk ke;jpupahf ,Ue;j buad;gh[p %yk; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk;
Mq;fpNyau; vy;gpd;];ld; Ng\;thtplk; buha;gh[papd; ifiag; gw;wpf;
$wpdhu;. Mdhy; mtu; jg;gpdhu;. GNdit fu;dy; ];kpj; Kw;Wifapl;lhu;
kw;Wk; Ng\;th GNd cld;gbf;if ([_d; 13> 1817) ifnaOj;jpLkhW
fl;lhag;gLj;jpdhu; kuhl;ba $l;likg;G fiyf;fg;gl;lJ Ng\;th Fwpg;Gfs;
jiyik KbTf;F nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. m`kj; Nfhl;il gz;by;fhd;l;
kw;Wk; khy;thtpd; gue;j epyg;gug;G epWtdj;jpw;F mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
GNdapy; Mq;fpNya gilfis itj;jpUf;f Ng\;th rk;kjpj;jhu;
kw;Wk; jpupahd;gd;[p tiu gpupl;b\; fhtypy; ,Ue;j mtuJ FLk;gk;
ifJ nra;ag;gl;lJ my;yJ ruzile;jJ.
GNd cld;gbf;if kPz;Lk; xUKiw kuhl;bau;fSf;F
mtkhdj;ijf; nfhLj;Js;sJ. me;j Ng\;thTk; kfpo;r;rpaile;J
tpl;lhu;. gopthq;Ftjw;fhf mtu; Muk;gpj;jhu;. MfNt mtu; gpupl;b\;
trpg;gplj;ij vupj;J Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhfg; Nghiuj; njhlq;fpdhu;.
mtu; fpu;fpapy; etk;gu; 1817-,y; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;. mNj khjj;jpy;
Nghd;];Ny Kjy;tuhf ,Ue;j mg;g[p> rpl;ghyhz;b vd;w ,lj;jpy;
Njhy;tpaile;jhu;. kfhj;G+u; Nghupy;> N`hy;fu; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L ([dtup>
1818) khz;l;ru; cld;gbf;ifapy; ifnaOj;jpLk; fl;lhaj;jpw;F
cl;gl;lhu;. eu;kij ejpapd; FWf;Nf ,Ue;j ngupa epyg;gug;igAk;
kw;Wk; rpb fhd;Nli\ mtu; trk; itj;jpUe;jhu;.
Ng\;th Nghiu njhlu;e;jhu; Mdhy; nfhu;fhd; ([dtup> 1818)
,Wjpahf m\;b (gpg;utup> 1818) ruzile;jhu;. mtuJ Ml;rpepyg;gFjpapy;
xU rpW gFjp> rjhuh vd;w mbg;gilapy; rpth[papd; tk;rj;jpd;
topj;Njhd;wy; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; GNd cs;spl;l mtuJ
gpuNjrj;jpd; ngUk;gFjp ,izf;fg;gl;lJ. Ng\;th gjtp iftplg;gl;L
gh[puht; (fhd;G+u; mUNf cs;s fhd;Gu;) gpJhu;f;F mDg;gg;gl;lhu;.
%d;whtJ Mq;fpNyh-kuhl;bag; Nghupd; fhuzq;fs;

%d;whtJ Mq;fpNyh-kuhl;bag; Nghupd; fhuzq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
••gpupl;b\;fSf;F jkJ Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;jij vjpu;j;J
kuhl;bau;fs; kPjhd mjpUg;jp
••kuhl;baj; jiytu;fs; kPjhd gpupl;b\; FbapUg;ghsu;fspd;
fLikahd fl;Lg;ghL Mfpait MFk;.
%d;whtJ Mq;fpNyh-kuhl;bag; Nghupd; KbTfs;

%d;whtJ Mq;fpNyh kuhl;bag; Nghupd; KbTfs; gpd;tUkhW:
••Ng\;th uh[ gjtpapypUe;J ePf;fgl;lhu;(mtu; Xa;T+jpak; ngw;W
fhd;G+u; mUNf cs;s gpj;J}u;f;F mDg;ggl;lhu;) mtuJ
midj;Jg; gFjpfisAk; Mq;fpNyau;fshy; ,izj;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ (gk;gha; khfhzj;jpd; cUthf;fk;).
••kuhj;jpa ngUikia G+u;j;jp nra;a Ng\;th epyq;fspypUe;J
rjuh uh[;[pa cUthf;fk;.

gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk; ,e;jg; NghUf;Fg; gpwF kuhl;baj; jiytu;fs; Mq;fpNyau;fspd;
jatpy; ,Ue;jdu;.
kuhl;bau;fspd; Njhy;tpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

Fwpg;Gfs; kuhl;bau;fspd; Njhy;tpf;fhd fhuzq;fs; tUkhW:
••gytPdkhd Ml;rpahsu;fs;: kuhl;baj; jiytu;fspy; ngUk;ghNyhu;
rpy tpjptpyf;Ffis nfhz;L kuhl;bau;fis topelj;jpr;
nry;y ty;ytu;fshf ,y;yhky; ,Ue;jdu;. nlsyj; uht;
rpe;jpah Nghd;w Ml;rpahsu;fs; Mlk;guj;ij tpUk;Ggtu;fshf
,Ue;jdu;. ,J jtpu> kuhl;ba Ml;rpahsu;fs; xUtUf;nfhUtu;
nghwhik nfhz;bUe;jdu;. vg;NghJk; xUtUf;nfhUtu; vjpuhf rjp
nra;jhu;fs;. mJ me;j gil gpuptpd;; fhuzj;jpw;Fk; cjtpaJ.
••kuhl;ba khepyj;jpd; ,aw;if: kuhl;ba khepyk; vd;WNk
epiyahf ,Ue;jjpy;iy. xU Mq;fpy tuyhw;whrpupau; mtu;fs;

muir ‘nfhs;isf;fhuupd; muR’ vd;W mioj;jhu;. rpth[papd;
kiwTf;Fg; gpwF (1680) gy;NtW kuhl;ba jiytu;fs; jq;fs;
nrhe;j Rje;jpu muRfis nrJf;fpdhu;fs;. Kjyhk; gh[puht;
(1720–1740) ,d; Ng\;th\pg;gpd; NghJ> mtu;fs; Ng\;th cld;
jsu;thd Kiwapy; ,Ue;jdu; Mdhy; ghdpgl; gLNjhy;tpia
mLj;J ([dtup 14> 1761) xUtUf;nfhUtu; tpNuhjpahf khwp>
xUtUf;nfhUtu; gpuNjrj;ij R+iwahb te;jdu;.
••Fiwe;j xOf;fk;: rpth[papd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpYk; kuhl;bag;
Nghupd; NghJ kuhl;ba murpd; kdg;Nghf;Fk; kpf mjpfkhf
,Ue;jjhy; Kfyhau;fspd; Vfhjpgj;jpa gilfis vjpu;j;J
epw;f Kbe;jJ. typikahd jiyik ,y;yhj epiyapy;>
,uhZtj;jpd; xOf;fk; jho;e;jpUe;jJ. kw;Wk; gilapdu; mbf;fb
Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; ,Ue;J jg;gp Xbdu;.
••epiyaw;w nghUshjhuk;: kuhl;ba khepyj;jpd; nghUshjhuk; xyp
mbg;gilapy; ,y;iy. Ntshz;ik Kf;fpa Mjhukhf ,Ue;jJ.
Mdhy; mJ kioia ek;gpapUe;jJ. njhopy; kw;Wk; tzpfj;jpw;F
cupa ftdk; nrYj;jtpy;iy. ve;j xU uh[;aj;jpd; ntw;wpAk;
mjd; tsq;fis ngupJk; rhu;e;jpUe;jJ. tof;fkhd cs;ehl;Lg;
Nghu; kuhl;baupd; tptrhak;> tzpfk; kw;Wk; njhopy;Jiwia
mopj;J tpl;lJ. R+iwahly; vd;gJ mtu;fspd; Kf;fpa
tUkhdkhFk;. kuhl;baj; jiytu;fs; vg;NghJk; fldpy;
fhzg;gl;ldu;. mtu;fs; epiyahd nghUshjhuf; nfhs;ifia
cUthf;f jtwptpl;ldu;. kuhl;ba ,isQu;fs; Ntiy nra;j
gpwF Nghu; kw;Wk; R+iwahLjiy mjpfkhf ehb nrd;wdu;.
giltPuu;fs; vg;NghJk; tpRthrj;ij khw;wpf; nfhz;lhu;fs;.
mtu;fspy; gyu; uhZtj;jpy; gilg;gpuptpy; Nru;e;jdu;> mq;F
mtu;fs; xOq;fhf rk;gsk; ngw;wdu;.
••Mq;fpNyau;fspd; rpwe;j ,uh[je;jpuk;: ve;j xU NghUf;F
Kd;Gk; Mq;fpNyau;fs; rpy $l;lhspfSld; Nru;e;J

vjpupfis jdpikg;gLj;jp te;jdu;. gjpndl;L> gj;njhd;gjhk; gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk;
E}w;whz;by; INuhg;gpa ehLfs; gyTk; filg;gpbj;j nfhs;if
,Jjhd;. Mdhy;> Mq;fpNyau;fs; kpfTk; ntw;wp ngw;wdu;.
,uz;lhk; Mq;fpNyh kuhl;bag; Nghupy;> mtu;fs; Ng\;th kw;Wk;
nff;thl; -d; $l;lhspfshf ,Ue;jdu;. %d;whtJ Mq;fpNya Fwpg;Gfs;
kuhl;bag; Nghupy; mtu;fs; rpe;jpah mtu;fspd; $l;lhspahf
Mdhu;fs;.
••Nkd;ikahd gpupl;b\pd; csT Kiw: epWtdj;jpd; csT
mikg;G Mrpahtpy; nghUe;jtpy;iy. mtu;fs; jq;fs; vjpupfspd;
xt;nthU miritAk; ftdkhf gjpT nra;jhu;fs;. mtu;fsJ gyk;>
gytPdq;fs;> ,uhZt Kiwfs; Nghd;tw;iw gjpT nra;jhu;fs;.
fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpd; xl;Lnkhj;j ,uh[je;jpuk; mtu;fspd;
xw;wu;fs; toq;fpa ‘cs;sPLfis’ mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
kWGwk; kuhl;bau;fs; epWtdj;jpd; nray;ghLfs; Fwpj;J Kw;wpYk;
mwpahikahfNt ,Ue;jdu;. Mq;fpNyau;fs; kuhj;jp kw;Wk;
gpw ,e;jpa nkhopfis fw;wwpe;jdu;> Mdhy; kuhl;bau;fs;
Mq;fpyj;ij fw;f jtwptpl;ldu;. mtu;fSf;F ,q;fpyhe;J>
Mq;fpNya kf;fs;> mtu;fSila njhopw;rhiyfs;> MAjq;fs;
kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ cj;jp gw;wpa mwpT ,y;iy. Nghu;f;fsj;jpy;
Nghu;fs; elj;jg;gl;ld Mdhy;> Njitg;gLk; ‘cs;sPLfSf;F’
Vw;g cj;jpfs; Nkir kPJ nray;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
••kuhl;bau;fSf;F Njrpa czu;T ,y;iy: jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy;
kuhl;bau;fs; Gj;jprhypfs; kw;Wk; ijuparhypfs;. Mdhy;
cs;ehl;L nghwhik kw;Wk; Raeykw;w JNuhfq;fs; nghJ
eydpYk; ntw;wp ngw;Wtpl;ld.
••kuhl;bau;fSf;F mwptpay; czu;T ,y;iy: mwptpaypd;
jpahfj;jpy; kjj;ijg; ghJfhf;f kuhl;bau;fs; Kad;wdu;.
mtu;fs; jq;fs; kjj;ij ,oe;JtpLNthk; vd;w mr;rj;jpy; etPd
fUtpfis ifahs;tij jtpu;j;jdu;. ghJfhg;G vd;w Kf;fpa
Mjutpy; gPuq;fpfis cUthf;f mtu;fs; jtwptpl;ldu;.
••ghJfhg;Gf; nfhs;if: kuhl;bau;fs; jq;fs; ehl;ilf; fhf;Fk;
gilapduhf ntspehl;ltu;fis mku;j;jpdhu;fs;. ,t;tpjk;
kuhl;bag; gilapy; xUgbj;jd;ik ,Uf;ftpy;iy. NkYk;>
mtu;fs; typikahd flw;gilia cUthf;f jtwptpl;ldu;.
••gpupj;jhdpahtpd; kpfr;rpwe;j ,uhZt mikg;G: etPd Nghu;
El;gj;ij kuhl;bau;fs; Vw;f jtwptpl;ldu;. k`hj;[p rpe;jpah jtpu>
ve;j kuhl;ba Kjy;tUk; gPuq;fp Fz;LfSf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
nfhLf;ftpy;iy. mtUk; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fisNa ek;gpapUe;jhu;.
GNd murhq;fk; xU gPuq;fp Jiwia mikj;jJ> Mdhy; mJ
jpwk;gl nray;gltpy;iy. kuhl;bau;fs; jq;fsJ ghuk;gupa
Kiwahd xOq;fw;w Aj;j Nghu; KiwiaAk; tpl;Lf; nfhLj;jdu;.
mJ Kfyhau;fis jLj;jJ. mJ kl;Lky;yhky; kuhl;bau;fspd;
$ypg;gil tPuu;fSf;F ve;j cs;Nehf;fKk; ,y;iy.

gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk;
kuhl;bau;fspd; gQ;rhg; kPjhd gilnaLg;gJk;> Mf;fpukpg;Gk; mtu;fis
mfkJ \h mg;jhYld; NkhjYf;F nfhz;Lte;jJ. ghdpgl;(ùpahdh)
Fwpg;Gfs; vd;w ,lj;jpy; 1761 [dtup 14 md;W %d;whtJ ghdpgl; Nghu;
eilngw;wJ. mfkJ \h Juhdp jiyikapyhd Mg;fhdpau;fspd;
gykhd gPuq;fpg; gil kw;Wk; Fjpiug; gil kuhl;bau;fspd; gpnuQ;Rj;
Jg;ghf;fpg;gil kw;Wk; Fjpiug;gil kPJ jhf;Fjy; elj;jpd. ,e;j
Nghu; 18Mk; E}w;whz;by; Nghuhba kpfg; ngupa Nghu;fspy; xd;whf
fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j Nghupy; 1>25000 Ngu; tiu <Lgl;ldu; NkYk;
,g;Nghu; gy ehl;fs; ePbj;jJ. ,U gf;fq;fspYk; ,og;Gfs; kw;Wk;
Mjhaq;fSld; ePbj;j rz;ilfs; Vw;gl;ld. mfkJ \h Juhzp
jiyikapyhd gilfs; gy kuhj;jpa gf;fthl;L gilfis
mopj;j gpwF ntw;wp ngw;wd. ,U jug;gpYk; Vw;gl;l ,og;Gfspd;
kPJ tuyhw;wha;thsu;fs; ngUk; ru;r;irfis nfhz;L te;jdu;.
Mdhy; ,g;Nghupy; 60000–70000 Ngu; nfhy;yg;gl;ljhf ek;gg;gLfpwJ>
mNjNtis fhakile;jtu;fs; kw;Wk; ifjpfspd; vz;zpf;ifAk;
fzprkhf NtWgLfpd;wd. tlf;fpy; kuhj;jpau;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wq;fis
epWj;jpaNj ,g;Nghupd; tpisT MFk; .
%d;whk; ghdpgl; NghUf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

%d;whk; ghdpgl; NghUf;F gy fhuzq;fs; cs;sd. mtw;wpy; rpy
gpd;tUkhW.
••ehjpu; \htpd; gilnaLg;Gfs;: fu;zyUNf nkhfyhag; gilfis
ehjpu;\h Njhw;fbj;jhu;. gpd;du; mtu; nly;yp Nehf;fp nrd;W 57
ehl;fs; jq;fpapUe;jhu;. 348 Mz;Lfshf Ftpf;fg;gl;l nry;t
tsj;ijak;> nly;ypapypUe;J Gfo;ngw;w kapy; rpk;khrdj;ijAk;
gwpj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. ehjpu;\htpd; gilnaLg;G nkhfyhag;
Nguurpd; gytPdj;ij mk;gyg;gLj;jpaJ. mJ Mg;fhdpau;fs;
,e;jpahit Mf;fpukpf;f Cf;Ftpj;jJ.
••mfkJ \h mg;jhypapd; ,yl;rpaq;fs;: mtu; xU yl;rpa
Ml;rpahsu;> kw;Wk; xU fk;gPukhd gil tPuu; Mthu;. ,e;jpahit
Mo Ntz;Lk; vd;W fdT fz;l mtu;> ntWkNd nfhs;isabf;Fk;
jhf;Fjfs; %yk; jpUg;jpailatpy;iy.
••gQ;rhgpy; kuhl;bag; gilfspd; jhf;Fjy;: ehjpu;\htpd;
thupRfSf;F nrhe;jkhd me;j gFjpfis kuhl;bag; gilfs;
jhf;fpaJ. mfkJ \h mg;jhyp kuhl;bau;fSf;F ghlk; fw;gpf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; mtu;fspd; mjpfhuj;ij Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;
tpUk;gpdhu;.
••cs;fl;rp ru;r;irfs;: cs;ehl;Lg; G+ry;fs; me;epag;
gilnaLg;gpw;F fhuzkhf mikj;jd. mfg; G+ry;fis
mfkJ \h mg;jhyp KOikahfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhu;.
Kfyhau;fs;> uh[Gj;jpuu;fs;> Nuh`py;yu;fs; kw;Wk; kuhl;bau;fs;

,ize;J jq;fs; nghJ vjpupia vjpu;nfhs;stpy;iy. mtu;fs; gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk;
xd;whf ,ize;J ,Ue;jpUe;jhy;> mg;jypahy; kuhl;bau;fis
eRf;FtJ mt;tsT Rygkhdfhupakhf ,Ue;jpUf;fhJ.
u[Gu;jhdh khepyq;fspd; (,d;iwa ,uh[];jhd;) cs;ehl;L
tptfhuq;fspy; kuhl;bau;fs; jiyapl;L> fLikahd tupfisAk;> Fwpg;Gfs;
ngUk; mguhjq;fisAk; mtu;fs; kPJ tpjpj;jpUe;jdu;. mtu;fs;
mthj; kPJ ngupa gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; epjp rhu;e;j Nfhupf;iffis
Kd;itj;jdu;. [hl; Ml;rpepyg;gFjpapy; R+u[; khy; Nghd;w
[hl; jiytu;fis ek;gp mtu;fs; elj;jpa jhf;Fjy;fshy;
,og;G Vw;gl;lJ. MfNt mtu;fs; jq;fs; vjpupfis vjpu;j;J
jdpj;J Nghuhl Ntz;bapUe;jJ. kuhl;bau;fspd; Njhy;tpf;F
Kf;fpa fhuzk; mtu;fs; ey;y el;G ehLfshf ,y;yhky;
NghUf;Fr; nrd;whu;fs; vd;gJjhd;.
••njw;fpy; ,Ue;J gQ;rhgpd; J}uk;: kuhl;bau;fs; gQ;rhg;gpd;
gFjpfisf; ifg;gw;wpdhYk;> njw;fpy; ,Ue;J gQ;rhg;gpy;
Ml;rp nra;tJ fbdk;. Vnddpy; kuhl;bau;fs; njw;fpy;
cs;s tPLfspy; ,Ue;J tpyfp ,Uf;f tpUk;gtpy;iy. ,oe;j
gFjpfis kPz;Lk;> mfkJ \h vspjhf;ff; $ba gzpia
nra;jdu;. tlf;F vy;iyia Kiwahfg; ghJfhf;f kuhl;bau;fs;
mf;fiw nfhs;stpy;iy. kuhl;bau;fs; gQ;rhgpy; FbNawp
,Ue;jpUe;jhy;> mg;Jy;fyhkpd; ntw;wp re;Njfj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
••U`py;];Ald; kuhj;jpa cwT: Kfyhau;fs;; Uùhtpw;F vjpuhf
rpe;jpah> N`hf;fu; MfpNahupd; Mjuitg; ngw;wjhy; U`py;Sld;
ey;y cwTfisf; nfhs;stpy;iy. ,r;R+o;epiyapy;> U`psu;fs;
mfkJ \h mgpliy ,e;jpahtpw;F gilnaLf;f mioj;jdu;.
••Mg;fhdpd; tYthd epiy: ehbu; \h nfhiy nra;ag;gl;l
gpd;du;> mgplyp mupaiz ngw;W jdJ mjpfhuj;ij Nkk;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;lhu;. xU tUl FWfpa fhyj;jpy;> kPz;Lk; ,e;jpah kPJ
gilnaLf;Fk; msTf;F tYthf ,Ue;jhu;.
••,e;J khepykhf epWt kuhl;bau;fspd; fdT: Kfyhau;fspd;
gytPdq;fis mwpe;J> Kfyha Nguurpd; ,bghLfs; Fwpj;J xU
,e;J khepyj;ij epWt KbAk; vd;W mtu;fs; epidj;jhu;fs;.
Mdhy;> mg;Jy; myp mtu;fspd; fdTfs; eilKiwf;F
tuNtz;Lk; vd;W xUNghJk; tpUk;gpajpy;iy.
%d;whk; ghdpgl; Nghu; (1761)

ghdpgl;by; ,U Nghl;b uhZtj;jpdUk; NeUf;F Neu; 2 khjq;fSf;Fk;
Nkyhf epd;wdu;. Nkhjy;fs;> rpWrpW Nghu;fs; ele;jd. Mg;fhdpa
Fjpiug;gil> kuhl;ba Kfhk;fspd; Rw;whly;fs; kPJ Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jp>
mjd; jfty;njhlu;GfisAk;> czT mspg;igAk; Jz;bj;jdu;.
gbg;gbahf> jpifg;Gk; gaq;fuKk;> rpijj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j
kuhl;bau;fis ,J Ml;nfhz;lJ. Mz;fSf;F czT ,y;iy>
FjpiufSf;F Gy; ,y;iy vd;w NghJ Mg;fhdpau;fs; kPJ Neubj;

gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk; jhf;Fjy; elj;j mtu;fs; KbntLj;jdu;. mRj;jKk;> Ju;ehw;wk; tPRk;
NghJ> ‘mJ xU capUs;s eufNk!’ vd;W mtu;fs; $wpdhu;.
ghapd; ,uhZtk; [dtup 15> 1761 md;W NghUf;F ntspNa
mzptFj;Jr; nrd;wJ. fle;j ,uz;L Mz;Lfspy; tp];th]; Uth Rl;Lf;
Fwpg;Gfs; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. clNd> ghK $l nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. kuzj;ij re;jpj;j
Kd;dzpj; jiytu;fSs; [hd;Nfh[p rpe;jpah> JNfh[p rpe;jpah> ,g;uh`pk;
fhd; fhu;jp MfpNahu; mlq;Ftu;. k`hj;[p rpe;jpah jdJ capiu
gypnfhz;l fhaq;fis ngw;whu;. ‘nts;sk; Nghy; xU ehL KOtJk;
NguopT Vw;gl;lJ’. xU KO jiyKiwapdu; jiytu;fSk; gf;fthjk;
Vw;gl;lJ. fsj;jpy; tpOe;jtu;fs; kl;Lky;yhky;> gy jq;Fgtu;fSk;
jq;fs; ePzl; fhy tpkhdj;jpy; czT my;yJ Xa;T ,y;yhky; jq;fs;
tho;it ,oe;Jtpl;ldu;. Rkhu; 50>000 Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk; R+u[;
khypd; jaTk;> tpUe;Njhk;gYk; nfhz;L fhg;ghw;wg;gl;ldu;.
kuhl;bau;fspd; eRf;fpa Njhy;tp vd;gJ vspjpy; tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.
vz;zpf;ifapy; Mg;fhdpau;fs; fzprkhd Nkd;ikiaj;
nfhz;bUe;jdu;. 60>000 Mg;fhdpau;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ ,e;jpa
el;G ehLfSf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lj;jpy; 80>000 tPuu;fs; MjuTld;>
45>000 JUg;Gf;fSk;> 15>000 gpe;jupfSk; gpd;Gwj;jpy; ,Ue;jdu;.
Mg;fhd; uhZtj;jpw;F rpwe;j gapw;rpAk;> fl;Lg;ghLk; ,Ue;jJ. mJ
rpwg;ghf Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;bUe;jJ. NkYk;> ghjpf;F Fiwthd
ehl;by;> xU Gfo;ngw;w uhZtk; kpfr; rpwe;j Mg;fhdpaf; Fjpiug;
gilia re;jpj;jJ. mg;jhyp gPuq;fpg;gil nkd;ikahdjhf ,Ue;jd.
mtu; ‘me;j fhyj;jpy; mwpag;gl;l kpfTk; jpwikahd elkhLk;
gPuq;fpia’ cgNahfpj;jhu;. kuhl;bau;fspd; Gyj; Jg;ghf;fpfs;
Mg;fhdpau;fspd;fistpl ngupa mstpy; ,Ue;jd vd;whYk;> mtu;fs;
Kd;Ndwpf; nfhz;bUe;j JUg;Gf;fshy; Kd;Ndhf;fp ,Of;fg;gl
KbahJ> Aj;jk; cUthfpaJ NghyNt gadw;wjhfp tpl;lJ. gh`{f;F
jFjptha;e;j kw;Wk; ek;gfj;jd;ik nfhz;l mjpfhuk; ,y;yhjjhy;>
mg;Jypapd; Kd;dzp mjpfhupfSf;F xg;gplg;gl;lJ. ky;ù; uht;
N`hy;fu; kj;jpa ikjhdj;jpy; ele;j Nghl;b Kbe;j tiu jP
khw;wgltpy;;iy NkYk;> filrp fl;lj;jpy; mtu; mq;fpUe;J jg;gp
Xbdhu;. mg;Jy; ghia tpl kpf mjpf ,uhZtj; jiytuhfTk;
cf;jpAilatuhfTk; ,Ue;jhu;. ght;> ,uz;liu khjq;fshf Nghu;
xj;jp itf;fg;gl;lij mLj;J ,e;j Njhy;tpia jtpu;f;f Kbahjjhfp
tpl;lJ. Kw;Wifaplg;gl;l Kfhkpy;> jg;gpf;f filrp Kaw;rpia
nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W mtu; epu;g;ge;jpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
murpay; ghu;itapy; ,Ue;J Njhy;tp ngUk;ghYk; uh[;Gl; kw;Wk;
[hl;fspd; ntspg;gilahd kw;Wk; \_[h-cj;-jTyh kw;Wk; e[pg;-
cj;-jTyhitj; jLf;fj; jtwpajd; fhuzkhf Vw;gl;lJ. mg;Jypapd;
gilapy; ghjp Ngu; mtuJ ,e;jpa $l;lhspfshy; nra;ag;gl;l
JUg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; typkpFe;j uh[Gj;jpuu;fs; kw;Wk; [hl;Lfs;
kuhl;bag; gFjpapy; Nghuhltpy;iy. ,e;j epiyikf;F Jg;G vd;gJ>
"Ng\;th fl;lisapl;l> kw;Wk; mtuJ tl ,e;jpaf; nfhs;ifia
elj;jpa ght; kPjhd xl;Lnkhj;j ,uh[je;jpu Njhy;tpia" fhl;LfpwJ.

%d;whk; ghdpgl; Nghupd; tpisTfs; gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk;
kuhj;jpau;fs; ghdpgl; gFjpapy; kdpjtu;f;fj;jpy; Nkhrkhd ,og;Gf;fis
re;jpj;j NghjpYk;> ,e;j Aj;jk; tl ,e;jpahtpy; kuhl;ba Ml;rpia
mopj;Jtpltpy;iy> khwhf kuhl;bag; Nguuir xl;Lnkhj;jkhf
Fwpg;Gfs;
mirf;ftpy;iy vd;W rpy etPd kuhl;ba vOj;jhsu;fs; thjpLfpd;wdu;.
Ng\;th kw;Wk; Ruh[;khy; MfpNahUld; rkhjhdk; nra;J nfhs;s
gy Kaw;rpfis mg;Jyp Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. mLj;J te;j Mz;Lfspy;
gQ;rhg;gpy; rPf;fpau;fis Njhw;fbf;f jtwptpl;lhu;. Ng\;th khjt
uht; I (1761–1972) jiyikapy; tl ,e;jpahtpy; kuhl;ba Ml;rp
Gj;Japu; ngw;wJ. e[pGl;-lTsh kuzj;jpw;F gpwF (1770) nly;ypia>
ghdpgl; gpd;du; mg;jhyp Kftuhf epu;tfpj;j gpd;du;> kuhl;bau;fs; ehL
flj;jg;gl;l Kfyha Nguuru; \h Myk; II I mtuJ %jhijaupd;
jiyefUf;F (1972) kPz;Lk; nfhz;L te;jdu;. kfhj;[p rpe;jpah 1788
Mk; Mz;by; jpy;ypia Mf;fpukpj;jhu;> 1803 Mk; Mz;by; Mq;fpNyau;
Vfhjpgj;jpa %yjdj;ij Mf;fpukpj;jpUg;gjhf mtuJ thuprhd lTyj;
uht; rpe;jpahtpypUe;J te;jhu;. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; i`ju; myp kw;Wk;
ep[hk; MfpNahUf;F vjpuhf ntw;wpfis kuhl;bau;fs; ifg;gw;wpdu;.
S.G. ru;Njrha;> ‘ghdpgl; NguopthdJ ,aw;if mopitg; Nghd;wJ>
cz;ikapy; jPu;f;fkhd murpay; tpisTfSf;F toptFf;fhJ’
vd;W $wpAs;shu;. Mdhy;> ru;Njrha;> kw;wtupd; fUj;Jf;fs; kpf
vspikahditahFk;. Iaj;jpw;fplkpd;wp ghdpgl;by; ele;j NguopT
kl;LNk kuhl;bau;fSf;F kdpjtsk; kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l nfsutk;
Mfpatw;wpy; kpfg; ngupa ,og;G MFk;. khngUk; Kfyhau;fSf;F
thuprhf ,Uf;Fk; kuhj;jpa fdT vd;nwd;Wk; mope;J NghdJ. gjpndl;lhk;
E}w;whz;bd; KbT ,e;jpahtpy; xU ngUk; rf;jpahf ,Ue;j gpupl;b\;
mjpfhuj;jpd; vOr;rpf;fhf ghdpgl; toptFj;jJ.
ghdpgl;by; Vw;gl;l gaq;fukhd Nguoptpd; mjpu;r;rpia Ng\;th
ghyh[p g[pNuh MfpNahuhy; ,e;j gaq;futhjj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;s
Kbatpy;iy. Nghu; Kbe;J MW khjq;fSf;Fg; gpwF ([_d; 1761)
mtu;fs; kuzkile;jhu;fs;. ghdpgl; NghUf;F gpwF rfhg;jj;jpd;
NghJ> kuhl;ba $l;likg;Gld; Ng\;thtpd; njhlu;Gfs; kpf jsu;thf
tsu;e;jd. ngupa Kfyhau;fSf;F xU thuprhd kuhl;ba fdT
epue;jukhf ,of;fg;gl;gJ. ghdpgl; gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; vOr;rpf;F
toptFj;jJ> ,J gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kbtpy; ,e;jpahtpy; xU
Kf;fpa rf;jpahf fUjg;gLfpwJ.
Ng\;th khjt; uht; I (1761–1772)

ghyh[p gh[puht; ,we;j gpwF> ,isa kfd; khjt; uht; Ng\;thtpd;
fhbapy; itf;fg;gl;lhu;. Gjpa Ng\;thf;F gjpNdO taJjhd; MfpwJ
vd;gjhy;> Ng\;th FLk;gj;ijr; Nru;e;j %j;j xUtu; capNuhL ,Ue;j
mtuJ khkh uFehj; uht;> mtuJ nu[pnkd;l; kw;Wk; eilKiwapy;
cs;s muritf;F Ml;rpahsuhdhu;. ,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; Ng\;th
kw;Wk; mtuJ khkhtpw;F ,ilNa jPtpu NtWghLfs; ntbj;jNghJ>

gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk; 1762 y; Ng\;th ,uhZtk; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;l ,UtUf;Fk; ,ilNa
NghUf;F ,l;Lr; nrd;W tpl;lJ. Ng\;th kw;Wk; mtuJ rpj;jg;ghtpw;F
,ilNa rpwpJ Neuk; rkurk; Vw;gl;lJ. Mdhy; tpiutpNyNa jPtpukhd
NtWghLfs; ntbj;jd. 1765 y; uFehj; uht; jdf;Fk; Ng\;thTf;Fk;
Fwpg;Gfs; ,ilNa kuhl;ba khepyj;ij gpuptpid nra;a Nfhupdhu;. ,jw;fpilNa>
kuhl;ba khepyk; cs;fl;rp rr;ruthy; ];jk;gpj;j NghJ> ikR+iu
Nru;e;j i`ju; myp> fu;ehlfhtpd; kuhl;ba gFjpfs; ehrkhf;fg;gl;lJ
Mdhy; Kjy; Mq;fpNyh-ikR+u; Aj;jj;jpdhy; i`ju; mypf;F ngUk;
neUf;fb Vw;gl;lJ. ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; kuhl;bau;fs; jq;fs; ,oe;j
epiyia tl ,e;jpahtpy; kPl;nlLf;f Kad;wdu;. [dtup 1771 y;
k`hj;[p rpe;jpah nly;ypia Mf;fpukpj;jhu;> Kd;dzp uh[Gj;jpu
,sturu;fsplkpUe;J gzj;ijg; gwpnfhLj;J ntw;wpngw;whu;; Mdhy;
1772 etk;gupy; khjtuht; mfhy kuzk; mile;jhu;. kuhl;ba Ml;rp
Mo;e;j neUf;fbapy; ,Ue;jJ. khjtuht; filrp ngupa Ng\;thuhf
,Ue;hju;> mtu; ePz;l fhyk; gpioj;jpUe;jpUe;jhy;> kuhl;bag; NguuR
Nguoptpy; ,Ue;J fhg;ghw;wg;gl;L ,Uf;fyhk;.
khjtuht; ,wg;Gf;F gpwF kuhl;ba uh[;[paj;jpd; nrhj;Jk;>
ehuhaz; uhapd; (1772–1774)> khjt uht; ehuhaz; mtu;fspd; cl;fl;rp
rr;ruTk;> Mq;fpNyaUld; ePbj;j Nghu;fSk; fhuzkhdJ> khjt;
uht; ehuhazp (1774–95) kw;Wk; g[puhNth Ntfkhf tPo;r;rpaile;jhu;.
Mq;fpNyauplk; ruzile;jJ filrp Ng\;th> Ng\;th];`pg;
xopag;gl;lhu;.
%d;whk; ghdpgl; Nghupd; tpisTfs; kw;Wk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

%d;whk; ghdpgl; Nghupd; tpisTfs; kw;Wk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gpd;tUkhW:
••nry;tk; kw;Wk; kdpj rf;jp ,og;G: ghdpgl; %d;whk; Nghu;
,e;jpahtpd; tpjpia KbT nra;jJ. ,e;j Aj;jj;jpy; gzk;
kw;Wk; tho;f;if ,og;G kfj;jhdjhf mike;jJ. mJ xU
ehl;bd; Nguopthf fUjg;gLfpwJ. mjpy;> ,uz;L Kj;Jf;fs;
fyf;fg;gl;bUe;jd> ,Ugj;jp VO jq;f nkhù;];fs; fhzhky;
Ngha;tpl;lJ> nts;sp> nrk;G Mfpa ,iofs; fzf;fplg;gl
KbahJ msT fhzhky; NghdJ vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ.
••kuhl;ba $l;likg;gpd; KbT: ghdpgl;bd; jPu;f;fkhd Nghuhy;
kuhl;ba $l;likg;G Kw;wpYk; mopj;Jtpl;lJ. kuhl;bau;fspd;
kj;jpa mikg;ig mJ mopj;Jtpl;lJ. ,e;jg; Nghupd; gpd;du;
kuhl;baupd; kj;jpa rf;jp gytPdkhf khwpaJ.
••kuhl;bau;fspd; mjpfhu gutyhf;fk;: %d;whtJ ghdpgl; Nghu;
kuhl;bau;fspd; mjpfhu gutyhf;fj;ijAk; nfhz;Lte;jJ.
kuhl;bau;fspd; rf;jp rpjwp gpsTgl;lJ. kuhl;ba jiytu;fs;
jq;fs; Rje;jpu muRfis epWtpl;ldu;. rz;il fsj;jpy;>
rpz;bahfs;jhd; fhak; mile;jdu;. mtu;fs; jq;fs; Rje;jpu
uh[;aj;ij epWtp> Fthypau; ikaj;ij jq;fs; uh[;aj;jpd;
ikaj;jpYk; epWpdhu;fs;.

••Kfyha Nguurpd; tPo;r;rp: ghdpgl;bd; %d;whtJ Nghu;> gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk;
mjpu;r;rpA+l;Lk; Kfyha rf;jpf;F filrp kw;Wk; ,Wjp
mbahf ,Ue;jJ. mjd; tPo;r;rpf;F mJ tpiue;jJ. gpupl;B\;
Nkyhjpf;fj;jpw;F top tFj;jJ.
••uh[Gj;jpuu;fspd; Rje;jpuk;: ghdpg; Nghu; ele;j gpd;du; kuhl;bau;fs; Fwpg;Gfs;
uh[Gjdj;jpd; kPJ jq;fs; gpbia ,oe;jdu;. uh[Gj;jpuu;fs; jkJ
Rje;jpuj;ij kPl;nlLj;jpUe;jdu;. m`kj; \h mg;jhyp my;yJ
gpupau;fSf;F vjpuhf mtu;fs; kuhl;bau;fis Mjupf;ftpy;iy.
ghdpgl;by; kuhl;bau;fspd; Njhy;tpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

ghdpgl;by; kuhl;bau;fspd; Njhy;tpf;F toptFj;j fhuzq;fs;
gpd;tUkhW:
••kuhl;bau;fspd; Njhy;tpf;F Kf;fpa fhuzk; mg;Jy;yhtpd; Nkyhd
cj;jp kw;Wk; ehty; je;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; MAjq;fs; kw;Wk; ntbkUe;jpd;
Nkd;ikia nfhz;bUe;jJ. rjh rpt uht; ijupakhd> jpwikahd
jiytuhf ,Ue;jhYk;> mtUf;F mg;Jypd; Kjpu;r;rpAk;
mDgtKk; mtUf;F ,y;iy.
••kuhl;bau;fs; [hl;Lfs; uh[GjidAk; jq;fs; vjpupfshfTk;>
mg;Jypia U`y]; kw;Wk; kw;wtu;fisAk; Mjupj;jdu;.
,J tlNkw;Ff; nfhs;ifahy; fl;lisaplg;gl;l Ng\;thtpd;
gFjpapYk;> ght; Nkw;nfhz;l> KO ,uh[je;jpu Njhy;tpapYk;
,Ue;jJ.
••kuhj;jhf;fSf;F NghJkhd rf;jp> jukhd Fjpiufs; my;yJ
gUtfhy JUg;Gf;fs; Nghd;w vJTk; fpilahJ.
••kuhl;bau;fSf;F czT kw;Wk; NghJkhd Milfs;
gaq;fukhd Njitahf ,Ue;jJ. [dtup khj fLikahd
Fspupy; gl;bdp fple;J ntWg;ghf ,Ue;jJ mtu;fspy; gyu;
Neha;tha;g;gl;L ,we;jdu;.
••,e;j fLikahd Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J J\;lh[p ,y;yhjJ
kuhl;bau;fSf;F ngUk; ,lu;g;ghlhfpwJ.
••tl ,e;jpahtpy; kuhl;bau;fs; nfhupy;yh Aj;jg; Nghiu
gad;gLj;jpdu;. mtu;fSila fhyhl;gil INuhg;gpa ghzp
gilg;gpuptpd; mbg;gilapy; ,Ue;jJ vd;whYk;> rpy Neuq;fspy;
kpfr; rpwe;j gpnuQ;Rj; Jg;ghf;fpfspy; rpy ,Ue;jd vd;whYk;>
mtw;wpd; gPuq;fpf; Fz;Lfs; Ntfkhf efUk; Mg;fhdpa
gilfSf;F vjpuhf elkhl;lj;ij nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy.
k`hj;[p rpe;jpah kw;Wk; ehdh gjPetpd; fPo; kuhl;bau;fs;

k`hj;[p rpe;jpah kw;Wk; ehdh gNlhthTk; rkfhyj;jtu;. mtu;fs;
,UtUk; Kjy; Mq;fpNyh kuhl;bag; Nghupd; NghJ Kf;fpa gq;F
tfpj;jNjhL kuhl;ba murpaypy; Kjd;ik epiyf;F te;jdu;. GNdtpy;
kuhl;ba tptfhuq;fisAk;> k`hj;[p rpe;jpahitAk;> tlf;Nf ehdh

gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk; gj;gheTk; fl;Lg;gLj;jpdu;. ,tu;fs; ,UtUk; kuhl;ba khepyj;jpw;F
tpRthrj;Jld; gzpahw;wpte;jdu;. k`hj;[p rpe;jpah kw;Wk; ehdh
glheth]{k; fr;Nrupapy; ebf;fhky;> Kjy; kuhl;bag; Nghupy; midj;J
tsq;fisAk; nfhz;L te;J tpl;lhy; kuhl;ba mjpfhuj;jpd; KbT
Fwpg;Gfs; ,Ue;jpUf;Fk; vd;W ru;Njrha; Rl;bf;fhl;bdhu;.
k`hj;[p rpe;jpah kw;Wk; ehdh ghl;dtpau;fs; MfpNahu; Kjy;
Mq;fpNyh kuhl;ba Nghupd; NghJ neUq;fpa xj;Jiog;G nfhLj;J>
gpupl;b\; rthiy vjpu;nfhz;L kuhl;bau;fisj; jLg;gjw;fhf gpupl;B\;
tbtikg;ig Kwpabf;Fk; gzpapy; ntw;wp ngw;wdu;. Mdhy; k`hj;[p
rpe;jpah> ehdh ghl;dtpd; ,irtpd;wp rhypgha; cld;gbf;ifapy;
Eioe;jhu;. ,e;j cld;gbf;if %yk; k`hj;[p rpe;jpah fpl;lj;jl;l
Rje;jpukhf khwpaJ> ,J fpof;F ,e;jpah epWtdq;fSf;F
,ilapyhd kj;jpa];juhfTk; gp\;t]; kw;Wk; kuhj;ju;fSld;
nfsutkpf;f mikjpf;F cj;juthjkhfTk; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lJ.
k`hj;[p kw;Wk; ehdh gj;eth];f;F gy;NtW cly; mk;rq;fSk;>
kd rQ;ryq;fs; ,Ue;jd. kfh[papd; tho;f;if ePz;l fhy fLikahd
eltbf;ifahFk;. mtuJ tho;f;ifia ehd;F gFjpfshf gpupf;fyhk;.
1761 tiu Kjy; ghfj;jpy;> mtu; jdJ Gj;jprhypj; jk;gpfs; kPJ xU
Gupahj cUtkhf ,Ue;jhu;. 1761 Kjy; 1772 tiu mtuJ tho;f;if
njhopw;goFjypy; xd;whFk;. mjpy; mtu; cau; clw;jFjpiar;
Nru;e;j xUtuhf ,Ue;jhu; Kjy; Mq;fpNyh kuhj;jpa Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ
Mq;fpNyau;fis Njhw;fbg;gjw;fhf ehdh ghl;dtpfTld; ,ize;J
nray;gl cjtpdhu;. %d;whtJ ghfkhf> mtu; jdJ nrhe;j Kaw;rpahy;
Nghu; kw;Wk; ,uh[je;jpuk; gw;wpa kjpg;Gkpf;f mDgtj;ijg; ngw;whu;.
ehd;fhk; ghfj;jpy; jd; Foe;ijfSf;fhf mtu; tpl;Lr; te;j uh[;aj;ij
cUthf;fpdhu;.
kfhj;[papd; jdpg;gl;l tho;f;if J}a;ikahdJ kw;Wk;
Fiwg;ghby;yhkYk;; ,Ue;jJ. mtu; rhjp kw;Wk; kj rhu;gpy; ,Ue;J
tpLgl;lhu;. ,];yhkpau;fSk; ,e;Jf;fSk; mtu; rkkhf kjpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
gpuhkzu;fs;> kuhl;bau;fs;> k`hu;fs; MfpNahiu mtu; Ntiyf;F
mku;j;jpdhu;. rpg;gha;fs; kw;Wk; ,uh[je;jpupfs; vd;w tifapy;>
ru];tjp gpuhkzu;fs; mtuJ Nritapy; jdp NtWghl;il mile;jdu;.
kfhj;[p vg;NghJNk ftdkhfTk; Ng\;th FLk;gj;jpw;F
cz;ikahfTk; ,Ue;jhu;. mtu; jdJ Rje;jpuj;ij typAWj;j
Kad;wjpy;iy. ehdh ghl;dtp]; kfhj;[paplk; nghwhikg;gl;lhu;>
G+Ndtpy; ,Ue;J mtiuf; fhg;ghw;w Kaw;rpj;jhu;. kfhj;[p mtuJ epjp
tptfhuq;fis xOq;fhf epu;tfpf;ftpy;iy. vy;yh %yq;fspypUe;J
mjpf msT gzk; fld; thq;fpdhu;. gy klq;F mjpfkhd gzk;>
,uf;fkw;w ,ilj;jufu;fshy; epu;izapf;fg;gl;lhu;. Fog;gKk;> jtwhd
xJf;fPl;Lr; nrhy;yYk; ,Ue;jd. gadw;w jlq;fspy; gzk; fhl;lg;gl;lJ.
gy ,lq;fspy; epyq;fs; iftplg;gl;ld kw;Wk; rhFgb nra;ag;gl;ld.
nfhs;isf;fhuu;fs; mbf;fb te;jdu;. tho;f;if ghJfhg;gw;w epiyf;F
khwpaJ. Kfyha gilfspd; nryTfis nra;a kfh[p rk;kjpj;jhu;.
Mdhy; mtu; mt;thW nra;a gzkpy;iy.

1742 y; ehdh gjP];tuu; gpwe;jhu;. jdJ Nkilf;fhf mtu; gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk;
kpfTk; fbdkhf cioj;jhu;. epu;thfk; Fwpj;j midj;J tpguq;fspYk;
mtu; fye;J nfhz;lhu;. kfhj;[papd; jpwe;j Kiwfs; mtUf;F
gpbf;ftpy;iy> vg;NghJk; ufrpakhf Ntiy nra;J te;jhu;. tof;fkhf
mtu; jdJ nfhLf;fy; thq;fypy; epahakhf ,Ue;jhu;. JNuhfk; Fwpg;Gfs;
my;yJ jtwhd fhupaq;fis nra;a mtu; gae;jpUe;jhu;. mtu;
gzp epkpj;j Neuj;jpy; fLikahf ,Ue;jhu;. vdpDk; mtu; kfhj;[p
Ra ek;gpf;ifia nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. mtu; jdpahf MNyhrid
vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. Mdhy; mtuJ nrhe;j jPu;g;gpd;gb nray;gl;lhu;.
mtu; xU fLikahd gzp jiytu; vd;gjhy; mtu; gpupag;gltpy;iy.
ngUk;ghYk; mtu; gLnfhiy mghaj;jpy; jhd; ,Ue;jhu;. Rkhu; 20
re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mtu; jdJ tho;f;ifapd; Kaw;rpapypUe;J mjprakhd
jg;gpj;Jr; nrd;wpUe;jhu;.
ehdh ghl;dtp];fF ; uhZtj; jiyik ,y;iy. mJ mtu; tho;ej ;
fuLKulhd fhyj;jpy; ngUk; ghjfkhf ,Ue;jJ. ehdh ghl;dtp];fF ;
rkur czu;T ,y;iy. mtu; gbg;gbahf midj;J cWg;gpdu;fSk;> xU
topahf> ghuh gha; fTd;rpyhy; ePff ; g;gl;L> midj;J mjpfhuj;ijAk;
jd; nrhe;jf; fuq;fspy; Ftpj;jhu;. ,jw;Fg; gjpyhf> ehdh ghl;dtp];fF; g;
gpwUld; mjpfhuq;fs; gfpu;ej ; pUe;jhy;> kuhl;bau;fspd; vjpu;fhyj;Jf;F
ey;y tha;gG; fs; ,Ue;jpUf;Fk;. kuhl;ba jiytu;fs; midtu; kPJk;
ek;gpf;if itj;J> kuhl;bau;fspd; midj;J tsq;fisAk; xd;whf
,izj;jpUe;jhy; kuhl;bau;fs; ,uz;lhk; g[pupNahtpd; fPo; nra;jJNghy
tpOe;jpUf;fhJ vd;W MNyhrid $wg;gl;lJ.
ru;Njrha; $w;Wg;gb> mtu; ehl;bDila Nritf;F mjpfhuj;ijAk;
gzj;ijAk; jdJ md;igf; fPo;g;gLj;jpapUe;jhy;> tuyhw;wpy; kpf
cau;e;j ,lj;ij mile;jhu;.
ehdh mjpfhuj;jpd; kPJ kpfTk; mjpfkhd md;G nfhz;bUe;jhu;.
1795 Mk; Mz;by; mtu; murpaypy; ,Ue;J tpyfpapUe;jhy;> mtu;
kuhj;jpa fhuzj;jpw;fhf xU ngupa Nritia toq;fpapUg;ghu; vd;W
$wg;gLfpwJ. ehdhTf;nfjpuhf ,d;ndhU tpku;rdk;> mtu; gzj;ij
mjpfk; Nerpg;gtu; vd;W $wg;gl;lJ.

3.
kuhl;bau;fspd; fPo; rpth[pf;Fg; gpwF nfhupy;yhg;
Nghu;j;je;jpuj;jpd; kpfg; ngupa mstpy; fUjg;gLtu; ahu;?
4. %d;whtJ Mq;fpNya kuhl;bag; Nghupd; fhuzq;fs; ahit?
5. %d;whk; ghdpgl; Nghu; vg;nghOJ eilngw;wJ?
1.6 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Nrhjpj;jwpAk;

tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfs;
1. 1717 ,y;> Kfyha Nguuru;> Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpw;F
rpwg;G ed;ikfs; toq;fpajd; %yk; xU ngu;khdpaid

gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk; ntspapl;lhu;> mjhtJ> tq;fpfspy; ,Ue;J ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l
kw;Wk; ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fSf;fhd tup tpyf;F
MFk;.
2. mthj; kw;Wk; Mq;fpNyaupilNa gifik> 1764 y; gf;u; rz;ilAld;
Fwpg;Gfs; Jtq;fpaJ. ,g;Nghl;bapy; Mq;fpNya ethg; [{h-cl;-lhyh>
nkhfyhag; Nguuru; \h Myk;> tq;fhs ethg; kPu; fhrpk;
MfpNahupd; $l;Lg; gilfis Njhw;fbj;jJ.
3. rpth[pAk; kuhl;ba mjpfhuKk; mtUf;Fg; gpd; cr;rj;ij
vl;baij mLj;J> gh[puht; nfhupy;yhg; Nghu;j;je;jpuj;jpd; kpfg;
ngupa gFjpahf fUjg;gl;lJ.
4. %d;whtJ Mq;fpNya- kuhl;bag; Nghupd; fhuzq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
••gpupl;lDf;F vjpuhf jq;fs; Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;jjw;f;fhf
kuhl;bau;fspd; jzpahr;rpdk; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ.
••kuhl;baj; jiytu;fspd; kPJ gpupl;B\; kf;fs; nfhz;bUe;j
fLikahd fl;Lg;ghLk; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ.
5. ghdpgbd; %d;whtJ Nghu; 1761 Mk; Mz;L [dtup 14 Mk;
Njjp> ghdpgl; (ùpahdh) ,y; eilngw;wJ.
1.7 RUf;fk;
••xsuq;frPg;gpd; kiwTf;Fg; gpwF> ve;j xU Gjpa NguuRk; me;jf;
fhyfl;lj;jpy; tutpy;iy> ,J fle;j fhyj;jpd; khngUk;
nkhfyhag; Nguuru;fspd; kuGld; xg;gplglyhk;.

••1741 y; KfkJ \h uq;fpyh Kfyha murpd; muruhf ,Ue;jhu;>
tq;fhs MSeuhf ,Ue;j myptu;jp fhd;> jd;id RahjPdkhf
mwptpj;Jf;nfhz;L> Ku;\pjhghj; vd;w ,lj;jpy; jdJ jiyefiu
epWtpdhu;.
••gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;by; tq;fhsk; kpfTk; nropg;ghd khfhzkhf
,Ue;j epiyapy;> Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk; nghUshjhu
uPjpahfTk;> murpay;uPjpahfTk; kpFe;j yhgfukhff; fUjg;gl;lJ.
vdNt> mtu;fs; tq;fhsj;jpy; NkYk; jq;fs; epiyia
cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s tpUk;gpdu;.
••mthj; kw;Wk; Mq;fpNyaUf;fpilNa ,Ue;j tpNuhjk;>
gf;ru; Nghupy;> 1764 Mk; Mz;L Jtq;fpaJ. ,g;Nghl;bapy;
Mq;fpNyagilahdJ ethg; [{h-cj;-jTyh> nkhfyhag; Nguuru;
\h Myk; kw;Wk; tq;fhs ethg; kPu; fhrpk; MfpNahupd; $l;Lg;
gilfis Njhw;fbj;jJ.
••Kjy; Mq;fpNyau;-rPf;fpau; Nghu; 1845 md;W Kl;fp vd;w ,lj;jpy;
eilngw;wJ kw;Wk; ,jpy; rPf;fpau;fs; Njhy;tpaile;jdu;.
••ghyh[p tp];tehj; vd;gtupd; %j;j kfd; gh[puht;> jdJ
,Ugjhk; tajpNyNa Ng\;th vd;w kuhl;ba FWkd;diu
ntw;wp fz;lhu;. rpth[pf;Fg; gpwF Kiwaw;w NghUf;fhd je;jpu

Kiwahsuhf kpfg; ngupa mstpy; mtu; fUjg;gl;lhu; kw;Wk; gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk;
kuhl;ba
mjpfhuk; mtUf;Fg; gpd; cr;rj;ij mile;jJ.
••uFehj; uht;> Ng\;th ehuhazd; uhit nfhd;w gpwF Kjy;
Mq;fpNyh kuhl;bag; Nghu; njhlq;fpaJ. Ng\;thtpd; gjtp
cupik gw;wp thjhbdhu;. Fwpg;Gfs;
••%d;whtJ Mq;fpNya kuhl;bag; Nghu;> ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\pd;
jdpty;yhz;ikg; Nghf;Ff;FlDk;> kuhl;ba murpd; ,ay;gg
; YlDk;
xusT njhlu;GilaJ.
••ghdpgbd; %d;whtJ Nghu; 1761 Mk; Mz;L [dtup 14 Mk;
Njjp> ghdpgl; (ùpahdh) ,y; eilngw;wJ.
••mfkJ \h Juhdp jiyikapy; Mg;fhdpau;fspd; gPuq;fpg;
gil kw;Wk; gykhd Fjpiug;gilf;F vjpuhf gpuQ;Rf;fhuu;fs;>
kuhl;bau;fspd; gPuq;fpf; Fz;Lfs;> Fjpiug;gil Mfpatw;iw
nfhz;L Nghuhl;lk; nra;jdu;. mfkJ \h mg;jhyp vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gLfpwhu;.
••mfkJ \h Juhdp jiyikapyhd gilfs; gy kuhj;jpa
gilapd; Gilazpfis mopj;j gpwF ntw;wp ngw;wd.

••ethg;: ,J Kfyhag; Nguurpd; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j xU G+u;tPf
MSeiu Fwpf;fpwJ.
••$l;Lf;FO: ,J Mq;fpNyh-gpuQ;R nrhy;ypypUe;J ‘njd;gpuhe;jpa
ehLfspd; jiytu;’ %yk; ngwg;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ
khepyq;fs; my;yJ jdpegu;fs; ,Ue;jhYk;> mJ xU rq;fk; my;yJ
njhopw;rq;fk; vd;W nghUs;gLk;.
••/gpu;Nkd;: ,J rf;futu;j;jpapd; Kj;jpiuia jhq;fpa xU mur
Mizia Fwpf;fpwJ.
••NtT ghu;j;jy;: ,J> murpay; kw;Wk; ,uhZt jfty;fis
ngWtjw;fhf murhq;fq;fspy;> xw;wu;fshy; csT ghu;g;gJ
my;yJ NtT ghu;g;gJ vd;w eilKiwia Fwpf;fpwJ.

FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. Kjyhk; Mq;fpNya-kuhj;jpa Aj;jj;jpd; fhuzq;fis tpthjpf;f.
2. gy;NtW tifg;gl;l Mq;fpNyh-rPf;fpau; Nghu;fis tptup.
3. %d;whk; ghdpg; Nghupd; tpisTfs; ahit?
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;

1.
tq;fhsk; kw;Wk; mthj; gpuhe;jpa muRfspd; vOr;rpia
tpthjpf;f.

gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk; 2. kuhj;jpa rhk;uh[;aj;jpd; vOr;rpia tpsf;Ff.
3. %d;whtJ Mq;fpNya-kuhl;bag; Nghupy; kuhl;bau;fspd; Njhy;tpf;fhd
fhuzq;fis Muha;f.
Fwpg;Gfs; 1.10 NkYk; gbf;f

re;jpuh> gpgpd;. 2009. etPd ,e;jpahtpd; tuyhW. i`juhghj;: Xupaz;l;
gpshf;thd;];.
bA+g;-ghdu;[p> ,\pjh. 2015. etPd ,e;jpahtpd; tuyhW. Nfk;gpupl;[;:
Nfk;gpupl;[; Adptu;rpl;b gpu];.
jhupf;> Kfk;kJ. 2007. etPd ,e;jpa tuyhW. GJ jpy;yp: lhlh n
kf;uh-`py;
fy;tp.
ghz;bNahgjpah> n\fuh. 2004. g;sh];]p Kjy; ghu;l;b tiu: etPd
,e;jpahtpd; tuyhW. i`juhghj;: Xupaz;l; gpshf;thd;];.
nrd;> S.N. 2006. etPd ,e;jpa tuyhW. GJ jpy;yp: epA+ V[;
,d;lu;Ne\dy;.

myF 2 INuhg;gpaupd; tUif
INuhg;gpaupd; tUif
mikg;G
2.0 mwpKfk; Fwpg;Gfs;
2.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
2.2 INuhg;gpau;fspd; tUif
2.3 Nghu;r;RfPrpau;fs;
2.3.1 njhopw;rhiyfs;> khspiffs; kw;Wk; tu;j;jf Vw;ghLfs;
2.3.2 Vw;Wkjp kw;Wk; ,wf;Fkjpapd; ruf;Ffs;
2.3.3 Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fspd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
2.4 lr;R
2.5.1 gpnuQ;R
2.5.2 gpupl;b\;
tpilfs;
2.7 RUf;fk;
2.10 NkYk; gbf;f
2.0 mwpKfk;
Ke;ija myfpy; 18-Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s tl;lhu
muRfspd; vOr;rp gw;wp mwpe;jPu;fs;. 7 Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Rw;wpapUe;j
Nuhkg; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpAld; fpof;fpw;Fk; Nkw;fpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd
tu;j;jf njhlu;G Vw;gl;lJ. 15k; E}w;whz;bd; filrp fhyhz;by;
Vw;gl;l Gtpapay; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; cyfpd; gy;NtW ehLfspd; tu;j;jf
cwTfis Mokhf ghjpj;jNjhL mtw;wpd; tuyhw;wpYk; kpfj; jPtpu
tpisTfis Vw;gLj;jpaJ. INuhg;gpa ehLfs; ,g;nghOJ fpof;F
Nehf;fp xU Gjpa fly; topia fz;lwptjpy; ,wq;fpAs;sJ. Kjy;
Kaw;rpia Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs; nra;jdu;. Nghu;r;Rf;fy; ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j
,sturu; n`d;wp> ‘fly;top ty;Yeu;’ vd;w Gidg; Giu> ,e;jpahtpw;F
fly; top fz;Lgpbg;ig Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf jdJ tho;ehs; KOtijAk;
mu;g;gzpj;jhu;.
1487 y; ghuj;NyhkpA+ bah]; ey;y ek;gpf;ifapd; Nfhopf;Nfhl;il
mile;jhu;. kw;nwhU Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa thrpahd th];Nfhlfhkh> 1498
y; Nfhopf;NfhL fiufis mile;jhu;. ,jdhy;> ,e;jpahTldhd
ePz;lfhy Neub tu;j;jf ,izg;G fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpy;
fly;topg; ghijia jpwe;Jtpl;ljd; %yk; ehfupf cyfpy; ,t;tsT
J}ur; tpisTfis Vw;gLj;jpa eLj;ju taijf; fle;j fhyfl;lj;jpy;
ve;j epfo;Tk; epfotpy;iy.

INuhg;gpaupd; tUif t];Nfhlfhkh ,e;jpah fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l gpwF> Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs;
xU tu;j;jf ,izg;ig Vw;gLj;j Kad;W> ,e;jpahtpy; mtu;fspd;
Ml;rpia epWt Kad;wdu;. gpd;du; lr;R> Mq;fpyk;> gpnuQ;R
epWtdq;fs; ,e;jpahtpw;F te;jd. lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; jq;fs; ftdj;ij
Fwpg;Gfs; ,e;NjhNdrpah> Nghu;r;Rf;fy; Mfpa ehLfspy; jpUg;gptpl;ldu;.
Mq;fpyk; kw;Wk; gpnuQ;R epWtdq;fSld; Nghl;bapl Kbahjjhy;
mtu;fsJ Ml;rp jhju;> Nfhth> lhkd; kw;Wk; jpA+ Mfpa nkhopfspy;
kl;LNk ,Ue;jJ.
,e;jg; myfpy;> INuhg;gpau;fspd; tUif gw;wp — Nghu;r;RfPrpa>
lr;Rf;fhuu;fs;> gpupl;b\; fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk; kw;Wk; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fis
gw;wp ePq;fs; Ma;T nra;thu;fs;. Mq;fpNyh;-gpnuQ;Rg; Nghl;b ,l;Lr;
nry;Yk; fhuzq;fisAk; ePq;fs; Ma;T nra;J ngWtPu;fs;.
2.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
,e;j myif gbj;J Kbj;j gpd;G cq;fshy;>

••,e;jpahtpy; INuhg;gpau;fs; tUifia tpsf;f KbAk;.
••,e;jpahtpd; fpof;Ff; flw;fiug; gFjpapy; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa rf;jp
tpuptiltpy; tu;j;jfk; vt;thW Kf;fpag; gq;fhw;WfpwJ vd;gij
tpthjpf;f KbAk;.
••,e;jpahtpy; lr;R FbNaw;wq;fs; epfo;Kiwia tpsf;f KbAk;.
••Mq;fpNyh – gpnuQ;Rg; Nghl;bapd; fhuzq;fis tpsf;f KbAk;.
••gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fSk; gpupl;ldpilNaahd NkhjYf;fhd
fhuzq;fis RUf;fkhf tpsf;f KbAk;.
2.2 INuhg;gpa tUif

INuhg;ghtpypUe;J ,e;jpahtpw;F nry;Yk; fly; topia> Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa
Muha;r;rpahsu;; vd;w t];Nfhlfhkh fz;Lgpbj;jhu;. 1498 Nk 17
md;W Nfhopf;NfhL JiwKfj;ij mile;j mtu;> Nfhopf;NfhL
vd;w ,e;J Ml;rpahsu;> rhKjhj;up vd;w gl;lj;ij ngw;whu;. ,jd;
fhuzkhf Nfhopf;NfhL> nfhr;rp> fhd;Nrhu; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa
tu;j;jf epiyaq;fs; epWtg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s Nghu;r;RfPrpa
Muk;gfhy jiyefukhf nfhr;rp ,Ue;jJ. gpd;du; Nfhth mjd;
jiyefuhf khwpaJ. ,e;jpa fly; vy;iyapy; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j flw;gil rf;jpahf tpsq;fpaJ.
th];Nfhlfhkh fz;Lgpbj;j gpwF> Mrpah> Fwpg;ghf ,e;jpahtpd;
tu;j;jf uPjpapyhd eilKiwfis gad;gLj;j Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fshy;
epiwa Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. mg;NghJ Ml;rp nra;j
cs;Shu; Ml;rpahsu;fs;> tu;j;jf kw;Wk; tzpfk; tsu;r;rpf;fhf
njhopw;rhiyfis mikf;f mDkjpj;jhu;fs;. fpwp];Jt kj
ek;gpf;iffs;> ,dq;fSf;fpilapyhd jpUkzq;fs;> kjkhw;wq;fs;
kw;Wk; INuhg;gpaupd; FbNaw;wq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; gutiyf; mtu;fs;

Jtf;fpAs;sdu;. ,e;j eltbf;iffspd; fhuzkhf Gjpa r%ff; INuhg;gpaupd; tUif
FOf;fs; Njhd;wpd. gy Ml;rpahsu;fs; mtu;fSld; murpay;>

tu;j;jf $l;lzpia cUthf;ftpy;iy. kw;w INuhg;gpa ehLfs;
Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fspd; ntw;wpfukhd tu;j;jf eltbf;iffis fz;lNghJ>
MrpahTld; tu;j;jf eltbf;iffspy; <LglTk; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;ldu;. Fwpg;Gfs;
gy INuhg;gpa rf;jpfs; ,e;jpahtpw;F te;jd> Mdhy; ePq;fs; ,uz;L
Kf;fpa rf;jpfis gw;wp Ma;T nra;a Ntz;Lk; mit – Nghu;r;RfPrpa
kw;Wk; lr;R Nghd;witfshFk;.

1. ,e;jpahtpw;F fly; topia fz;Lgpbj;jtu; ahu;?
2. Nghu;r;RfPrpa ,e;jpahtpd; Muk;gfhy jiyefuk; ngau; vd;d?
3.
t];Nfhlfhkh vg;NghJ fs;spf;Fb JiwKfj;Jf;F
nrd;wile;jhu;?
2.3 Nghu;r;RfPrpau;fs;
fz;Lgpbg;gpd; tajpy; kpfTk; ntw;wpfukhd fz;Lgpbg;ghsu;fspy;
xUtuhd th];Nfhlfhkh> INuhg;ghtpypUe;J ,e;jpahTf;F Neubahf
gazpf;f Kjy; fg;gy;fspd; jsgjp ,e;jpahtpw;fhd fly; topia
fz;Lgpbj;J ,e;jpahtpy; Nghu;r;RfPrpa tzpfj;jpd; rfhg;jj;ij
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;. mtu; 1499 Mk; Mz;by; ,e;jpahtpypUe;J
Nghu;r;RfSf;F jpUk;gpdhu;> mtuJ nryTfspy; mWgJ klq;F
kjpg;Gs;s ruf;Ffs; ,Ue;jJ. Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa mzptFg;gpdiu el;Gld;
elj;jpa rkhupd;> ,uz;L Mz;LfSf;Fs; Nfhopf;NfhLld; tu;j;jf
cwTfis jpwg;gjw;F Cf;fk; mspj;jhu;. 1502-y; nfhr;rpd; vd;w ,lj;jpy;
njhopw;rhiy xd;iw epWtpdhu;. nfhr;rpd; muru; th];Nfhlfhkh Kjy;
Nfhl;ilia fl;bdhh;. mtiuj; njhlu;e;J mtu; 1503-y; ,e;jpah te;J
Nru;e;jhu;.
1505-y; Nghu;rR
; f;fr
P pau;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; jq;fs; tptfhuq;fis
ftdpj;J te;j gpuhd;rp];Nfh-b-my;nka;lhNlh vd;w MSeiu epakpj;jhu;.
mtu; mQ;rbt> fd;dNdhu;> nfhr;rpd; Mfpa ,lj;jpy; Nfhl;ilfis
fl;bdhu;. fpof;fpYs;s Nghu;rR ; fPrpa rhk;uh[;aj;jpd; cz;ikahd
];jhgfuhd my;Nghd;Nrh b my;GA+upA+ Mthu;. 1510-y;> gp[g;G+u;
Ry;jhdpypUe;J Nfhth JiwKfj;ij my;GA+upA+ jpBu; jhf;Fjyhy;>
mjd; Nfhl;ilfis tYg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; mjd; ghJfhg;gpw;F Vw;ghL
nra;jhu;. jpwikahd Ml;rpahsuhf ,Ue;j mtu;> ‘rjp’ Kiwia
xopg;gjpy; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;wpdhu;.
Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs; ,e;jpag; ngz;fis kzf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
my;GA+upA+ Cf;fkspj;jhu;. mjd;%yk; ,e;jpahtpy; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa
mjpfhuj;ij epWt KbAk;. MapDk;> mtu; K];ypk;fis jtwhf
elj;jpdhu;. 1515 Mk; Mz;by; my;Gfu;fp ,we;jNghJ> Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpak;
,e;jpahtpy; tYthd flw;gil rf;jpahfj; jq;fis epiyehl;baJ.

INuhg;gpaupd; tUif epNdh lh Fd;`h (1529–1538) jdJ jiyefuj;ij nfhr;rpdpypUe;J
Nfhthtpy; (1530) khw;wpdhu; kw;Wk; F[uhj;jpd; g`Ju; \hitr;
Nru;e;j jpA+ kw;Wk; g];rpd; (1534) Mfpatw;iwf; ifg;gw;wpdhu;.
gpugykhd n[Rl; nrapz;l; gpuhd;rp];Nfh Nrtpau; ,e;j Neuj;jpy;
Fwpg;Gfs; khu;l;bd; my;/Nghd;N]h b rT]h (1542–1545) cld; ,e;jpah te;jhu;.
mYFNtu;f;fpd; Ml;rpahsu;fspd; fPo;> Nghu;r;RfPrpau;fs; jpA+> lhkd;>
rhy;nrl;> gh];rpd;> rht;y; kw;Wk; ghk;Ng> rd; Njhk; (nkl;uh]; mUNf)
kw;Wk; `f;yp (tq;fhsj;jpy;) Mf;fpukpj;jdu;.
,e;jpa tu;jj
; fj;jpy; ,Ue;J tpyFkhW mNugpau;fis JUf;fpa
Mf;fpukpg;G fl;lhag;gLj;jpdu;. Nfhopf;Nfhbd;; mNugpa tzpfu;fs;
Nghu;rR
; fPrpa tbtikg;Gfis Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj fz;L gpbj;jdu;.
Nfhopf;NfhL ,ilf;fhy ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; ,e;J Ml;rpahsu;fshy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; [hNkhu;d] ; >; guk;giu mur jiytu;fs;> INuhg;gpau;fSf;F
vjpuhf mtu;fSf;F MjuT nfhLj;jdu;. kWGwk;> fd;dD}u; kw;Wk;
nfhr;rpDldhd Nfhopf;Nfhbd;; Nghl;b Nghu;rR ; fPrpau;fSld; el;ig
tsu;gg ; jw;F mtu;fis fl;lhag;gLj;jpaJ. ,J jtpu nfhr;rpd;
topahf midj;J nghUl;fisAk; tpw;f fl;lhag;gLj;jpdhu;fs;. ,jw;F
gjpyb nfhLf;f> nfhr;rpd; nry;y ,J xU nghUj;jkhd tha;gg ; hf
mike;jJ. mjd; Ml;rpahsu;> INuhg;gpau;fis nfhr;rpd; njhopw;rhiy
epWt mDkjpj;jhu;fs;. Nghu;rR ; f;frP pau;fs; R+o;epiyiag; gad;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;lhu;fs;. kyghu; tu;jj ; fj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjpy; Nfhopf;NfhL xU
ngupa jilahf ,Ue;jJ vd;gij mtu;fs; czu;ej ; hu;fs;. vdNt>
16k; E}w;whz;L KOtJk; Nghu;rR ; f;fr
P pau;fs; Nfhopf;Nfhbw;nfjpuhf
MAjNke;jpa Nkhjy;fspy; <Lgl;ldu;. Nghu;rR; f;fr
P pau;fs;
ntspNaWk;NghJ> [Nkhupd;fs; gP[hg;G+u;> F[uhj;> m`kj;efu; kw;Wk;
vfpg;Jld; Nru;eJ
; nfhz;lhu;fs;. vdpDk;> mtu;fs; ntw;wp ngwtpy;iy.
vg;gbAk;> [Nuhd;fs; Nghu;rR ; f;fr
P pa epyj;jpy; njhlu;eJ ; cgj;jputk; nra;J
te;jdu;. fly;fspy;$l Nghu;rR ; f;fr P pau;fs; Nfhopf;Nfhl;by; flw;gil
rf;jpia mopf;f rpukg;gl;ldu;. 1528 Kjy; 1598 tiu Nghu;rR ; fPrpa
– [Nkhupd; Nkhjy;fs; gpujhdkhf fly;fSf;Fs; mlq;fptpl;ld.
1599 y; jhd; Nghu;rR
; f;fr
P pau;fs; khu;ffu;fSf;F vjpuhf xU jpUg;GKid
nra;tjpy; ntw;wp ngw;whu;fs;.
Nghu;r;RfPrpa fl;Lg;ghL mtu;fs; jq;fs; Nfhl;ilfis
fl;bapUe;j ,lq;fspy; kl;LNk gaDs;sjhf ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy;
mtu;fSila cau;e;j kdg;ghd;ik kw;Wk; nfhLikfs; ,e;jf;
$l;lhspfs;$l Nfhopf;Nfhl;bd; ghuk;gupa Nghl;bahsu;fs
,Ue;jNghjpYk; mtu;fSld; gq;nfLj;Jf; nfhs;s epu;g;ge;jpj;jJ.
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> Muk;g Mz;Lfspy; Nfhopf;Nfhl;bw;f;nfjpuhd
Nghu;j;JfPrpa Ml;rpahsu;fis Mjupj;j fd;dNdhu; Ml;rpahsu;fs;>
gpd;du; 1558 y; Nghu;r;RfPrpau;fs; kPJ rNkhupd; Mjuitf; nfhLj;jdu;.
mNjNghy> xU fpwp];jtuhf khwp> Nfhopf;Nfhl;bw;F vjpuhf
Nghu;j;JfPrpa muru;> INuhg;gpau;fsplk; Gwk; fhl;bdhu;. cz;ikapy;>
nfhr;rpd;> FapNyhd; kl;LNk> xU ePbj;j el;ig jf;f itj;Jf;
nfhs;tjpy; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs; ntw;wp ngw;whu;fs;.

Nkw;Ff; flw;fiuapy; Nghu;r;RfPrpa FbNaw;wq;fs; gpd;tUk; INuhg;gpaupd; tUif
,lq;fspy; ,Ue;jd:
••NfhopNfhL (1500)
••nfhr;rpd; (1501)
Fwpg;Gfs;
••nfdd;Ndhu; (1503)
••fpANyhd; (1503)
••rPypak; (1531)
••uhNfhy; (1535)
••fpupd;fd;Ndhu; (1536)
••kq;fShu; (1568)
••`dhtu; (1568)
••jpA (1509)
••Nfhth (1510)
••R+uj; (1599)
••jkd; (1599)
fpof;Ff; flw;fiuapy; Nghu;r;RfPrpa FbNaw;wq;fs; gpd;tUkhW
,Ue;jd:
••nkypNag;G+u;
••rpl;lfhq;
••`f;yp
••gz;ly;
16k; E}w;whz;bd; eLg;gFjp tiu Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa mjpfhuk;
njhlu;e;J tYthf ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy;> MSeu; D.J. fh];l;Nuh
kuzj;Jld;> ,e;jpahtpy; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa Ml;rp rupaj; njhlq;fpaJ.
2.3.1 njhopw;rhiyfs;> Nfhl;ilfs; kw;Wk; tzpf Vw;ghLfs;

,j;jhypa tzpfu;fs; nfa;Nuh kw;Wk; mnyf;rhz;l;upahtpy; cs;s
fplq;Ffs; (njhopw;rhiyfis) tpahghuk; kw;Wk; tzpfj;ij
Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;y epWtpapUe;jdu;. ,e;j cjhuzj;ijj; njhlu;e;J
Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs; ,e;jpahtpd; flNyhug; gFjpfspYk;> Mrpahtpd;
rpy ,lq;fspYk; njhopw;rhiyfis epWtpdu;. xU njhopw;rhiy>
kw;nwhU ehL tzpf cwTfis nfhz;Ls;s ehl;bw;Fs; jd;dhl;rp
,Ug;ig nfhz;l xU tzpf mikg;G vd;W tiuaWf;fg;glyhk;.
xt;nthU njhopw;rhiyapYk;> Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa muruhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l
gy egu;fSf;F cjtpahf xU mjpfhup ,Ue;jhu;. mtu; midj;J
tifahd nghUshjhu> epjp kw;Wk; epu;thf eltbf;iffis Cf;Ftpf;f
xU Kftu; ,Ue;jhu;. vy;yh R+o;epiyfspYk; Nghu;r;Rf;fy;ypd; Njrpa
eyd;fs; ghug; guprPyid nra;ag;gl;ld. njhopw;rhiyfSf;Fk;
FNuhjkhd $WghLfspypUe;J ghJfhg;G Njitg;gl;lJ. vdNt>

INuhg;gpaupd; tUif mtu;fsJ mjpfhuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F> Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs;
jq;fs; njhopw;rhiyfis NkYk; tYg;gLj;jTk; Kad;wdu;.
Nghu;r;RfPrpau;fshy; elj;jg;gl;l fly;rhu; tzpfj;jpd; MjuTf;fhf
njhopw;rhiyfs; kw;Wk; Nfhl;ilfspd; rq;fpyp mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j
Fwpg;Gfs; nrwpT+l;lg;gl;l ikaq;fs;> kw;wtu;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd ghj;jpuq;fspd;
elkhl;lq;fis Nrhjpg;gjw;fhf Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fSf;F Nrit nra;Ak;
vd;Wk;> ,uhZt kw;Wk; flw;gilg; gilfspd; fhg;Gf;filf;Fr;
nry;Yk; gFjpfshf nray;gLk; vd;Wk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ. 16 Mk;
E}w;whz;bypUe;J 18Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuapyhd fhyfl;lj;jpy; tzpf
Vw;ghLfspd; NghJ> njhopw;rhiyfs; mikg;G ngUk; gq;fhw;wj;
njhlq;fpaJ.
Nkw;F ,e;jpah
kyghu; gFjpapy; Nghu;r;RfPrpau;fs; jkJ Kjy; njhopw;rhiyia 1500
y; Nfhopf;NfhL vd;w ,lj;jpy; epWtpdu;. vdpDk;> ,e;j Miyfs;
epWtg; gl;l NghJ rNkhNuhd;fs; mjw;F vjpuhf ,Ue;jjhy;> ePz;l
fhyj;jpw;F mJ ,aq;f Kbatpy;iy. 1525 y; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs;
Nfhopf;Nfhl;by; jq;fs; njhopw;rhiyia %btpl;ldu;. ,J kw;w
,lq;fspy; njhopw;rhiyfis epWTtjw;fhf Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs;
jLj;J epWj;jtpy;iy. vdNt mtu;fs; nfhr;rpd; (1501)> fd;dNdhu;
(1503)> FapNyhd; (1503)> rhypak; (1531)> ur;nrhy; (1535) fpuq;fd;D}u;
(1536)> kq;fShu; kw;Wk; Xd;Ntu; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; njhopw;rhiyfis
epWtpdhu;fs;. gpd;du;> 16 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,uz;lhtJ jrhg;jj;jpy;>
m`kj;efiur; Nru;e;j eprKyKy;f;> nrsy; gFjpapy; njhopw;rhiy
fl;Ltjw;F Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs; mDkjp toq;fpdhu;.
tl Nkw;fpy;> Nfhk;Nga; (fk;aj;)> kyhf;fh> nrq;fly; kw;Wk;
ghurPf tisFlhtpypUe;J kj;jpaj; jiuf;fly; JiwKfq;fis
,izf;Fk; ghijapy; cs;s Kf;fpa JiwKfkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,Jjtpu>
Nghu;r;RfPrpa jpA+ (1509> 1535)> ghapd; (1534)> R+uj;> jkd; (1599) kw;Wk;
gt;efu; Mfpa gFjpfspy; njhopw;rhiyfs; epWtg;gl;ld. ,t;tpjk;
kyghu;> nfhq;fd; kw;Wk; tl Nkw;F ,e;jpahtpd; flNyhug; gFjp
KOtJk; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; te;jJ.
fpof;F ,e;jpah
Nghu;r;RfPrpa fly;top ty;Yeu;fs; ,e;jpahtpd; fpof;Ff;
flw;fiuapypUe;J gy tzpfu;fis fle;J> gpw njd; fpof;F Mrpa
ikaq;fSld; tzpf cwTfis nfhz;bUe;jdu;. Nfhukz;ly;
flw;fiuapd; gy;NtW JiwKf efuq;fspypUe;J Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa [Tsp
kw;Wk; gpw ruf;Ffs; Nrfupf;fg;gl;ld. ,j;JiwKfj;jpd; rpy efuq;fs;
kR+ypg;gl;bdk;> Gbf;l;> rhd; Njhk;;> ghz;br;Nrup> flY}u;> Nghu;Nlh
NehNth kw;Wk; ehfg;gl;bdk; Mfpa efuq;fspy; ,Ue;jd.
ehfg;gl;bdj;jpw;F tlf;Nf rhd; Njhk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l
Nkyhg;G+u;> Nghu;r;RfPrpa FbNaw;wk; Rtu;fshy; R+og;gl;Ls;sJ.

Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa Nkw;F flw;fiuapy; 1518 y; khdhu; vd;w ,lj;jpy; xU INuhg;gpaupd; tUif
Nfhl;il epWtg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpd; gpujhd epyj;jpy; ,y;yhtpl;lhYk;>

Jizf;fz;lj;jpd; Nkw;Fg; gFjpapypUe;J fpof;fpw;F gFjpapd;
,af;fj;ij ,e;jf; Nfhl;il nfhz;bUf;f KbAk;.
Nghu;r;RfPrpau; fpgp 1517 Kjy; tq;fhsj;Jld; tzpfj; njhlu;Gfis Fwpg;Gfs;
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Kad;wdu;. ,e;j jpirapy; Kjy; Kaw;rpahf
rpl;lfhq; – tq;fhsj;jpd; jiyikf; JiwKfk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
mjpf R+o;r;rpfs; nra;j gpwF> tq;fhsj;jpd; uh[hthf ,Ue;j KfkJ
\htplkpUe;J> 1536y; rpl;lfhq; kw;Wk; rl;Nfhd; njhopw;rhiyfis
epWt mtu;fs; filrpapy; mDkjp ngw;Wtpl;ldu;. 1579–1580y; mf;guhy;
Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs; ,uz;lhtJ FbapUg;Gf;F te;jdu;. %d;whtjhf xUtu;
1633y; \h[fhdpd; mDkjpAld; ge;jypy; epWtg;gl;lJ. MapDk;> 16k;
E}w;whz;by; fpof;Ff; flw;fiuapy; Nfhl;ilfs; mikf;fg;gltpy;iy.
,d;Dk; rpy FbNaw;wq;fSld; $ba FbapUg;Gfs;> ruf;Ffs; Vw;wpr;
nry;Yk; eltbf;iffspd; ,af;fj;ij Nkw;ghu;itapl Kbe;jJ.
njd;fpof;F Mrpah
,e;jpag; ngUq;fly; gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; tu;j;jfj;jpd; kPJ gpuj;Naf
Mjpf;fj;ijg; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;Fld;> Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa ehLfs;
njd; fpof;F Mrpahtpy; cs;s Kf;fpa tu;j;jf ikaq;fis jq;fs;
fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fs; nfhz;L tu Ntz;Lk; vd;W fz;lwpe;jdu;.
mtu;fs; nfhOk;G kw;Wk; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; rpy Nfhl;ilfis
epWtpAs;sdu;. gpd;du;, [hth, rpahk;, nkhYf;fh];, khu;lghd; kw;Wk;
ngFTld; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. 1518 Kjy; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs;
rhd;nrs jPtpy; rPdhtpy; xU jPu;itf; njhlq;fpdu;. ,q;Fjhd; fpwp];jt
Copak; vd;w Gdpj gpuhd;rp]; Nrtpau; 1552-y; kuzkile;jhu;.
,e;jpahtpd; Jizf;fz;lj;jpd; gy;NtW gFjpfspYk;>
maypy; cs;s Mrpa muRfspy; njhopw;rhiyfspd; njhlf;fKk;
Nghu;r;RfPrpau;fSf;F ePz;l J}u tu;j;jfj;Jf;F Vw;w R+oiy toq;fpaJ.
2.3.2 Vw;Wkjp kw;Wk; ,wf;Fkjp ruf;Ffs;

fpof;fpypUe;J Nghu;r;Rf;fYld; ,izf;Fk; fly;top ghijia
fz;Lgpbj;J ,j;jhypa my;yJ K];ypk; tu;j;jfu;fs; Nghd;w
,ilj; jufu;fspd; fuq;fspy; ,Ue;J my;yhky; cw;gj;jp ,lq;fspy;
,Ue;J Neubahf krhyhf;fis Nrfupg;gNj Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fspd;
jiyaha Nehf;fk; MFk;. INuhg;gpa czTfspy; kpsF Njitahd
nghUshf khwpaJ. Fwpg;ghf ,iwr;rpiaj; jf;fitf;Fk; nghUl;by;
kpsfpd; Njit mjpfupj;Jf;nfhz;Nl nrd;wJ. mJkl;Lkpd;wp> ,Q;rp>
,ytq;fg;gl;il> Vyf;fha;> rhjpg;G+> [hjpf;fha; kw;Wk; gy may;ehl;L
%ypiffs; INuhg;ghtpy; xU re;ijahf ,Ue;jJ.
k];ypd; kw;Wk; rpz;l;]; Nghd;w gy tifahd [TspfSk;>
ahidfs; Nghd;w rpy tpyq;FfSk; Nghu;r;RfPrpah;fs; nry;Yk; topia
fz;lwpe;jdu;. Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs; fpof;fj;jpa gpuGf;fspdhy; Vw;Wf;

INuhg;gpaupd; tUif nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. vdNt> fpof;fpYs;s ruf;Ffisg; ngWtjw;F
<lhf mtu;fSf;F NghJkhd ruf;Ffs; ,y;iy. mtu;fs; fpof;fpYs;s
ruf;Ffisf; nfhs;tdT nra;a Nkw;fpypUe;J nts;sp cNyhfj;ij
thq;fpdhu;fs;.
Fwpg;Gfs; kyghu; kw;Wk; nfhq;fd; flNyhug;gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J tzpfk;
nra;j kpf gpugykhd nghUshf kpsF ,Ue;jJ. ,Q;rp> nts;is
re;jdk;> rptg;G re;jdk;> rPypq; nkOF> ePyr;rhak;> G+z;Ltif> Gsp>
ghf;F> Jzp> je;jk; kw;Wk; kQ;rs; MfpaitAk; kyghu; nfhq;fd;
flNyhug;gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J Nghu;r;Rfy; tiu tu;j;jfk; nra;ag;gl;ld.
1498y;> Nfhopf;NfhL vd;w rNkhupd;> Nghu;r;Rf;fy; ,Ue;J jq;fk;>
nts;sp> gtsk; kw;Wk; xz;rptg;G epwj;ij mDg;g t];NfhlNfhkhtplk;
Nfl;lhu;. kyghu; kw;Wk; nfhq;fd; flNyhug;gFjpfspy; ,e;j ruf;Ffs;
,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd vd;gijNa ,J fhl;LfpwJ.
1513 y;> my;Nghd;N]h b my;GA+upA+> Nghu;r;RfPrpa murUf;F
,e;jpahtpy; tpw;f KbAk; vd;W czu;e;j ruf;Ffspd; gl;baiy
nfhLj;jhu;. ,jpy; gtsk;> nrk;G> Jupjkhd nts;sp> ghjurk;>
kpUJthd gl;Lj; Jzp> fk;gsq;fs;> Fq;Fkg;G+> Nuh[h-ePu; kw;Wk;
Milfs; vd gy;NtW tiffs; ,Ue;jd. ,e;j nghUl;fs; midj;Jk;
Nghu;r;Rfspy; ,Ue;J my;y> Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs; mtw;iw gpsz;lu;>
n[u;kdp> ,q;fpyhe;J kw;Wk; gpw INuhg;gpa ehLfs; Nghd;w gy;NtW
,lq;fspypUe;J nfhs;Kjy; nra;aj; njhlq;fpdu;.
ePyr;rhak;> [Tsp> gl;L> iftpidg;nghUl;fs;> gl;Lj;Jzp>
rhl;bd;> rpz;b];> khy;khy; kw;Wk; ntl;lg;gl;l gUj;jp Milfs;
Mfpait Nghu;r;RfPrpau;fSf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;l rpy nghUl;fs;
MFk;. ,e;j nghUl;fspy;> Gu;`hd;G+u;> ghyfl;> rpz;Nl> fhk;Ng>
tq;fhsj;jpYs;s fhu;Nfh> jkd;> fhk;Ng> ghyfl; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy;
[Tspfs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;ld. [Tsp nghUl;fspd; Vw;Wkjpapd;
msT 17k; E}w;whz;by; mjpfupj;jJ. tlf;F> Nkw;F fiuNahuq;fspy;
nrg;G> Jzp Jitg;Gfs; kw;Wk; gy;NtW gpupTfSf;F gzk;
mDg;gg;gl;ld. ,J jtpu> njd;idapypUe;J tUk; kpsF kw;Wk;
,ju krhyhg; nghUl;fs; Nghd;w xUrpy nghUl;fSk;> [Tspfs;
thq;Ftjw;fhf tl Nkw;F ,e;jpahtpw;F vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;lJ.
,e;jg; gFjpapypUe;J mjpf tpiyf;F Vw;WkjpahFk; Kj;J>
gpujhdkhf Kj;J kPdf; flw;fiuapy; ,Ue;J Nrfupf;fg;gl;lJ.
tq;fhsj;jpy; ,Ue;J gUj;jp kw;Wk; gl;L [Tsp kw;Wk; rpj;jpu
iftpid nghUs; Mfpait Nghu;j;JfPrpau;fSf;F Vw;Wkjp
nra;ag;gl;ld. ,Q;rp> ney;ypf;fha;> ntz;nza;> vz;nza;> nkOF
kw;Wk; muprp Mfpa nghUl;fs; tq;fhsj;jpy; ,Ue;J Nrfupf;fg;gl;l
kw;w ruf;Ffs; MFk;.
Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs;> rpj;jpuj;Jzpfs;> rijfs;> gl;Lj;Jzpfs;>
,ytq;f gl;ilfs;> rhjpf;fha;> [hjpgj;up> fw;G+uk;> ,ytk; kw;Wk;
tpiyAau;e;j Kj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; eiffs; Mfpatw;iw tq;fhsj;jpw;F
nfhz;L te;jdu;. ,tw;wpy; ngUk;ghyhdit kyhf;fh> rPdh> Nghu;dpNah>
rpNyhd; kw;Wk; kyghu; flNyhuj;jpy; ,Ue;jd. khyj;jPtpypUe;J fly;

Fz;Lfs; my;yJ kybt;fs;> nts;is kw;Wk; rptg;G re;jdk; NrhNyh INuhg;gpaupd; tUif
kw;Wk; jpNkhupy; ,Ue;J tq;fhsj;jpw;F nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;lJ.

,yq;if kw;Wk; gpw njd; fpof;fpypUe;J gy;NtW tifahd
eWkzg; nghUl;fs; Nrfupf;fg;gl;ld. Mrpa gpuhe;jpaq;fs;.
cjhuzj;jpw;F kyhf;fh kw;Wk; [hth Vw;Wkjpf;F kpsF cw;gj;jp Fwpg;Gfs;
nra;jdu;. nkhYf;fh]; gy;NtW tifahd fpuhk;Gfis cw;gj;jp
nra;jJ. kpfr; rpwe;j ,ytq;fg;gl;il> yp];gd;dpd; Vw;Wkjpf;fhd
,yq;ifahy; jahupf;fg;gl;lJ. jPNkhu; kw;Wk; nld;dp]pk; Mfpad>
Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fshy; yp];gd; nfhz;L te;j ey;y tpjtpjkhd
re;jdf;fl;ilfis cw;gj;jp nra;jdu;. Rkj;uh Nghu;j;JfPrpa
Efu;Tf;fhf nkOF toq;fpdhu;. Nghu;dpNah> Rkj;uh kw;Wk; rPdh
Mfpait yp];gDf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;a gy;NtW tifahd fw;G+uq;fis
cw;gj;jp nra;jd. ngFtpypUe;J te;j ngd;NrhapYk; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs;
mioj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;ldu;. u`{gu;g; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs; rPdhtpypUe;J
te;jdu;.
,jw;Fg; gjpyhf Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs; njd; fpof;F Mrpag;
gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;F jq;fk;> nts;sp> gzk; kw;Wk; Milfis
nfhLj;jdu;. ,tw;wpy; ngUk;ghyhd [Tsp nghUl;fs; ,e;jpahtpNyNa
jahupf;fg;gl;lit MFk;.
Nghu;r;RfPrpa tu;j;jfj;jpd; epjp

1500 f;Fk; 1506 f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; kyghu; flw;fiuapy;
Nghu;r;RfPrpa epWtdk; gw;wpa tptuq;fisf; fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf;
nfhz;lhy;> fpof;Fld; tzpfk; elj;j Njitahd nkhj;j KjyPLk;
xt;nthU Mz;Lk; 170>000 ehzakhf ,Ue;jJ vd;W xU ,j;jhypa
kjpg;gPl;bd;gb 1506y; kjpg;gplg;gl;lJ.
Nghu;r;RfPrpa muru; ,e;jj; njhifapy; ehd;fpy; xU gq;fpw;F
kl;LNk vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhu;. VidNahu; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa murUld;
xj;Jioj;j tu;j;jfu;fs;> epjpahdu;fshy; cau;j;jg;gl;lhu;. 1500 y; mtu;
xU Miz ntspapl;lhu;. ntspehl;L tu;j;jfu;fs; jq;fs; ghj;jpuq;fis
fpof;fpw;F mDg;gp itf;f Ntz;Lk;. jdpahu; tzpfu;fspd; fg;gy;fs;>
fg;gk; kw;Wk; tup tpjpg;gpy; Nrfupf;fg;gl;l tUtha;fs;> ,e;jpahTld;
tu;j;jfk; elj;Jtjw;F epjp xJf;fPL nra;ag;gl;lJ.
INuhg;gpa tzpfu;-epjpaspg;ghsu;fs;
,j;jhypau;fs;> Fwpg;ghf g;Nshud;fs; 16 Mk; E}w;whz;by; epjpahsu;fs;
kj;jpapy; xU Kf;fpakhd ,lj;ij Mf;fpukpj;jpUe;jJ. ,j;jhypa
epjpaspg;gtu;fspd; ngUk;ghyhNdhu; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa kd;dUld;
xg;ge;jq;fs; nra;J nfhz;lhu;fs;. yp];gd; vd;w ,lj;jpy; murUf;F
gzk; my;yJ nghUl;fis mtu;fs; toq;fpdu;. ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J
kpsF kw;Wk; ,ju ruf;Ffis thq;Ftjw;F muru; mtw;iwg;
gad;gLj;jpdhu;. ,e;jg; nghUl;fs; yp];gd;-,y; ifnaOj;jplg;gl;l
xg;ge;jq;fis fUj;jpy; nfhz;L toq;fg;gl;ld. ,Ug;gpDk;> rpy

INuhg;gpaupd; tUif epjpahsu;fs; jq;fsJ nrhe;j fhuzpfisAk; ,e;jpahTf;F mDg;gp
itj;jdu;. gzk; my;yJ ruf;Ffs; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa mjpfhupfspd;
Nkw;ghu;itapd; fPo; fpof;fpw;F mDg;gg;gl;bUe;jd.
,e;jpa ruf;FfSk; n[u;kd; epjpaspg;gtu;fSk;> tu;j;jfu;fis
Fwpg;Gfs; <u;j;jd. Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa muru; mtw;iwj; jpwe;j MAjq;fNshL
tuNtw;Ws;shu;. fPo;j;jpir epWtdj;jpw;F epjp mspf;f fbdkhf ,Ue;jJ.
,e;jpa ruf;FfSf;F> Fwpg;ghf kpsF kw;Wk; gpw krhyhf;fSf;fhd
gFjpg; gzk; nrYj;Jtjpy; fhg;gu; nfhLf;fg;gl;ljhy;> mjpf msT
nrk;G gupkhw;wj;jpw;F Njitg;gl;lJ. rpy n[u;kdpa tu;j;jfu;
epjpaspg;gtu;fs;> INuhg;ghtpy; jhkpuj;ij cw;gj;jp nra;tjpy; VfNghf
cupik ngw;Ws;sdu;. ,J ,e;jpahTld; tu;j;jfk; nra;tjpy; ngUk;
gad; cs;sjhf khwpaJ. n[u;kd; epjpaspg;Nghu;> yp];gdpy; cs;s
,e;jpah tPl;bw;F> Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa nfhbapd; fPo; ,e;jpahtpw;F mioj;Jr;
nry;yg;gl Ntz;Lk;> ifnaOj;jplg;gl;l xg;ge;jq;fspd; epge;jidfs;
kw;Wk; epge;jidfspd;gb yp];gd; ruf;Ffis thq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w
,e;jpa tPl;ilj; jkJ fg;gy;fs; %yk; vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; gzq;fisAk;>
ruf;FfisAk; nghUj;jpf; nfhs;syhk;.
16 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,uz;lhk; ghjpapy; nty;Nru;]; kw;Wk;
gpA+[pN[u;]; ,UtUk; fpuz;Nlh ghup]; kw;Wk; [{thd; ghl;b];lh
Nuhtny];Nfh MfpNahUld; Nru;eJ ; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J Neubahf
30>000 Ftpz;lhy; kpsfha; nfhs;Kjy; nra;J> 1>70>000 rpWrNlh];
njhifia ,e;jpah tUle;NjhUk; mDg;g rk;kjpj;jdu;. vdNt>
nty;]u;fs; kw;Wk; /gfu;fupd; epWtdq;fs; ,e;jpahtpd; tu;jj ; fj;Jld;
neUf;fkhf njhlu;G nfhz;Ls;sd. 16 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpahTldhd
tu;jj; fj;jpy; xU rpy Nghu;rR
; fPrpa tu;jj ; fu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;. ,e;jpahtpy;
gzpaku;jj ; g;gl;l khepy mjpfhupfSk; ,e;jpa tu;jj ; fj;jpy; gq;Nfw;f
mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldu;. gbepiyapy; cs;s mtu;fsJ epiyg;ghl;bd;gb>
gzCjpaj;jpw;Fg; gjpyhf> Nghu;rR ; fPrpau;fSf;F Fwpg;gpl;l msT
ruf;Ffis vLf;f mtu;fSf;F rpy cupikfs; ,Ue;jd. mtu;fsJ
cupikfs; gw;wpa tpguq;fs; mtu;fsJ gzp epakd Mizapd; Ngupy;
toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,J mtu;fspd; Cjpaj;jpy; xU gFjpahfNt mike;jJ.
,e;jpa tu;j;jfu;fSk; Ml;rpahsu;fSk;

gy ,e;jpa tu;j;jfu;fs;> Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fSf;F gzkhfNth my;yJ
ruf;Ffshf khw;wr; nryT ,y;yhj NghJ> Nghu;r;RfPrpa flDf;F
ruf;Ffis toq;fpdu;. nfhr;rpd; tpahghupfs;> Fwpg;ghf khu;fhupau;fs;
Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs; kPJ kpFe;j cjtp Gupe;jjhy;> Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa
mjpfhupfshy; mtu;fsJ Nritfs; ed;wpAld; epidT $ug;gl;ld.
rpy rkak;> Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa muru; mj;jifa tpahghupfSf;F
rpy rYiffis toq;f rk;kjpf;f Neu;e;jJ. gP[hg;G+u; ,uhr;rpaj;jpy;
Nritiaj; njhlu;e;J fhkD}upy; FbNawpa fpth[h rhk;Rl;bd; fpyhdp>
fld; kPjhd epjpiaf; fz;Lgpbg;gjpy; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fSf;F mbf;fb
cjtpahf ,Ue;jhu;.

rpy cs;Shu; Ml;rpahsu;fs; Nghu;r;Rf;fPru;fSf;F Mjuthf INuhg;gpaupd; tUif
epd;wdu;. mtu;fs; thq;fpa ruf;FfSf;F tpahghupfSf;Fj; Njitahd

gzk; mtu;fSf;F nfhLf;f tpy;iy. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> nfhr;rpd; muru;
gy Kiw Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs; jq;fSf;F Njitahd ruf;Ffisf;
fldhf fpilf;fr; nra;a Kd;te;jhu;. Fwpg;Gfs;
Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs; kw;w fg;gy;fs; midj;ijAk; ,e;jpag;
ngUq;fly; kw;Wk; mugpf;flypy; fyg;gij jil nra;jdu;.
Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa mjpfhupfsplkpUe;J xU Nju;r;rp (Nfuf;l];) ,y;yhky;
ruf;Ffis Vw;wpr; nry;Yk; fg;gy;fis mtu;fs; gwpKjy; nra;J
te;jdu;. ,e;jpahtpw;Nfh kw;w Mrpa ehLfNsh VNjDk; Vw;Wkjp
nra;ag;gl Ntz;bapUe;jhy; Nghu;r;RfPrpa mjpfhupfsplk; ,Ue;J
midj;J fg;gy;fSk; thq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
mf;gUk; mtuJ thupRfSk; ,e;jpahtpd; Ml;rpahsu;fshd
m`kj; efiur; Nru;e;j epyhk; \h> fh[hg;G+upd; mby; \h> nfhr;rpd;
muru;> fd;dNdhu; Ml;rpahsu;fs; MfpNahu; rpy ,lq;fSf;F
fg;gy;fis mDg;g Ntz;bapUe;jJ. gazr; rPl;Lfs; toq;Ftjw;fhf
tR+ypf;fg;gLk; fl;lzq;fSk; mtu;fSf;F tUkhdk; <l;lf; fhuzkhf
mike;jJ. xU rpwpa njhif kl;LNk fl;lzkhf tR+ypf;fg;gl;lJ
vd;whYk;> rYifrPl;L vLf;f tpUk;gpa fg;gy;fs;> Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa
,y;yq;fSf;F> tup nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;j
JiwKfq;fis ghu;itapl Ntz;bapUe;jJ. NkYk; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs;
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;l Ml;rpahsu;fs; mtu;fSf;F rpwpjsT gzk; my;yJ
VjhtJ xU tifapy; nfhLf;f Ntz;ba epu;g;ge;jk; Vw;gl;lJ.
Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs; ,e;j Kiwia gad;gLj;jp KjyPLfSf;F gzk;
nfhs;Kjy; nra;a epiwa Kiw gad;gLj;jpdhu;fs;. ,t;thwhf>
Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; jq;fs; tu;j;jfj;ij ,aq;Ftjw;F
gzk; rk;ghjpf;f gy topfis gad;gLj;jpdu;.
,e;jpahTld; Nghu;r;RfPrpa tu;j;jfj;jpd; jd;ik

Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs; Nfhopf;NfhL te;jile;j fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj>
,e;jpa kw;Wk; ntspehl;L tpahghupfs;> gpw tzpfu;fs;> mtw;iw
mfw;w Ntz;Lk;> thzpfk; Fwpj;j KOikahd VfNghf cupik
mtu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W mtu;fs; NfhupapUe;jdu;.
MAjq;fs; kw;Wk; ntbFz;Lfis itj;jpUf;Fk; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa
fg;gy;fs; kw;w tu;j;jfu;fis mr;RWj;jp> mtw;wpd; tpahghu kw;Wk;
eltbf;iffis gwpKjy; nra;jdu;. 1501 f;Fs;> Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa muru;
,e;jpa ngUq;fly; gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; jdJ cupikfis fhl;ba xU
ghr newpiaj; jiyg;ghf vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. ,e;j jiyg;G mtiu
topelj;Jjy;> vj;jpNahg;gpah> mNugpah> ghurPfk; kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpd;
tzpfk; Mfpatw;iw ,iwtd; vd;W giwrhw;wpaJ.
1502-y; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs; Nfhopf;Nfhl;by; xU gpuj;jpNaf
cupikia Nfhupdu;. me;j rhNkhupd;> Nfhopf;NfhL muru;> tpisr;rYf;F
tutpy;iy. th];Nfhlfhkh> mugpf; fly; kw;Wk; ,e;jpag; ngUq;flypy;
cs;s fg;gy;fs; kPJ Nghu; mwptpj;jhu;. Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa mjpfhupfshy;

INuhg;gpaupd; tUif Kiwahf ifnaOj;jplg;gl;l me;j fg;gy;fs; jhf;fg;glg; Nghtjpy;iy
vd;W mtu; xU tpiuTj;jpl;lj;ijj; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;. 1502y; ,e;j
rhd;wpjo; Kjypy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
fly;rhu; eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;bUe;j xt;nthUtUk;
Fwpg;Gfs; Nghu;rR
; f;fr
P pau;fsplkpUe;J fhu;j]; nfhs;Kjy; nra;a Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
kpsF> ,Q;rp> fg;gy; RUjp> Fjpiufs;> fe;jfk;> <ak;> fapW kw;Wk;
,ytq;fg;gl;il Nghd;w rpy nghUl;fis fg;gypy; Vw;w KbahJ vd;w
epiy ,Ue;jJ. Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs; ,e;j nghUs;fspd; kPJ jdpAupik
nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
jdpAupik tzpfk;
15 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjp tiu cyfpd; gy;NtW gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J
te;j tzpfu;fs; ,e;jpahtpd; flNyhug; gFjpfspy; tzpfk; Mfpatw;wpy;
<Lgl;ldu;. t];Nfhlfhkh 1498 y; nkf;fh> ,yq;if> JUf;fp> vfpg;J>
ghurPfk; kw;Wk; vj;jpNahg;gpah JiwKfj;jpd; gy;NtW gFjpfspy;
,Ue;J tzpfu;fs; ,Ue;jdu; vd;W njuptpj;jhu;. rPd tu;j;jfu;fSk;
mNj Nghy; nrq;fly; gFjpfspypUe;J tUk; tpahghupfSk; ,e;jpa
JiwKfq;fSf;F tUtJ ed;F mwpag;gl;ld. nghJthf tzpfj;jpw;F
cupik NfhUk; ve;j xU tu;j;jfu; FOTk;> xU rpy my;yJ midj;J
ruf;FfisAk; vtUf;Fk; epu;zapg;gjw;fhd ve;j Kaw;rpAk; ,y;iy.
Mdhy;> Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa tUifNahL ,e;j muR tptfhuq;fs; fzprkhd
khWjiyf; nfhz;bUe;jd. kw;w tu;j;jfu;fs; jq;fs; JiwKfq;fSld;
tzpfk; nra;tij jLf;ff; $lhJ vd;W muru;fs; neUf;fb nfhLj;J
te;jdu;. mNj Nghy;> rpy ruf;Ffs; kw;wtu;fshy; tpahghuk; nra;a
jil nra;ag;gl;ljhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
NtWtpjkhff; $wpdhy;> Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs; tzpfj;jpy;
VfNghfj;ijf; Nfhupdu;. INuhg;gpaupd; tUif ,e;jpa Ml;rpahsu;fSldhd
cld;gbf;iffs; Fwpj;J Fwpg;gpl;lJ. Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa N;fhl;ilfis
mtu;fSila Nuhe;J fg;gy;fs; fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; gpw fg;gy;fs;
mDg;g tw;GWj;JtJ Mrpa fly; tzpf VfNghfj;ij epWt
nra;ag;gl;l Kaw;rpfs; MFk;.
,e;jpa Ml;rpahsu;fs; kw;Wk; tu;j;jfu;fspd; tzpfk;

nkhj;j VfNghf cupikia epiyehl;Ltjpy; Nghu;rR ; f;fr
P pa Kaw;rpfs;
,e;jpa Ml;rpahsu;fshYk; tpahghupfshYk; tzpfk; elj;jpa xU
R+oe
; piyiaf; nfhz;L tutpy;iy. Nkw;fhZk; ,lq;fspy; ,Ue;J
Fjpiufis ,wf;Fkjp nra;jhd;. ,J Nghu;rR ; f;frP pa xU VfNghf
cUg;gbahy; milahsk; fhzg;gl;ld. rpy rkaq;fspy; mj;jifa
nghUs;fs; Nghu;rR ; f;fr
P pau;fshy; gwpKjy; nra;ag;gLk; mghaj;jpy;
,Ue;jd. Nghu;rR ; fPrpau;fsplkpUe;J fle;J nry;Yk; nghUs;fisAk;>
fhk;Ng kw;Wk; `hu;K]{ldhd nghUl;fSld; mDg;Gk; nghUl;L
nfd;dhdpaupd; murd; gad;gLj;jpdhu;. kyghu; flw;fiuapy; cs;s
jD}u;> Nfhopf;NfhL Mfpa kd;du;fSf;Fk; ,Nj epiyjhd;. Nghu;rR ; f;fr
P pa
VfNghfk; ,Ue;jNghjpYk; F[uhj;jpd; gpuGf;fs; jq;fs; tu;jj ; fj;ij

njhlu;ej; du;. khypf; Nfhgp> khypf; ma;]>; fhth[h Nrhj; kw;Wk; INuhg;gpaupd; tUif
thzpfj;jpy; Mu;tk; nfhz;ltu;fs;> my;yJ Nghu;rR ; f;frP pau;fsplkpUe;J

fle;J nry;Yk; fg;gy;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. ,e;jpahtpy; FbNawpa
cs;Shu; kw;Wk; ntspehl;L tu;jj ; fu;fs;> fhu;ln ; l]; ,y;yhky;> jq;fs;
tu;jj
; fj;jpy; <Lgl;ldu;. Nfhopf;NfhL kw;Wk; Nfg; ,ilNa cs;s gFjpapy; Fwpg;Gfs;
Njhuhakhf 60>000 Ftpz;lhy; kpsF cw;gj;jp 15>000 Ftpz;lhy; kl;LNk
Nghu;rR
; f;fr
P pa njhopw;rhiyfSf;F mDg;gg;gl;lJ. kPjKs;s kpsF kw;w
JiwKfq;fSf;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; Nghu;rR ; f;frP pau;fshy;
rl;ltpNuhjkhdJ vd;W $wg;gl;lJ. Nghu;rR ; f;fr
P pau;fs; kpsF tpiyia
mjpfupf;f tpUk;gtpy;iy ,J gy jrhg;jq;fSf;Fg; gpd;du; 1503 ,y;
Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l xd;whFk;. vdNt> kpsF cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; mij
thq;ff; $ba tpahghupfSf;F toq;Ftij jtpu NtW ve;j khw;W
fUj;Jk; ,y;iy kw;Wk; Nghu;rR ; f;fr
P pau;fSf;F njupahky; gpw tu;jj ; f
ikaq;fSf;F mDg;gp itf;fpwhu;fs;. NkYk;> gy Nghu;rR ; f;frP pa mjpfhupfs;
jkJ murhq;fj;jpd; mwpT ,y;yhky; gy;NtW ruf;Ffspy; jkJ nrhe;j
jdpg;gl;l tu;jj ; fj;ij elj;jpdhu;fs;. cz;ikapy;> Nghu;rR ; f;fr P pa VfNghf
cupik vd;gJ nrq;fly; kz;lyj;jpy; xUNghJk; gydspf;ftpy;iy.
tpahghuk; kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp

16 Mk; E}w;whz;by; Mrpahtpy; may;ehl;L thzpfk; kw;Wk;
Fwpg;ghf ,e;jpah kw;Wk; kpfg; ngupa ePz;l J}uj;jpd; xU Gwk;
Mrpa JiwKfq;fs; kw;Wk; kw;nwhU gf;fj;jpy; ml;yhz;bf;
JiwKfq;fSld; njhlu;GilaJ. Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;l ruf;Ffs;
,e;jpahtpypUe;J INuhg;ghtpd; gy;NtW gFjpfs; nrd;wile;jJ. Kd;G
tpsf;fpagb ,e;j tu;j;jfj;jpd; tbtj;jpy; gy $Wfs; ,Ue;jd, mJ
ntWk; ‘mw;gkhd’ tu;j;jfj;jpy; ,Ue;J NtWgl;lJ.
kpsFf;F mjpfkhd Njit ,Ug;gijf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L
tptrhapfs; cw;gj;jpia mjpfupf;f Kad;wdu;. 1515 kw;Wk; 1607
,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy;> kyghu; gFjpapy; kpsF cw;gj;jp 200 Kjy;
275 rjtPjk; tiu nrd;wJ. Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs;; tUiff;F Kd; kpsF
cw;gj;jp msT gw;wp ehk; mwpe;jpUf;ftpy;iy vd;gjhy; cw;gj;jp
mjpfupg;gij jPu;khdpg;gJ fbdk;. Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa tUiff;Fg; gpwF
,e;jpahtpy; kpsfpd; cw;gj;jp mjpfupj;jJ vd;W KbT nra;tJ
epahakhdJ. Mdhy; nkhfyhag; Nguurpy; ,Ue;J kpsFf;F cs;Njit
kw;Wk; ]ghtpd; ntspGwk; tiu kdjpy; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. ,e;jpahtpy;
kpsF cw;gj;jp mjpfupg;gjw;F NguuRk; gq;fspj;jpUf;fyhk;.
2.3.3 Nghu;j;JfPrpau;fspd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa mjpfhuk; xU rupit fz;lJ tPo;r;rpapd; fhuzq;fs;
gpd;tUkhW:
••my;GFu;Ftpd; Ntiyia ahuhYk; Kd;ndLf;f Kbatpy;iy.
••Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa Ml;rpahsu;fs; ehl;bd; kjq;fis Nehf;fpa
rfpg;Gj; jd;ik nfhs;stpy;iy.

INuhg;gpaupd; tUif ••Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa epu;thf mikg;G nfhQ;rk; nfhQ;rkhf Coypy;
kype;Jtpl;lJ.
••kw;w INuhg;gpa tu;j;jf rf;jpfspd; vOr;rp – lr;R> gpnuQ;R
kw;Wk; gpupl;b\;.
Fwpg;Gfs;
••1631-y; nkhfyhag; NguuR vd;w fh]pk; fhd; mtu;fis
tpul;baNghJ `f;yPia ,oe;jdu;.
••1661-y; Nghu;rR ; ; rhu;y]; II
; f;fy; kd;du; ,q;fpyhe;ijr; Nru;ej
vd;gtiu Kd;dhs; rNfhjup jpUkzk; nra;j NghJ tujl;rizahf
nfhLj;jhu;.
••1739-y; kuhl;bau;fs; rhy;rPl; kw;Wk; gh];]pd; ifg;gw;wpdu;.
••,Wjpapy; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs; Nfhth> la;A> jkd; MfpNahUld;
kl;LNk Gwg;gl;ldu;.
Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa ftu;du;fspd; FWfpa Nehf;Fila nfhs;if>
kf;fis mbikfshf;fp tpw;gJ cl;gl tzpfk; vd;w ngaupy;
xt;nthU tpjkhd Coy; tof;ifAk; khw;wptpLfpwJ kw;Wk;
flw;nfhs;isau;fspd; gbg;gbahd tPo;r;rpf;Fk; toptFj;jJ.

4. nfhr;rpdpy; Kjy; njhopw;rhiy vg;NghJ epWtg;gl;lJ?
5.
fpof;fpYs;s Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa mjpfhuj;jpd; cz;ikahd
];jhgfu; vd;W fUjg;gLtJ ahu;?
6. ,e;jpag; ngz;fis kzf;f Nghu;r;Rf;fPru;fSf;F my;Gu;fp
Vd; Cf;fkspj;J te;jhu;?
7.
,e;jpahtpy; tu;j;jfk; nra;tjpy; ,Ue;J mNugpau;fs;
tpyfpaJ Vd;?
8. Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa FbNaw;wq;fs; cs;s ,lq;fis milahsk;
fhZq;fs;.
9. Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs; tq;fhsj;Jld; tu;j;jfj; njhlu;Gfis
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lJ vg;NghJ?
10. ,e;jpahtpypUe;J Nghu;r;Rf;fypy; Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gLk; Kf;fpa
tu;j;jfg; nghUl;fs; vit?
2.4 lr;R
Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fSf;F gpwF lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; tzpfk;
nra;a Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,e;jpahtpd; krhyh re;ijia Neubahf
mZf Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpdhu;fs;. mtu;fspd; ,yl;rpaj;iij
epiwNtWtjw;F 1596 Kjy; 1602 tiu gy flw;gazq;fs; ,e;jpahtpy;
Nkw;nfhs;sgl;ld. 1602-y; mtu;fs;; If;fpa fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk;
vd;w mikg;ig epWtpdu;. lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa Mq;fpNya
tu;j;jfu;fNshL Kuz;gl Ntz;bapUe;jJ.

1602-y; lr;R ehlhSkd;wk; xU rhrdj;ij epiwNtw;wpaJ. ,e;j INuhg;gpaupd; tUif
rhrdk; lr;R fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk; vd;w mikg;gpw;F toptFj;jJ.

,e;j rhrdj;jpd;gb> epyg;gFjpfis ifafg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Nghu;fs;
elj;j mjpfhuk; ngw;wpUe;jJ. mjpy; cld;gbf;iffs; kw;Wk;
Nfhl;ilfSf;F mjpfhuKk; ,Ue;jJ. Fwpg;Gfs;
njhopw;rhiyfs; epWTjy;
lr;R kf;fshy; gy njhopw;rhiyfs; mikf;fg;gl;ld. rpy
njhopw;rhiyfspy; k#ypg;glk; (1605), Gypfhl; (1610), R+uj; (1616)>
gPkpypg;glk; (1641)> fhiuf;fhy; (1645), rpd;Ruh (1653), kw;Wk;
nfhr;rpd;(1663) Mfpait. 1668-y; ,e;epWtdk; frpk;g[hu;> ghl;dh>
ghyhNrhu; kw;Wk; nefhglk;; njhopw;rhiyfis mikj;jJ. ,e;j
njhopw;rhiyfs; epWtg;gl;l gpd;du; mtu;fs; fpof;Fldhd INuhg;gpa
tu;j;jfj;jpy; kpfTk; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpa rf;jpahf Mdhu;fs;. 1690
tiu mtu;fsJ tu;j;jf eltbf;iffspd; Kf;fpa ikakhf Gypfhl;
,Ue;jJ. 1690 f;Fg; gpwF lr;R tu;j;jfu;fspd; Kf;fpa ikakhf
ehfg;gl;bdk; tpsq;fpaJ.
lr;R> 1759-y; ngbuh vd;w Nghupy; Mq;fpNyaiu ,oe;jJ kw;Wk;
,e;jg; NghUf;F gpd;du; Mq;fpNyaiu Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;.
Mq;fpNyaw;Fk; kw;Wk; lr;Rf;fhuUf;Fk; ,ilNa mt;tg;NghJ xU
rpy FbNaw;wq;fs; ele;jd 1623-y; lr;R ehl;by; gj;J Mq;fpNyau;fSk;>
xd;gJ [g;ghdpau;fSk; mk;Nghdhtpy; ,Ue;jdu; ,J lr;Rf;fhuu;fs;
Mq;fpNyau;fisAk; kw;w tu;j;jf ehLfisAk; Nehf;fp ntWg;igf;
fhl;baJ.
tpahghuj;ij tpupTgLj;Jk; Kaw;rpapy; lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; kPu;
[yhTld; Nkhjy;fSf;Fs; te;jhu;fs; kw;Wk; 1672-k; Mz;by; – 74
R+uj;jpilNaahd njhlu;ig mtu;fs; gyKiw jilnra;jhu;fs;
kw;Wk; gk;ghapy; cs;s gpw Mq;fpyg; FbNaw;wq;fSk; kw;Wk; tq;fhs
tpupFlhtpy; %d;W Mq;fpyf; fg;gy;fSk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld.
1580 kw;Wk; 1640 f;F ,ilapy; Nghu;rR ; f;fs; ];ngapdpd; fPo;
,Ue;jJ. ,q;fpyhe;J kw;Wk; ];ngapDf;F ,ilNa gifik epytpaJ.
Mq;fpNyau; kw;Wk; Nghu;rR
; f;fR
P f;F ,ilNa gifik epytpaJ. 1630-y;
Nkl;upl; cld;gbf;if %yk; Mq;fpNyau; kw;Wk; Nghu;rR ; f;frP pau;fSf;F
,ilNa tu;jj ; f uPjpapyhd Nghu; eltbf;iffs; xl;Lnkhj;jkhf
epWj;jg;gltpy;iy. 1640 Mk; Mz;by; Nghu;rR; f;fy; ];ngapdpy; ,Ue;J
Rje;jpuk; ngw;w NghJ Mq;fpNyau; kw;Wk;; Nghu;rR ; f;frP pau;fSf;F
,ilNaahd cwTfs; NkYk; Kd;Ndw;wkile;jJ> fpof;fpYs;s
Mq;fpNyaupd; thzpf cupikia Nghu;rR ; f;frP pa ehLfs; Vw;Wf;
nfhz;Ls;sd. ,J 1661 Mk; Mz;by; Mq;fpNyau;fSld; cld;gbf;if
Kbtile;jJ> ,jd; %yk; lr;Rf;F vjpuhf Nghu;rR ; f;frP pau;fSf;F
Mjuthf Mq;fpNyau;fis xg;Gf;nfhz;lJ.
,Wjpahf> tu;j;jf epWtdq;fspd; Nghl;b lr;R kw;Wk; Nghu;r;RfPrpa
,e;jpa tu;j;jf re;ijapypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;lJ.

INuhg;gpaupd; tUif
lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; kw;Wk; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fis mLj;J Mq;fpNyau; kw;Wk;
gpnuQ;R epWtdq;fSk; ,e;jpahtpy; thzpfk; nra;tjw;fhd xNu
Fwpg;Gfs; Nghl;bahsu;fshf ,Ue;jd.
2.5.1 gpnuQ;R
,e;jpahTld; tu;j;jf cwTfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lJ Kjy; gpnuQ;R
epWtdkhf Nfhk;gf;dp Nj]; ,d;Nj];; ,Ue;jJ. 1664 Mk; Mz;by;
gpuhd;rpd; kd;duhf ,Ue;j Y}ap]; XIV epWtdk; ,e;j epWtdj;jpw;F
mDkjp toq;fpaJ. gpd;du; ,e;j gpnuQ;R epWtdj;jpd; jpl;lkply;
gpuhd;rpd; epjpaikr;ruhf ,Ue;j Nfhy;gu;l; mtu;fshy; nra;agl;lJ.
,e;j epWtdj;jpd; fPo;> 1668y; R+uj;jpy; Kjy; njhopw;rhiy
epWtg;gl;lJ. Kjy; njhopw;rhiyia epWtpatu; gpnuQ;R Nritapy;
NfhNuhd; vd;w xU lr;Nkd; Mthu;. 1669-y; k#ypg;gl;bdk; mLj;j
njhopw;rhiyahf mikf;fg;gl;lJ. 1674-y; ghz;br;Nrupf;F mtu;fsJ
jiyefuk; Mapw;W. 1690 Kjy; 1692 tiu gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fs; re;jpu
efu;> tq;fhs ejpapd; fiuapy; xU njhopw;rhiyia mikj;jdu;.
k`hd; (,g;NghJ kyghu;) kw;Wk; fhiuf;fhy; (jw;NghJ Nfhukz;ly;)
1725 kw;Wk; 1739 KiwNa gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fshy; ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
murdhy; ,e;j epWtdj;Jf;F 3>000>000 gpuQ;R ehzak; fldhf
toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jf; flDf;F murd; ve;j mf;fiwAk; tR+ypf;ftpy;iy.
ey;y ek;gpf;if nfhz;l ,e;jpah kw;Wk; njd; fly; Mfpa gFjpfspy;
,Ue;J tu;jj ; f eltbf;iffis elj;j 25 Mz;Lfshf epWtdk;
VfNghf cupik nfhz;bUe;jJ. Xsuq;frPg; epWtd Mjutpd;gb
xU cWjpia mspj;jhu;. mjpy;> F[uhj; flw;fiuapy; tu;jj ; f
eltbf;iffis elj;j me;j epWtdj;Jf;F mDkjp ,Ue;jJ.
2.5.2 gpupl;b\;
fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk; vd;wiof;fg;gl;l yz;ld; tu;j;jfu;fspd;
MSeu; kw;Wk; epWtdk; fpof;F ,e;jpaj; jPTfs; mzpf;F 1600-y;
vyprngj; uhzp %yk; mur rhrdk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. fpof;fpy; tu;j;jf
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F epWtdj;jpw;F cupik toq;fg;gl;lJ.
gpd;du; ,e;epWtdk; Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdkhf gpugykhfpaJ.
gy tUlq;fshf [hth> Rkj;uh> nkhypAfRld; kl;LNk epWtdk;
tu;j;jfk; nra;jJ. ,e;j Neuj;jpy; mtu;fs; eWkzg; nghUl;fspd;
tu;j;jfj;jpy; kl;LNk <Lgl;L te;jdu;. 1608-y; Nfg;ld; tpy;ypak;
`hf;fpd;];> n[`hq;fPiu re;jpj;jhu;. mtu; me;jf; fbjj;ij
mtUf;Ff; fhl;bdhu;. ,q;fpyhe;ijr; Nru;e;j N[k;]; fpq; vd;gtiu
mtu; mioj;J te;jhu;. ,e;j fbjj;jpy; [`hq;fPu; Mq;fpy tzpfu;fs;
jq;fs; filfis ehl;by; epWt N[k;]; mDkjp Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhu;.
,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpy tu;j;jfu;fis epWTtj;py; Nghu;r;Rf;fP]; kw;Wk;
R+uj;ij Nru;e;j tu;j;jfu;fs; ,ij fLikahf vjpu;j;jdu;. ,t;thW
[`hq;fPu; I N[k;];apd; Ntz;LNfhis epuhfupj;jdu;.

1609 y;> [`hq;fPu;> R+uj;jpy; INuhg;gpau;fspd; Miy tUifapid INuhg;gpaupd; tUif
mikg;gjw;F Mq;fpNyaUf;F mDkjp mspj;jhu;. ,e;j epWtdk;>

Ry;jhd; mtu;fspd; mDkjpiaAk; ngw;W Nfhy;Fz;lj;jpy; tpahghuk;
nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,Ug;gpDk;> Ry;jhd; epWtdk; xU tUlj;jpw;F 500
gNfhlh]; vd;w epiyahd tpUg;g flik nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W xU Fwpg;Gfs;
epge;jid cs;sJ. 1651 y; ethg;R[h-cj;-jPd; epWtdk; xt;nthU
Mz;Lk; 3>000 nrYj;j Ntz;ba tu;j;jf eltbf;iffis njhlu
epWtdj;jpw;F mDkjp toq;fpaJ.
1656-y; Mq;fpNyaupd; tu;j;jfj;jpw;F ghJfhg;G toq;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;j cj;jutpd;gb> Mq;fpNyau;fs; jq;fs; ,wf;Fkjpiaf; nfhz;L
nry;y mDkjp ngw;wdu; kw;Wk; Rq;fr;rhtbfs; my;yJ Rq;ff;
fl;lzk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy.
1691-y; ,g;uh`pk; fhd;> r\p];lh fhdpd; thuprhf Mq;fpNyaDf;F
Mjuthf xU cWjpnkhopia ntspapl;lhu;. ,e;j cWjpnkhop
fUj;Jg;gb> Mq;fpNyaupd; flik ,y;yh tu;j;jfj;ij Nkw;nfhs;s
mDkjp mspf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; mtu;fs; Mz;LNjhWk; 3>000 nrYj;j
Ntz;Lk;. 1691 f;Fg; gpwF epWtdk; tq;fhsj;jpd; kPJ gha;e;J
vy;iyaw;Wg; NghdJ. 1696 Mk; Mz;by; epWtdj;Jf;F vjpuhd
fpsu;r;rpapy; rhgh rpq;fpd; [kPd;jhiug; nghWj;jtiuapy; mJ Mgj;J
vd;W epWtdk; njuptpj;jJ. ,e;j fhuzj;jpw;fhf cjtpAld; epWtdk;
jq;fs; njhopw;rhiy Nfhl;ilfspd; cupikfis ngw;wJ.
%d;W fpuhkq;fspd; [kPd;jhup—Rlhl;b> Nfhtpe;jG+u; kw;Wk;
fhspfhjh my;yJ fhspfjh—1698-y; Mq;fpNyauplk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
,jw;Fg; gjpyhf> [kPd;jhup Mq;fpNyauplk; toq;fg;gLtjw;F
Kd;G ,e;j %d;W fpuhkq;fspd; [kPd;jhu; vd;w tifapy; mtu;fs;
rfu;zh nrsjuplk; 1>200 nrYj;j Ntz;bapUe;jJ. 1700-y; xU jdp
[dhjpgjp kw;Wk; tq;fhsj;jpd; njhopw;rhiyfSf;F FO nghWg;Ngw;wJ.
mj;Jld; Mq;fpNyau;fspd; fl;likf;fg;gl;l xU Nfhl;ilahFk;.
,e;j Nfhl;ilf;F ,q;fpyhe;J kd;du; ,uz;lhk; tpy;ypak; vd;w ngau;
R+l;lg;gl;lJ. gpd;du;> ,e;jf; Nfhl;il> njhopw;rhiyfspd; nghWg;gpy;
,Ue;j Nguitapd; Mrdkhf khwpaJ. Kjy; [dhjpgjp kw;Wk; ,e;j
Nguitapd; MSeu; ru; rhu;y]; vau; Mthu;
1714-y; fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;Jf;F midj;J tu;jj; f
trjpfisAk; nra;J ju Ntz;Lk; vd;W [hd; R+u;Nkd; vd;gtiu
nly;yp ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F ,q;fpyhe;J mDg;gpaJ. rf;utu;jj
; p ghUf;rpahiu
mtu; re;jpj;jNghJ> tq;fhsj;jpd; nkl;uh]; kw;Wk; gk;gha; Mfpa
gFjpfspy; Rje;jpu tu;jj; fj;ij elj;Jtjw;F epWtk; mDkjp toq;fpaJ.
,J jtpu ,e;epWtdk; jdJ nrhe;j ehzak; nra;a mDkjpj;jJ.

1749 y; gpnuQ;R epWtdk; ,q;fpyhe;J epWtdj;jpd; jPtpu Nghl;bahsuhf
,Ug;gjhfj; Njhd;wpaJ. Mdhy; gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fshy; ePz;l fhyk;
capu;tho Kbatpy;iy:

INuhg;gpaupd; tUif ••gpnuQ;R epWtdk; murhq;fj;jhy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ Mdhy;
epWtdj;jpd; tptfhuq;fspy; murhq;fk; mf;fiw fhl;ltpy;iy.
kWGwk; Mq;fpNya epWtdk; jdpahu; mf;fiw nfhz;bUe;jJ.
••gpuQ;R epWtdj;Jld; xg;gpLifapy; Mq;fpNya epWtdj;jpw;F
Fwpg;Gfs; mjpf gzk; ,Ue;jJ. Mq;fpNya tu;j;jfj;jpd; gug;gsTk; gue;J
tpupe;J fhzg;gl;lJ.
••Mq;fpNyau;fs; ePu;g;gug;gpNyNa tYthf ,Ue;jdu;. mtu;fsplk;
ngupa fg;gy;fs; kw;Wk; tzpfu;fs; tu;j;jf eltbf;iffSld;
njhlu;e;J gazk; nra;J te;jdu;.
Mq;fpNyau; kw;Wk; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuUf;F ,ilNaahd Nghu;.

1746 Kjy; 1763 Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk; kw;Wk; gpnuQ;R fpof;fpe;jpa
epWtdk; Mfpait ,e;jpahtpy; xUtUf;nfhUtu; rz;ilapl;ldu;.
,e;jg; Nghu;fs; fu;ehlf Nghu;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;jpahtpy;
tu;j;jfj;jpy; VfNghf cupik ngWtjw;fhf xUtUf;nfhUtu; Nghuhbdu;.
,e;jpa Ml;rpahsu;fshd Kfyhau;fs; jf;fhzj;jpd; RNgjhu; ,e;jg;
Nghu;fspy; gq;Nfw;ftpy;iy.

11. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; lr;R mikg;gpd; ngau; vd;d?
12. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd;Kjypy; epWtg;gl;l gpnuQ;Rg; njhopw;rhiy
vq;Nf kw;Wk; vg;nghOJ>?
13. ,q;fpyhe;J fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpd; Muk;g ngau; vd;d?
14. [`hq;fpu; ,e;jpahtpy; jq;fis epiyehl;bf;nfhs;s Vd;
fpof;F ,e;jpa epWtdj;ij kWj;jhu;?
15. gpupl;b\; tu;j;jf epWtdk; ,e;jpahtpy; tu;j;jfk; nra;a
mDkjpj;jJ vg;NghJ?
16. gpupl;b\;fhuu;fs; [kPdj
; hup thq;fp te;j fpuhkq;fspd; ngau; vd;d?
2.6 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpAk;

1. INuhg;ghtpypUe;J ,e;jpahtpw;fhd fly; topia th];Nfhlfhkh

fz;Lgpbj;jhu;.
2. nfhr;rpd; ,e;jpahtpd; Muk;gfhy jiyefuk;.
3. t];Nfhlfhkh JiwKfk; 1498 Nk 17 md;W> Nfhopf;NfhL
JiwKfj;ij mile;jJ.
4. 1502-y; mtu; nfhr;rpd; njhopw;rhiy xd;iw epWtpdhu;.
5. my;Nghd;rh b my;GFu;nff; fpof;fpy; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa rhk;uh[;aj;jpd;
cz;ikahd epWtdu; Mthu;.

6. Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs; ,e;jpag; ngz;fis kzg;gjw;F my;GFu;Ff; INuhg;gpaupd; tUif
Cf;fkspj;jhu;. mg;NghJjhd; ,e;jpahtpy; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa

MSikia epWt KbAk;.
7.
Nghu;r;RfPrpa Mf;fpukpg;G ,e;jpa tu;j;jfj;jpy; ,Ue;J
mNugpau;fis tpyf;fpf; nfhs;s epu;g;ge;jpj;jJ. Nfhopf;NfhL Fwpg;Gfs;
mNugpa tzpfu;fs; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa tbtikg;Gf;fis gw;wp
Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj mr;rk; nfhz;bUe;jd.
8. Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpak; Nkw;F kw;Wk; fpof;F fiuNahu ,lq;fis
epWtpaJ. Nkw;F flw;fiuapy; cs;s gFjpfs; cs;sd
••Nfhopf;NfhL (1500)
••nfhr;rpd; (1501)
••nfdd;Ndhu; (1503)
••fpANyhd; (1503)
••rPypak; (1531)
••uhNfhy; (1535)
••fpupd;fd;Ndhu; (1536)
••kq;fShu; (1568)
••`dhtu; (1568)
••jpA (1509)
••Nfhth (1510)
••R+uj; (1599)
••jkd; (1599)
fpof;F flw;fiuapy;> me;j ,lq;fs; ,Ue;jd:
••nkypNag;G+u;
••rpl;lfhq;
••`f;yp
••gz;ly;
9. Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs; fpgp 1517 Kjy; tq;fhsj;Jld; tzpfj;
njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Kad;wdu;.
10. kyghu; kw;Wk; nfhq;fd; flNyhug;gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J tzpfk;
nra;J te;j kpfg; gpugykhd gz;lkhf kpsF ,Ue;jJ. ,Q;rp>
nts;is re;jdk;> rptg;G re;jdk;> Kj;jpiu nkOF> mTupr;nrb>
tpyhkpr;ir> Gsp> ghf;F> Jzp> je;jk; kw;Wk; kQ;rs; MfpaitAk;
kyghu; nfhq;fd; flNyhug;gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J Nghu;r;Rf;fy; tiu
tu;j;jfk; nra;ag;gl;ld.
11. 1602-y;> lr;R If;fpa fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk; vd;w mikg;ig
epWtpaJ.

INuhg;gpaupd; tUif 12. ,e;jpa mstpy; KjyhtJ gpuQ;R njhopw;rhiy R+uj;jpy; 1668-y;
epWtg;gl;lJ.
13. njhlf;fj;jpy; fpof;fpe;jpa tzpff; epWtdq;fspYs;s yz;ld;
tu;j;jf epWtdq;fspd; MSeUk; epWtdk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l
Fwpg;Gfs; Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpaf; epWtdkhf ,Ue;jJ.
14. Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa tu;j;jfu;fs; kw;Wk; R+uj;jpypUe;J te;jtu;fs;
,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpy tzpfu; epWtj;ij fLikahf vjpu;j;jdu;.
,e;j fl;lhaj;jpy; ,Ue;j [`hq;fPu; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; murd; N[k;];
I.-apd; Ntz;LNfhis epuhfupf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
15. 1656-y; Mq;fpNyaupd; thzpgj;Jf;F ghJfhg;G jug;gl;lJ.
16. 1698-y; Rlhl;b> Nfhtpe;jG+u; kw;Wk; fhspfhjh —gpupj;jhdpau;fSf;F
%d;W fpuhkq;fspd; [kPd;jhup toq;fg;gl;lJ
2.7 RUf;fk;
••th];Nfhlfhkh INuhg;ghtpypUe;J ,e;jpahtpw;F fly;
topia fz;Lgpbj;jhu;. ,tu; 1498 Nk 17 md;W Nfhopf;NfhL
JiwKfj;Jf;F nrd;wile;jhu;.
••th];Nfhlfhkh ,e;jpahTf;fhd fly; topia fz;Lgpbj;jjd;
%yk; ,e;jpahtpy; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa tu;j;jfk; rfhg;jj;jpw;F te;jJ.
••cs;Shu; ,e;jpa Ml;rpahsu;fs; Nghu;rR
; f;fr
P pau;fs; tzpfk; kw;Wk;
tzpf tsu;rr; pf;fhf njhopw;rhiyfis mikf;f mDkjpj;jhu;fs;
kw;Wk; fpwp];Jt kj ek;gpf;iffs;> ,dq;fSf;fpilapyhd
jpUkzq;fs;> kjkhw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; INuhg;gpau;fspd; FbNaw;wq;fs;
Mfpatw;wpd; gutiyAk; Muk;gpj;jJ.
••Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa MSeu; gpuhd;rp];Nfh b my;nkaplNlh mQ;rhjpth>
fhd;dNdhu; kw;Wk; nfhr;rpd; Mfpa ,lj;jpy; Nfhl;ilfis
fl;bdhu;.
••epNdh lh Fd;`h (1529–1538) mtuJ jiyefuk; nfhr;rpapypUe;J
Nfhth tiu khw;wg;gl;lJ (1530) F[uhj;jpd; gfJ}u; \htplkpUe;J
ilA+ kw;Wk; ghNrapd; (1534) ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
••,j;jhypa tzpfu;fs; nfa;Nuh kw;Wk; mnyf;rhz;l;upahtpy;
gz;lf fhg;gfq;fis (njhopw;rhiyfis) epWtpapUe;jdu;.
••jkJ mjpfhuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F Nghu;rR
; f;fr
P pau;fSk;
jkJ njhopw;rhiyfis tYg;gLj;j Kad;wdu;. njhopw;rhiyfs;
kw;Wk; Nfhl;ilfs; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs; elj;jpa fly;rhu;
tu;j;jfj;jpd; Mjutpw;F xU rq;fpypj; njhlupy; te;jd.
••kyghu; kw;Wk; nfhq;fd; flNyhug;gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J tzpfk;
nra;J te;j kpfg; gpugykhd gz;lkhf kpsF ,Ue;jJ. ,Q;rp>
nts;is re;jdk;> rptg;G re;jdk;> Kj;jpiu nkOF> mTupr;nrb>
tpyhkpr;ir> Gsp> ghf;F> Jzp> je;jk; kw;Wk; kQ;rs; MfpaitAk;

kyghu; nfhq;fd; flNyhug;gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J Nghu;r;Rf;fy; tiu INuhg;gpaupd; tUif
tu;j;jfk; nra;ag;gl;ld.
••Ntiyg;ghLs;s rpj;jpug;G, rpj;jupf;fg;gl;l gl;Lj;Jzp,
gsgsg;ghd gUj;jpj;Jzp, fpuhk;G> [hjpf;fha;fs;, fw;G+uk;>
,ytq;fk;> kpsF> nrl;Lfs;> vOJjy; Nkirfs;> tpiy kjpg;gw;w Fwpg;Gfs;
Kj;Jf;fs;> tq;fhsj;Jf;F eiffs; Mfpait Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs;
nfhz;L te;jhu;fs;.
••1500 kw;Wk; 1506 f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; kyghu;
flw;fiuapy; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa epWtdk; gw;wpa tptuq;fisf;
fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; fpof;Fld; tzpfk; elj;j Njitahd
nkhj;j KjyPL Mz;L NjhWk; 170>000 ehzakhf ,Ue;jJ
vd;W xU ,j;jhypa kjpg;gPl;bd;gb 1506-shy; kjpg;gplg;gl;lJ.
••Mdhy; ,j;jhypau;fs;> Fwpg;ghf g;Nshud;];fs; 16 Mk;
E}w;whz;by; epjpahsu;fs; kj;jpapy; xU Kf;fpakhd ,lj;ij
Mf;fpukpj;Js;sdu;.
••16k; E}w;whz;bd; ,uz;lhk; ghjpapy; nty;ru;]; kw;Wk;
Gf;fu;]{ld; Nru;e;J fpuhy;Nlh kw;Wk; [_thd; gl;b];lh
Nuhtny];Nfh 30>000 Ftpz;lhy; kpsfha;fis Neubahf
,e;jpahtpypUe;Jk; kw;Wk; tUlj;jpw;F 1>70000 rpYitg; Nghu;fs;
,e;jpahtpw;F mDg;Gtjhf xg;Gf;nfhz;ldu;.
••gy ,e;jpa tu;j;jfu;fs;> Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs; gzkhfNth my;yJ
ruf;Ffshf khw;w ,ayhj NghJ Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs; flDf;F
ruf;Ffis toq;fpdu;.
••Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fs; Nfhopf;NfhL te;j fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;J kw;w
tzpfu;fSk;> gpw ntspehl;ltUk; jq;fis ntspNaw;wTk;>
thzpfk; Fwpj;j KOikahd VfNghf cupik mtu;fSf;F
toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; INuhg;gpau;fs; tUif Nfhupdu;.
••Mrpahtpy; 16 Mk; E}w;whz;by; elj;jg;gl;l may;ehl;L
thzpfj;jpy; Fwpg;ghf> ,e;jpah xU Gwj;jpy; Mrpah
JiwKfq;fisAk;> kWGwk; ml;yhz;bf; JiwKfj;ijAk;
cs;slf;fpa ePz;l J}ug; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ.
••Nghu;j;Jf;fPrpau;fSf;F gpwF> lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; tzpfk;
nra;a Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,e;jpahtpd; krhyh re;ijia
Neubahf mZf Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpdhu;fs;.
••lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; thzpgj;jpd; tpupthf;fj;jpw;fhd Kaw;rpapy; kPu;
[y;yhTld; Nkhjy;fSf;F te;jhu;fs; kw;Wk; 1672–74 Mk;
Mz;by;> R+uj; kw;Wk; gpw Mq;fpNya FbNaw;wq;fSf;fpilapyhd
njhlu;ig mtu;fs; njhlu;e;J jLj;jhu;fs; kw;Wk; tq;fhs
tpupFlhtpy; %d;W Mq;fpyg; nghUl;fisAk; ifg;gw;wpdu;.
••,e;jpahTld; tu;j;jf cwTfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l Kjy;
gpnuQ;R epWtdk; jhd; fhk;gf;dp.

INuhg;gpaupd; tUif ••Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk; Muk;gj;jpy; [hth> Rkj;uh>
nkhypAf;]{ld; kl;LNk tu;j;jfk; nra;jJ.
••1609-,y; R+uj;jpy; jq;fs; njhopw;rhiyia mikg;gjw;F [`hq;fuP ;
Mq;fpNyaupd; mDkjpia toq;fpdhu;. Nfhy;Fz;lhtpy; tpahghuk;
Fwpg;Gfs; nra;a me;j epWtdKk;> Nfhy;Fz;lh Ry;jhdplk; mDkjp ngw;wJ.
••1691-y;> \ha;];lh fhDf;F gpd; gjtpf;F te;j ,g;uh`pk;
fhd;> Mq;fpNyaDf;F Mjuthf xU murhizg; gj;jpuj;ij
ntspapl;lhu;. ,e;j murhizg; gj;jpuf; fUj;Jg;gb> Mq;fpNyaupd;
flik ,y;yh tu;j;jfj;ij Nkw;nfhs;s mDkjp toq;fg;gl;lJ>
Mdhy; mtu;fs; Mz;L NjhWk; 3>000 nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W
Nfl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gl;ldu;.
••1746 Kjy; 1763 tiu Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk;
kw;Wk; gpnuQ;R fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk; Mfpait ,e;jpahtpy;
xd;Wf;nfhd;W Nghupl;ldu;. ,e;jg; Nghu;fs; fu;ehlf Nghu;fs;
vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

••ehzak;: ,J Nghu;r;Rf;fy; ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j jq;f ehzak;.
••[Nkhrpd;: ,J Nfus khepyj;ijr; Nru;e;j ehau; Ml;rpahsu;fshy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;l jiyg;ig Fwpf;fpwJ.
••fg;gNyhl;b: xU khYkp vd;W Nrit nra;Ak; kdpjd; vd;W nghUs;.
••jd;dhl;rp: mJ Rje;jpukhfr; nray;gLtijf; Fwpf;fpwJ my;yJ
mt;thW nra;a Rje;jpuk; cz;L.
••R+o;r;rpj; jpl;lk;: xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;if miltjw;F VJthf
nray;gLtJ vd;W mu;j;jk;.
••cNyhff;fl;b: ,J jq;f my;yJ nts;sp ehzakhFk;.
••rpj;jpuj;Jzp: ,J xU Mlk;gukhd Jzp> nghJthd gl;L> xU
cau;jj ; g;gl;l tbtk;> jq;fk; my;yJ nts;sp E}yhy; nea;ag;gLk;.
••Cjpak;: Ntiy my;yJ mYtyfj;jpy; ,Ue;J rk;gsk;> fl;lzk;
my;yJ yhgk; vd;W nghUs;.
••nrhy;yhu;tk;: ,J nkhop> ghzp my;yJ Kiwapy; Mlk;gu
my;yJ tuk;G vd;W xd;W Fwpf;fpwJ.
••vLj;Jf;fhl;L: xU juk; my;yJ czu;T ,Ug;gij
ntspg;gLj;JtJ vd;W nghUs;.

FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. INuhg;gpau;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; fz;Lgpbj;jij gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
2. 16 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; [kPdpd; gq;fpid tpthjp.

3. Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa fg;gy;fs; ,e;jpa ngUq;flypy; fyg;gij Vd; INuhg;gpaupd; tUif
jil nra;jJ?
4. Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa VfNghf tzpfk; gw;wp RUf;fkhf ,e;jpahtpy;
tpthjpf;f.
Fwpg;Gfs;
5. ,e;jpahtpy; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fis tpthjp>
6. ,e;jpahtpy; gpnuQ;R tpupthf;fj;jpd; RUf;fkhd Xtpaj;ij jUf.
7. Mq;fpNyh-gpnuQ;Rg; Nghl;bapd; fhuzq;fis tpthjp>
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;

1. ,e;jpahtpy; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa tpupthf;fj;ij tpthjpf;fTk;.
2. ,e;jpahtpy; Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpa tpupthf;fj;jpw;F tu;j;jfj;jpd; gq;F
vd;d?
3. lr;Rf;fhuu;fs; vg;gb ,e;jpahtpy; tpupthf;fj; jpl;lk; nra;jhu;fs;?
tpsf;Ff.
4. ,e;jpahtpy; tu;j;jfk; nra;Ak; cupikia gpupl;b\hu; vg;gbg;
ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;fs;?
2.10 NkYk; gbf;f

gpshf;thd;];.
kf;uh-`py;
fy;tp.
,d;lu;Ne\dy;.
Nrhg;uh> P.N. 2003. etPd ,e;jpahtpd; xU tpupthd tuyhW. GJ jpy;yp:
];nlu;ypq; gg;spru;
ru;fhu;> Rkpj;. 1983. etPd ,e;jpah. rpl;dp: ghd; Nkf;kpy;yd; M];jpNuypah
gpbxa; ypkpnll;.

,e;jpahtpy; INuhg;gpa
mjpfhuq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd
Nghl;b
myF 3 ,e;jpahtpy; INuhg;gpa
Fwpg;Gfs; Nghl;b
mikg;G
3.0 mwpKfk;
3.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
3.2 fu;ehlfj;jpy; Mq;fpNyh-gpnuQ;R Nghl;b
3.3.1 ,ul;il murhq;fk;
3.3.2 gf;]hu; Nghu;
tpilfs;
3.5 RUf;fk;
3.8 NkYk; gbf;f
3.0 mwpKfk;
,e;jpahtpy; 18-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; fhy khw;wk; xU Kf;fpakhd
fhyfl;lkhff; fhzg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; kj;jpa fhy kw;Wk; jw;fhy
,e;jpa tuyhw;wpd; mwpQu;fs; kj;jpapy; njhlu;eJ ; ,J tpthjg;
nghUshfj;jhd; ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. 18 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,uz;L Kf;fpa
tpthjq;fs;> gpuhe;jpa $l;likg;Gfspd; Njhw;wk; xU ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l
nkhfyhag; gz;gpypUe;J khWgl;lit> kw;Wk; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; fpof;fpe;jpa
epWtdj;jpd; ngUfpa gq;fspg;ghy; nfhz;L tug;gl;l khw;wj;jpd;
jd;ik Jizf;fz;lj;jpd; nghUshjhu> tu;jj ; f> kw;Wk; epjpapay;
tho;fi; f Mfpad MFk;. xU Gjpa nghUshjhu xOq;ifAk;> murpay;
mjpfhuj;ij gutyhf;fk; nra;tijAk;> mJ xU gue;j ,lepiyg;gLj;jy;
epfo;rr; pAld; ifNfhu;jJ
; nry;tijAk; ehk; fhz;fpNwhk;.
ePq;fs; mwpe;jgb> 1707 y; xsuq;frPg; ,we;jJ> nkhfyha muR
kw;Wk; ,iwahz;ikapd; eilKiwfshy; xusTf;F Nfl;fg;gl;L
epu;tfpf;fg;gl;l tl;lhu murpay; rf;jpfspd; Jz;lhd kw;Wk;
jskhd tbtq;fspd; xU tiyg;gpd;diy> gy ,iwahz;ikapd;
xU gilahf itj;jJ. 18Mk; E}w;whz;L gpuhe;jpa murpay;
vOr;rpahy; Fwpf;fg;gl;lJ. nkhfyhag; gFjpapypUe;J murpay;
kw;Wk; nghUshjhu uPjpahf Rje;jpukhf ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> mthj;>
tq;fhsk;> i`juhghj; Nghd;w khepyq;fs; gpd;te;j khepyq;fs; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;ld. Mdhy; vg;nghOJk; mJ nkhfyhaf; FwpaPLfisAk;>
rl;lg;NgW kw;Wk; murpay; cWjpg;ghl;Lf;fhd jiyg;GfisAk;
gad;gLj;jpaJ. xsuq;frPg;gpd; kuzj;jpw;Fg; gpwF Vw;gl;l xU mjpfhu

ntw;wplk; fhuzkhf ,e;jpahtpy; fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk; tpupthf;fk; ,e;jpahtpy; INuhg;gpa
nra;ag;gl;lJ vd;W nghJthff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. njhlu;r;rp kw;Wk; Nghl;b
khw;wk; gw;wpa tpthjq;fspy; tuyhw;whsu;fs;> epjp epWtdq;fs;
kw;Wk; jfty; tiyg;gpd;dy;fs; Nghd;w ePbj;j r%f nghUshjhu
fl;likg;Gfis Kd;itj;Js;sdu;. mit ,e;jpa Kftu;fs; my;yJ Fwpg;Gfs;
xj;Jiog;ghsu;fspd; gad;ghl;bw;Fk; kw;Wk; Muk;g epWtd Ml;rpf;Fk;
toptFf;fpwJ. ,e;j myfpy;> ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; tUif
kw;Wk; gpupl;Brhu; kw;Wk; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fSf;F ,ilapyhd Nghl;b
Mfpait Fwpj;j gupr;rak; cq;fSf;F fpilf;Fk;.
3.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
,e;j myif ePq;fs; gbj;J Kbj;j gpd;G cq;fshy;>;
••Mq;fpNyh-gpnuQ;Rg; Nghl;bapd; gy;NtW mk;rq;fis tpthjpf;f
KbAk;.
••gpshrpg; Nghiu gw;wp jPtpukhf Muha KbAk;.
••,ul;il muR Kiwia tpsf;FfKbAk;.
••gf;ru; NghUf;F toptFj;j epfo;Tfis Muha KbAk;.
3.2 fu;ehlftpy; Mq;fpNyh-gpnuQ;R Nghl;b

,e;jpahTld; tu;j;jf cwTfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l Kjy; gpnuQ;R
epWtdkhf fk;gq;dp nl]; ,z;nl]; ,Ue;jJ. gpuhd;rpd; mg;Nghija
muru; Y}ap]; XIV 1664 y; ,e;j epWtdj;jpw;F mjpfhuj;ij
toq;fpdhu;. ,jd; gpd;du; ,e;j gpnuQ;R epWtdj;jpd; jpl;lkply;> gpuhd;];
ehl;bd; mg;Nghija epjpaikr;ruhf ,Ue;j Nfhy;gu;l; mtu;fshy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
,e;j epWtdj;jpd; fPo;> 1668 y; R+uj;jpy; Kjy; njhopw;rhiy
epWtg;gl;lJ. me;j Kjy; njhopw;rhiyapd; epWtdu; Nfhuhd;> mtu;
gpnuQ;R Nritapy; xU epug;Gf;fl;ilahsuhf (lr;Nkd;) ,Ue;jhu;. 1669
y; kR+ypgl;bzj;jpy; mLj;j njhopw;rhiy mikf;fg;gl;lJ. 1674 y;
ghz;br;Nrup mitfspd; jiyefuhf khwpaJ. 1690 Kjy; 1692 tiu
tq;fhsj;jpy;> `{f;sp ejpf; fiuapy; cs;s re;jpuh efupy; NkYk;
xU njhopw;rhiyia gpuhd;]; mikj;jJ. kN` (,g;NghJ kyghu;)
kw;Wk; fupfy; (jw;NghJ NfhNuhkz;ly;) KiwNa 1725 kw;Wk; 1739
Mk; Mz;L gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fshy; ifafg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
,e;j epWtdj;Jf;F 3>000>000 &gha; (ypt;nu];) fld; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jf; flDf;fhf uh[h ve;j tl;biaAk; tR+ypf;ftpy;iy. ey;y
ek;gpf;if nfhz;l ,e;jpahtpd; epyKid kw;Wk; njd; fly; Mfpa
gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J tu;j;jf eltbf;iffs; elj;j 25 Mz;Lfshf
epWtdk; jdpAupikia nfhz;bUe;jJ. me;j epWtdj;jpw;F Mjuthf
xsuq;frPg;> F[uhj; flw;fiuapy; tu;j;jf eltbf;iffis elj;j
me;j epWtdj;Jf;F mDkjpAk; cz;L vd;W mtu; $wpapUe;jhu;.

,e;jpahtpy; INuhg;gpa Mq;fpNyau;fs;
Nghl;b
‘fpof;F ,e;jpaj; jPTfs; mzpapd; yz;ld; tu;j;jf epWtdq;fspd;
MSeu; kw;Wk; epWtdk;’ vd;w ngaupy; epWtdj;jpw;F> uhzp
vyprngj; %yk; muRf;Fupa rhrdk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. fpof;fpy; tu;j;jf
Fwpg;Gfs;
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F epWtdj;jpw;F cupik toq;fg;gl;lJ.
gpd;du; ,e;epWtdk; Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdkhf gpugykhfpaJ.
gy tUlq;fshf [hth> Rkj;uh> nkhYf;fh];Tld; kl;LNk
epWtdk; tu;j;jfk; nra;jJ. ,e;j Neuj;jpy; thridj; jputpaq;fis
kl;LNk mtu;fs; tu;j;jfj;jpy; ifahz;ldu;. 1608 y; jiytu;
tpy;ypak; `hf;fpd;]; [`hq;fPiur; re;jpj;jhu;. ,q;fpyhe;ijr; Nru;e;j
N[k;]plkpUe;J mtu; nfhz;Lte;j fbjj;ij mtUf;Ff; fhl;bdhu;.
me;j fbjj;jpy; N[k;]; I Mq;fpNya tu;j;jfu;fis ehl;by; tzpfk;
nra;a mDkjpf;FkhW [`hq;fPuplk; NfhupapUe;jhu;. ,e;jpahtpy;
Mq;fpNya tu;j;jfj;ij Nghu;r;Rfy; kw;Wk; R+uj; tu;j;jfu;fs; fLikahf
vjpu;j;jdu;. ,jdhy;> [`hq;fPu;> N[k;]; I tpLj;j Ntz;LNfhis
epuhfupf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
1609 y; R+uj;jpy;> njhopw;rhiyia mikg;gjw;F Mq;fpNyau;fSf;F
[`hq;fPu; mDkjpia toq;fpdhu;. Nfhy;Fz;lhtpy; tzpfk; nra;a me;j
epWtdk;> Nfhy;Fz;lh Ry;jhdplk; mDkjp ngw;wJ. Mdhy;> ,jw;F
Ry;jhd;> epWtdk; Mz;bw;F 500 gNfhlh]; vd;w epiyahd Maj;j
gzj;ij nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W xU epge;jidia tpjpj;jhu;. 1651
y; ethg; \{[h-cl;-jpd; epWtdk; jq;fsJ tu;j;jf eltbf;iffis
njhlu epWtdj;jpw;F mDkjp toq;fpaJ. mjw;fhf epWtdk; `3>000
gzj;ij Mz;L NjhWk; nrYj;j flikg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1656 Mk; Mz;by;> Mq;fpy tu;j;jfj;jpw;Fk; ghJfhg;G
toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j cj;jutpd;gb> Rq;ff; fl;lzk; my;yJ
Rq;ftup nrYj;j Ntz;ba Njit ,y;yhky;> epyk; kw;Wk; Vw;Wkjp
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s Mq;fpNyaupd; mDkjp fpilj;jJ.
1691 Mk; Mz;by;> rha;];jh fhdpd; thuprhf ,Ue;j ,g;uh`pk;
fhd;> Mq;fpNyahupd; Mjutpy; xU /gu;Nkd; ia ntspapl;lhu;.
,e;j /gu;Nkd; fUj;Jg;gb> Mq;fpNyaupd; tup ,y;yh tu;j;jfj;ij
Nkw;nfhs;s mDkjp mspf;fg;gl;lNghjpYk;> 3>000 &ghia Mz;L
NjhWk; mtu;fs; gzk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd Nfl;Lf;nfhs;sg;gl;ldu;.
1691 f;F gpwF> tq;fhsj;jpd; njhq;F kw;Wk; vy;iyfshy; epWtdk;
Kd;NdwpaJ. 1696 Mk; Mz;by;> epWtdk; rhgh rpq;fplkpUe;J
mghaj;jpw;F cs;shfptpl;lJ vd;gjhy;> gu;l;thdpd; xU [kPd;jhu; mtu;
epWtdj;jpw;F vjpuhf fpsu;r;rp nra;jhu;. ,jd; cjtpAld;> epWtdk;
jq;fs; njhopw;rhiyapd; muzikg;gjw;fhd cupikia ngw;wJ.
%d;W fpuhkq;fspd; [kPd;jhu;: R+lhDjp> Nfhtpe;jG+u; kw;Wk;
fypfj;jh my;yJ fy;fj;jh Mfpait 1698 y; Mq;fpNyaUf;Fj;
jug;gl;lJ. ,jw;Fg; gjpyhf> [kPd;jhu; Mq;fpNyauplk; toq;fg;gLtjw;F
Kd;G ,e;j %d;W fpuhkq;fspd; [kPd;jhu; vd;w tifapy; mtu;fs;
`1>200 &ghahf nrYj;j Ntz;bapUe;jJ. 1700 y; tq;fhsj;jpd;

njhopw;rhiyfspy; jdpj;jdp [dhjpgjp kw;Wk; Ml;rpf;FOTk; ,e;jpahtpy; INuhg;gpa
nghWg;Ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. NkYk;> Mq;fpNyau;fs; xU Nfhl;ilia Nghl;b
fl;bAs;sdu;. ,e;j Nfhl;ilf;F ,q;fpyhe;J kd;du; ,uz;lhk; tpy;ypak;
vd;w ngau; R+l;lg;gl;lJ. gpd;du;> ,e;jf; Nfhl;il> njhopw;rhiyfspd;
nghWg;gpy; ,Ue;j Nguitapd; Mrdkhf khwpaJ. ,e;j Nguitapd; Fwpg;Gfs;
Kjy; [dhjpgjpahfTk;> MSeuhfTk; ru; rhu;y]; INu ,Ue;jhu;.
1714 y; fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpw;f;F midj;J tu;j;jf
trjpfisAk; nra;J ju Ntz;Lk; vd;W [hd; R+u;Nkd; vd;gtiu nly;yp
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F ,q;fpyhe;J mDg;gpaJ. rf;utu;j;jp /guhFrpq;fiu
re;jpj;jNghJ> rf;utu;j;jp xU /gu;Nkid ntspapl;lhu;. mjd;gb> me;j
epWtdk; tq;fhsj;jpYk;> nkl;uh];> gk;gha; Mfpa gFjpfspy; tpUg;g
Rje;jpu tzpfk; elj;j mDkjp toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,Jjtpu> jdJ nrhe;j
ehzaq;fspy; ehzar; Nru;f;ifAk; nra;a epWtdk; mDkjpj;jJ.
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fSf;F vjpuhf Mq;fpNyau;fs;

1749 y; gpnuQ;R epWtdk; Mq;fpy epWtdj;jpd; jPtpu Nghl;bahsuhf
Njhd;wpaJ> Mdhy; gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fshy; ePz;l fhyk; njhlu;e;J
,Uf;f KbahJ:
••gpnuQ;R epWtdk; murhq;fj;jhy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ> Mdhy;
me;j epWtdj;jpd; tptfhuq;fspy; muR mjpf mf;fiw
fhl;ltpy;iy. kWGwk; Mq;fpy epWtdk; xU jdpahu; mf;fiw
nfhz;l epWtdk; Mf cs;sJ.
••gpnuQ;R epWtdj;Jld; xg;gpLifapy; Mq;fpNya epWtdk; mjpf
gzk; itj;J ,Ue;jJ. Mq;fpNya tu;j;jfj;jpd; gug;gsTk;
gue;J tpupe;J fhzg;gl;lJ.
••Mq;fpNyau;fs; ePu;g;gug;gpNyNa tYthf ,Ue;jdu;. mtu;fsplk;
ngupa fg;gy;fs; ,Ue;jd mjpy;> tzpfu;fs; tu;j;jf
eltbf;iffSf;F njhlu;e;J gazk; nra;J te;jdu;.
Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk;> gpnuQ;Rf;fhuUf;Fk; ,ilNaahd Nghu;

1746 Kjy; 1763 Mk; Mz;L tiu ,e;jpahtpy;> Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa
epWtdk; kw;Wk; gpnuQ;R fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk; xUtUf;nfhUtu;
rz;ilapl;L nfhz;ldu;. ,e;j Nghu;fs; fu;ehu;bf; Nghu;fs; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy; tu;j;jfj;jpy; jdpAupik ngWtjw;fhf
xUtUf;nfhUtu; Nghuhbdu;. jf;fhzj;jpy; ,Ue;j RNgjhu;> ,e;jpa
Ml;rpahsu;fshd Kfyhau;fs; ,e;j Nghu;fspy; gq;Nfw;ftpy;iy.
Kjy; fu;ehlf Nghu; (1746–1748)

Kjy; fu;ehlf Nghu; INuhg;ghtpy; ele;j epfo;Tfshy; Neubahf
,izf;fg;gl;lJ. M];jpupahtpd; thupRupik (1740–48) vd;w gpur;idapy;
,q;fpyhe;J kw;Wk; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fs; Nghuhb te;jdu;. khu;r; 1740 y;
Nghu; ntbj;jJk;> ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s ,uz;L epWtdq;fSk; mjw;fhd

,e;jpahtpy; INuhg;gpa Maj;jq;fisj; njhlq;fpd. 1742 y; ,Ue;J ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s gpnuQ;R
Nghl;b jiyik MSeu;> murpay; nry;thf;F kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa fl;Lg;ghl;ilg;
ngWtjw;fhd Njitia czu;e;jtuhf ,Ue;jhu;. Mdhy; mtu; gy
,d;dy;fis re;jpf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. murhq;fj;jpd; epWtdkhd
Fwpg;Gfs; gpnuQ;R fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk;> Fog;gj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ. rkPg fhyj;jpy;
,e;epWtdj;jpd; tu;j;jfk; mjpfupj;jpUe;jhYk; mjd; nryT mjd;
tUkhdj;ijtpl mjpfkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,ay;ghfNt mJ ngUk; fldhff;
khwptpl;lJ. ,J NghjhJ vd;why;> ,U %j;j jiytu;fSf;fpilapyhd
Nghl;b-^g;spf;]; kw;Wk; yh Nghu;g;Nlhdh];> gpnuQ;R epiyikia
Nkhrkhf;fpaJ. [_iy 1746 y;> 10 fg;gy;fs;> 406 tuptpjpg;G epajpfs;>
2>350 nts;isf;fhu tPuu;fs; kw;Wk; 700 fWg;gpd tPuu;fs; MfpNahUld;
yh Nghu;g;Nlhdh]; ghz;br;Nrup mUNf te;J Nru;e;jJ. mtu; G+uz
Rje;jpuj;Jld; nray;gl tpUk;gpdhu;> mNj Neuj;jpy; jiyik MSeu;
^g;spf;]; jd;id cau;e;jtu; vd;W fUjpdhu;.
nrg;lk;gu; 21> 1746 y; yh Nghu;g;Nlhdh]; jiyikapyhd
gpnuQ;Rg; gilfs;> 7k; E}w;whz;bd; eLg;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J xU
Kf;fpakhd Mq;fpy tu;j;jf ikakhd nkl;uh]; I ifg;gw;wpaJ.
fu;ehlf ethg; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; md;tu;-cl;-jpd;> xU ngupa
,e;jpa gilia> gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fis nkl;uhi] tpl;L tpul;Ltjw;F
mDg;gpdhu;. mtu; Mq;fpNyau;fshy; ‘topelj;jg;gl;lhu;’milahW
Mw;wpd; fiuapy; epfo;e;j (etk;gu; 4> 1746) Gdpj njhdp vd;w Nghupy;>
md;t&bd; vd;gtupd; kfdhd k`;/G+]; fhd;> gpnuQ;R jiytu;
gub]hy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;. Mapuj;Jf;Fk; Fiwthd tPuu;fis
nfhz;l ,tu;> 10>000 Mz;fNshL Nghuhl Ntz;bapUe;jJ. Mdhy;>
jpwikahd mjpfhupfs; jiyikapy; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fspd; xOf;fkhd
kw;Wk; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l uhZtj;jhy; ntw;wp ngw;wJ.
kWgf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;j Mq;fpNyau;fs; fle;j 1748 mf;Nlhgu; 6
Kjy; 15 tiu ghz;br;Nrupia Kw;Wifapl;ldu;. Mdhy;> ^g;Nsf;];
xU tYthd ghJfhg;ig Vw;gLj;jp Mq;fpNyaiu gpd;thq;fr;
nra;jhu;. ,e;j ^g;Nsf;]; ngw;w ntw;wp mtiu ,e;jpa muritapy;
mwpag;gl;l> gpugykhd eguhf Mf;fp tpl;lJ. ,e;j Aj;jk; xU
KbTf;F te;jJ ma;];-y-rhngy;Ny (1748) vd;w xg;ge;jj;jpd; fPo;
nkl;uh]; Mq;fpNyau;f;F kPz;Lk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fs;
nkl;uh]{f;F <lhf fpA+ngf; (fdlh) ngw;wdu;. ghz;br;Nrupia
jhf;fkhl;Nlhk; vd;W Mq;fpNyau;fs; thf;FWjp mspj;jdu;.
Kjy; fu;ehlf Aj;jk;> ,e;jpag; gilfspd; cjtpAld;
INuhg;gpau;fspd; xU rpwpa gilia jhf;fp> gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fSf;F ghlk;
fw;gpj;jJ kw;Wk; INuhg;gpa ghzpapy; kpfg; ngupa ,e;jpag; gilfis
vspjhf Njhw;fbj;j gpwF mtu;fSf;F gapw;rp mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
murpay; Mjhaq;fisg; ngWtjw;fhf> i`juhghj; kw;Wk;
fu;ehlfk; Mfpa cs;tptfhuq;fspy;> ^g;Nsf;]; jiyaplj;
njhlq;fpdhu;. Rje;jpu Ijuhghj; ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; epWtdu; rpd; f;fpspr;
fhd; eprhk;-cy;-Ky;f; 1748 Mk; Mz;L ,we;jhu;. erPu; [q; vd;w
kfDf;Fg; gjpyhf eprhk; vd;w %j;j Ngudhd K]g;ghu; [hq;if

^g;Nsf;]; Mjupj;jhu;. fu;ehlf ethg;> md;thu;jPd; 1749 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpahtpy; INuhg;gpa
kiwe;jhu;. kiwe;j ethg;gpd; KiwNflhfg; gpwe;j kfdhd Kfk;kJ Nghl;b
mypf;F vjpuhf fu;ehlf murpd; mupaizapy; ,Ue;j re;jh rh`pg;
^g;Nsf;]; Mjupj;jhu;. i`juhghj;jpd; erPu; [q; kw;Wk; fu;ehlfhtpd;
K`k;kj; myp MfpNahupd; Mjuit jtpu Mq;fpNyaupd; NtW Fwpg;Gfs;
topapy;iy. ,t;thwhf ,t;tpU muRfspy; thupR Aj;jk; ,uz;lhk;
Mq;fpNyh-gpnuQ;Rg; NghUf;F ,l;Lr; nrd;wJ (1749–1754).
,uz;lhtJ fu;ehlf Aj;jk; (1749–1754)

Mq;fpyKk; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fSk; INuhg;ghtpy; mikjp nfhz;bUe;j
rkaj;jpy; Nghu; njhlq;fpaJ. ,tu;fs; ,UtUk; ,e;jpahtpy; tu;j;jf
Nkyhjpf;fj;jpw;fhf Nghuhbf;nfhz;bUe;jdu; vd;gijAk; kw;Wk;
mtu;fspd; ghuk;gupa Nghl;bapd; fhuzkhf kl;Lk; my;y vd;gijAk;
,J ep&gpj;jJ.
Mf];l; 3Mk; Njjp> 1749 md;W rpg;gha;fSld; gpnuQ;R gilapdu;
(ghurPf nkhopapy; ,Ue;J) Mw;fhL> fu;ehlf jiyefu; Mk;G+upy;
jhf;Fjy; elj;jpdu;. mjpy;> md;thu;jPd; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. mtuJ %j;j
kfdhd K`;gpA+]; fhd; gpbgl;lhu;. Mdhy; mtuJ ,isa kfd;
KfkJ myp fhd; thy;yh[h jg;gp Xbdhu;. mtu;> jpUrpNdhNghNyhtpy;
milf;fyk; ngw;whu;> mtu; jd;id Mw;fhL ethg; vd;W mwptpj;Jf;
nfhz;L Mq;fpNyauplkpUe;J Mjuitg; ngw;whu;. re;jh rh`pg; kw;Wk;
gpnuQ;R mjpfhup> [hf; yh jpUrpNdhNghNyhit ifg;gw;wpdu;. ,e;j
neUf;fbahd epiyapy;> xU ,sk; Mq;fpy mjpfhup uhgu;l; fpisT> 1751
Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gu; 11 md;W> 200 INuhg;gpa gilapdu;fs; kw;Wk;
300 rpg;gha;fSld; kl;LNk ,Ue;j Mw;fhl;il ifg;gw;wpdhu;. ,jd;
Nehf;fk;> re;jh rhfpg;kplkpUe;J jpUr;rpNdhNghNyhit ifg;gw;WtJ
MFk;. ,e;jj; jpl;lk; Ntiy nra;J> re;jh rhfpg; jdJ ngupa
gilia> jpUr;rpNdhNghNyhtpypUe;J> Mw;fhL Nehf;fp Kw;WifapLk;
nghUl;L> Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. fpist; kw;Wk; mtuJ
rpwpa ,uhZtk; 50 ehl;fs; Kw;Wifapy; ,Ue;jJ. re;jh rhfpg; tpyf
Ntz;bapUe;jJ. gpd;du; Mq;fpNyau;fs; mtiuAk; mtuJ ,e;jpa
$l;lhspfSk; gy ,lq;fspy; Njhw;fbj;jdu;; mtu; ruzile;jNjhL
,Wjpahf kuzjz;lidAk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
vdpDk;> i`juhghj; kPjhd gpuhd;rpd; Mjpf;fk; njhlu;e;jJ.
Krh/gu; [q;> jf;fhzj;jpd; ep[hk; kw;Wk; RNgjhu; vd gpujp\;il
nra;ag;gl;lhu;. ,jw;Fg; gjpyhf thy;lhT+u; [hfPu; cNrd; vd;w ,lj;jpy;
fpU\;ztplkpUe;J xU gue;j gFjpapd; fl;lisiag; ngw;wJ. 1751
y; Krh/gu; [q; nfhy;yg;gl;lhYk;> mtUf;Fg; gpd; te;j ryhg;l; [q;>
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fSld; jdf;F ,Ue;j ‘el;ig’ njhlu;e;jhu;. Ijuhghj;jpy;
cs;s gpnuQ;R mjpfhupahd g];]p> nkhfyhag; Nguuru; mfkJ
\hTld; ‘/ghu;Nkid’ ngWtjpYk; ntw;wp fz;lhu; kw;Wk; rNyhghl;il
jf;fhzj;jpd; Ml;rpahsuhf cWjpg;gLj;jpdhu;.
fu;ehlf ehl;by; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fspd; Njhy;tp ngUk; gpd;dilthf
mike;jJ. vg;NghJk; Fog;gj;jpy; ,Ue;j gpuhd;]; murhy;> ,e;j

,e;jpahtpy; INuhg;gpa Njhy;tpia jhq;f Kbatpy;iy. ,J 1754 y; gpuhd;rpd; ^g;ny];ia
Nghl;b epidT $WfpwJ. ,uz;lhtJ fu;ehlfg; Nghu;> ep[hk; muritapy;
xU ,lj;jpy;> fu;ehlf kw;Wk; gpnuQ;R Mjpf;fj;ijg; ngw;W>
Mq;fpNyaJtj;Jld; Kbtile;jJ.
Fwpg;Gfs;
%d;whtJ fu;ehlfg; Nghu; (1758–63)
%d;whk; fu;ehlfg; Nghu; (1758–63) INuhg;ghtpd; VO Mz;Lfs; Nghu;
cld; njhlq;fpaJ. ,e;j Aj;jk; fu;ehlf Aj;jk; Nghy epd;Wtpltpy;iy.
Nghu;l; nrapd;l; Gdpj Nltpl; kw;Wk; nyg;bdd;l; nfhNyhdy; vd;w
Mq;fpNya MSeuhd uhgu;l; fpis];> 1757 y; tq;fhsj;jpy; gpnuQ;R
FbNaw;wj;ij elj;jpa re;jd; efiur; ifg;gw;wpdhu;. gpshrpg;
Nghupy; ([_d; 23> 1757)> tq;fhsk; vd;w gFjpapy; cs;s rpuh[;-
cl;-lhyh MfpNahUf;F vjpuhd ntw;wpf;F ethg; nghWg;ghthu;.
,jdhy;> epjpastpy; Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp mjpf mstpy;
ghJfhf;fg;gl;lJ.
vdpDk;> Nghupd; kpf jPu;f;fkhd Nghl;bfs;> fu;ehlf
Nghuhl;lq;fspy; eilngw;wd. gpuQ;Rf;fhuu;fspd; fTd;l; b yhy;ypia
ghz;br;Nrupapd; Gjpa MSeuhf gpuQ;rhy; epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. nrapd;l;
Nltpl;il Kw;Wifapl;l mtu;> 1758 [_d;> 2k; Njjp gpbgl;lhu;.
mtu;fs; eh$iu ifg;gw;wp jQ;irapYk; GFe;jdu;. gpd;du; mtu;
nkl;uhi] jhf;fpdhu;. mq;F mtUf;F cjt g];]pia mioj;jhu;.
,J i`juhghj; gpnuQ;R fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; ,Ue;j fhuzj;jhy;
Vw;gl;l fyq;fk; MFk;. g];]p tu jaf;fk; fhl;bdhu;. 80 iky;fs;
ePsKk; 20 iky; mfyKs;s epyg;gug;ig toq;f gpupl;b\;
mjpfhupfs; ryhghj; [q;if fl;lhag;gLj;jpaJ. gpshrpg; ntw;wpf;F
gpd;du;> fu;dy; /Nghu;Nl jiyikapy; Mq;fpNyag; gilfs; tlf;F
ru;f;fhu; (brk;gu; 1758) kw;Wk; kFypgl;bdj;ij (Vg;uy; 1759)
ifg;gw;wpdu;. Mdhy; kpf cWjpahd Nghu; eilngw;wJ ([dtup 22>
1760) mq;F> Iau; $l; jiyikapy; Mq;fpyj; Kw;Wif ,Ljyhy;
yy;yp Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;. ghz;br;Nrupf;F ypy;yp jpUk;gpdhu;> ,J
Mq;fpNyauhy; Kw;Wifaplg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; yhyp 1761 ,y; ruzila
Ntz;ba fl;lhak; Vw;gl;lJ.
VO Mz;Lfhy ‘Nghu; 1763 y; Kbtile;J kw;Wk; ghup]py;
(gpg;utup 10> 1763) xg;ge;jk; ifnaOj;jplg;gl;lJ. kw;w nray;ghLfspy;>
ghz;br;Nrupf;F Ie;J tu;j;jf JiwKfq;fisAk;> gy;NtW
njhopw;rhiyfisAk; nfhz;L nrd;W> xU tu;j;jf ikakhf> ve;j
xU toptifapYk;> uhZtKk; ,y;yhky;> gpuhd;Rf;F nry;y Ntz;Lk;
vd;W KbntLf;fg;gl;lJ.
yy;yp> gpuhd;]; ehL jpUk;gpaJk; Njrj; JNuhf Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;L
J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhu;. mtu; gopf;F ,iw Mf;fg;gl;lhu;. gpnuQ;Rj;
Njhy;tpfSf;F yy;yp kl;LNk fhuzk; vd;W Fw;wk; rhl;LtJ jtwhdJ.
Mdhy; mtUila rpy efu;Tfs; i`juhghj;jpypUe;J tUk; g];]p
(1758) vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhYk;> gpnuQ;R Njhy;tpf;fhd cz;ikahd

fhuzk; mjd; epWtdj;jpd; fl;likg;gpYk; gpnuQ;R murhq;fj;jpd; ,e;jpahtpy; INuhg;gpa
nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; mZFKiwapy;jhd; cs;sJ. Nghl;b
gpnuQ;R fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk; xU muR epWtdkhf ,Ue;jJ.

mtu;fspd; ,af;Feu;fs; kFlk; R+l;b epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,e;j
epWtdj;jpd; Nrhk;Ngwpj;jdKk; mjpfhuj;Jt fl;Lg;ghLk; Rje;jpu Fwpg;Gfs;
,e;jpahtpd; gy nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fspd; mjpfhuj;Jt
fl;Lg;ghl;Lld; xg;gplg;gLfpwJ. kWGwk;> Mq;fpNyaf; fpof;fpe;jpa
epWtdk;> Rje;jpukhd epWtdk; kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l Kaw;rp
Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapyhd xU jdpahu; epWtdkhf ,Ue;jJ.
murhq;fj;ij rhuhky; ,Ue;jJ kw;Wk; Mrpa tu;j;jfj;jpy; ,yhgk;
<l;baJ.
gpnuQ;R ,e;jpahit Nehf;fp ftdk; nrYj;jtpy;iy> Vnddpy;
mtu;fspd; Kd;Dupik INuhg;ghthf ,Ue;jJ> Mdhy; ,q;fpyhe;J
fly; kw;Wk; njhiyJ}u epyq;fspy;> Fwpg;ghf ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ
KOf; ftdj;ijAk; nrYj;jp te;jJ. Mq;fpNyau;fisg; Nghyd;wp
,e;jpahtpd; rpf;fyhd murpay; R+oiy gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fs; Gupe;J
nfhs;s jtwptpl;ldu;. gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fs; flw;gil Nkyhjpf;fj;jpy;
Mq;fpNyaUld; Nghl;bapl jtwptpl;ldu;.
,t;tpjk; %d;whtJ fu;ehlfg; Nghu; ,e;jpahtpy; gpnuQ;R rthiy
KbTf;F nfhz;L te;jJ kw;Wk; ,J gpupl;b\; rhk;uh[;ak; ,e;jpahtpy;
epWtg; ngw top tFj;jJ.
gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fSf;F vjpuhf Mq;fpNyau;fspd; ntw;wpf;F fhuzq;fs;

1.
Mq;fpy epWtdk; xU jdpahu; epWtdkhf ,Ue;jJ-,J
kf;fspilNa jd;dk;gpf;if czu;it cUthf;fpaJ> gpnuQ;R
epWtdk; muRf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd xd;whf ,Ue;jJ.
2. INuhg;ghtpy; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; kpfr;rpwe;j Gtpapay; epiy epytpaJ.
,q;fpyhe;jpd; xg;Gik ghJfhg;G epiyg;ghl;il xg;gpLk;NghJ>
Nghu; Neuj;jpy; gpuhd;]; mjd; vy;iyapy; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;j
Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
3. Mq;fpNyaf; flw;gil gpnuQ;Rg; flw;gilia tpl cau;e;jJ.
,J ,e;jpah kw;Wk; gpuhd;rpy; cs;s gpnuQ;Rj; cilikfSf;F
,ilNa cs;s njhlu;ig Jz;bf;f cjtpaJ.
4.
,e;jpa tptfhuq;fspy; gpnuQ;R murhq;fk; Mu;tk;
nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy.
5. Mq;fpNyau;fs; fy;fj;jh> gk;gha;> nkl;uh]; Mfpa %d;W
,lq;fspy; ,Ue;jdu;. Mdhy; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fs; ghz;br;Nrupapy;
kl;LNk ,Ue;jdu;.
6. gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fs; jq;fs; tu;j;jf Mu;tj;ij jq;fs; gpuhe;jpa
Fwpf;NfhNshL jho;j;jpf; nfhz;lhu;fs;. ,J gpnuQ;R epWtdj;jpw;F
epjp cjtp nra;jJ.

,e;jpahtpy; INuhg;gpa cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpf
Nghl;b 1. ,e;jpahTld; tu;j;jf cwit Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; Kjy;
gpnuQ;R epWtdk; ngau; ?
2. 1674 y; ,e;jpahtpy; lr;R jiyefuhf ve;j khepyk; MdJ?
Fwpg;Gfs;
3. Nfg;ld; tpy;ypak; `hf;fpd;]; ,e;jpahtpy; tu;j;jfk; xd;iw
cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w N[k;]; I ,d; Ntz;LNfhis
[`hq;fpu; Vd; epuhfupj;jhu;?
4. 1691 y;> rha;];jh fhdpd; thuprhf ,Ue;j ,g;uh`pk; fhd;>
Mq;fpNyaDf;F Mjuthf xU /gu;Nkid ntspapl;lhu;. ,e;j
/gu;Nkd; vijg;gw;wpaJ?
1717 y; nkhfyhag; Nguuru; xU /gu;Nkid ntspapl;lhu;. mjpy; Mq;fpy

fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpw;F rpwg;G rYiffs; toq;fgl;bUe;jJ. mjhtJ>
tq;fhsj;jpypUe;J ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l kw;Wk; Vw;WkjpahFk;
nghUl;fSf;F tup tpyf;F mspf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. vdpDk;> ,e;j rYif>
ve;j tupiaAk; nrYj;jhky; tq;fhsj;jpy; tu;j;jfk; nra;a KbAk;
vd;gij cWjp nra;atpy;iy. kw;w ,e;jpa tu;j;jfu;fs; Nghd;w epWtd
Copau;fs; tup nrYj;j Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ,e;j /gu;Nkd; -,d; jtwhd
tpsf;fk;> tq;fhsj;jpYk;> epWtdj;jpd; ethGfSf;F ,ilapy; Vw;gl;l
jfuhWf;Fk; fhuzkhf mike;jJ. Ku;\pj; Fyp fhdpypUe;J myptu;jp
fhd; tiu> tq;fhsj;jpd; midj;J ethGfSk;> me;j epWtdj;jpd;
jtwhd /gu;Nkd; tpsf;fj;jpd; kPJ mDjhgk; nfhs;s kWj;jNjhL>
jh];lh];f;fis jtwhf gad;gLj;jpdhYk;$l xU ngUk; njhifia
,og;gPlhf toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; fl;lhag;gLj;jpdhu;fs;.
1741 Mk; Mz;by;> KfkJ \h uq;fyh nkhfyhag; NguuR>
tq;fhs MSeuhf ,Ue;j myptu;b fhd;> jd;id RahjPdkhf
mwptpj;J nfhz;L Ku;\pjhghj;jpy; jdJ jiyefuj;ij epWtpdhu;.
1756 y;> myptu;jpapd; kiwT kw;Wk; ve;j xU rupahd thupRk; ,y;yhj
epiyapy;> gy gpuptpdUk; xUtUf;nfhUtu; tpl;Lf; nfhLj;J Nju;T
nra;ag;gl;l Ntl;ghsiu tq;fhsj;jpd; ethg; vd;W Mf;fp tpl;ldu;.
myptu;b mtuJ Ngud;> jdJ ,isa kfspd; kfdhd rpuh[;-cl;-
Jy;`h> ethg;igf; ifafg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpdhu; vd;whYk;>
Kd;G mupaizapy; ,Ue;j n\sj; [hq; (G+u;zpahtpd; ghc[;jhu;)
kw;Wk; f]pjp Ngfk; Nghd;w gpw Nghl;bahsu;fshy; myptu;b Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. murhl;rp R+o;r;rpfis mjpfupj;jjd; vjpnuhypahf>
Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk;> ethGf;F vjpuhf> Ntiy nra;Ak;
gpupTfspy; ntw;wp ngWk; tha;g;igg; ngw;wjd; %yk; ethgpd; xU
jiyfPohd NkhjYf;F mJ ,l;Lr; nrd;wJ.
18Mk; E}w;whz;by; tq;fhsk; kpfTk; nropg;ghd khfhzkhf
,Ue;j epiyapy;> Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp nghUshjhu
uPjpahfTk;> murpay; uPjpahfTk;> kpFe;j ,yhgfukhff; fUJfpwJ.

vdNt tq;fhsj;jpy; NkYk; jq;fs; epiyia cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s ,e;jpahtpy; INuhg;gpa
mtu;fs; tpUk;gpdu;fs; vd;gJ ,aw;ifNa. ,tu;fs; fy;fj;jhtpy; Nghl;b
jq;fs; nraw;ghLfis mbj;jsg; gLj;j tpUk;gpdhu;fs;. tq;fhsj;jpYk;
kw;w INuhg;gpar; Nghl;bahsu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;. lr;Rf;fhuu;fs;> rpd;`tpy;
jq;fs; njhopw;rhiy itj;jpUe;jdu; kw;Wk; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fs;> Fwpg;Gfs;
re;ju;gehetpy; jq;fs; njhopw;rhiyia itj;jpUe;jdu;.
rpuh[;-cl;-jhy;` 1756 y; tq;fhs ethg; Mdhu;. thupRupikahy;
kfpo;r;rpahf ,y;yhj FLk;gj;jpy; gy gifikfisg; ngw;wijj; jtpu>
mtu; Kjpu;r;rpaw;w epiyapy;> R+o;epiyia vjpu;nfhs;s NghJkhd
jpwd;fis nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. njw;fpy;> ,q;fpyhe;J fpof;fpe;jpa
epWtdKk;> gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fSk; xUtUf;nfhUtu; vjpuhf Nghl;bapl;Lf;
nfhz;bUe;jdu;. ethg; rpuh[;-cl;-Jy;`htpd; xg;Gjiy ngw
Kw;glhkNyNa> Mq;fpNyau;fs; fy;fj;jhtpy; Nfhl;ilfis fl;lj;
njhlq;fptpl;ldu;. mtu;fs; jq;fs; ,uhZt Mjhuq;fis ngUf;fTk;>
1717 ,d; /gu;Nkd; -My; mtu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l j];lhf;];fis
J\;gpuNahfk; nra;Jk; ethg;gpd; cj;juit myl;rpak; nra;a $l
Nju;e;njLj;jdu;. NkYk;> epWtd Copau;fs; 1717 md;W /ghu;khld;
toq;fpa rYiffis jtwhfg; gad;gLj;jp jq;fsJ jdpg;gl;l
tu;j;jfj;Jf;F rYiffis toq;fp te;jdu;. tq;fhsj;jpw;F NkYk;
nghUshjhu ,og;ig Vw;gLj;jpa epiyapy;> ,e;jpa tu;j;jfu;fspd;
j];lhf;];fis tpw;gid nra;tjd; %yk; mjpfhupfs; ,yhgk; <l;l
Muk;gpj;jdu;. rpuh[; Mq;fpNyaiu Nehf;fpa mjpUg;jpf;fhd kw;nwhU
fhuzk;> mtu;fsJ czu;TG+u;tkhd eltbf;iffSf;fhf uh[
uh[gy;yht vd;gtupd; kfdhd rpuh[; NghV fpU\;z jh]; mtu;fSf;F
ghJfhg;G mspj;jJ.
gpshrpg; Nghu; (1757)

epWtdj;jpd; Nkd;ikahd jd;khdj;ijj; jz;bg;gjw;fhf> rpuh[;-
cl;-Jy;` gjpyb nfhLj;jhu;> 1756 Mk; Mz;L khu;r; 16> md;W
fy;fj;jhit jhf;fpaJ kw;Wk; 1756 Mk; Mz;L 20 [_d; md;W
mtuJ Mjpf;fj;jpd;fPo; nfhz;Lte;jJ. Mq;fpNyau;fspd; gilfs;
rhjfkw;w epiyapy; ,Ue;jJ kw;Wk; ethg;gpd; gpuk;khz;lkhd gil
mtu;fsJ gilfSld; nghUe;jtpy;iy. ngUk;ghyhd Mq;fpNyau;fs;
Gy;lhtpw;F jg;gp Xbdu;> kPjKs;stu;fs; ,UgJ iky; J}uj;jpy; cs;s
`_f;ypapy; ifjpfshf itf;fg;gl;ldu;.
mtw;iw Kw;wpYk; Gy;lhtpypUe;J epu;%ykhf;fhky;> me;j
Mq;fpNyaiu /Gy;lhtpy; ,Ue;J ntspNa nfhz;L Nghf
mDkjpj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. kPz;Lk; fy;fj;jhit ifg;gw;wptpl;l gpd;du;>
jdJ epiyg;ghl;il cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sTk; kw;Wk; ve;j vjpu;
jhf;Fjypy; ,Ue;Jk; mjd; ghJfhg;ig cWjp nra;Jf;nfhs;sTk;
mtu; Kaytpy;iy. ,j;jifa jtWfs; tuyhw;wpy; mupjhfNt
fhzg;gLfpwJ. [dtup 1757 y; uhgu;l; fpisT kw;Wk; thl;rd;
jiyikapyhd ,q;fpyhe;J gilfs; nfhy;fj;jhit jhf;fp mij
kPz;Lk; ifg;gw;wpdhu;fs;. rpuh[;-cl;-jt;yh`;> mypefu; xg;ge;jj;jpw;F

,e;jpahtpy; INuhg;gpa cld;gl epu;g;ge;jpf;fg;gl;lhu; (fy;fj;jh 9 gpg;utup 1757) mtu;fspd;
Nghl;b midj;Jf; $w;Wf;fisAk; xg;Gf; nfhz;lJ. jkJ epiyia
tYg;gLj;jpa Mq;fpNyau;fs; ethig NkYk; rq;flg;gLj;j tpUk;gpdu;.
khu;r; 1757 y; re;ju;gehj;jpd; gpnuQ;R FbNaw;wj;ij vjpu;j;J jq;fs;
Fwpg;Gfs; gilfis mDg;gp itj;jdu;.
Mq;fpNyaiu vjpu;j;Jg; NghupLtjw;F rpuh[; gpnuQ;R Mjuitg;
ngw tpUk;gpajhy;> gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fspd; Mf;fpukpg;ig jtpu;f;f mtu;
fpist;itf; Nfhupdhu;. ,J ethGf;F vjpuhfTk;> murhq;fk; kw;Wk;
uhZtj;jpYk;> rpuh[;cld; kPu; rh/gu;> kPu; gf;\p> [fj; Nrl; kw;Wk;
mkPd; re;j; MfpNahupd; thupRupik Fwpj;J mjpUg;jpaile;j murit
kw;Wk; $l;lhspfSld; Nru;e;J rjp nra;a J}z;baJ.
kPu; [h/gu; kw;Wk; uha; bA+Nyg; fhl;bf; nfhLf;fg;gl;ljd;
tpisthf> rpuh[; xU ngupa gilg;gpupTld; MAjk; itj;jpUe;j
NghjpYk;> gpshrpg; Nghupy; uhgu;l; fpist;tpd; fPo; Mq;fpNya tPuu;fspd;
rpwpa gilahy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu; (23 [_d; 1757). rpuh[;-Jyh`;
rpiwgpbf;fg;gl;lhu;> ,Wjpapy; kPu; [h/gu; vd;gtupd; kfd; kPuhd;
My; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. tq;fhsj;jpd; rpk;khrdj;jpy; ,Ue;j kPu; [h/
gu; vd;gtiu fpist; itj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. ethGf;Fg; gjpyhf> kPu;
[h/gu;> Mq;fpNyauplk; ngUk; njhifiaAk;> 24 gu;fhdhf;fis
nfhz;l xU gFjpiaAk; nrYj;j Ntz;bapUe;jJ. tq;fhsj;jpypUe;J
R+iwahlg;gl;l nry;t tsj;Jld;> fpl;lj;jl;l 300 glFfis tpy;ypak;
Nfhl;ilf;F vLj;Jr; nry;y Ntz;bapUe;jJ vd;w cz;ikapdhy;>
me;j nfhs;isg;nghUs; ngUk; tpistpj;jJ.
cz;ikapy;> gpshrpg; Nghu; vd;gJ xU Nghu; my;y. ethg;gpd;
gil kPu; [pau; kw;Wk; uha; Ju;ygh jiyikapy; ,Ue;jJ.
mtu;fs; Mq;fpNyaiu Nehf;fp jq;fs; tpRthrj;ij khw;wpf;
nfhz;L Mq;fpNyag; gilfsplk; Nghl;bapl ve;j Kaw;rpAk;
Nkw;nfhs;stpy;iy. NkYk; gy gupRfisAk;> epWtdj;jpd;
Copau;fsplkpUe;J yQ;rj;ijAk; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nfhupf;iffs;
mjpfupj;jNghJ> kPu; [h/gu; tpiutpy; kq;ffpg;Nghf Muk;gpj;jJ.
,e;j epWtdj;jpd; vjpu;ghu;g;Gfis NkYk; epiwNtw;w Kbahky;
kPu; [/gu; ,Ue;j NghJ> mtUf;F gjpyhf Mq;fpNyaiu mtUila
kfd; kPu; fhrpk; khw;wpdhd;. Gjpjhf epakpf;fg;gl;l ethg;> gu;j;thd;>
kpl;dhG+u; kw;Wk; rpl;lfhq; Mfpa khtl;lq;fspd; [kPd;jhu;fis
toq;fp> mtu;fSf;F tpiyAau;e;j gupRfis toq;fp> Mq;fpNyaupd;
mUl;nfhilfis ntd;whu;.
gpshrpg; ,d; tpisTfs;

xU Gfo;ngw;w tuyhw;whrpupau; ru; [fj;ehj; ru;f;fhu; $w;Wg;gb>
23 [_d; 1757 -y; ,e;jpahtpy; ,ilf;fhyj;jpd; ,WjpAk; etPd
fhyj;jpd; njhlf;fKk; Fwpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J> gpshrpg; Nghiu
gpd;gw;wp (1757–76) te;j Mz;Lfs; eilKiwapy; Ngrg;gl;lJ>
mJ xU jiyKiwia $l flf;fhky; Nghupy; ,Ue;J ntspNawg;
Nghtjhf mwptpj;J.

ethGtpd; lu;ghupy;; cs;s epWtdj;jpd; FbapUg;ghsu; Y}f; bg;rd;> ,e;jpahtpy; INuhg;gpa
Ngh];l;-gpshrpg; tq;fhsj;ij gw;wp jdJ fUj;Jfisf; $wpdhu;.",e;j Nghl;b
Neuj;jpy; fk;ngdpapd; Nrtfu;fshy; kfpo;r;rpngw;w nghJf; fUj;J
vd;dntd;why;> gpshrpg; Nghu; vd;gJ vq;fis mNj epiyikf;Nf
kPl;nlLj;jJjhd;> fy;fj;jhit ifg;gw;Wtjw;F Kd;G ehk; (rpuh[; Fwpg;Gfs;
cl-jhy;`;) (RNgjhu;) vd;W ,Ue;jJ. > Mq;fpNyau;fs; jq;fs;
tu;j;jfg; jd;ikf;Fs; jpUk;gpdu;. 'Nghupd; njhlf;fj;jpw;F Kd;du;
(5 [_d; 1757 ,y;) ifnaOj;jplg;gl;l xU xg;ge;jj;jpy; kPu; [hgu;
kPJ ethgpd; gjtpf;F gy jilfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;bUe;j fl;Lg;ghLfs;
Vw;nfdNt eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd vd;w cz;ikia ,e;j
ftdpg;G Gwf;fzpj;Js;sJ.
Mdhy;> gpshrpg; tq;fhsj;jpd; rupahd rl;l Ml;rpahsu;fshd
Mq;fpNyaiu cUthf;ftpy;iy. fy;fj;jhtpy; trpf;Fk; kw;w
Mq;fpNya mjpfhupfs; gpupl;b\; ghlq;fsy;y vd;W fy;fj;jh
cau; ePjpkd;wk; mijAk; Rl;bf; fhl;baJ. ,t;thW Ngh];l;
gpsh]pf;F> Mq;fpNyau;fs; jq;fs; ‘tpahghu Fzj;ij’
nfhl;ltpy;iy. gf;rhu; Nghupy; Mq;fpNyau; (1764) ntw;wp ngw;w
NghJ ,J kpfTk; ntspg;gilahapw;W. Mdhy; Mq;fpNyaupd; tu;j;jf
eltbf;iffs; gbg;gbahf> mjpf ed;ikfisg; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;w
cWjpAld; murpay; uPjpahf khwp> Nkjhtp ifg;ghit ethg; kPu;
[hgu; NkYk; rYiffis xg;Gf; nfhs;s mOj;jk; nfhLj;Js;sJ.
,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; kuhl;bau;fs; ghdpghjpy; xU miuitg; Njhy;tpiar;
re;jpj;jNjhL> gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fSk; njd;dpe;jpahtpd; xU fg;gy;
ciltpd; fhuzkhf ngUk; ,og;Gf;fis mile;jdu;. ,jd; %yk;
tq;fhsj;jpy; Mq;fpyj;ij vjpu;f;f jPtpukhd Nghl;bahsu;fis
tpl;Ltpl;ldu;.
gpshrpg; NghUf;Fg; gpwF kuhl;bau;fs; Njhw;fbf;fg;gLthu;fs;
my;yJ gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fs; mijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jptpLthu;fs;>
mjd;%yk; Mq;fpNyau;fs; tq;fhsj;jpd; kPJ fl;Lg;ghl;ilg; ngw
mDkjpf;fg;gLthu;fs; vd;gJ Kw;wpYk; vjpu;ghuhjJ. mLj;j gj;J
Mz;Lfspd; epfo;Tjhd; xU Gjpa Ml;rpahf ghuj;jpd; nry;thf;if
khw;wpaJ.
gpshrpg; NghUf;Fg; gpwF Mq;fpNyau;fs; rpy cldb ,uhZt
kw;Wk; tu;j;jf Mjhaq;fis ngw;Ws;sdu;. mtu;fs;> ‘,aw;if kw;Wk;
fiyapd; kpf kjpg;Gtha;e;j cw;gj;jpapy; %d;W khfhzq;fspy;> jq;fs;
epiyg;ghl;il murpay; uPjpahf cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s mtu;fs;
cioj;jhu;fs;. tq;fhsj;jpypUe;J gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fs; ntspNaw;wg;gl;l
NghJ mtu;fsJ ek;gpf;if NkYk; NkYk; Vw;wk; ngw;wJ. njw;fpy;
jkJ epiyia cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf ,e;j tha;g;igg;
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldu;. cz;ikapy;> Mq;fpyj;jpd; kpd;dOj;jq;fs;
vd;W Cfpf;Fk; fpistu;> yz;ldpy; kd;dupd; murhq;fj;jpy; xU
Kf;fpa cWg;gpduhd KjpatUf;F> tq;fhsj;jpd; kPJ Neubahd
fl;Lg;ghl;ilf; nfhz;L te;J gpupl;b\; Nguurpd; mbj;jsj;ij mikf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfl;Lf; nfhz;ldu;.

,e;jpahtpy; INuhg;gpa 3.3.1 ,ul;il murhq;fk;
Nghl;b
tq;fhsj;jpd; tuyhw;wpy; myfhghj; (1765) vd;w cld;gbf;if>
,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\; epu;thf mikg;gpd; m];jpthuj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa
xU Gjpa epu;thfg; nghwpKiwia cUthf;ff; $ba msTf;F kpfTk;
Fwpg;Gfs;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ. vdNt> ethg;gpd; epu;thf mjpfhuq;fs;
midj;Jk;> nghWg;Gzu;T ,y;yhj Gjpa nghwpKiwia mjw;F
vjpu;khwhf nfhz;L te;J ,Ue;jd.
murpd; ,ul;il Kiwia ed;F Gupe;J nfhs;s> jpthdp> ep[khj;
Mfpa nray;$Wfis ehk; nghUs; Gupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Kfyha
fhyj;jpy; khfhz epu;thfk; ,uz;L kl;lq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ:
ep[khj; (,uhZt ghJfhg;G> fhty; kw;Wk; ePjp epu;thfk;).
Mfpait RNgjhu; my;yJ MSeu; kw;Wk; mtuJ mjpfhupfspdhy;
ftdpf;fg;gl;ld> kw;Wk; jpthdp tptfhuq;fs; (tUtha;fs; kw;Wk;
epjpfspd; Nkyhz;ik)> kw;nwhU RNgjhu; fPo; mj;jifa mjpfhupfs;
Nghd;w kw;w mjpfhupfspdhy; ifahsg;gl;ld. ,e;j mjpfhupfs;
kj;jpa muRf;F gjpy; kD nfhLj;J xUtUf;nfhUtu; nrf; itj;jdu;.
xsuq;frPg; ,we;jNghJ> Ku;\pj; Fyp tq;fhsj;jpw;F nghWg;ghf
,Ue;jdu;.
myfhghj; xg;ge;jj;jpy; ifnaOj;jpl;ljd; %yk; (\h Myk;
II)> Mq;fpNyau;fs; `26 yl;rk; kw;Wk; 53 yl;rk; Mz;L Xa;T+jpakhf>
KiwNa> jpthdp kw;Wk; ep[khj; cupikfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. vdpDk;> eth]plkpUe;J nkhfyhag; Nguuru; kw;Wk; eprhj;
rf;jpfsplk; ,Ue;J jpthdp cupikia ,e;epWtdk; ngw;wJ. gpg;utup
1765 md;W ethg; e[k;-cj;-lTyh cld; ifnaOj;jpl;bUe;j
cld;ghl;by;> ,uhZtk;> ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; ntspAwTj; Jiw
cl;gl midj;J eprhj; mjpfhuq;fisAk; ,e;epWtdk; Vw;fdNt
ghJfhj;jpUe;jJ. epWtdk; midj;J epu;thf nray;ghLfisAk;
mtuJ fl;Lg;ghl;ilAk;> jpthdp> ep[khmj; nraw;ghLfSk; mjd;
,e;jpag; gpujpepjpfshy; ifahsg;gl;ld. ethg; kw;Wk; fk;ngdp Mfpa
,uz;ilAk; ,e;j epu;thfg; nghwpKiwapy; <LgLj;Jk; NghJ> mJ
tq;fhsj;jpd; ,ul;il my;yJ ,ul;ilj; muR vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
,e;j ,ul;il murhq;fj;jpdhy; epu;thfj;jpy; ghjpg;G Vw;gl;lJ.
xOf;fKk; xOq;Fk; ,y;yhj NghjpYk; tpahghuk; kw;Wk; tzpfk;
ghjpf;fg;gl;ljhy;> tu;j;jfu;fs; Vwf;Fiwa ghy;> gl;L> JzpE}y; Nghd;w
njhopy;fs; rupe;jd. tptrhak; nropj;Njhq;Fk; epiyapy;> tptrhaNk
tpisr;ry; ngw Kbatpy;iy. ,jdhy; tptrhapfs; tWikia xopf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ngUk; ntbg;G 1770 gQ;rk;> epWtdj;jpd; kiwKf MSiff;
nfhs;ifapd; FiwghLfis gpujpgypj;jJ. Rkhu; 10>000>000 kf;fs;
gQ;rj;jpy; capu; ,oe;jdu;. ,J tq;fhsj;jpYk; gPfhupYk; %d;wpy;
xU gq;fpdu;. vdpDk; ,e;j fhyg;gFjpapy; jpifg;gpy; ,Ue;j kf;fs;>
,we;jtu;fs; kPJ cztspj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j NghJ> mtu;fspd;
rl;ltpNuhj jdpahu; tu;j;jfj;jpy;> epWtdj;jpd; Nrtfu;fs; kw;Wk;
Nfh];l]; njhlu;e;J ,Ue;jdu;. kpfTk; mjpfkhd jhdpa tiffis

VfNghfkhf epiyepWj;Jk;NghJ> tptrhapfsplkpUe;J mtu;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; INuhg;gpa
mLj;jLj;j mWtilfSf;F gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba tpijfis $l Nghl;b
ifg;gw;wpdu;.
fhu;ypau; ftu;du; fg;gypd; (1769–1772) fPo; cs;s epWtdk; mjpf
,wg;igj; Nkw;ghu;itaplj; Nju;en ; jLj;jJ. epytup Fwpj;j ve;j xU Fwpg;Gfs;
gjpTk;> mjw;Fg; gjpyhf> mLj;j Mz;L 10 rjtPjkhf mjpfupj;Jtpl;lJ.
mjpf ,wg;G tpfpjk; Ntshz;ikapy; ,Ue;J mjpfk; cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gl;l cw;gj;jpia ghjpj;J> khfhzj;jpd; nghUshjhu fpzw;iw
fLikahf ghjpj;jJ. tUtha; nrYj;Jk; jpwd; Fiwe;J tpl;ljhy;>
[kPd;jhu;fs; Nghjpa tUtha; ngw Kbatpy;iy. ,J epWtdj;jpd;
tUkhdj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mJ mjd; rhFgbahsu;fs;
kw;Wk; iftpidQu;fis ,oe;Jtpl;lJ.
tq;fhsj;jpd; ,iwahz;ik Ml;rpahsuhf fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp

fpist; ,d; ,ul;il murhq;fk; Kw;wpYk; Njhy;tpia ep&gpj;jJ.
1772 y; thud; ftu;duhf ,Ue;J tq;fhsj;jpd; MSeuhdhu;. ‘Kfyha
,iwahz;ikapd; Kf%b’ tq;fhsj;jpd; kz;zpypUe;J> Mq;fpNyaiu
rupahd Ml;rpahsu;fshf Mf;f jpl;lkpl Ntz;Lk;. fk;ngdp Copau;fs;
,ul;il epu;thfj;jpw;F nghWg;ghf ,Ue;jdu;. eth]{f;F epu;thfj;jpy;
gq;F ,y;iy. ,uz;lhk; \h Myk; mtu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l
Xa;T+jpak; epWj;jg;gl;lJ. mtu; myfhghj; kw;Wk; Nfhu;lhTld; Nru;e;J>
\{[h-ud;-Jy;` gFjpf;F tpw;fg;gl;lhu;.
,e;j tifapy;> ,uz;L gj;jhz;Lfspy;> tq;fhsj;jpd; epu;thff;
fld;Kiw me;j epWtdj;jpw;F nrd;wJ. Jujpu;\;ltrkhf epWtdj;jpd;
fPo; Ml;rp> kpfTk; tskhd> njhopy;tsu;r;rp mile;j khfhzk; tpiutpy;
tWikapYk;> njhw;W Neha;fSf;Fk; Mshfp> ngUk; tWikapy;
thLk; epiy cUthdJ. tq;fhsj;jpd; kPJ fl;Lg;ghl;ilg; ngw;W
Mq;fpNyad; xU fhydpa rhk;uh[;aj;ij cUthf;fp mjd; Vfhjpgj;jpa
tbtikg;Gfis epiwNtw;WtjpYk; ntw;wp ngw;whfptpl;lJ.
3.3.2 gf;]hu; Nghu;

gf;]hu; Nghu; (1764) vd;gJ gpupl;b\; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd;
jiyikapd; fPo; n`f;lu; Kd;Nuh kw;Wk; tq;fhsj;jpd; ethg; kPu;
fhrpk; MfpNahupd; xUq;fpize;j $l;Lg; gilfs; Mfpatw;wpw;F
,ilNaahd gilfSf;F ,ilNa Nghupl;lJ. mtjj;jpd; ethg;
\{[h-cj;-lTyh kw;Wk; nkhfyhag; Nguuru; \h Myk; II.
uhgu;l; fpisTk; mtuJ fk;ngdp mjpfhupfSk; ethg;gpd;
nghf;fp\q;fis KOtJkhf fhyp nra;jNghJ> NkYk; ve;j
Mjhaq;fisAk; ngw KbahJ vd;W kPu; [h/gu; vz;zpdhu;fs;.
N`hu;nty; Nghd;w Mq;fpy mjpfhupfs; rpyu; kPu; [h/gu; vjpuhf $lk;
nfhz;bUe;jdu;. kPu; [hgpupd; kUkfd; kPu; fhrpk;> nrg;lk;gu; 27> 1760
md;W ethg; vd;w Kiwapy; mtUf;Fg; gjpyhf gjtp Vw;whd;. jdJ
ethgj;jpd; ntFkjpfs; vd;w Kiwapy;> kPu; fhrpk; gu;j;td;> kpl;dhG+u;

,e;jpahtpy; INuhg;gpa kw;Wk; rpl;lhfd; Mfpatw;iw fpof;F ,e;jpah fk;ngdpf;F xg;Gf;nfhs;s
Nghl;b Ntz;bapUe;jJ. jiyefiu Ku;fUf;F khw;wpdhu;. Muk;g Mz;Lfspy;
mtu; Mq;fpNya Mjpf;fj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. Mdhy;> fk;ngdp
Copau;fshy; j];jpf;fq;fspd; mjpfupg;G jtwhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
Fwpg;Gfs; mjd; tpisthf fUT+yj;jpw;F Vw;gl;l ,og;Gfs;> j];jf; Kiwia
xopj;J> midtUf;Fk; tzpfk; gw;wpa jPu;itj; jutpy;iy. ,J kPu;
fhrpk; kPjhd epiyghl;il tpiuTgLj;jpaJ. kPu; [h/gu; ethgpdhy;
kPz;Lk; gjtpapy; ,Ue;J ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lhu;. kPu; fhrpk; (22 mf;Nlhgu;
1764) md;W ,uz;lhk; \h Myk;> nkhfyhag; Nguuru; \{[h-cj;-lTyh
kw;Wk; mthj;jpd; ethg;> MfpNahUld; ,ize;J Mq;fpNyaUf;F
vjpuhf xU gf;]hu; jhf;Fjiy elj;jj; jpl;lkpl;lhd;. ,Ug;gpDk;
Kd;Ndwpa ntbkUe;JfSld; $ba MAjk;> ed;F gapw;rpaspf;fg;gl;l
kw;Wk; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l Mq;fpNyag; gilfSf;F vjpuhf ,e;jpa
,iwahz;ikfspd; $l;Lg; gilfs; ntw;wpngw KbahJ. gf;]hu;
Njhy;tp ,e;jpahtpy; njhopy;Jiw kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rpapy;
gw;whf;Fiw ,Ue;jJ vd;gij mJ njspTgLj;jpAs;sJ.
[kPu; [h/gu; tq;fhsj;jpd; mupaizf;F kPz;Lk; te;j gpwF>
1765 Mk; Mz;by; myhfhghj;jpy; \h Myk; cld; cld;gbf;if
xd;iw Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elj;jpaJ> ,jd; %yk; epWtdj;jplkpUe;J 26
yl;rk; &gha; Xa;T+jpaj;jpw;F gjpyhf> tq;fhsj;jpd; ethgpypUe;J 53
yl;rk; &ghia epWtdj;jpw;F bthdp cupikia Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.
mNj cld;gbf;ifAld; xU fl;rpahf ,Ue;j \{[h-cj;-lTyh>
Kfyhau;fSf;F myfhghj;ijAk;> fhuh vd;w [kPd;jhiuAk;> xU
Mq;fpNya tpRthrpahd gyhe;j; uhiaAk;> xU gFjpahf nfhLf;f
xg;Gf; nfhz;lhu;.
tq;fhsj;jpy; 1765 f;Fk; 1772 f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l> xU GJikahd
epu;thf ve;jpuk;> ,ul;il epu;thf mikg;G mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
me;j epWtdj;jpd; rk;kjj;Jld; ethg;> uh[h \pjhg; uha; kw;Wk;
nu[h fhid Jiz jpthd;]; Mf epakpj;jhu;. cz;ikapy; ethgpw;F
gjpyhf Mq;fpyj;jpw;fhf gzpahw;Wtjw;F epakdk; nra;ag;gl;lhu;.
jpthdp cupikfis (tUtha; Nrfupg;G mjpfhuk;) ngw;wjd; %yk;>
me;j epWtdk; cz;ikapy; eilKiwapy; mjpfhu rf;jpahf khwpaJ.
mNj Neuj;jpy; ethg; cupikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; epu;thfj;jpw;F
nghWg;ghd jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;. ,e;j Vw;ghl;bd; %yk; mg;gFjp kf;fs;
ngupJk; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. ,j;jifa xU Kbtpd; gpd;dzpapy;
cs;s Nehf;fj;ij Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;F> ,e;j epu;thf mikg;G>
epWtdk; mbg;gilapy; tu;j;jf mikg;ghf ,Ue;jjhy;> epu;thfk;
njhlu;ghd tptfhuq;fspy; epWtdk; mDgtkw;wjhf gpujpgypj;jJ
epahag;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
1765 Kjy;> ,e;j epWtdk; tq;fhsj;jpd; cz;ikahd ,iwik
ngw;wJ. midj;J ,uhZt kw;Wk; murpay; tptfhuq;fspy; gpuj;Naf
cupikfis ngw;W te;jJ. tq;fhsj;jpd; cs;NsAk;> ntspNaAk;
Mq;fpNyau;fspd; ghJfhg;gpw;fhf ethg; nghWg;Ngw;wJ. fpof;fpe;jpa
fk;ngdp> tq;fhsk;> gPfhu;> xuprh Mfpa tuptUtha;fis Nrfupf;Fk;

cupikia mtu;fSf;F mspj;jJ. ePjp kw;Wk; fhty; cupikfs; vd;w ,e;jpahtpy; INuhg;gpa
ep[khj; njhopw;ghLfs; kPJ ,e;epWtdk; kiwKfkhd fl;Lg;ghl;ilf; Nghl;b
nfhz;bUe;jNjhL> Jiz cgNjrpia epakpf;f cupik cs;sJ.
gf;]hu; Nghupd; murpay; jhf;fq;fs; Fwpg;Gfs;

gf;]hu; Nghu; tq;fhsj;jpd; kPJ Mq;fpNyaupd; fl;Lg;ghl;il
epiyehl;baJ. ,e;jpa Ml;rpahsu;fspd; murpay; kw;Wk; ,uhZt
FiwghLfis> nkhfyhag; Nguurpd; rPuopit> gf;]hu; ntspg;gLj;jpaJ.
ethg;gpd; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ngUfpa R+o;r;rpfs; kw;Wk; gpupTfSld;
kw;Wk; epiyahd eyd;fSld; Eiotjw;F> Coy; mjpfupj;jJ
kw;Wk; fpist; Nghd;w epWtd mjpfhupfSk; nry;te;ju;fshf khw
tha;g;ig gad;gLj;jpdu;. \_[h-cj;-lTyh kw;Wk; \h Myk; II
MfpNahuhy; ifnaOj;jpl;l my`hghj; cld;gbf;if> mtjj;jpy;
Rje;jpukhf tu;j;jfk; nra;a cupik ngw;wJ. \_[h-cj;-lTyh
kw;Wk; \h Myk; Mfpa 2 NgUk; Mq;fpNyaUld; ,ize;J elj;jpa
myfhghj; cld;gbf;if> mthj; efupy; Rje;jpukhf tu;j;jfk; nra;Ak;
cupikia toq;fpaJ. NkYk; me;j Mq;fpNyauhy; mthj; vd;w
,lj;jpy; xU gilia epiyepWj;Jtjw;F cupik ,Ue;jJ. mJ
\{[h-cj;-lTyh %yk; guhkupf;fg;gLk;. tq;fhsk;> gPfhu; kw;Wk;
xuprhtpy; cs;s jpthdp cupikfis Mq;fpNyaUf;F khw;Wtjw;F
gjpyhf> \h Myk; II> Nfhuh kw;Wk; myhfhghj; Mfpatw;iwAk;> 26
yl;rk; Mz;L Xa;T+jpaj;ijAk; ngw;whu;.
gf;]hu; Nghupd; tpisTfs;

\_[h-cj;-lTyh cldhd kPu; fhrpk; jiyikapyhd $l;lzpahy;
gf;]hu; Nghu; KbTf;F te;jNghjpYk;> mJ tq;fhsj;jpy; murpay;
tpisTfis Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jhYk;> KNuhupd; jhf;FjYf;F Kd;Ng>
$l;lzpia cilf;f kPu; fhrpk; vLj;j KbT mtiuf; fhg;ghw;wpaJ.
\{[h-cj;-lTyh> gf;]hupd; Njhy;tpahy; kpfTk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lNj
mtiu ngaustpyhd rf;jpahf Mf;Ftjhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ. tl
,e;jpahtpy; mtu; itj;jpUe;j nry;thf;F kpf;f epiy xNu ,utpy;
RUz;L tpl;lJ. ,oe;j jdJ nfsutj;ij jpUk;g ngw> thuzhrp>
Rfu; kw;Wk; myhfhghj; Mfpatw;iw ,izj;Jf; nfhs;s mtu;
Kad;whu;. Mdhy; mtuJ gilfs; mtiuj; jskhff; nfhz;L
Kd;Ndw Kbatpy;iy. Mq;fpNyaiu vjpu;j;J kw;nwhU jhf;Fjiy
elj;j Kad;W> mtu; NtW mjpfhuq;fSld; el;G nfhs;s ,lk;
nrd;whu;. jd; FLk;gj;jpd; ghuk;gupa tpNuhjpfsha; ,Ue;j Un`y];
kw;Wk; gq;fh\; Mg;fhdpau;fsplKk; mtu; jQ;rk; Nfhupdhu;. vdpDk;>
mtuJ Kaw;rpfs; midj;Jk; gadw;wjhfp tpl;ljhy;> Nk 1765 y;
Mq;fpNyauplk; ruzile;J Gfyplk; Nfhupdhu;. \{[h ruziltjw;F
Kd;du; \h Myk; Mq;fpy Nkyhjpf;fj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;L mtu;fspd;
ghJfhg;gpd; fPo; ,Ue;jhu;.
Mq;fpNyau;fSf;F ,uhZt gf;rhu; kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
tha;e;jJ. gpshrpg; vd;w Mq;fpy ntw;wp> mtuJ jsgjpfs; JNuhfk;

,e;jpahtpy; INuhg;gpa nra;j NghJ> rpuh[; Njhy;tpia re;jpj;jjhy;> mJ Kw;wpYk;
Nghl;b ghuhl;Lf;Fupajy;y. vdpDk;> gf;]hu; kPJ fhl;bf;nfhLf;Fk; epfo;T
vJTk; ,y;iy. \{[h Nghd;w mDgtkpf;f murpay; nry;thf;Fs;s
MSikiaj; Njhw;fbg;gjpy; Mq;fpNyag; gilfs; ntw;wp ngw;wd.
Fwpg;Gfs; tq;fhsj;jpy; jkJ epiyia epiyehl;ba gpd;du;> tl ,e;jpahtpy;
gpupl;b\; Nkyhjpf;fj;jpw;fhd ghijia gf;]hu; epWtpaJ.
myfhghj; xg;ge;jk;
Nk 1765 y; fpist; ,uz;lhtJ Kiwahf tq;fhsj;jpd; MSeiu
xg;gilj;jhu;. \_[h kw;Wk; \h Myk; MfpNahiu rkhspf;f> cupa
topKiwfis fk;ngdp mjpfhupfs; Njbte;jdu;. Vw;fdNt Mq;fpNya
gilfspd; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo; ,Ue;j \{[h Ml;rp epytuq;fs; njhlu;ghf
NkYk; ,izg;G jpl;lq;fs; vJTk; ,y;iy. mthj; kw;Wk; myfhghj;
Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; MSfpd;w Gjpa nghWg;G Mq;fpNyaiu GJikahd
tbtikg;Gfis Njl J}z;baJ.
myfhghj; cld;gbf;ifapd;gb> \{[h-cj;-lTyh cld;
tiuag;gl;l ,Wjp cld;gbf;if (Mf];l; 1765)> myfhghj;
kw;Wk; nfhuh jtpu \hf;Ff;F nrhe;jkhd gpuNjrq;fs; gpd;tUkhW
toq;fg;gl;ld. \h Myk; f;F myfhghj;> nfhuj; Mfpait
toq;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk;> \{[h jdJ [kPd;jhup thuhzrpapy; ,Ue;J
Kiwahf tUtha; ngWtJ cWjp nra;ag;gl;lJ> gf;]hu; fhyj;jpy;
mtu;fSf;F cjtp Gupe;jjw;fhf> ghye;j; rpq;fpw;F Mq;fpNyauhy;
toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j tifapy;> me;j epWtdk; ethGld; ‘epue;jukhd
kw;Wk; cyfshtpa rkhjhdk;> cz;ikahd el;G kw;Wk; cWjpahd
xd;wpaj;ij’ epWtpaJ. xU %d;whk; jug;gpdu; mjpfhuq;fspy; VNjDk;
xd;iw jhf;fpdhy;> xg;ge;jj;jpw;F kw;nwhU fl;rp jdJ gilfis
KOikahfNth my;yJ gFjpahfNth gfpu;e;Jnfhs;tjd; %yk;
CLUtij ntspNaw;Wtjw;F mtUf;F cjtpahf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJk;
xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ethg;gpw;f;F cjtp nra;jhy; me;j epWtdj;jpd;
uhZtj;jpd; nryTfis ethg; Rkf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. vdpDk;>
me;epWtdk; jdJ Nritfisg; gad;gLj;jpa NghJ> ethgpd; gilapd;
nryTfis me;j epWtdk; re;jpj;jpUe;jjhy; mJ njspthftpy;iy.
NkYk; ethg; Nghu; ,og;gPl;Lj; njhifahf 50 yl;rk; nrYj;j
Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; jdJ gFjpfspy; flik ,y;yh tu;j;jfj;ij njhlu
epWtdj;jpw;F mDkjp toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
tq;fhsj;jpd; ethg; ifg;ghitfs;
gf;]hUf;F gpd; kPu; [h/gu; Mq;fpNyauhy; tq;fhsj;jpd; mupaizapy;

kPz;Lk; Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lhu;. kPu; [h/gu; jdJ gilfis
Fiwf;f xg;Gf;nfhz;ljd; %yk; ethg;gpd; uhZt mjpfhuq;fis
NkYk; Fiwj;Jtpl;lhu;. ,e;j epiyapy; tq;fhsj;jpy; ve;j xU
tYthd murpay; my;yJ epu;thf khw;wj;ijAk; mtuhy; nfhz;Ltu
Kbatpy;iy. Vnddpy; mtu; kpfTk; gytPdkhd MSik nfhz;ltu;.

mtu; vjpu;nfhs;s Ntz;ba tpUk;gj;jfhj murpay; R+o;epiyia ,e;jpahtpy; INuhg;gpa
fUj;jpy; nfhz;L xU vjpu;kiw mZFKiwia cUthf;fpdhu;. Nghl;b
(njhONehahy; ghjpf;fg;gLthu;fs; vd ek;gg;gLfpwJ). gf;]hu; vd;w
,lj;jpy; Mq;fpNya ntw;wp ngw;wJ. kPu; [h/gu; kiwT tq;fhsj;jpy;
ethGfspd; jiytpjpia Kj;jpiuapl;L> tq;fhsj;jpy; gpupl;b\; Fwpg;Gfs;
NguuRf;F mbf;fy; ehl;baJ.
,e;j epWtdk; e[;k;-cj;-Jy;`> kPu; [h/gu; ,d; rpW kfd;
ethg; MfpNahiu> jd;Dld; xg;ge;jk; nra;J> me;j rpk;khrdj;jpy;
Mq;fpNyaiu KOikahf fPo;g;gl itj;jJ> Mq;fpNya KfkJ
Nu]h fhd;> ethg;gpd; Jiz MSeiu Mq;fpyj; jpirfs; %yk;
epakpj;jhu;. fhd; KO epu;thfj;ijAk; ghu;j;jhu;. MSeu; kw;Wk;
fTd;rpypd; xg;GjNyhL kl;LNk mtuhy; khw;wg;gl KbAk;. tUtha;
fnyf;lu;fis epakpj;J> ePf;Fk; NghJ> ftu;du; kw;Wk; fTd;rpypd;
xg;Gjy; $l mtrpakhf ,Ue;jJ.
,ijaLj;J ethg;gpd; epiy NkYk; Nkhrkile;jJ. 1765 Nk
khjk; jdJ ,uz;lhk; Ml;rpf;fhd Ml;rpf;fhyk; Kbe;j gpwF> fpist;
e[;Kj;-lTyhit `50 ,yl;rk; Mz;L Xa;T+jpaj;jpw;F <lhf midj;J
tUthapidAk; epWtdj;jpw;F toq;fpdhu;. 1766 y; e[;Kj;-lTyh
,we;j NghJ> mtuJ rpwpa rNfhjuu; ir/g;-cj;-lTyhthy; ntw;wp
ngw;whu;> mtUf;F `12 yl;rk; Xa;T+jpak; kl;LNk toq;fg;gl;lJ.
mtu; ,wg;gjw;F Kd;G (1770) 1766 y; Mq;fpNyaUld; cld;gbf;if
nra;J nfhz;lhu;. mjd; %yk; mtu; tq;fhs> gPfhu;> xup]h Mfpa
khepyq;fspd; epu;thfk; njhlu;ghd midj;J tp\aq;fisAk;
Mq;fpNyaUf;F toq;fpapUe;jhu;.
mtuJ rpwpa rNfhjuu; Kghuf;-Jy;thl;> e[;kz; jhy;`h ntw;wp
ngw;wNghJ> Xa;T+jpa njhif> `10 yl;rkhf’ NkYk; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
ethGfspd; mjpfhuq;fs; Kw;wpYk; RUz;lit vd;W 1775 md;W
fy;fj;jhtpy; cs;s cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpgjp xUtu; ethg;gpd;
epiy njhlu;ghf> mtiu ‘xU itf;Nfhy; kdpjd;’ vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lJ
njspthf njupfpwJ.

5. ,ul;il murpd; KbT vd;d?
6. gf;]hu; Nghupy; Nghu; tisaj;ij milahsk; fhZq;fs;.
7. gf;]hu; Nghupd; murpay; jhf;fq;fis ntspf;fhl;Lf.
8. gf;]hu; Nghupd; tpisTfs; ahit?

1. njhFg;Giufs; ,e;jpahTld; tu;j;jf cwTfis Vw;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;l Kjy; gpnuQ;R epWtdkhf ,Ue;jJ.

,e;jpahtpy; INuhg;gpa 2. 1674 y; ghz;br;Nrup lr;R jiyefuhf khwpaJ.
Nghl;b 3. ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpNya tu;j;jfu; epWTtjw;F Nghu;r;Rfy; kw;Wk;
R+uj; tu;j;jfu;fs; fLikahf vjpu;j;jjhy;> Nfg;ld; tpy;ypak;
`hf;fpd;]; ,e;jpahtpd; tzpfj;ij epWt Ntz;Lk; vd;W
Fwpg;Gfs; N[k;]; I tpLj;j Ntz;LNfhis [`hq;fPu; epuhfupj;jhu;.
4. 1691 y; \h];jh fhdpd; thuprhf ,Ue;j ,g;uh`pk; fhd;>
Mq;fpNyaupd; Mjutpy; xU /gu;khd; ntspapl;lhu;. ,e;j /gu;khd;
fUj;Jg;gb> Mq;fpNyaupd; flik ,y;yh tu;j;jfj;ij Nkw;nfhs;s
mDkjp mspf;fg;gl;lNghjpYk;> mtu;fs; Mz;LNjhWk; ‘`3>000
nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;’ vd;W Nfl;Lf;nfhs;sg;gl;ldu;.
5. ,e;j ,ul;il murhq;fj;jpd; KbT> epu;thfj;ij Nkhrkhf
ghjpj;jpUe;jJ. xOf;fk;> xOq;F vJTk; ,y;iy. tzpfk; ngUk;
,og;ig re;jpj;jJ.
6. gf;]hu; Nghu; (1764) n`f;lu; Kd;Nuh jiyikapyhd gpupl;b\;
fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; fl;lisapd; fPo; rf;jpfSf;fpilapy;
Nghupl;lJ. kw;Wk; tq;fhsj;jpd; ethg; kPu; fhrpk; MfpNahupd;
$l;Lg; gilfs;; \{j;-lhyh mthj; ethg;; nkhfyhag; Nguuru; \h
Myk; II.
7. gf;]hu; Nghu; tq;fhsj;jpd; kPJ Mq;fpNyaupd; fl;Lg;ghl;il
epiyehl;baJ.
8. gf;]hu; Nghupd; tpisTfs; tUkhW:
••Mq;fpy Nkyhjpf;fj;ij \h Myk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;.
••Mq;fpNyaUf;F ,uhZt gf;]hu; kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
tha;e;jJ.
3.5 RUf;fk;
••,e;jpahTld; tu;j;jf cwTfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l Kjy;
gpnuQ;R epWtdkhf fk;igdpNa nl]; ,z;B]; ,Ue;jJ.
••gpuhd;rpd; mg;Nghija muru; Y}ap]; XIV 1664 y; ,e;j
epWtdj;jpw;F mjpfhuj;ij toq;fpdhu;.
••‘fpof;F ,e;jpaj; jPTfs; mzpapd; yz;ld; tu;j;jf epWtdq;fspd;
MSeUk;> epWtdKk;’ vd;w epWtdk;> uhzp vyprngj;jpd; %yk;
uhay; rhrdj;ij toq;fpaJ.
••1746 Kjy; 1763 tiu Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp kw;Wk; gpnuQ;R
fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp Mfpait ,e;jpahtpy; xUtUf;nfhUtu;
rz;ilapl;ldu;. ,e;jg; Nghu;fs; fu;ehlf Nghu;fs; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
••Kjy; fu;ehlf Nghu; INuhg;ghtpy; ele;j epfo;Tfshy; Neubahf
,izf;fg;gl;lJ. M];jpupahtpd; thupRupik (1740–48) vd;w
gpur;ridapy; ,q;fpyhe;J kw;Wk; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fs; Nghuhb
te;jdu;.

••1717 y; nkhfyhag; Nguuru; xU /gu;khid ntspapl;lhu;. mJ ,e;jpahtpy; INuhg;gpa
Mq;fpNyaupd; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpf;F rpwg;Gr; rYiffs; Nghl;b
toq;fpaJ. mjhtJ> tq;fhsj;jpypUe;J ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l
nghUl;fSf;F tup tpyf;F mspj;jJ.
••epWtdj;jpd; Nkd;ikahd jd;kdj;ijj; jz;bg;gjw;fhf> Fwpg;Gfs;
rpuh[;-cj;-lTyh khu;r; 16> 1756 md;W fy;fj;jhit gjpyb
nfhLj;jJ kw;Wk; 20 [_d; 1756 md;W mtuJ Mjpf;fj;jpd;fPo;
nfhz;Lte;Js;sJ.
••Gfo;ngw;w tuyhw;whsuhd ru; [fj;ehj; ru;f;fhu; $w;Wg;gb 23
[_d; 1757> ,e;jpahtpy; ,ilf;fhyj;jpd; ,WjpiaAk; etPd
fhyj;jpd; njhlf;fj;ijAk; Fwpf;fpwJ.
••tq;fhs tuyhw;wpy;> myghghj; (1765) cld;gbf;if ,e;jpahtpy;
gpupl;b\; epu;thf Kiwf;F mbj;jskhf mikf;fg;gl;l xU Gjpa
epu;thf Kiwikf;F ,J kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ.
••gf;]hu; Nghu; (1764) vd;w gpupl;b\; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd;
jiyikapd; fPo; n`f;lu; Kd;Nuh> tq;fhsj;jpd; ethg; kPu;
fhrpk; MfpNahupd; $l;Lg; gilfspd; fl;lisapd; fPo; gilapdu-
pilNa Nghupl;lJ \{j;-lhyh mthj; ethg;; nkhfyhag; Nguuru;
\h Myk; II.

••RNgjhu;: RNgjhu; Neghs uhZtk;> ,e;jpa ,uhZtk; kw;Wk;
ghfp];jhd; ,uhZtk;> gpupl;lidr; Nru;e;j mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk;
mjw;F Nky; nray;glhj mjpfhupfisf; fPNo cs;s xU
tuyhw;W jutupir MFk;.
••,ul;il muR: tq;fhsj;jpd; ,ul;ilj; murhq;fk;> uhgu;l;
fpistpd; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa ,ul;il Ml;rp Kiw MFk;.
gpupl;b\; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp> cz;ikahd mjpfhuj;ij
ngw;wJ. Mdhy; epu;thf nghWg;G kw;Wk; nghWg;Gilik tq;fhs
ethgplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ.
••rpg;gha;: mJ gpupl;b\; my;yJ kw;w INuhg;gpa fl;lisfspd;
fPo; gzpahw;Wk; xU ,e;jpa rpg;ghiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
••jpthdp cupik: mitfs; gpupj;jhdpa fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpw;F
tUthiar; Nrfupj;J rptpy; tof;Ffis KbT nra;a toq;fg;gl;l
cupikfs; MFk;.

FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. ,e;jpahtpy; epue;ju tu;j;jf cwTfis Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; ntw;wp
ngw;w Kjy; gpnuQ;R epWtdk; vJ?

,e;jpahtpy; INuhg;gpa 2. %d;whtJ fu;ehlf Aj;jk; vg;nghOJ Muk;gkhfpaJ?
Nghl;b 3. Mq;fpNyau;fis ,e;jpah tu Cf;Ftpj;jjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
vit?
4. ,ul;ilf; murhq;fj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs; ahit?
Fwpg;Gfs;
5. gf;]hu; NghUf;F toptFj;j fhuzq;fs; ahit?
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;

1.
,e;jpahtpy; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fs; njhopw;rhiyfis vg;gb
epWtpdhu;fs;?
2. gpupl;b\;-gpnuQ;Rg; Nghl;biag; gw;wp tpupthf jUf.
3. gf;]hu; Nghu;> mjd; murpay; jhf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; tpisTfs;
gw;wp tpsf;fkhf jUf.
4. gpshrpg; Nghu; kw;Wk; mjd; tpisTfs; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
5. ‘tq;fhsj;jpd; ifg;ghit ethg;fs;’ vd;w nrhy;iyf; Fwpj;J>
myfhghj; cld;gbf;if gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf.
3.8 NkYk; gbf;f

gpshf;thd;];.
kf;uh-`py;
fy;tp.
,d;lu;Ne\dy;.
];nlu;ypq; gg;spru;

gFjp – I gpupl;b\; jiyik
MSeu;fs; – I
1757 Kjy; 1857 tiu ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik MSeu;fs;
myF 4 gpupl;b\; jiyik MSeu;fs; – I Fwpg;Gfs;
mikg;G
4.0 mwpKfk;
4.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
4.2 uhgu;l; fpist; kw;Wk; mtuJ epu;thfk;
4.3 thud; N`];bq;];
tpilfs;
4.6 RUf;fk;
4.9 NkYk; gbf;f
4.0 mwpKfk;
ePq;fs; mwpe;J nfhz;l gb> fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk; tzpfj;ij
njhlu;tjw;fhf> Mq;fpNya tzpfu;fspd; FOtpduhy;> xU
$l;L gq;F epWtdkhf epWtg;gl;lJ. mtu;fSila tzpfk;>
,e;jpaj; Jizf;fz;lj;ij Nehf;fp Kf;fpakhf ikaf; Ftpg;igf;
nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. 1599-y; mur rhrdk; toq;fpajd; %yk;> ,e;j epWtdk;
INuhg;ghtpd; ,Nj Nghd;W cUthd fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdq;fspd;
goikahd epWtdq;fspy; xd;whf khwpaJ. gzf;fhu Mq;fpy
tzpfu;fs; kw;Wk; cau;FbAk;> fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpd; gq;Ffis
nrhe;jkhf itj;Js;sdu;. gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpw;F me;j epWtdj;jpy;
gq;Ffs; ,y;iy. mtu;fs; tp\aj;jpy; Fiwe;jgl;r fl;Lg;ghL kl;LNk
,Ue;jJ. ,e;jpahtpy; epu;thf kw;Wk; nghUshjhu nray;ghLfis
ePz;l fhyj;jpypUe;J ,e;jpah Ml;rp nra;J nfhz;bUe;jhYk;>
1757-y; gpshrpg; Nghu;> 1764-y; gf;rhu; Nghu; Nghd;wit ele;j gpd;du;>
,e;jpahtpy; mtu;fspd; Ml;rp nrk;ikahf khwpaJ. 1858 Mk; Mz;L
,e;jpa murpd; rl;lk; te;j gpwFjhd;> ,e;jpah gpupl;b\; kFlj;jpd;
Neub Ml;rpapd; fPo; te;jJ.
Mq;fpNyau;fs;> mtu;fs; ,Ue;j epyj;jpd; G+u;tPffhuu;fs;
my;y vd;gjhy;> kf;fspd; ek;gpf;ifia nty;y Kbatpy;iy vd;W
mwpe;jpUe;jdu;. vdNt> mtu;fs; ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ fl;Lg;ghl;ilf;
nfhz;L tUtjw;fhf> nghJkf;fs; Mjuit tpl> cau;e;j gilfs; kPJ
ftdk; nrYj;jpdu;. ,e;jpahtpypUe;J jpUk;gpajd; Ngupy;> ntypq;ldpd;
rNfhjuuhd nty;ny];yp gpuGtpd; fPo; ,e;jpahtpy; gzpahw;wpdhu;.
‘,e;jpahtpd; Ml;rp Kiw> mjpfhu mbj;jsk;> mij Mjupf;Fk;

gpupl;b\; jiyik Kiwfs; kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpd; nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLg;gJ Mfpa
MSeu;fs; – I
Kiwfs;> mNj Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf INuhg;ghtpy; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; Kiwikfs;
kw;Wk; tpjq;fspy; ,Ue;J Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;lit. epWtdj;jpd; vy;yh
rf;jpf;Fk; fUthf me;j ths; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W mtu;fs; ek;Gfpd;wdu;.’
Fwpg;Gfs; gpshrpg; NghUf;fpilNa (1757) eilngw;w E}w;wz;Lfspy;> 1857
vd;w khngUk; fyfk;> fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdjpd; fPo;> ngupa mstpy;
murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f> gz;ghl;L vOr;rpfSf;F rhl;rpahf ,Ue;jJ.
,e;j Neuj;jpy;> ,e;epWtdk; ntWk; tzpfk; kw;Wk; tzpf tpahghu
epWtdj;jplkpUe;J ,e;jpahtpy; xU ngUk; rf;jpahf tpsq;FfpwJ.
epWtdj;jpd; Ml;rpg; gFjpfs;> fpof;Nf tq;fhsj;jpypUe;J ,e;jpahtpd;
vy;yhg; gFjpfSf;Fk; gutpaNjhL> gpupl;b\; ‘,e;jpag; NguuR’ vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. njhlf;fj;jpy; tq;fhs MSeuhf ,Ue;j me;j
epu;thfp> gpd;du; Ml;rp gFjpfs; tpuptile;jNghJ> me;j epu;thfp
,e;jpa jiyik MSeuhf nghWg;Ngw;whu;. mg;NghJ> mNj msT
tpahghuKk;> ,yhgq;fSk; epWtdj;jpy; $bapUe;jJ. epWtdj;jpd;
tzpf eyd;fis ghJfhg;gJ kw;Wk; Cf;Ftpg;gjd; %yk;> ,it
midj;Jk; xd;whf Nru;e;J cs;sd vd;gij cWjp nra;Ak; tifapy;
nfhs;iffis cUthf;Fk; NghJ> mit vr;rupf;ifahf ,Ue;jd.
1757 Kjy; 1857 tiu ,e;jpahtpd; cs;s jiyik MSeu;fis gw;wp
,e;j myfpy; tpthjpg;Nghk;.
4.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
,e;j myF topahf nrd;W gpd;G> cq;fshy;;
••thud; N`];bq;]; Nkw;nfhz;l rPu;jpUj;jq;fis Muha KbAk;.
••fhud;thyp]; gpuG nfhz;L te;j epu;thf kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw
khw;wq;fis tpsf;f KbAk;.
••uhgu;l; fpistpd; epu;thfj;ij gw;wp tpthjpf;f KbAk;.
4.2 uhgu;l; fpist; kw;Wk; mtuJ epu;thfk;

ePq;fs; mwpe;J nfhz;l gb> fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk;> gpshrpg; Nghu;
kw;Wk; gf;rhu; Nghu;fspd; gpur;rhuj;jpd; Kf;fpa eguhf uhgu;l; fpist;
,Ue;jhu;. mtuJ R+o;r;rpfs; kw;Wk; rjpfs; fhuzkhf> Mq;fpNyau;fshy;
tq;fhsj;jpd; rf;jp tha;e;j ethg;fis Kd;dpWj;jTk;> ,e;jpahtpy;
cWjpahd gpbia epWtTk; Kbe;jJ. mtu; 1758-y; tq;fhs MSeuhf
mwptpf;fg;gl;lhu;. Kjy; jlitahf MSeuhf mtu; ,Ue;j fhyk;>
,uz;L Mz;Lfs; ePbj;jJ. mg;NghJ> mtu; ehl;by; gpupl;b\; Ml;rpia
tYg;gLj;Jk; gpur;rhuq;fis Kd;ndLj;jhu;. cly;eyf; Fiwtpd;
fhuzkhf> mtu; 1760-y; ,e;jpahit tpl;L ntspNawpdhu;.
1765 Nk khjk; ,uz;lhk; gjtpf;fhyj;jpy; tq;fhs MSeuhf>
fpist; fy;fj;jhtpw;Fj; jpUk;gpdhu;. epWtdj;jpy; cwTfspd; gpur;rpid
jPu;Tf;F Kfyhau;fs; fhj;jpUe;jd. fpist;> myfhghj; cld;gbf;if
%yk; ,Wjp jPu;it \_[h-cj; lhyh (16 Mf];l; 1765)> \_[htpd;

gioa Ml;rpg; gFjpapy; ,Ue;j> myfhghj; kw;Wk; Nfhu;lhTld; Nru;j;J gpupl;b\; jiyik
MSeu;fs; – I
\h Myk; mtiu kPl;lhu;fs;.
myfhghj; cld;gbf;if (1765) tq;fhs tuyhw;wpy; xU
iky;fy;yhf mikj;jJ. Vnddpy;> mJ epu;thf khw;wj;jpw;F ,l;Lr;
nrd;wJ. ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\; Ml;rp Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;j ,J Fwpg;Gfs;
toptFj;jJ. mJ ethg;gpd; mjpfhu Kbitf; Fwpf;fpwJ. me;j Ml;rp
mjpfhuj;jhy;> nghWg;gpy; ,Ue;J tpthfuj;J nra;ag;gl;l xU mikg;G
Kiwia nfhz;L te;jJ.
myfhghj;jpy; (\h Myk; II cld;) xg;ge;jk; nra;ag;gl;l
Mq;fpNyau;fs;> `26 ,yl;rk; NguurUf;F tUlhe;jpu Cjpak;> ep[khj;
gzpfSf;fhf `53 ,yl;rk; vd;w tifapy; jpthdp cupikia
ngw;Ws;sdu;. ,e;j cld;gbf;ifapd;gb> ,uhZtk;> ghJfhg;G kw;Wk;
ntspehl;L tptfhuq;fs; cl;gl midj;J ep[khj; mjpfhuq;fisAk;
Vwj;jho ruzilar; nra;j ethg; e[;k;-cj;-lTyh MfpNahUld;>
gpg;utup 1765 md;W Mq;fpNyaupd; kw;nwhU xg;ge;jj;ij KbTf;F
nfhz;L te;jJ. ,t;thwhf> me;j khfhzj;jpd; jpthdp mjpfhuq;fisg;
NguuruplkpUe;J kw;Wk; ethg;gplkpUe;J ep[khj; vd;w me;j epWtdk;
ghJfhj;jJ. ,e;j epWtdk; jpthdp kw;Wk; ep[khj; nray;ghLfis
,e;jpau;fshf ,Ue;j mjd; ghJfhtyu;fs; %yk; gupNrhjpj;j NghjpYk;>
cz;ikahd mjpfhuk; epWtdj;jpd; ifapy; ,Ue;jJ. ,e;j epu;thf
Kiw> epWtdj;jpd; Ml;rp kw;Wk; ethg; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; tq;fhsj;jpd;
,ul;il my;yJ ,ul;il muR vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;j Kiwahy; epu;thfj;jpy; KwpT Vw;gl;lJ> rl;lk; xOq;F
rPu;Fiye;jJ> tzpfk; kw;Wk; ngU tzpfk; jilg;gl;lJ> tzpfu;fs;
fLk; tWikf;F js;sg;gl;lhu;fs;> tskhd nropg;ghd njhopy;fs;
Fwpg;ghf gl;L kw;Wk; Jzp ufq;fs; ehrkhapd. tptrhapfspd; fLikahd
tWikAk; tptrhaKk; ,yhgkspf;fhjjhy; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. 1770-Mk;
Mz;L ngUk; gQ;rk; Vw;gl;lNghJ> epWtdj;jpd; kiwKf Ml;rpapd;
mtyq;fis KOikahf czu;e;J nfhz;ldu;. ,e;j gQ;rj;jpd;
Nghf;fpy;> tq;fhsk; kw;Wk; gPfhu; cs;s nkhj;j kf;fs;njhifapy;
%d;wpy; xU gq;F Rkhu; 10 kpy;ypad; Ngu; mbj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;ldu;.
kWGwk;> gy epWtd mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ Ntiyahl;fs;
fs;sj;jdkhf jdpahu; ,yhgj;jpw;F Mjhukhf ,Ue;j epiyapy;> epiwa
f\;lq;fs; mDgtpj;jdu;. fpilf;ff;$ba midj;J jhdpaq;fisAk;
Vfg;gLj;jp> mLj;j mWtilf;Fj; Njitahd tpijia tpw;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; Vio vspa kf;fs; fl;lhag;gLj;jpdhu;fs;. ‘capUld;
,Ue;jtu;fs; ,we;jtu;fSf;F cztspj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j Neuj;jpy;’
kpf Nkhrkhd ,yhgj;jpw;F> cupa tprhuiz my;yJ jz;lid
,y;yhky; njhlu mDkjpf;fg;gl;lJ. mjpf ,wg;gpd; tpisthf rhFgb
Fiwe;J te;j NghjpYk;> epytup tUthapy; Ie;J rjtPjj;jpypUe;J>
mLj;j Mz;L 10 rjtPjkhf Nru;f;fg;gl;lJ. xU fpuhkj;jpypUe;J capu;
jg;gpa kf;fs;> jkJ mz;il tPl;bduhf ,Uj;jy; my;yJ kuzpj;jy;
fhuzkhf tUtha; ,og;ig Vw;gLj;j Ntz;bapUe;jJ. mg;NghJ
(1769 –72)-y; fhu;bau; tq;fhsj;jpd; MSeuhf ,Ue;jhu;.

gpupl;b\; jiyik gQ;rj;jhy; kf;fs;njhif Fiwe;J> tptrha cw;gj;jpia
MSeu;fs; – I
fLikahf ghjpj;jJ. kw;Wk; khfhzj;jpd; nghUshjhu tho;tpy;
fzprkhd msT tpiwg;G Vw;gl;lJ. mJ [kPd;jhu;fis ghjpj;jJ:
tptrhapfspd; vz;zpf;ifAk; nrYj;Jk; jpwDk; Fiwe;jjhy;> mtw;wpd;
Fwpg;Gfs; njhFg;Gfs; rupe;jd. mJ epWtdj;jpd; tzpf ,yhgq;fisAk;
ghjpj;jJ. Vnddpy;> mJ gy rhFgbahsu; kw;Wk; iftpidQu;fis
mbj;Jr; nrd;Wtpl;lJ.
tq;fhs murpd; Ml;rpahsuhf fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk;:

,ul;il Ml;rp Kiw> fpist; %yk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L xU
Njhy;tpia jOtpaJ. 1772-y; tq;fhsj;jpd; MSeuhf thud;
N`];bq;]; epakpf;fg;gl;lNghJ> mtu; ‘nkhfyha murpd; Kf%bia
fpopj;njwpe;J’> ntw;wp ngWk; cupikapdhy;> tq;fhsj;ij Ml;rp
nra;a KbntLj;jhu;. ,ul;ilKiw Ml;rp> epWtd Copau;fSf;F
gzpapl khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. epu;thfj;jpy;> ngausTf;F gq;F $l
ethg;-f;F ,y;yhky; Ngha;tpl;lJ. ethg;gpd; cjtpj; njhif> `32
yl;rk; Kjy; `16 yl;rk; tiu Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j epWtdk;> Nguuru;
\h Myk; II-f;F> Mz;LNjhWk; `26 yl;rk; tiu fl;lzk; nrYj;jpaJ.
myfhghj;> Nfhuh nkhfyhag; NguuruplkpUe;J gwpj;Jf; nfhz;L> mij
ethg;f;F tpw;Wtpl;ldu;.
,t;thwhf> ,uz;L gj;J Mz;LfSf;Fk; Fiwthd fhyj;jpy;
tq;fhsj;jpd; ethg;fspy; ,Ue;J fpof;fpe;jpaf; epWtdk; tiu>
tq;fhsj;jpy; ,Ue;j mjpfhuk; khw;wg;gl;lJ. ,e;j gzf;fhu>
njhopy;uPjpahf kpfTk; Kd;Ndwpa ,e;jpahtpd; khfhzk; fLikahd
tWik> Jauk;> gQ;rq;fs;> nfhs;is> Neha;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw
Fiwj;Jtpl;lJ. tq;fhsj;ij ifg;gw;wpdhy;> ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s
tskhd nghUshjhuj;ij xU fhydpj;Jt nghUshjhukhf Fiwj;Jk;>
gpupl;b\; fhydpj;Jtj;jpd; kw;Wk; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd; nts;sg; ngUf;iff;
ifg;gw;wpaJ. fpist;> ,e;jpahit tpl;L> 1768-y; 1774-y; kiwe;jhu;.
4.3 thud; N`];bq;];

fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpd; epu;thf vOj;juhf Ntiy ghu;f;Fk; thud;
N`];bq; 1750-y; fy;fj;jhit mile;jhu;. mtu; gbg;gbahf cau;e;J>
1772-,y; tq;fhs MSeuhy;> fhrpk;g[hu; mjpguhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
gpd;du;> mtu; 1774-y; tq;fhsj;jpd; MSeuhf ,Ue;J> xOq;FgLj;Jk;
rl;lj;jpd; fPo; nghWg;Ngw;whu;.
epu;thfr; rPu;jpUj;jk;
thud; N`];bq;]; gpd;tUk; epu;thf eltbf;iffis Jtf;Fk; gzpapy;
,wq;fpdhu;:
••fy;fj;jhtpy; xU tUkhd rig mikj;jy;: jpthd;fSf;F
gjpyhf> xU tUtha; thupak; fy;fj;jhtpy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
epy tupfs; tR+ypg;gij Nkw;ghu;itapLk; gzp xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ.

••Mq;fpy Ml;rpau;fs; epakdk;: Neubahf Nju;T nra;j Mq;fpNya gpupl;b\; jiyik
MSeu;fs; – I
Ml;rpau;fs; %yk; tUtha; tR+yhFk;.
••Ku;\pjhghj;jpy; ,Ue;J fy;fj;jh tiu f[hdh khw;wk;: f[hdh
ngl;b fy;fj;jhtpw;F khw;wpaNghJ> tq;fhsj;jpd; epu;thfj;
jiyefuhdhJ. Fwpg;Gfs;
••ethgpd; tptfhuq;fis kWrPuikj;jy;: kPu; [hg;gupd; tpjitahd
Kd;dp Ngfk;> tPl;L tptfhuq;fis Nkw;ghu;it nra;Ak; nghWg;G
mtUf;F mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
••\h Myk; jpiw epWj;jk;: \h Myk; II-f;F Xa;T+jpak; toq;FtJ
epWj;jg;gl;lJ.
••tq;fhs ethg;f;F Xa;T+jpa Fiwg;G: tq;fhs ethg;Gf;F
Xa;T+jpak; 16 yl;rkhf Fiwe;jJ.
ePjpj;Jiw rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;
N`];bq; %yk; njhlq;fg;gl;l ePjpj;Jiw rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
••[kPd;jhu;fspd; ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fis kpfr; rpwe;jjhf;Fjy;.
••xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk; cupikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay;
ePjpkd;wq;fis mikj;jy;.
••rju; jpthdp ml;yhil cUthf;Fjy;.
••ePjpj;Jiw eltbf;iffis vOJjy;.
••Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;wq;fspy; ,e;jpa ePjpgjpfisj; Nju;e;njLj;jy;.
••jw;NghJs;s tpjpfs;> kw;Wk; Njitahd ,lq;fspy; cs;s
rl;lq;fs; Mfpatw;wpy; Jtf;fg;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;fs;.
••Fu;Md; trdj;jpd; gb K];ypk;fSf;F ePjp toq;f Ntz;Lk;>
jpUkzk;> thupR kw;Wk; kjk; njhlu;ghd tp\aq;fis
jPu;g;gjw;fhf rh];jpuq;fis gpd;gw;WkhW typAWj;jpdhu;.
epjpr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;
epWtdj;jpd; epjp epiyia cau;j;Jtjw;Fk;> fUT+yf; fzf;Fj;
Jiw fpl;lj;jl;l ntWikahf> fld; thq;f Ntz;ba fl;lhaj;jpy;
,Ue;jNghJ> gpd;tUk; eltbf;iffis N`];bq; vLj;Jf; fhl;bAs;shu;:
•• `30 ,yl;rk; gzk; nrYj;jpajw;F gjpyhf> fhuh kw;Wk;
myfhghj; khtl;lq;fs; mth`;tpd; \_[h-cj;-Jy;`h
ethg;Gf;F tpw;fg;gl;lJ.
••tq;fhs ethg;Gf;F tUlhe;jpu mQ;ryp> `16 yl;rj;jpypUe;J `32
yl;rkhf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
••epWtdj;jpd; epjp epiyia cau;j;Jtjw;fhf> mtu; G+lhd; kw;Wk;
jpngj;Jld; tzpf cwTfis tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;s tpUk;gpdhu;.
mq;F mtu; xU gzpia Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.

gpupl;b\; jiyik ••\h Myk; kuhl;ba ghJfhg;G Nfhupa NghJ> mtUf;F nrYj;j
MSeu;fs; – I
Ntz;ba Mz;L Xa;T+jpak; `25 yl;rj;ij epWj;jp tpl;lhu;.
••ngdhu]; khtl;lj;Jf;F gjpyhf> `40 yl;rk; &gha; epjp xJf;fL
P
nra;J> R[h-cj;-Jy;`h MfpNahUf;F cjt mtu; xg;Gf;nfhz;lhu;.
Fwpg;Gfs;
••nryit Fiwf;f> epWtd Copau;fSf;F Xa;T+jpakhf
nfhLf;fg;gLk; gzj;jpd; msT Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
••ehzak; epue;jukhf;fg;gl;lJ.
••nrytpdq;fisf; Fiwg;gjw;fhf> tpisr;ry; ,y;yhj
mYtyfq;fs; %lg;gl;ld.
tUtha; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;
gpd;tUk; tUtha; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; N`];bq;fhy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;ld:
••gpupl;b\; epy tUtha; Nrfupg;ghsu;fs;> epy tUthiar;
Nrfupg;gjw;fhf Neubahf mtiuj; Nju;e;njLj;J> rPu;jpUj;jq;fis
epiwNtw;wpdu;.
••epy tUtha; epu;thfj;ij Nkw;ghu;itapl fy;fj;jh tUtha;
thupak; epakpf;fg;gl;lJ.
••Ie;jhz;bw;F xUKiw epy tUtha; njhlq;fg;gLk;.
••tUtha; thupa cWg;gpdu;fSf;F cjt> uha; uhad; vd;w
cs;shl;rp mYtyu;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
••,e;j Ie;jhz;L fhy Kiw> xU tUl fhy cld;ghl;bdhy;
khw;wPL nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,J kpf cau;e;j Vyq;Nfl;gtu;fSf;F
Mjuthf KbntLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
••kf;fspd; Jau; Gupe;J> kw;w tupfs; mfw;wg;gl;ld. Mdhy;> epy
tUtha; xU epiyahd tpfpjj;jpy; tR+ypf;fg;gl;lJ.
tzpf rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;
gpd;tUk; tzpf rPu;jpUj;jq;fis N`];bq;]; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;:
••Rq;f tupfis Fiwg;gJ: cg;G> ntw;wpiy> ghf;F kw;Wk;
Gifapiy jtpu midj;J nghUl;fspd; kPjhd flikfSk; 2.5
rjtPjk; Fiwe;J tpl;ld. cs;Shu;thrpfSk;> INuhg;gpau;fSk;
Rq;f tupfis nrYj;j Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
••gy Rq;f rhtbfis mfw;WtJ: Vuhskhd Rq;f r htbfspd;
fhuzkhf tzpfk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ljhy;> fy;fj;jh> `f;yp>
K\plhghj;> ghl;dh kw;Wk; lhf;fh Mfpa Ie;J Rq;f rhtbfis
kl;LNk jf;fitj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;.
jh];jf; xopg;G Kiw

jh];jf;fs; mfw;wg;gl;ljd; %yk;> epWtd Copau;fSf;F ve;j
tpUg;GupikAk; ,y;yhky; NghdJ. Mdhy;> Coiy Fiwj;J

epWtdj;jpd; tUthia ngUf;Fk;> jq;fs; nrhe;jg; nghUl;fSf;fhd gpupl;b\; jiyik
MSeu;fs; – I
flikfis nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
gpw ehLfSf;F tzpfg; gzpia mDg;Gjy;: tzpfj;ij
Nkk;gLj;j G+lhd;> jpngj;> vfpg;J Nghd;w ehLfSf;F tzpf uPjpapyhd
Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; mDg;gpitf;fg;gl;ld. Fwpg;Gfs;
r%f rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;
,];yhkpa Ma;Tfis Cf;Ftpf;f> mtu; 1781-y; fy;fj;jh
kjuhi] epWtpdhu;. mJ gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jhy; epWtg;gl;l Kjy;
fy;tp epWtdkhFk;. mjd; gpwF 1792-y; n[hdhjd; lq;fdhy;
ngdhuh]py; rk];fpUj fy;Y}up epWtg;gl;lJ. N`];bq;]; -,d; Mjutpy;
tpy;ypak; tpy;fpd;];> fPijiaAk;> ejhdpay; `hy;n`l;ilAk; ,e;J
rl;lq;fspd; xU Ntjkhf njhFj;jpUe;jhu;.
rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; tpisTfs;
epu;thf ve;jpuj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy; mtu; ntw;wp ngw;whYk;> mtu;
NghJkhd murhq;f Mjuitg; ngwtpy;iy. NkYk;> jkJ MjuTs;s
Ntl;ghsu;fshy; gjtpfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;a tpUk;gpa Nkyjpfhupfs;
kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ jFjpapd; mbg;gilapy; Nju;T nra;ag;gl;ltu;fspd;
tpUg;gq;fisAk;> rpwg;GfisAk; mtu; kfpo;tpf;f Ntz;Lk;. vy;yh
xilfSf;Fk; vjpuhfg; Nghuhbf;nfhz;bUe;j mtu;> mtUf;Fg; gpd;
gjtpf;F te;j fhud;thyp]; gpuGtpd; tYthd epu;thff; fl;likg;igf;
nfhz;L te;jhu;. vdNt> fpist; gpuG> tq;fhsj;jpy; gpupl;b\; Nguurpd;
epyg;gFjp mbj;jsj;ij epiyehl;b> gpupl;b\; epu;thff; fl;likg;ig
xU jplkhd mbj;jsj;jpw;F toq;fpdhu; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ.
Fw;wtprhuiz
gpl;];fis vjpu;j;J> ,e;jpahtpy; gpy; thud; N`];bq;]; 1785-y;
gjtpapy; ,Ue;J tpyfpdhu;. Nuhfpy;yh Nghu;> ehz;l; Fkhupd; nfhiy>
nrl; rpq; tof;F kw;Wk; yQ;rj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;ljw;fhf> 1788 Kjy;
1795 tiu 7 Mz;Lfs; mtu; kPJ Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;lJ. mtu; 23 Vg;uy;
1795 y; tpLjiy nra;ag;gl;lhu;. mtu; gzk; ,y;yhky;> guk Vioahf
khwptpl;lhu;.
1773-,d; xOq;FgLj;Jk; rl;lk;

1773-,d; xOq;FgLj;Jk; rl;lk; %yk; epWtdq;fspd; tptfhuq;fis
gpupl;b\; muR cj;jutpl;lJ. Fwpg;ghf> ,e;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf Nrit
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. jiyik MSeu; thud; N`];bq;]; kw;Wk;
mtu; ehd;F cWg;gpdu;fis cs;slf;fpa epu;thff; FO xd;Wk;
cjtpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W mjpfhuG+u;tkhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
rl;lk;> xOq;if epiyehl;lTk;> Fbik murhq;fj;ij epiy
epWj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;w tpjpKiwfisAk; xOq;FgLj;j jiyik
MSeUf;F ,r;rl;lk; mjpfhuk; mspj;Js;sJ. ,e;j rl;lj;jpd;gb>

gpupl;b\; jiyik ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\; Nguurpd; mbg;gilia mikj;J> xU tzpf
MSeu;fs; – I
epWtdj;ij xU epu;thf mikg;ghf N`];bq;]; khw;w Kbe;jJ.
Kf;fpa tpjpKiwfs;
Fwpg;Gfs; 1773-d; xOq;FgLj;Jk; rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa Fwpg;Gfs; fPNo
gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;sd:
••,q;fpyhe;J kd;du; fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpd; nghWg;gpy;
,Ue;jhu;. ,e;epWtdj;jpd; cau; mjpfhupfs;> ePjpgjpfs;> ePjpkd;w
,af;Feu;fs; MfpNahu; epakpf;fg;gl cs;sdu;.
••cilikahsu;fs; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; thf;fspf;Fk; cupik ngWk;
jFjp £500 ypUe;J £1000 Mf cau;j;jg;gl;lJ.
••Kd;djhf Mz;L NjhWk; Nju;T nra;ag;gl;l ,af;Feu;fs;
ehd;F Mz;Lfs; gjtpapy; njhlu Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> fhy;gq;F
vz;zpf;if Mz;Lf;F xUKiw kPz;Lk; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; $wpapUe;jhu;.
••xU jiyik ePjpgjp kw;Wk; %d;W ePjpgjpfs; mlq;fpa cr;r
ePjpkd;wk; tq;fhsj;jpy; epWtg;gl;lJ.
••jiyik MSeUk;> mtuJ Nguitapd; cWg;gpdu;fSk; jtpu>
Fb Kiw> Fw;wthsp> flw;gil Ml;rpf; FO kw;Wk; epWtdj;jpd;
Ml;rpg; gFjpfspy; cs;s midj;J gpupl;b\; ghlq;fs; kPJk;
cupikapay;> Fw;wtpay;> ghuhl;Lf;F cupa mjpfhu tuk;igf;
fhl;baJ.
••jiyik MSeUk; mtuJ ehd;F kd;w cWg;gpdu;fSk;> Fbik
kw;Wk; uhZt tptfhuq;fis ftdpj;J> mij Kjy; epfo;thf
,e;j rl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ldu;. Ie;J Mz;Lfs; mtu; gjtp
tfpj;j fhyj;jpy;> ,af;Feu;fs; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij
kd;duhy; kl;LNk mfw;w KbAk;.
••xU Kl;Lf;fl;ilr; nraiyj; jfu;f;f Ntz;ba xU thf;if
mtu; ngw;wpUe;jhYk;> jiyik MSeu; ngUk;ghyhd Nguitapd;
Kbitf; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
••Nghu; kw;Wk; rkhjhdk; Mfpa tptfhuq;fspy;> nrd;id kw;Wk;
gk;gha; MSeu;fs; njuptpj;j fUj;Jf;fSf;F Nkyhf> MSeupd;
KbT ,WjpahdJ vd;W fUjg;gl;lJ. mjpfhupfs; rpwe;j
jFjpiaf; fhl;bapUe;jhy;> rk;gsk; ngUfpd. epWtd Copau;fs;
gupRfisAk; yQ;rj;ijAk; Vw;f mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy. jdpahu;
tzpfj;jpy; <LglTk; mDkjp ,y;iy.
••cs;Jiw nrayhsupd; Kd; mDkjpAld; kl;LNk> jiyik
MSeu; kd;wj;jpw;F tpjpfis cUthf;f KbAk;.
••cr;r ePjpkd;wk; tof;F gjpT nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;whYk;>
tpjpKiwfs;> mtrur; rl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; xOq;FKiw

tpjpKiwfis ntspapLk; cupik jiyik MSeUf;F kl;LNk gpupl;b\; jiyik
MSeu;fs; – I
,Uf;Fk;.
rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;:

,r;rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; gpd;tUkhW: Fwpg;Gfs;
••,e;jpa Ml;rp epytuq;fspd; epu;thfk;> epWtd Copau;fspd;
jdpg;gl;l tptfhuk; my;y vd;gij mJ njspTgLj;jpAs;sJ.
jpUj;jq;fs; nra;a gpupl;b\; ehlhSkd;wj;Jf;F mjpfhuk;
mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
••,r;rl;lk;> ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\; xUq;fpizg;G kw;Wk; epu;thf
ikag;gLj;jiy Kd; epWj;JfpwJ.
••epWtdk; vLf;Fk; epu;thf KbTfis ghuhSkd;w fl;Lg;ghl;bd;
fPo; guhkupf;fpwJ.
••,e;j rl;lk;> xU jiyik ePjpgjp kw;Wk; %d;W cWg;gpdu;fis
cs;slf;fpa xU cr;r ePjpkd;wj;ij mikj;jJ. ,e;j rl;lk;
gpupl;b\; muRf;F me;j epWtdj;jpd; cs; tptfhuq;fspy; xU
nrhy;iyg; ngw cupkj;ij toq;fpaJ.
••jiyik MSeUf;F cjTtjw;fhf ehd;F Ngu; nfhz;l xU
rig Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;j cWg;gpdu;fs; Ie;J Mz;Lfs; gjtp
tfpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;whYk;> Mq;fpNyaupd; kFlj;ij kl;LNk
mtu;fshy; mfw;w KbAk;.
••gpupl;b\; vy;iyg; gFjpfspy; cs;s tpjpfs;> mtrur; rl;lq;fs;>
kw;Wk; FbKiw murhq;fq;fis xOq;FgLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W
cr;r ePjpkd;wk; $WfpwJ.
••tq;fhs khfhzk; kw;w khfhzq;fisAk; tpl cau;e;jJ.
tq;fhs MSeUk;> jiyik MSeUk; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
nrd;id> gk;gha; rl;lkd;wq;fspd; jiyik MSeu;> tq;fhs
rigapd; KbTfis vLf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
xOq;FgLj;jy; rl;lj;jpd; FiwghLfs;:

177 xOq;FgLj;Jk; rl;lj;jpd; FiwghLfs; gpd;tUkhW:
••jiyik MSeUf;F ve;j xU kWg;G mjpfhuKk; toq;fg;gltpy;iy.
ngUk;ghd;ikahd thf;F %yq;fs;> KbTfis vspjhf vLf;f>
kd;w cWg;gpdu;fSld; mbf;fb Nghuhl Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
••cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhu tuk;G kw;Wk; jiyik MSeUld;
mJ njhlu;ghd cwT Mfpait Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.
••kjuh]; kw;Wk; gk;ghapd; khfhzq;fs; jiyik MSeuplKk;>
tq;fhs kd;wj;jpYk; fye;jhNyhrpf;fhky; mbf;fb Nghiu
mwptpj;jdu;. kuhl;bau; kw;Wk; `plhu; myp MfpNahu; gk;gha;
murhq;fj;jpYk;> nkl;uh]; kd;wj;jpYk; jq;fs; nrhe;j
mbg;gilapy; KbTfis vLj;jdu;.

gpupl;b\; jiyik ••,e;jpahtpy; jiyik MSeu; mDg;gpa mwpf;iffs; jPtpukhff;
MSeu;fs; – I
fUjg;gltpy;iy. mNj Nghy;> Kiwahf Muhag;glTk; ,y;iy.
••,af;Feu;fs; ePjpkd;wk;> ‘,d;Dk; Fiwe;j epue;ju
jd;dyf;FOthf’ khwptpl;lJ. NkYk;> cilikahsu;fs;
Fwpg;Gfs; ePjpkd;wk; jhu;kPf mbg;gilapy; ve;j xU
fz;fhzpg;gpYk; ,Ue;J jLg;ghw;wiy mDgtpj;jJ. ,e;j rYiffs;>
mtu;fSf;F rjpr;nray;fspy; gq;F ngw cjtpj; njhif
mspj;jd.
$u;f;fhf;fSld; njhlu;G
epyg;gug;ig tpupTgLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W FUfh];fs; tpUk;gpdu;. ,jdhy;>
lhu;[pypq;fpy; ,Ue;J nra;d;ny> Nfhuf;G+u; tiuapyhd> Njhuhakhf 200
fpuhkq;fis mtu;fs; ,izj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. kpz;Nlh gpuG mtu;fis
vjpu;g;gjd; %yk; ,Wjp vr;rupf;ifia mDg;gpdhu;. Mdhy;> mij
mtu;fs; nghUl;gLj;jtpy;iy. mtu;fs; n\Nuhuh[; kw;Wk; Gl;thy;
vd;w ,uz;L khtl;lq;fSf;F gilnaLj;jdu;. ,e;j khtl;lq;fis
tpl;L ntspNaWkhW FUfh];fSf;F mtu; kPz;Lk; xU nra;jpia
mDg;gpdhu;. Mdhy;> mtu;fs; mtUila nra;jpiaf; Nfl;ftpy;iy.
,jdhy;> mtu; Neghsj;jpd; kPJ Nghu; gpufldk; nra;jhu;.
Nghu; jahupg;Gf;fhf mthj; ethgplk; ,Ue;J xU Nfhb
&ghia N`];bq;]; fldhf thq;fpapUe;jhu;. Neghsj;Jf;F vjpuhd
Nghupy; ehd;F uhZtq;fis mDg;g KbT nra;jhu;. ,e;j %d;W
NridfisAk; FUfh]; Kwpabj;jhu;. vdpDk;> mtu;fs; ehd;fhtjhf
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;ld. gpd;du;> 1816 Mz;L rq;Fsp xg;ge;jj;jpy;
ifnaOj;jpl FUfhi] tw;GWj;jpdu;.
Rnfssp cld;gbf;if (1816)

,e;j xg;ge;jj;jpd; gb> Neghs> fu;thy; kw;Wk; Fkhd; Mfpa khtl;lq;fis
me;j epWtdj;jpw;F xg;gilf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j khtl;lq;fs; fhsp
Mw;wpd; Nkw;Ff; fiuapy; mike;jpUe;jJ. fhj;khz;Ltpy; xU Mq;fpNya
FbapUg;ghsu; epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. vdpDk;> ehl;bd; cs;ehl;L tptfhuq;fspy;
mtu; jiyaplkhl;lhu; vd;W Mq;fpNyau;fs; xg;Gf;nfhz;ldu;. NkYk;>
Neghsj;ij Mq;fpNyauplkpUe;J mDkjp ngwhky;> jdJ ehl;by;
mnkupf;fu;fis my;yJ INuhg;gpau;fisg; gzpaku;jJ ; k; cupikia
Neghsk; ,oe;jJ. ,e;j xg;ge;jj;jpd; rpy mk;rq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
••,e;j cld;gbf;if> Mq;fpyj;ij gy tpjq;fspy; gadila
itj;jJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> 1857-y; ‘fyfk;’; ; Mq;fpNyaiu
Neghsu;fs; Mjupj;jdu;.
••fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk; Mq;fpNya uhZtj;jpy; Nfhu;fh tPuu;fis
Ntiyf;F mku;j;jj; njhlq;fpaJ.
••Mq;fpNyaupd; fPo; ,Ue;j epyg;gug;G mjpfupf;fg;gl;lJ.

••,e;j cld;gbf;if epWtdj;jpw;Fk; Neghsj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa gpupl;b\; jiyik
MSeu;fs; – I
epue;jukhd rkhjhdk; kw;Wk; el;ig cWjp nra;jJ.
rPf;fpau;fSldhd cwT
Mq;fpNyh-rPf;fpa cwTfs;> thud; N`];bq;]; fhyj;jpy; kl;Lky;y> Fwpg;Gfs;
mjw;Fg; gpwFk; ed;whf ,Ue;jJ vd;W nrhy;yyhk;. NkYk;
Mq;fpNyh-rPf;fpa cwTfspd; tuyhWk;> fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;ij
ntWk; tu;j;jf epWtdj;jpypUe;J murpay; rf;jpahf khw;Wtij
gpujpgypf;fpwJ. ,e;jpa Jizf;fz;lj;jpy; gbg;gbahf mbj;jsj;ij
mikj;J> Mq;fpNyau;fis xU typikahd rf;jpahf epWtp
tq;fhsj;ijAk;> xsj;ijAk; tYg;gLj;JtJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
Mf];l; 1765 md;W> epWtdj;jpw;F jpthdp cupik toq;fpajd; %yk;
\h Myk; Mq;fpNyaUf;F mjpfhuj;ij gupkhw;wk; nra;jhu;> ,jd; %yk;
mtu;fs; tq;fhsk;> gPfhu; kw;Wk; xuprh Mfpatw;wpd; kPJ kpfg;ngupa
MSk; mjpfhuj;ij ngw;whu;fs;. 1765–1767 y; ,e;jpahtpy; mfkJ \h
Juhdpapd; vz;zw;w gilnaLg;Gfs;> uhgu;l; fpisthy; (gpshrpg; Nghu;
ntw;wp kw;Wk; tq;fhs MSeu;)> Mu;tj;Jld; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ.
thud; N`];bq;];> 1773 ,y; jiyik MSeu; Mdhu;. rPf;fpau;fspd;
mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; nry;thf;F mjpfupj;J tUtJ Fwpj;J mtu;
ftiy njuptpj;jhu;. mtu;fisg; gw;wp NkYk; njupe;Jnfhs;s ngUk;
Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. ,jw;fhd cjhuzq;fshf> rPf;fpau;fspd;
kPJ epWtdj;jpw;F rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;l ntt;NtW ntspaPLfspYk;>
gazq;fspYk; fhzyhk;. epWtdj;jpd; ,uhZtg; gzpapy; Rtp];
nghwpapayhsuhd Y}ap n`d;up Nghypau;> 1776 Mk; Mz;by;
rPf;fpau;fspd; tpupthd fzf;if rku;g;gpj;jhu;. ,Jtiu ntspaplg;glhj
NghjpYk;> ,e;j ehspjo; N[hu;[; Nghu;];luhy;> epWtdj;jpd; Fw;wtpay;
Copauhf thud; N`];bq;]; cj;jutpd; Ngupy;> gQ;rhg;> fh\;kPu;
kw;Wk; Mg;fhdp];jhd; Mfpa gpuhe;jpaq;fs; topahf> xU JUf;fpag;
gazp vd;w Kiwapy;> tq;fhsj;jpypUe;J ,q;fpyhe;J tiu gazk;
nra;jhu; vd;W Nkw;Nfhs; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
uh[Gj;jpuu;fSldhd cwTfs;
uh[Gj;jpu muRfs; kw;Wk; kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpy; rpy rpW khepyq;fs; kPJ
gpupl;b\; nry;thf;if epWtp mjw;F thud; N`];bq;]; gpuG jiyik
tfpj;jhu;. Vuhskhd cs;> Gwf; fhuzpfs; fhuzkhf> uh[Gj;jpuu;fspd;
gpz;lhupfs;> ghd;];> kuhl;bau;fs; MfpNahupd; fuq;fspy; ntspg;Gw
Mf;fpukpg;ghy; ,iuahfp tpl;ldu;. uh[];jhdpd; Ml;rpahsu;fs; jq;fs;
Kd;dhs; ngUikfis ,oe;jjhy;> jq;fs; vy;iyfSf;Fs;NsAk;>
tPuk; kw;Wk; Jau rk;gtq;fspd; Nghypj;jdkhd tpjpKiwfshYk;
,oe;jdu;. kw;w fLikahd epu;thfg; gpd;dilTfs; ,e;j fhuzpfNshL
Nru;e;J muh[fk;> nfhs;is kw;Wk; nghUshjhu mopit Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
jpthyhd kw;Wk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l> gpupl;b\; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij uh[Gj;jpuu;fs;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;s jahuhf ,Ue;jdu;.

gpupl;b\; jiyik ,e;jpahtpy; Kfyhag; Nguuir xUq;fpizg;gjw;F uh[Gj;jpuu;fs;
MSeu;fs; – I
fzprkhf gq;fhw;wpdu;. uh[Gj;jpuu;fSld; $l;lzp mikj;jjd; %Nyhgha
ed;ikfis Mq;fpNyau;fs; czu;e;jhu;fs;. kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpd;
kPJ mtu;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;il epiyehl;lj; Njitahd Cf;fj;ijf;
Fwpg;Gfs; nfhLj;jhu;fs;. NkYk; ,e;j kuhl;bau;fs; (uh[Gj;jpuu;fSld; $ba
$l;lzp) jq;fs; tpupthf;f cj;jpfis miltjw;F jtwptpl;ldu;.
,t;thwhf> cs;Jiw mjpfhupfspd; mDkjpNahL mtu;
gpd;tUk; uh[Gj;jpu muRfSld; Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfis Muk;gpj;jhu;. mJ
xt;nthd;whf jw;fhg;G cld;ghL> epue;jukhd el;G> ghJfhg;G kw;Wk;
epWtdj;Jld; xj;Jiof;Fk; cld;gbf;iff;Fs; Eioe;jJ: gpd;du;>
brk;gu; 26> 1817 md;W ]ypk; rpq;fpd; ey;topfhl;Ljypd; fPo;> Nfhl;lh;
cja;G+u; [dtup 16 k; Njjp> G+z;b 10 gpg;utup> 1818; fp\d;fu;> m[;kPu;
mUNf> kw;Wk; gpfhndu;> khu;r; 1818; n[a;g;G+u; 2 Vg;uy;> 1818; gpuhg;j;fu;>
gd;];thuh kw;Wk; Jq;fu;G+u; Mfpa %d;W uh[;[paq;fSk; cja;G+u;
tPl;bd; fpisfs; kw;Wk; F[uhj; vy;iyapy;> 5 mf;Nlhgu;> 5 brk;gu;>
kw;Wk; 11 brk;gu;> 1818> KiwNa brk;gu; 12 md;W n[a;rhy;ku;> 1818
kw;Wk; 1823 ,y; rpNuh`p.
NtWtpjkhff; $wpdhy;> N`];bq; fzf;fpd; gb> uh[Gj;jpu
muRfs;> me;j epWtdj;jpw;F xU nrhj;jhf ,Ue;jJ. mtu;fsJ
Rje;jpuj;ij gpupl;B\; Nkyhjpf;fj;jpw;F mbgzpa nra;J mtu;fspd;
ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;gLj;jpaJ. ‘uh[Gj;jpuj;jpd; ey;y murhq;fKk;>
mikjpapd;ik’> mjd; tptfhuq;fspy; jiyapLtij epWtdj;jpd;
gpuj;Naf Nehf;fq;fs; vd;W> gpupaNrh cld; cld;gltpy;iy.
cz;ikapy; uh[Gj;jpu khepyq;fSldhd cwTfspy; N`];bq;]pd;
topelj;Jjypd; fUj;Jf;fs; murpay; Vw;wj;jho;T> trjpahd kw;Wk;
%Nyhgha ed;ikfis nfhz;Ls;sJ.
gpz;lhupfSldhd ey;YwT
gpz;lhupfs;> nfhs;isf;fhuu;fs; FOthf ,Ue;jdu;. gpz;lhupfs;
ePjpapy; ,Ue;J jg;gpNahbatu;fs;> fiyf;fg;gl;l tPuu;fs; kw;Wk;
nrayw;w kf;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. kuhl;bau;fs; kw;Wk; Kfyhau;fSf;F
,ilapyhd Nghu;fspd; NghJ mit kf;fSf;F njupa te;jJ.
gpz;lhup Nghupd; fhuzq;fs;

ep[hk;> tlf;F rpu;fhu;fs;> fq;ifr; rkntsp Mfpa gFjpfspy; cs;s
gpz;lhupfs; kPJ N`];bq;]; gpuG Nfhgk; nfhz;lhu;. ,jdhy;> mtu; fpof;F
,e;jpah epWtdj;jpd; ,af;Fdu;fspd; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; ,Ue;J mtu;fis
mopf;f mDkjp nfhLj;jhu;. ,af;Feu;fsplkpUe;J mDkjpiag;
ngw;wgpd;> gpz;lhupfSf;F vjpuhd Nghiu mtu; Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.
Nghupd; epfo;Tfs;
NghUf;fhd mtuJ jahupg;Gfis njhlq;Ftjw;F> ,e;jpahtpy;
jPtpukhf nray;gLk; gy rf;jpfis mtu; Gupe;J nfhs;s Kad;whu;.

,jd; gpd;du; gpz;lhupfis R+o;e;J nfhs;tjw;fhf mtu; xU ,uhZtj; gpupl;b\; jiyik
MSeu;fs; – I
jpl;lj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. N`];bq;]; ,e;jg; gpur;rhuj;ij gpz;lhup
Nghu; my;yJ %d;whtJ Mq;fpNyh kuhj;jpag; Nghu; vd mioj;jhu;.
F[uhj;jpd; Nkw;fpypUe;J fpof;Nf> fpof;fpypUe;J tlf;NfAk;>
njw;Nf jf;fhzj;jpy; ,Ue;Jk; gpz;lhupia ,izf;f mtu; xU Fwpg;Gfs;
jpl;lj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. ,jdhy;> vy;yhg; gf;fq;fspypUe;Jk;
gpz;lhupfis R+o;e;J nfhs;s mtu; tpUk;gpdhu;. mtu; gpz;lhupfis
nfhy;y 1>20>000 Mz;fs; kw;Wk; 300 gPuq;fpj; Jz;Lfs; Nghd;w xU
typikahd kw;Wk; ngupa gilia cUthf;fpdhu;. gpz;lhupfs; %d;W
FOf;fshfg; gpupe;J> mtu;fsJ jiytu;fs; rpl;L gpz;lhup> fuPk; fhd;
gpz;lhup> trPy; KfkJ gpz;lhup MfpNahiu Nghupy; ,e;j FOf;fshf
top elj;jpdhu;fs;.
fuPk; fhd; gpz;lhup te;jNghJ Mq;fpNyau;fs; gpz;lhupfis jhf;f>
kw;w gpz;lhup jiytu;fis> jw;fhg;Gf;fhf jpl;lk; Nghl Ntz;Lk;
vd;W typAWj;j Kad;whu;. vdpDk;> gpz;lhup jiytu;fs; mtUf;F
rk;kjpf;ftpy;iy. fuPk; fhd; kw;Wk; t]py; K`k;kJ MfpNahu; Nghu;
kw;Wk; rpl;L gpz;lhup N`hy;fu; gilfSld; ,ize;J FthypaUf;F
nrd;wdu;. rpwpJ fhyk; fopj;J> midj;J gpz;lhup fl;rpfSk; njw;fpy;
xU jsj;jpy; ,Ue;jjhy;> kPz;Lk; njw;F Nehf;fp nrd;wd. brk;gu; khj
,Wjpapy; [];te;j; uht; ght;> fuPk; fhd; gpz;lhupia mioj;jhu;. ,jdhy;
mtu; tlf;fpw;F nrd;W> rpl;L gpz;lhupAld; [hthUf;F mUNf cs;s
gFjpf;Fr; nrd;whu;. gpupl;b\hUld; xU cld;ghl;il miltjw;F gy
Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhz;L gpd;du; Njhy;tpAw;wjhy;> fpl;lj;jl;l midj;J
gpz;lhup jiytu;fSk; 1819 gpg;utupapy; gbg;gbahf ruzile;jdu;.
gpz;lhup jiytu;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ FLk;gj;jpduplk; jPu;T
fhz> Nfhuf;G+upy; Mq;fpNyau;fs; Vw;ghLfis nra;jdu;. mtu;fSf;F
Xa;T+jpaq;fisAk;> epyq;fisAk; toq;fpdu;.

1.
tq;fhs tuyhw;wpy; myfhghj; cld;gbf;if xU
milahskhf ,Ue;jJ Vd;?
2. thud; N`];bq;]; Muk;gpj;j rpy rl;l rPu;jpUj;jq;fis
gl;baypLf.
3. R+nfsyp xg;ge;jj;jpd; (1816) cld;gbf;if xd;iw gl;baypLf.

rhu;y]; fhud;thyp];> 1786 Mk; Mz;L ePjpkd;w ,af;Feuhy;
,e;jpahtpw;F mDg;gg;gl;lhu;. gpl; ,e;jpah rl;lj;jpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l
rkhjhd nfhs;ifia epiwNtw;w kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpy; epu;thf Kiwia
kW rPuikf;f mtUf;F nghWg;ghf xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ. mtUila
Kf;fpa nghWg;Gfspy; rpy gpd;tUkhW:

gpupl;b\; jiyik ••epy tUtha; gpur;idf;F jPu;T fhz Ntz;Lk;.
MSeu;fs; – I
••Neu;ikahd kw;Wk; jpwikahd ePjpj;Jiw mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.
••fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpd; tu;j;jfg; gpupit kWrPuikf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Fwpg;Gfs; epu;thf mikg;ig kWrPuikf;Fk; nghUl;L> thud; N`];l;bq;];
tbtikj;j epu;thfj;jpd; mbg;gilf; fl;likg;ig fhud;thyp];
gad;gLj;jp> mjpy; rpy khWjy;fis nra;jhu;. 1858 tiu fhud;thyp];
tbtikj;j fl;likg;G mkypy; ,Ue;jJ.
ePjpj;Jiw epu;thfk;> nghJ tUtha; kw;Wk; ,ju Nritfspd;

rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;
tq;fhsj;jpd; MSeuhf fhud;thyp]; ,Ue;j nghJ gy rPu;jpUj;jq;fis
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;. mit gpd;tUkhW:
••ePjpj;Jiw mikg;gpy; rPuj ; pUj;jq;fs;: khtl;l Ml;rpj; jiytu;
Vw;nfdNt itj;jpUe;j mjpfhuj;ij tpl mjpf mjpfhuk;
ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W fhu;dt ; hyp]; ek;gpdhu;. mijNa ePjpkd;w
,af;Feu;fs; mwpTWj;jpapUe;jdu;. 1787 y;> jpthdp mjhyj; ePjpkd;w
ej
P pgjpfshf epakpf;fg;gl;l Ml;rpau;fSf;F> khtl;lq;fSf;fhd
nghWg;G toq;fg;gl;lJ. Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffis tprhupj;J
jPug; g
; spf;f> khtl;l Ml;rpj; jiytu;fSf;F ePjpgjpfSf;fhd
mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gl;ld. vdpDk;> ,e;j tof;Ffis Kaw;rpf;Fk
N
; ghJ mtu;fs; kPJ rpy fl;Lg;ghLfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;ld.
1790 Kjy; 1792 tiu epu;thf fl;likg;gpy; NkYk; rpy khw;wq;fs;
nra;ag;gl;lJ. gT[;lhup mjhyj; ePjpkd;wq;fs; mfw;wg;gl;L>
ehd;F Rw;W ePjpkd;wq;fs; mtw;wpd; ,lj;jpy; epWtg;gl;Ls;sd.
,e;j ehd;F Rw;W ePjpkd;wq;fspy;> %d;W tq;fhsj;jpw;f;Fk;>
xd;W gPfhUf;Fk; ,Ue;jd. ,e;j ePjpkd;wq;fSf;F jiyik
Vw;Fk; mjpfhuk; INuhg;gpa Copau;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j
INuhg;gpa Nrtfu;fs; ,e;j tof;Ffis Kaw;rpf;Fk;NghJ>
K/g;jp kw;Wk; fh]papd; cjtpia Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. ,e;j
ePjpkd;wq;fs; xU tUlj;jpy; ,uz;L Kiw khtl;lq;fSf;F
nrd;W tof;Ffis tprhupf;Fk;.
Ku;\pjhghj;jpy; cs;s rju; ep]hkj; mjhyj; xd;Wk; xopf;fg;gl;lJ.
xU Kfkjpad; ePjpgjp ,e;j ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F jiyik jhq;Fthu;.
,e;j ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ,lj;jpy;> kw;nwhU ePjpkd;wk; fy;fj;jhtpy;
epWtg;gl;lJ. ,e;j ePjpkd;wq;fs; jiyik MSeiuAk;>
cr;r kd;wj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;fisAk; nfhz;bUe;jd. jiyik
fh]pAk;> ,uz;L K/g;jp]; mtu;fSf;F cjtp Gupfpwhu;fs;.
vdNt> Gjpa ePjp mikg;Gf;F rpwpa ePjpkd;wq;fs;> khtl;l
ePjpkd;wq;fs;> ehd;F khfhz ePjpkd;wq;fs; kw;Wk; rju;
jpthzp mjhyj; ,Ue;jJ. lNuhfh ePjpkd;wq;fSk;> khtl;l
ePjpkd;wq;fSk;> ehd;F Rw;W ePjp kd;wq;fs; kw;Wk; rju;
ep[hkj; mjhyj; Mfpait Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffis tprhuiz
nra;tjw;fhf epWtg;gl;ld.

••fhud;thyp]; FwpaPL: 1793 Mk; Mz;by;> ePjpj; Jiwapy; gzpahw;wp gpupl;b\; jiyik
MSeu;fs; – I
te;j fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;ij Nru;e;j Copau;fis topelj;jpf;
nfhs;tjw;F> fhud;thyp]; tpjp Kiwfis cUthf;fpdhu;. ,e;j
FwpaPl;il jahupg;gjw;F fhud;thyp]; ru; [hu;[; ghu;Nyhtpd;
cjtpia vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhu;. tzpf kw;Wk; epu;thf Nritfs; Fwpg;Gfs;
,e;j FwpaPl;by; njspthf tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j
FwpaPl;il jahupg;gjw;F Kd;G> tUtha; thupak; xU ngupa
vz;zpf;ifapyhd tof;Ffis jPu;f;f Kbatpy;iy vd;gij
fhud;thyp]; czu;e;jhu;. ,e;j tptfhuj;ij jPu;g;gjw;F xt;nthU
khtl;lj;jpYk; khy; mjhyj; mikf;fg;gl;ld. Ml;rpah;fs; ,e;j
ePjpkd;wq;fspd; jiytu;fshf Mf;fg;gl;ldu;. mtu;fSf;F
tUtha; mjpfhuKk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. fhud;thyp]; tUtjw;F
Kd;Ng epu;thff; fl;likg;G ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; mtu;jhd;
mikjpahd kw;Wk; xUq;fpize;j mikg;ig cUthf;fpdhu;.
fhud;thyp]; kf;fspd; flikfis epiwNtw;whj Ml;rpahsu;fSf;Fk;
Copau;fSf;Fk; vjpuhf Gfhu; mspg;gjw;fhd xU Kiwia
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;. murhq;fk; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;F njhluyhk;.
kuz jz;lid> if fhy;fs; xopj;jy; Nghd;w kdpjj; jd;ikaw;w
jz;lidfis mtu; uj;J nra;jhu;. khtl;lq;fspy; trpf;Fk;
INuhg;gpa kf;fs; Gjpa ePjp Kiwia gpd;gw;w Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
••nghJg; gzpfspy; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;: fpof;fpe;jpa
epWtdj;jpd; Copau;fs; epiwa gzk; rk;ghjpf;f
tpUk;gpdhu;fs;. ,e;j Ntiyahl;fSf;F rk;gsk; Fiwthf
,Ue;jjhy;> mjpf gzk; rk;ghjpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf> kf;fsplk;
,Ue;J yQ;rk; thq;Ftij mtu;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhz;ldu;. NkYk;>
epahakw;w Kiwapy; [kPd;jhu;fspd; epyq;fis gwpKjy; nra;jdu;.
,g;gpur;idfSf;Fj; jPu;T fhZk; tifapy;> fhud;thyp];
mtu;fspd; rk;gsj;ij cau;j;jp> rpy Ntiyf;fhuu;fis
epWj;jp itj;jhu;. ,jw;Fg; gpwF> mtu; epWtdj;jpw;F
mtu;fspd; jFjp mbg;gilapy; gzpahsu;fis mku;j;jpdhu;.
ve;j xU Copau;fisAk; jdpahu; jpwdpy; tu;j;jfk; nra;a
mDkjpf;ftpy;iy.
mtu; ,e;jpau;fis ek;gtpy;iy. mtu;fis ntWg;NghL
elj;jpdu;;. ,jdhy;> ,e;jpau;fs; kPjhd mtuJ elj;ij
tpku;rpf;fg;gl;lJ. cau; gjtpfspy; ,Ue;j ,e;jpau;fis
mtu; Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;stpy;iy> INuhg;gpau;fSf;F mj;jifa
gjtpfisAk; toq;fpdhu;. khtl;lq;fis rpW gpupTfshfg; gpupj;jhu;.
[kPd;jhuu;fsplkpUe;J NghyP]; mjpfhuq;fis gwpj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;.
me;j khtl;lq;fspy; trpf;Fk; xU fz;fhzpg;ghsu; kw;Wk;
gpujpepjp MfpNahu; ,e;j myFfspd; nghWg;gpy; ,Ue;jdu;.
••epWtdj;jpd; tu;j;jf Jiwapy; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;: tu;j;jf rig
mikf;fg;gl;l NghJ> ,e;jpa kw;Wk; INuhg;gpa
xg;ge;jjhuu;fsplkpUe;J nghUl;fis ngw;Wf; nfhs;s
Nfl;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j xg;ge;jjhuu;fs; kpf mjpf

gpupl;b\; jiyik tpiyapy; juk; jho;e;j nghUl;fis toq;fpdu;. ,e;j
MSeu;fs; – I
eilKiwfis rupnra;tjw;F gjpyhf> thupak; mtu;fs; %yk; yQ;rk;
thq;fpaJ. tzpfj;Jiwapd; ,j;jifa rpije;j eilKiwfs;
fhuzkhf> fhud;thyp]; tzpf thupaj;jpd; kPJ
Fwpg;Gfs; eltbf;if vLj;jhu;. 11 Kjy; 5 tiu thupa cWg;gpdu;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifia Fiwj;jhu;. nghUl;fs; ngWk; KiwAk;
khw;wg;gl;L> tzpf Kftu;fs; kw;Wk; FbapUg;ghsu;fsplkpUe;J
nghUl;fis ngw> thupaj;Jf;F mwpTWj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jd; %yk;>
tu;j;jf Jiwapy; rPu;jpUj;jq;fis nfhz;L te;jhu;.
••tUtha; kw;Wk; epue;ju jPu;Tf;fhd Nrfupg;gpy; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;:
tptrhapfspd; epiyia Nkk;gLj;Jk; tifapy; tUtha;
Nrfupg;Gf;F cfe;j Kiwia fz;lwptJ cz;ikapNyNa
Kf;fpakhf ,Ue;jJ. uhgu;l; fpisl;> thud; MfpNahu; gad;gLj;jpa
Kiwfs; tptrhapfspd; epiyikia Nkhrkhf;fpaJ. 1786 ,y;>
fhud;thyp]; [kPd;jhu;fSld; gj;J Mz;Lfs; FbNaw;wg;gl
Ntz;Lk;> gpd;du; ,J epue;jukhf $l ,Uf;fyhk; vd;W
,af;Feu;fs; ePjpkd;wk; gupe;Jiuj;jJ. [hd; N\hupd; cjtpAld;
fhud;thyp]; tUtha; tR+Yf;F cfe;j Kiwia fz;Lgpbf;f
Kad;whu;. ,g;gpur;idf;F jPu;T fhz> mtu;fs; njhlu;e;J %d;W
Nfs;tpfs; Fwpj;J tpthjk; elj;jpdu;:
1. [kPd;jhu;fs; my;yJ cotu;fs; %yk; jPu;T fhz Ntz;Lkh?
2. epyj;jpd; tpisepyq;fspy; muR vt;tsT gq;F ngw Ntz;Lk;?
3. FbNaw;wk; epue;jukhfNth my;yJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;fhfNth
,Uf;f Ntz;Lkh?
Kjy; Nfs;tpapy;> [kPd;jhu;fSld; epyq;fis nrhe;jq;fshf
FbNaw;wNtz;Lk; vd;W [hd; N\hu; ek;gpdhu;. fhud;thyp]; xU
Mq;fpNya [kPd;jhu;. ,t;tpjk; mtu; [hd; N\hu;ld; cld;gl;lhu;. NkYk;>
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ,af;Fdu;fs; fhud;thyp];f;F MjuT njuptpj;Js;shu;.
,uz;lhtJ Nfs;tpapy;> 1790–1791 Mk; Mz;bd; cz;ikahd
njhFjpapd; mbg;gilapy; khepyj;jpd; gq;F jPu;khdpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;W N\hu; ek;gpdhu;. fhud;thyp]; mtu;fSk; ,Nj fUj;ijNa
nfhz;bUe;jhu;.
vdpDk;> %d;whtJ Nfs;tpapy; mtu;fSila fUj;Jfs;
khWgl;lit. gj;J Mz;Lfs; tiu jPu;T fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W
N\hu; ek;gpdhu;. Mdhy; fhud;thyp];Df;F epue;ju tUtha;f;F jPu;T
Njitgl;lJ. ,Wjpahf> 1790 Mk; Mz;by; mtu; gj;jhz;Lfshf jPu;T
vd gpufldk; nra;jhu>; Mdhy; 1793 ,y; ,e;j jPu;T epue;jukhf;fg;gl;lJ.
vdNt tq;fhsk;> gPfhu;> xuprh> ngdhu]; kw;Wk; jkpo;ehl;bd; tl
gFjpapy; epue;ju jPu;T fhzg;gl;lJ.
epue;ju jPu;T
epue;ju jPu;Tf;fhd rpy Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:

••mtu;fs; tUtha; nrYj;Jk; tiu epyj;jpd; cupikahsu;fshf gpupl;b\; jiyik
MSeu;fs; – I
mq;ff
P upf;fg;gl;ljhy; [kPdj
; hu;fSld; ,e;j xg;ge;jk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
••muRf;F epytup nrYj;j [kPd;jhu;fs; Nfl;Lf;nfhs;sg;gl;lhu;fs;.
epy tUthapd; msT epu;zapf;fg;gl;L> mJ mjpfupf;fhJ
vd cWjpaspf;fg;gl;lJ. tUtha; nfhLf;f [kPd;jhu;fs; Fwpg;Gfs;
jtwptpl;lhy;> nghJ Vyk; %yk; jq;fs; epyq;fis tpw;f muRf;F
mjpfhuk; ,Ue;jJ. mtu;fs; muRf;F tR+ypj;j thlifapy; 89
rjtPjk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba Njit ,Ue;jJ. kw;wtw;iw jhq;fNs
itj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
••[kPd;jhu;fs; jq;fs; epyq;fis tpw;f my;yJ mlkhdk; itf;f
mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldu;. NkYk; mtu;fs; tpUk;gpdhy; jq;fsJ
epyq;fis NtW xUtUf;F toq;fTk; mDkjp toq;fg;gl;lJ.
••jkJ epyq;fspy; Ntiy nra;J nfhz;bUe;j tptrhapfs;
my;yJ cotupd; epiyikfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F [kPd;jhu;fs;
Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; vd;W vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ.
••murhq;fk; mjw;Fupa Neuj;jpy; jkJ tUthiaf; nfhLf;Fk;
fhyk; tiu mjd; tplaq;fspy; jiyaplg;Nghtjpy;iy vd
thf;FWjp mspj;jhu;fs;.
epue;ju jPu;Tf;fhd ed;ikfs;

epue;ju jPu;Tf;fhd rpy rpwg;Gfs; tUkhW:
••epiyahd epytup tbtpy; epiyahd tUkhdk; gpupl;b\;
murhq;fj;Jf;F nghUshjhu epiyjd;ikia mspj;jJ. ,J
tq;fhsj;jpd; nropg;ghd khfhzj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
••epue;ju epytupj;jpl;lk; gpupl;b\; murhq;fk;> [kPd;jhuu;fsplkpUe;J
epytupj; njhifia gpupj;njLf;f Ntz;ba nrytpdj;jpypUe;J
gpupl;b\; muir fhg;ghw;wpaJ. ,jw;F Kd;du;> epyj;ij rPuhd
mbg;gilapy; kjpg;gpLtjw;fhf gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; Vuhskhd
gzj;ij nrytpl;Ls;sJ.
••,e;j jPu;T [kPd;jhu;fis mjpf gzk; rk;ghjpf;f tptrha
epyq;fis Nkk;gLj;j Cf;fg;gLj;jpaJ. gpupl;b\; murhq;fk;
epytup vd;w ngaupy; ngUk;ghyhd ,yhgj;jpy; ,Ue;J vLj;Jf;
nfhz;L> jkJ epyq;fis Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F Kd;G [kPd;jhu;fs;
Kaw;rpfis nra;atpy;iy.
••,e;j FbNaw;wj;jhy; [kPd;jhu;fs; nry;te;ju;fshf
Mf;fg;gl;lhu;fs;. mtu;fs; tzpfk; kw;Wk; njhopy;Jiwapy;
gzk; KjyPL nra;ayhk;. mJ khepyq;fs; Ntfkhd Ntfj;jpy;
nropf;f cjtpaJ.
••,e;j FbNaw;wj;jpy; Mq;fpNyau;fSf;F tpRthrkhf ,Ue;j
[kPd;jhu;fs;> ,e;jpahtpy; fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fspd; fhyj;jpy; $l
Mq;fpNyau;fis Mjupj;jhu;fs;.

gpupl;b\; jiyik ••muR epytup tUthia mjpfupf;f Kbatpy;iy vd;whYk;> mJ
MSeu;fs; – I
[kPd;jhuu;fsplkpUe;J mjpfkhd gzj;ij tup vd;w tbtj;jpy;
gpupj;njLf;fyhk;.
Fwpg;Gfs; epue;ju jPu;tpd; jPikfs;

epue;ju jPu;Tfspd; rpy Fiwfs; gpd;tUkhW:
••[kPd;jhu;fs; epyj;jpd; mWtilapy; gq;F ngwtpy;iy vd;gjhy;>
Mlk;gukhd tho;f;iff;fhf efuq;fSf;F nrd;wdu;. efuq;fSf;F
nry;tjw;F Kd;G> mtu;fs; rpy ,ilj;jufu;fspd; %yk; jq;fs;
epyq;fis ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;s nra;jdu;. ,e;j ,ilj;jufu;fs;
tptrhapfs; kw;Wk; cotu;fspd; ciog;igr; Ruz;bf;nfhz;L
mtu;fspd; tho;it gupjhgfukhf Mf;fpdu;.
••epue;juj; jPuT
; fhZk; Kiw tptrhapfs; kw;Wk; cotu;fs;
MfpNahupd; eyd;fisg; Gwf;fzpj;jJ. mtu;fs; %yk; NkYk;
rk;ghjpg;gjw;ff; hf [kPdj
; hu;fshy; mtu;fs; JaupNyNa tplg;gl;ldu;.
••ePz;lfhyg; Kiwapy;> gapupd; tpiyfs; mjpfupj;j NghJ
epytup msit mjpfupf;f Kbahj epiyapy;> epue;ju jPu;T xU
FiwghL vd muRf;F ep&gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

4. fhud;thyp]; FwpaPL vd;why; vd;d?
5. fhud;thyp]; ftu;du; n[duduhf epakpf;fg;gl;l NghJ>
mtUila rpy Kf;fpa nghWg;Gfs; vit?

1. myhfhghj; cld;gbf;if (1765) tq;fhs tuyhw;wpy; xU
iky;fy; vd;gij epWtpaJ. ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpNya Ml;rpKiw
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLtjw;fhd jsj;ij cUthf;fp me;j epu;thf
khw;wj;jpw;F toptFj;jJ.
2. N`];bq;]; %yk; njhlq;fg;gl;l ePjpj;Jiw rPu;jpUj;jq;fspy;
gpd;tUtd mlq;Fk;:
••[kPd;ju;fspd; ePjp mjpfhuq;fis cilj;jy;
••xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk; cupikapay; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay;
ePjpkd;wq;fs; mikj;jy;
••rju; jpthdp mjhyj; cUthf;Fjy;
••ePjpj;Jiw eltbf;iffis vOJjy;
3. Rfhyp cld;gbf;ifg;gb> NeghskhdJ fu;thy; kw;Wk; FkhNthdpd;
khtl;lq;fis me;j epWtdj;jpw;F xg;gilf;f Ntz;Lk;.

4. 1793-y;> ePjpj; Jiwapy; gzpahw;wpf; nfhz;bUe;j fpof;fpe;jpa gpupl;b\; jiyik
MSeu;fs; – I
epWtdjpd; gzpahsu;fis topelj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F>
fhud;thyp]; xU newpKiw tpjpfis cUthf;fpdhu;. ,e;j
FwpaPl;il jahupg;gjw;F fhud;thyp]; ru; [hu;[; ghu;Nyhtpd;
cjtpia Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. tzpf kw;Wk; epu;thfr; Nritfs; ,e;j Fwpg;Gfs;
FwpaPLfspy; njspthf ,Ue;jd. ,e;j FwpaPl;il jahupg;gjw;fhf>
ru; [hu;[; ghu;Nyhtpd; cjtpia fhud;thyp]; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;.
tzpf kw;Wk; epu;thf Nritfs; ,e;j FwpaPl;by; njspthf
tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
5. fhu;d;thy;]pd; Kf;fpa nghWg;Gfspy; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
••epy tUtha; gpur;idf;F jPu;T fhz Ntz;Lk;.
••Neu;ikahd kw;Wk; jpwikahd ePjpj;Jiw mikf;f Ntz;Lk;.
••fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpd; tu;jj
; fg; gpupit kWrPuikf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4.6 RUf;fk;
••uhgu;l; fpist;> gpshrp kw;Wk; gf;rhu; Nghupy; fpof;F ,e;jpah
epWtd gpur;rhuq;fspd; Kf;fpa eguhf ,Ue;jhu;. mtuJ
R+o;r;rpfs; kw;Wk; rjp jpl;lq;fs; fhuzkhf tq;fhsj;jpd; Mw;wy;
kpf;f ethGfis Mq;fpNyau;fs; gjtpapypUe;J mfw;wpdhu;fs;;.
,jdhy; ,e;jpahtpy; xU cWjpahd gpbia epWt Kbe;jJ.
••,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;B\; Ml;rp Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;j ,e;j epu;thf
khw;wj;jpw;F toptFj;Js;sjhy;, ,e;j myhfhghj; cld;gbf;if
(1765) tq;fhs tuyhw;wpy; xU milahsr; rpd;dkhf mike;jJ.
•• fpist; %yk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,ul;il Ml;rp Kiw
Njhy;tpaile;jJ. 1772 ,y; thud; N`];bq;]; tq;fhsj;jpd;
MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lNghJ> mtu; ‘Kfyha murpd; KfKbia
fpopj;njwpe;J’ ntw;wp ngw;wjd; %yk; tq;fhsj;ij Msj; jPuk
; hdpj;jhu;.
••fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpy;> epu;thff; vOj;jhsuhf gzpGupe;j
thud; 1750 y; fy;fj;jhit mile;jhu;. mtu; gbg;gbahf
cau;e;J> 1772 ,y; tq;fhs MSeuhd fhrpk;ghruhy; mjpguhf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. gpd;du;> mtu; 1774 Mk; Mz;by; rPu;jpUj;j
rl;lj;jpd; fPo; tq;fhs jiyik MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
jiyik MSeu; Md gpwF> mtu; gy;NtW epu;thf rPu;jpUj;j
eltbf;iffis Muk;gpg;gjw;fhd gzpia Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.
••Mq;fpNya-rPf;fpa cwTfs;> thud; fhyj;jpy; kl;Lky;y> mjw;Fg;
gpd;dUk; rpwe;jitahdJ vd;W tptupf;fg;gl;lJ.
••uh[;Gl; muRfspd; kPJ gpupl;b\; nry;thf;F epWtg;gl;lJ> uh[;Gl;
kw;Wk; kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpy; rpy rpW khepyq;fSf;F yhu;l; thud;
jiyik jhq;fpdhu;.
••rhu;y]; fhu;dt
; hyp];> 1786 Mz;L ePjpkd;w ,af;Feuhy; ,e;jpahtpw;F
mDg;gg;gl;lhu;. gpl;]; ,e;jpah rl;lj;jpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l rkhjhd

gpupl;b\; jiyik nfhs;iffis epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fk;> ,e;jpahtpy; epu;thf mikg;ig
MSeu;fs; – I
kWrPuikg;gjw;Fk; mtu; nghWg;Ngw;whu;.
••epu;thf mikg;ig kWrPuikg;gjw;fhf> thud; tbtikj;j
epu;thfj;jpd; mbg;gilf; fl;likg;ig fhud;thyp]; gad;gLj;jp>
Fwpg;Gfs; mjpy; rpy khw;wq;fis nra;jhu;. fhu;d;thy;]hy; tbtikf;fg;gl;l
fl;likg;G 1858 tiu mkypy; ,Ue;jJ.
••epue;ju FbNaw;wj;jpd;fPo; [kPd;jhu;fs; epiyahd
njhifia epytupf;F nrYj;j Ntz;bapUe;jJ. [kPd;jhu;fs;
jkJ epytup nrYj;j Kbahj re;ju;g;gq;fspy;> murhq;fk;
jkJ epyq;fis tpw;W mtu;fspd; epytup tUkhdj;ij kPl;f
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

••cotu;: ,J xU ,e;jpa tptrhap my;yJ Fj;jifjhuu; tptrhap
vd;gijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
••epue;ju jPu;T: KO gpupl;b\; rhk;uh[;aj;jpYk;> ,e;jpahtpd;
fpuhkg;Gw murpay; ajhu;j;jq;fspYk; tptrha tpisnghUs;fs;
kw;Wk; cw;gj;jpj;jpwd; Mfpa ,uz;bw;Fk; njhiyJ}u
tpisTfis tpistpg;gjw;fhf epyj;jpy; ,Ue;J vOg;gg;gLk;
tUtha;fis rupnra;tjw;Fk;> ,e;j fpof;F ,e;jpa epWtdk;
kw;Wk; ngq;fhyp epyg;gpuGf;fSf;fpilapy; xU cld;ghlhf
nray;gl;lJ.
••Nfhu;fh: ,e;jpa Njrpa ,dj;jpd; neghsp kw;Wk; Neghs
Njrpaj;jpd; ,e;jpaj; Jizf; fz;lj;jpy; cs;s gil tPuu;fis
mtu;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.

FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1.
uhgu;l; fpistpd; murhq;fj;jpd; ,U gjtpfisg; gw;wp
tpthjpf;fTk;.
2. nghJ Nritfspy; fhu;d;thy;]pd; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; gw;wp rpW
Fwpg;G tiuf.
3. gpz;lhup Nghupd; fhuzq;fs; ahit?
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;

1. thud; N`];bq;]; Nkw;nfhz;l gy;NtW rPu;jpUj;jq;fis
Muha;f.
2. 1777 ,d; xOq;FgLj;Jk; rl;lj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs; kw;Wk; FiwghLfis
tpsf;Ff.
3. epue;ju jPu;T Kiwia tpupthf MuhaTk;.

4.9 NkYk; gbf;f gpupl;b\; jiyik
MSeu;fs; – I

gpshf;thd;];.
bA+g;-ghdu;[p> ,\pjh. 2015. etPd ,e;jpahtpd; tuyhW. Nfk;gpupl;[;: Fwpg;Gfs;
jhupf;> Kfk;kJ. 2007. etPd ,e;jpa tuyhW. GJ jpy;yp: lhlh nkf;uh-
`py; fy;tp.

myF 5 gpupl;b\; jiyik MSeu;fs; – II
gpupl;b\; jiyik
MSeu;fs; – II
mikg;G
Fwpg;Gfs; 5.0 Kd;Diu
5.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
5.3 thud; N`];bq;]; gpuG: rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;
5.4 tpy;ypak; ngd;bq; gpuG
5.5 ly;`Trp gpuG: thupR ,og;G nfhs;if
tpilfs;
5.7 RUf;fk;
5.10 NkYk; gbf;f
5.0 Kd;Diu
xt;nthU nraYf;Fk; Jiw rhu;e;j xt;nthU JiwapYk;>
gpupl;b\hupd; nray;fs; tho;f;ifapd; xt;nthU kz;lyq;fisAk;
kiwf;Fk; tifapy; tbtikf;fg;gl;lit. ,tw;Ws;> fy;tp> epytup>
,d;bNfh> kw;Wk; gj;jpupifj; Jiw Mfpatw;iw newpg;gLj;Jk;
tifapy; cUthf;fg; gl;l Kf;fpakhd nray;fSk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.
,e;jpahtpy; fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpd;; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij tYg;gLj;JtNj
xt;nthU rl;lj;jpd; mbf;Nfhbl;l Nehf;fkhFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; xU
Fiwtpy;yhj mjpfhu FOit cWjp nra;a> Mq;fpNyau;fs; jiyik
MSeu;fs; kw;Wk; itrpuhau;fs; vd;w tbtj;jpy; jkJ gpujpepjpfisf;
nfhz;bUe;jdu;. ,e;j tpupthf;f nfhs;iffs; ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;B\;
rl;lq;fspd; khw;wj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;Jk; fUtpfshf fhzg;gl;ld.
1765 ,y; fpist; ,e;jpahtpw;F te;j Mz;L gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahtpd;
tuyhw;wpy; xU Gjpa rfhg;jj;jpd; njhlf;fk; vd;W $wyhk;. gy
mwpQu;fs; nkhfyhag; gz;gpd; Ml;rpapd; kPJ gpujpgypj;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;.
Mq;fpNyauhf ,Ug;gjw;F gjpyhf> ,e;j Gjpa Ml;rpapd; jd;ik>
,wg;gij NghyNt nkhfyhag; NguuR> fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpd; jdpahu;
Ml;rp vd;W $wyhk;. NtW thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhdhy;> epu;thff;
fl;likg;G ngUkstpy; Kfyhau;fs; kw;Wk; (gpupl;b\;fhuu;fs; my;y)
mjd; mjpfhupfs; ,e;jpau;fshf (INuhg;gpau;fs; my;y) ,Ue;jdu;.
thudpd; gjpd;%d;W Mz;L gjtpf;fhyj;jpy; (kw;w jiyik MSeu;
thud; N`];bq; cld; Fog;gg;glf;$lhJ)> mtuJ cs;ehl;L epu;thfk;>
mtuJ FOf;fSldhd mtuJ njhlu;Gfs;> mtuJ ntspAwTf;
nfhs;if Mfpait Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. ngd;bf;> ly;`Trp MfpNahu;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tifapy; jiyik MSeu;fNs Mtu;. ,tw;wpy;
xt;nthd;iw gw;wpAk; ehk; gbg;Nghk;.

5.1 Nehf;fq;fs; gpupl;b\; jiyik
MSeu;fs; – II

••thud; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa rPu;jpUj;jq;fis tpsf;f KbAk;.
••Jiz $l;lzp Kiwia Muha KbAk;. Fwpg;Gfs;
••thupR ,of;Fk; Nfhl;ghl;il tpthjpf;f KbAk;.
••ly;`Trp gpuG mwpKfg;gLj;jpa rpy rPu;jpUj;jq;fis tpsf;f
KbAk;.

18-Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,uz;lhk; ghjpapy; Jiz $l;lzp Kiw
cUthdhYk;> ,e;j nfhs;ifapd; flik nty;ny];yp gpuG ,e;jpa
jiyik MSeuhf ,Ue;j NghJ 1798 Kjy; 1805 tiu tsu;r;rp
ngw;wJ.
,e;jpa Ml;rpahsu;fSf;F thliff;F jdJ gilia
mspj;jjd; %yk; gpnuQ;R MSeuhd ,ul;ilau;fs; mikg;G
Jiz $l;lzp Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. ,Nj nfhs;ifia
fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;ij Nru;e;j uhgu;l; fpist; Nghd;w gy jiyik
MSeu;fSk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;ldu;. 1765-y; myfhghj;jpy; mthj; cldhd
xg;ge;jj;jpy; ,q;fpyhe;J ifnaOj;jpl;lJ. ,e;j cld;gbf;ifapd;gb>
Mq;fpNyau;fs; jq;fs; uhZt Ml;fs; mthj;ij ghJfhg;Nghk; kw;Wk;
ethg; gilfspd; nryTfis Rkg;Nghk; vd;W cWjpnkhop mspj;jdu;.
ethgpd; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Mq;fpNya trpg;ghisAk; epakpj;jhu;fs; kw;Wk;
mtuJ nryTfis Vw;Wf; nfhs;sTk; Nfl;fg;gl;lJ.
1787 y; fhud;thyp]; gpuG jiyik MSeuhf ,Ue;j NghJ>
fu;ehlf ethg; epWtdj;jplkpUe;J mDkjp ngwhky; ve;j xU me;epa
rf;jpapypUe;J cjtpAk; ngw KbahJ vd;W thf;FWjp mspj;jhu;. mNj
Nghy;> 1798 y; mthj;jpd; ethg; ru; [hd; N\hu; ve;j INuhg;gpaiuAk;
mthj; gFjpapy; Ntiy nra;a KbahJ vd;W cWjpaspj;jhu;.
,e;j tifapy;> Jiz $l;lzp Kiw nty;ny];yp gpuGtpd;
MSeu; jiyikapy; $l ,Ue;jJ. vdpDk;> ,e;j mikg;gpy; rpy
$Wfis mtu; Nru;f;Fk; NghJ ,e;j mikg;G KOikahf tsu;e;jJ.
,e;jpa khepyq;fs; ,e;j xg;ge;jj;jpy; ifnaOj;jpl tpUk;gpdhy;
rpy gFjpfis epWtdj;jpw;F mspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfl;Lf;
nfhz;ldu;. ,e;j topapy;> ,e;epWtdk; ,e;jpahtpy; jdJ Nguuir
tpupTgLj;Jtjpy; ntw;wp fz;lJ. Jizf; $l;lzp nfhs;ifapd; tsu;r;rp;
epiyfis Muha;Nthk;
epiy 1: ,e;epWtdk; jdJ ,uhZtj;ij ,e;jpa khepyq;fSf;F
thliff;F tpl;lJ. ,e;j khepyq;fs;> ,jw;F <lhf
gzk; jUkhW Nfl;ldu;. 1768 y; i`juhghj; ,e;j
xg;ge;jj;jpy; ifnaOj;jpl;lJ.

gpupl;b\; jiyik ‘khepyq;fis
epiy 2: ghJfhf;f’ ,e;jpa khepyq;fspd;
MSeu;fs; – II
vy;iyfSf;F mUNf jdJ uhZtj;ij itj;jpUf;Fk;
vd;W epWtdk; Kd;te;jJ. ,e;j Nritf;F gjpyhf> muR
Mz;L fl;lzk; nrYj;JkhW Nfl;Lf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; 1784-y; rpe;jpah ,e;j rYifia Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;.
epiy 3: me;j epWtdk; ‘,e;jpa muRfspd; vy;iyf;Fs;’ jdJ
,uhZtj;ij’ muir ‘ghJfhf;f’ Ntz;Lk; vd;W
Kd;itj;jJ. ,jw;F <lhf khepyq;fs; Mz;Lf; fl;lzk;
nrYj;JkhW Nfl;Lf;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. 1798-y; i`juhghj;
epWtdk; xg;ge;jj;jpy; ifnaOj;jpl xg;Gf;nfhz;lJ.
epiy 4:
khepyj;ij ghJfhf;f jdJ uhZtj;ij ,e;jpa
khepyq;fspd; vy;iyf;Fs; itj;jpUf;f epWtdk;
Kd;te;jJ. ,e;j ‘Nrit’-f;F gjpyhf> jq;fs;
gFjpapy; rpy gFjpfis jUkhW me;j epWtdk;
khepyq;fsitaplk; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lJ. 1800-y;>
i`juhghj; ,e;j xg;ge;jj;jpy; ifnaOj;jpl;lJ.
1801 y;> xsj; epWtdj;Jld; xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhz;lJ.
Jiz $l;lzpapd; rpwg;Gfs;

Jiz $l;lzpapd; rpy mk;rq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
••ntsp jhf;Fjypy; ,Ue;J khepyq;fsitia fhg;ghw;Wtjhf
me;epWtdk; thf;FWjp mspj;jJ.
••murpd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhf gzpapy; mku;j;jg;gl;l gpupl;b\; gilapd;
nryTfis Ml;rpahsu;fs; Rkf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
••Ml;rpahsu;fspd; mDkjpapd;wp> jq;fs; khepyq;fspy; ve;j
ntspehl;ltiu Ml;rpahsu;fshy; gzpaku;j;j Kbatpy;iy. gpw
khepyq;fSld; J}juf cwit tsu;f;f Kbatpy;iy.
••jq;fs; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; epakpf;fg;gl;l gpupl;b\; FbapUg;ghsupd;
nryTfis Ml;rpahsu;fs; Rkf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
••khepyq;fspd; cs; tptfhuq;fis nghWj;j tiu> jiyaPL mw;w
nfhs;ifia ,e;epWtdk; gpd;gw;wp te;jJ.
Jiz $l;likg;G epWtdj;jpd; ed;ikfs;

Jiz $l;L epWtdk; gpd;tUk; topfspy; gadile;jdu;:
••Jiz $l;lzp gy topfspy; epWtdj;jpw;F mD$ykhf ,Ue;jJ.
••,e;j mikg;gpd; cjtpNahL epWtdk; ethGfspd; ,og;gpy; xU
ngupa gilia guhkupj;J te;jJ. mtu;fs; ,e;j ,uhZtj;ij
gad;gLj;jp Vida gpuNjrq;fis ,izj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;
my;yJ jkJ nrhe;jg; Nguuirg; ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
••,e;j cld;gbf;ifapd;gb> ethg;fs; jkJ mDkjpapd;wp jkJ
khepyq;fspy; may;ehl;ltiu gzpaku;j;j mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy.

,J INuhg;gpau;fs; kw;Wk; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fsplkpUe;J te;j gpupl;b\; jiyik
MSeu;fs; – II
mr;RWj;jiy Fiwj;jJ.
••khepyq;fs; gpw khepyq;fSld; cwit tsu;ff; mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy
vd;gjhy;> ,e;jpa khepyq;fs; epWtdj;jpw;F vjpuhf fpsu;rr ; papy;
<Lgl;L epw;f KbahJ vd;gjhy;> ,e;epWtdk; ,e;jpahtpy; ghJfhg;ghf Fwpg;Gfs;
,Ue;jJ.
••,e;j cld;gbf;if gy gpur;rpidfspy; epWtdj;jpw;F mDkjp
Nfhu Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhy; ethg;gpd; ifg;ghitfis epWtdj;jpd;
ifapy; itj;jJ.
••‘NritfSf;F’ gjpyhf> ethGfspd; epyg; gFjpfspy; cs;s
tskhd epyq;fspd; cjtpAld; mjpf gzk; rk;ghjpf;f KbAk;
vd;W epWtdk; Nfl;lJ. ,e;j topapy; ethg;fs; gy khepyq;fspd;
gzj;ij ,oe;jdu;. ,J khepyq;fis twpa epiyf;F nfhz;L
te;jJ.
5.3 thud; `];bq;]; gpuG: rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;

`];bq;]; gpuG 1813 Kjy; 1826 tiu ,e;jpa jiyik MSeu;
Mthu;. mtu; nty;ny];yp gpuGtpd; mbr;RtLfisg; gpd;gw;wpdhu;.
Xa;T vLj;j gpwF khy;lh MSeu; gjtpia gpbj;jhu;.
`];bq;]pd; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;
`];bq;]; gpuG mwpKfg;gLj;jpa rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; tUkhW:
••ePjpj;Jiw mikg;gpy; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;: ,e;jpahtpd; epu;thf Kiwia
Nkk;gLj;j epiwa Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. gy Nghu;fs;
fhuzkhf mtu; ftdpf;fg;gl;lhu; vd;w cz;ik ,Ue;jNghjpYk;>
epu;thf mikg;gpy; rpy rPu;jpUj;jq;fis nra;tjpy; mtu; ntw;wp
ngw;whu;. me;j Neuj;jpy; ePjpj;Jiw mikg;G gy FiwghLfis
nfhz;bUe;jJ. ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Vuhskhd tof;Ffs; epYitapy;
cs;sd. gpuG jiyikapy; ePjpj;Jiw mikg;gpy; nra;ag;gl;l
rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; Fwpj;J Ma;T nra;Nthk;:
oo`];bq;]; gpuG> khtl;l Ml;rpahsu;fSf;F mjpf mjpfhuq;fs;
toq;fpdhu;.
ooepWtdj;jpd; ,af;Feu;fsplkpUe;J mDkjp fpilj;jJk;
xt;nthU fhty; epiyaj;jpYk; mtu; xU cupikapay;
epWtdj;ij epakpj;jhu;. cupik Nfhuy; &gha; 64 f;F Nky;
,y;yhj gl;rj;jpy; mtu; nrhj;J njhlu;ghd tof;Ffis
tprhupf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ij mtu;fSf;F toq;fpdhu;. jpthdp
ePjpkd;wk; ,e;j Kbit cWjpg;gLj;j my;yJ tof;if
kPz;Lk; tprhupf;f mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
oorpy tof;Ffspy;> kf;fs; kPz;Lk; Nky;KiwaPL nra;a cupik
toq;fg;gltpy;iy.

gpupl;b\; jiyik oogjpthsu;fSf;Fk; mjpf mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gl;ld. jpthdp
MSeu;fs; – II
ePjpkd;wk; &gha; 50 tiu tof;F epYitapy; cs;s epiyapy;
rpy tof;Ffis gjpthsu;fSf;F mDg;Gk; mjpfhuk; nfhz;lJ.
$Ljy; rhjhuz tof;Ffspy;> &gha; 500 tiu rk;ge;jg;gl;l
Fwpg;Gfs; cupik NfhUk; tof;Ffis gjpthsu;fSk; Nfl;fyhk;.
oogjpthsu;fspd; KbTfSf;F vjpuhf khfhz ePjpkd;wq;fspy;
Neubahf KiwaPLfis jhf;fy; nra;a kf;fSf;F cupik
,Ue;jJ.
oo&gha; 5>000 tiu ele;j tof;Ffs;> jpthdp mjhyj;jpy;;
Nfl;fg;gl;ld. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;j Nfhupf;if &gha; 50>000-I tpl
mjpfkhf ,Ue;jjhy;> ,e;j tof;F Nky;KiwaPl;L khfhz
ePjpkd;wq;fSf;F mDg;gg;gl;lJ. jpthdp mjhyj;jpy;; ,Ue;J
tof;Ffis Nkd;KiwaPl;L khfhz ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F khw;w
rju; jpthdp ePjpkd;wk; mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
oo1821 Mk; Mz;by;> tUtha; Jiwfspd; Ml;rpj; jiytu;
my;yJ tUtha;j; Jiwiar; rhu;e;j ve;j cau; mjpfhup
MfpNahUf;F Fw;wtpay; mjpfhuq;fs; toq;Fk; mjpfhuk;
MSeu;fSf;F mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
oo1815-y; rju; jpthdp mjhyj;jpy;; ePjpgjpahf Mtjw;F jFjpapd;
mbg;gilapy; khw;wq;fs; nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld. rju; jpthdp
mjhyj;jpd; ePjpgjp> khfhz ePjpkd;wj;jpy; %d;W Mz;Lfs;
mDgtk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; my;yJ ePjpj;Jiw Ntiyfspy;
xd;gJ Mz;Lfs; mDgtk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
oo30 gpuk;Gfs; tiu cliy rhu;e;j jz;lid Nghd;w
fLikahd jz;lidfis toq;f ePjpgjpfSf;F mjpfhuk;
nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
••tUtha; Nrfupg;gpy; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;: epue;ju jPu;T fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;W `];bq;]; fUj;J njuptpj;jhu;. Mdhy; epWtdj;jpd;
,af;Feu;fs; mtiu mt;thW nra;a mDkjpf;ftpy;iy. vdNt>
k`hy;tup Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,e;j mikg;gpd;
gb> gQ;rhgpy; ,UgJ Mz;Lfs; kw;Wk; Mf;uhtpy; Kg;gJ
Mz;Lfshf ,e;j fyg;gFjpf;fhd jPu;T fhzg;gl;lJ. midj;J
[kPd;jhu;fSf;F tUk; tUthia tR+ypj;J> muR fUT+yj;jpy;
itg;G nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w nghWg;G> mf;fpuhkj;ij Nru;e;j
ek;gu;jhu; vd;gtu; jiyikapy; toq;fg;gl;lJ. tUkhd tup
njhlu;ghd ru;r;irfs; jpthdp mjhyj;jpy;; Nfl;fg;gl;ld.
tptrhapfspd; eyidf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L> 1882 y; tq;fhs Fj;jif
rl;lk; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; xU rl;lj;ij muR epiwNtw;wpaJ.
,NjNghy;> nrd;idapy; tUtha; tR+Yf;F uaj;Jthup Kiwia
muR mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. Kk;igapYs;s tUtha; tR+ypg;G
Kiwapy; rPu;jpUj;jq;fis `];bq;]; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;.
••fy;tpj; Jiwapy; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;: fy;fj;jhtpw;F mUfpYs;s gy
gs;spf;$lq;fis mtu; jpwe;J itj;jhu; vd;gJ gpuG `];bq;]pd;

rhjidfspy; xd;W MFk;. NkYk; fy;Y}upiaAk; jpwe;J ,e;j gpupl;b\; jiyik
MSeu;fs; – II
fy;Y}upapy; Mq;fpy nkhopapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij typAWj;jpdhu;.
mtuJ Ke;ija rpy gj;jpupiffSf;F fl;Lg;ghLfis
tpjpj;jN
ghjpYk;> Mdhy; mtu; gj;jpupiffSf;F Rje;jpuk;
mspf;f Ntz;ba ngUk;ghyhd fl;Lg;ghLfis mfw;wpdu;. Fwpg;Gfs;

1. Jiz $l;lzp Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpatu; ahu;?
2. N`];bq;]; gpuG vg;NghJ ,e;jpa jiyik MSeu; Mdhu;?
5.4 tpy;ypak; ngd;bq;f; gpuG

1828 y; tpy;ypak; ngd;bq; gpuG ,e;jpa jiyik MSeu; Mdhu;.
rjp Kiwia xLf;f gy eltbf;iffis vLj;jhu;. 1806-y;
nrd;id MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. mtu; nkl;uh]; gilf;F rhjp
milahsq;fis mzpa Ntz;lhk; vd;W fl;lisapl;lhu; kw;Wk;
mtu;fs; mtUf;F vjpuh fpsu;r;rp nra;jdu;. ,jdhy; mtuJ gzpfs;
ePjpkd;w ,af;Feu;fspd; %yk; uj;J nra;ag;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa khepyq;fSldhd cwTfs;

N`];bq;]; gpuG kw;Wk; Mk;nù;];l; gpuG MfpNahu; epWtdj;jpd;
rhk;uh[;[paj;jpd; tpupthf;fj;jpw;F epiwa Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;lNjhL>
ngd;bq; ,e;jg; Nguurpd; xUq;fpizg;gpw;F Ntiy nra;jhu;.
tpy;ypak; ngd;bq; gy ,e;jpa khepyq;fspd; tptfhuq;fspy;
jiyapltpy;iy. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> khepyj;jpy; epakpf;fg;gl;l gpupl;b\;
FbAupik> khepyj;jpy; cs;s muh[f epiyikapy; jhf;fg;gl;lNghJ>
n[a;g;G+u; tptfhuq;fspy; mtu; jiyapltpy;iy.
1829 y; erpu;-cj;-lTy; Ijuhghj; mupaizapy; jdJ je;ijia
ntw;wp nfhz;l NghJ> gpupl;b\; mjpfhupfis khepyj;jpy; ,Ue;J ePf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W ngd;bq; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhu;. jiyaPL mw;w mtuJ
nfhs;ifiaj; njhlu;e;J> Ml;rpahsu;fspd; Ntz;LNfhis Vw;W>
gpupl;b\; mjpfhupfs; khepyj;ij tpl;L ntspNaWkhW cj;jutpl;lhu;.
,J kl;Lky;y Nfhl;lh> Gj;up> Nghghy;> N[hj;G+u; Mfpa khepyq;fspYk;
,Nj nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wpdhu;. ,e;j khepyq;fspd; R+o;epiyfs;
gpupl;b\hupd; epiyapypUe;J jiyapl Ntz;Lk; vd;W Vw;W Nfhupdhu;.
vdpDk;> ikR+u; kw;Wk; Nfhu;f; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; ,e;j nfhs;ifia
gpd;gw;whj mtu; 1831 kw;Wk; 1834 Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; ,e;j ,lq;fis
,izj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;.
rpe;J kw;Wk; gQ;rhg;

ngd;bq;fpd; MSeu; jiyikapy; rpe;J rpW khepyq;fshfg; gpupe;jJ.
,e;j khepyq;fs; mkPu;fs; Ml;rp nra;J te;jd. kfhuh[h uQ;rpj;

gpupl;b\; jiyik rpq;fpd; tsu;e;J tUk; mjpfhuq;fspd; kPJ mkPu;fs; re;Njfg;gl;lJ
MSeu;fs; – II
rpe;J gpuptpidf;Fg; gpd;dhypUe;j fhuzk; MFk;. jkJ re;Njfj;ij
rhjfkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf ngd;bq;> Jizj;jiytd;
nghl;ld;Ngu;fiu> rpe;J njhlu;ghd xU tzpf xg;ge;jj;jpy;
Fwpg;Gfs; ifnaOj;jpLkhW mtu;fis ek;g itg;gjw;fhf mDg;gpdhu;.
mtuJ Kd;nkhopTld; mkPu; cld;gltpy;iy vd;w NghJ>
1832-y; nghl;ld;Ngu; xg;ge;jj;jpy; ifnaOj;jpLkhW fl;lhag;gLj;jpdhu;.
,e;j xg;ge;jj;jpd; tpisthf Mq;fpNyaupd; rpe;J tu;j;jfk; KbAk;.
vdpDk; Mq;fpNya tu;j;jfu;fs; epue;ju mbg;gilapy; rpe;J efupy;
trpf;f mDkjpf;ftpy;iy.
,e;j cld;gbf;ifapd;gb> uQ;rpj; rpq;Fld; el;Gwit Vw;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;s ngd;bq; Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. uQ;rpj; rpq;fpd; mjpfhuj;ij
Mq;fpNyaUf;F gpbf;ftpy;iy vd;w cz;ik ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> gpupl;b\;
vy;iyg; gFjpapy; uh[Gj;jpuu;fspd; gilnaLg;gpd; NghJ mtu; jdJ
cjtpiag; ngw Kbe;jhy; ngd;bq;> mtUld; el;ig Vw;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;s tpUk;gpdhu;. ,jw;fhf uhgu;l; gu;d;i] yh$Uf;F mDg;gpdhu;.
uQ;rpj; rpq; cldhd el;ig epiyehl;Ltjpy; uhgu;l; gu;d;]; ntw;wp
ngw;wNghjpYk;> uQ;rpj; rpq;if jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; re;jpf;f tpUk;gpdhu;.
1831 y; uQ;rpj; rpq;if re;jpf;fr; nrd;w mtu;> Mq;fpNyaUk; rpe;J kPJ
mf;fiw nfhz;ltu; vd;W cWjp mspj;jhu;.

jiyik MSeuhf ngd;bq; gy rPu;jpUj;jq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;.
ngd;bq;f; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa rpy rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
epu;thf kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;

fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpapd; rhk;uh[;ak; tpuptile;jjd; fhuzkhf
,e;epWtdj;jpd; epu;thf mikg;G gy FiwghLfisf; nfhz;lJ.
,t;thwhf> ngd;bq; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j rpy
epu;thf rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;:
••tl Nky; khfhzj;jpy; tUkhd tupj; Jiwia epu;tfpf;Fk;
nghUl;L myfhghj;jpy; xU tUkhd rig epakpf;fg;gl;lJ.
myfhghj;jpy; jdpahd jpthdp mjhyj; kw;Wk; rju; ep[khmj;
mjhyj; xd;iwAk; mikj;jhu;.
••,e;jpau;fisg; gw;wp fhud;thyp]; Fiwe;j mgpg;gpuhaj;jpy;
,Ue;jhu;. vdNt> mtu;fis cau; gjtpfspy; mku;j;jtpy;iy.
Mdhy; tpy;ypak; ngd;bq;> fhud;thyp]; nfhs;ifia Vw;ftpy;iy.
,e;jpau;fis cau; gjtpfspy; mku;j;jj; njhlq;fpdhu;. ngd;bq;f;
vLj;j ,e;j KbT Mq;fpNyaUf;F gy tiffspy; cjtpaJ.
cau; gjtpfspy; INuhg;gpau;fis mDg;Gjy;> epWtdj;jpw;F mjpf
rk;gsk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhNyNa me;j epWtdj;Jf;F
gy nryTfs; nfhLj;jdu;. kWGwk;> cau; gjtpfSf;fhf

mDg;ggl;l ,e;jpau;fSf;F INuhg;gpau;fSld; xg;gpLifapy; gpupl;b\; jiyik
MSeu;fs; – II
Fiwe;j rk;gsKk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J epWtdj;jpd; nryit
Fiwj;jjpy; cjtpaJ.
NkYk; ,e;jpau;fSf;F cau; gjtpfs; nfhLg;gJ> epWtdj;jpd;
kPJ tpRthrkhf ,Ue;j ,e;jpau;fspy; rpyiu> epWtdj;jpd; Fwpg;Gfs;
nray;ghLfspy; re;Njff; Fiwit Vw;gLj;jpaJ. 1833 ,d;
rhrdr; rl;lk;> ‘,e;jpahtpd; G+u;tPfkhfNth my;yJ khl;rpik
jq;fpa ve;j xU ,ay;ghd gpwtpNah> kjk;> gpwe;j ,lk;> gpwg;ghy;
my;yJ epwk; Mfpatw;wpd; fhuzkhf ve;j ,lj;ijAk;> Ntiy
tha;g;G mYtyfj;ijAk; itj;jpUg;gjpypUe;J Klf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;’. vd;w ngz;bd;fpd; ,e;j nfhs;ifia Mjupj;jhh;.
••ngd;bq; $l> kf;fs; jq;fs; nkhopapy; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;F
jhf;fy; nra;a mDkjp mspj;Js;s;shu;.
••J}z;btpLjy; Nghd;w kdpjj; jd;ikaw;w jz;lidfis
xopg;gjpy; mtu; Kf;fpa gq;if tfpj;jhu;.
epjpr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;
ngd;bq; gpuG jiyik MSeuhf khwpa NghJ> ,e;j epWtdk; jdJ
tuT nrytpy; &gha; 10>00000 Mz;L gw;whf;Fiwia nfhz;bUe;jJ.
,jdhy;> epWtdj;jpd; epjp epiyia Nkk;gLj;j> ngd;bq; epWtdj;jpw;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhf mtu; ,uz;L FOf;fis
mikj;J ,uhZt kw;Wk; rptpy; tptfhuq;fspy; epWtdj;jpd;
nrytPdq;fisAk; rupnra;jhu;. NkYk; ,e;epWtdj;jpd; nryit
Fiwg;gjw;F rpy topfis gupe;Jiuf;fTk; ,e;jf; FOf;fis mtu;
Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhu;. ngd;bq;f; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa rpy epjpr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;
tUkhW:
••,e;jpau;fis cau; gjtpfspy; mku;j;JtJ> jq;fs; INuhg;gpa
rkfhyj;jtu;fNshL xg;gpLk;NghJ ,e;jpau;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l
Fiwe;j rk;gsk; epWtdj;jpd; nryit Fiwf;f cjtpaJ.
••tUtha; Nrfupg;G Kiwia Nkk;gLj;j ngd;bq; Kad;whu;.
mtw;wpd; cw;gj;jpf;Nfw;g epyq;fis tifg;gLj;jp> mjw;Nfw;g
tUtha; tpfpjq;fisf; epu;zapj;jpUf;fpwhu;.
••uhZt tptfhuq;fspy; nryit Fiwf;Fk; tifapy;> uhZt
Jiwapy; gzpahw;Wk; midj;J Copau;fspd; cjtpj;njhifia
ghjpahf Fiwj;jhu;. Muk;gj;jpy;> ,e;j eltbf;if vjpu;g;ig
Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
••fhud;thyp]; gpuG> MSeuhf gjtp tfpj;j fhyj;jpy; rpy khfhz
ePjpkd;wq;fis mikj;jhu;. vdpDk;> ,e;j ePjpkd;wq;fspd;
gzpahsu;fSf;F mjpf Ntiy ,y;iy. ,jdhy; ngd;bq;
,e;j ePjpkd;wq;fis %btpl;lhu;. kw;w ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd;
mjpfhuq;fis mtu; mjpfg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,J epWtdj;jpd; nryit
ngUksT Fiwf;f cjtpaJ.

gpupl;b\; jiyik ••tq;fhsj;jpd; jpthdp> gPfhu; kw;Wk; xuprhtpy; cs;s Vuhskhd
MSeu;fs; – II
kf;fs; tUtha; ,y;yhj epyq;fis nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
,jd; fhuzkhf ,e;j epyq;fspy; ,Ue;J murhy; tUtha;
vLf;f Kbatpy;iy. ,t;thwhf> 1829 y; ngd;bq; Gjpa
Fwpg;Gfs; tpjpKiwia gpwg;gpj;jhu;. ,e;j tpjpKiwapd; gb> ,e;j
epyq;fSf;F ‘tUtha; ,y;yh epyq;fs;’ vd;w me;j];J
toq;fg;gl;ljw;F Vw;g> Mtzq;fis rupghu;f;f Ntz;Lk; vd>
Nrfupg;ghsu;fs; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;ldu;. gy kf;fs; Njitahd
Mtzq;fis jahupf;fj; jtwptpl;ldu;. ,jdhy;> ,e;j
epyq;fSf;F tUtha; toq;f muR mwpTWj;jpaJ. ,J
epWtdj;jpd; tUthia mjpfupf;f cjtpaJ.
••rpy fzf;nfLg;Gf;F gpd;du;> Kg;gJ tUl fhyj;Jf;F tl Nkw;F
khfhzj;jpd; epytup epytuj;ij jPu;f;f ngd;bq; KbntLj;jhu;.
,jd; %yk; ,e;j khfhzj;jpypUe;J epiyahd tUtha;
fpilf;Fk; vd;W muR cWjp nra;jJ.
••epWtdj;jpd; tUthia mjpfupf;f> khy;thtpy; ,Ue;J gk;gha;f;F
tzpfk; nra;a tpUk;Ggtu;fSf;F cupkk; toq;f ngd;bq;
KbntLj;jhu;.
,e;j rPu;jpUj;jq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jpa gpd;du;> epWtdj;jpd;
tUlhe;j ,yhgk; `20>00>000 Mf ,Ue;jJ.
r%f rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;
r%f newpfs; vd;gJ kf;fspd; kjj;NjhL njhlu;Gilait vd;gjhy;
,e;jpar; r%fj;jpd; r%fg; gpur;rpidfis rkhspg;gJ vspjy;y. gy
jiyik MSeu;fs; r%fj; jPikfisf; fisf;fNtz;Lk; vd;W
epidj;jhu;fs;. Mdhy; gpupl;b\huplk; ntWg;Gzu;it tpUk;ghjjhy;
mtu;fs; mt;thW nra;atpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk;> rpy r%f rPu;jpUj;jq;fis
mwpKfg;gLj;j ngz;bq;f;F NghJkhd ijupak; ,Ue;jJ:
••rjp xopg;G: rjp vd;why; rhe;jkhd ngz; vd;W nghUs;. ,e;j
Kiwapd; gb> ngz;fs; jq;fs; fztupd; ,Wjpr; rlq;fpy;
jq;fis <LgLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ tof;fk;. xU egu; kuzpf;Fk;NghJ
mtu; nrhu;f;fj;Jf;fhd gazj;jpy; njhlu;G nfhs;s kw;Wk; gpw
Njitahd nghUl;fs; Njit vd;W fUj;J mbg;gilapy;jhd;
,Ue;jJ. ,e;jf; fUj;J rjp mikg;Gf;F xU fhuzkhf
,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;.
gy ,sturu;fs;> Nguuru;fs; ,e;j Kiwia xopf;f
Kad;wdu;. cjhuzkhf> Nguuru; mf;gu; ,e;j eilKiwia
xopf;f gy Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. kuhl;bau;fs; ,e;j
eilKiwia jq;fs; gFjpfspy; xopj;jhu;fs;. gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fSk;
Nghu;r;Rf;fPrpau;fSk; re;ju; efu; kw;Wk; Nfhthtpy; ,e;j
eilKiwf;F vjpuhf eltbf;iffis vLj;jdu;.
fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp ,e;jpau;fspd; r%f tho;tpy; jiyaplf;
$lhJ vd;W KbntLj;jJ. ,e;j cz;ikia kPwp> gy jiyik

MSeu;fs; ,e;j eilKiwia fl;Lg;gLj;j eltbf;if gpupl;b\; jiyik
MSeu;fs; – II
vLj;jdu;. cjhuzkhf> fhud;thyp]; gpuG> kpz;Nlh gpuG kw;Wk;
`h];bq; gpuG rjp tof;ifj; jil nra;a Kaw;rp nra;jhu;fs;.
gjpdhW tajpw;Ff; fPo; ,Ue;j ngz;fis vupj;Jf;nfhs;tijj;
jLf;f mtu;fs; Kad;wdu;. ,Wjpr; rlq;fpd; NghJ> xU ngz; Fwpg;Gfs;
jd;id gyte;jg;gLj;Jtjw;F fl;lhag;gLj;jtpy;iy vd;gij
cWjp nra;Ak; tifapy;> mtu;fs; xU fhty; mjpfhupfs; %yk;
cWjpg;gLj;jpdhu;fs;. ,Ug;gpDk; ,e;j eilKiwia xopg;gjpy;
jiyik MSeu;fs; ntw;wp ngw;wdu;.
r%f rPu;jpUj;jthjp uh[h uhk; Nkhfd; uha; ,e;j eilKiw
fhuzkhf jdJ mz;zpia ,oe;jhu;. ,jw;Fg; gpwF> gy
Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fis ntspapl;L> ,e;j eilKiwia jil
nra;a gy Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;> ,e;j eilKiwia
fz;bj;jhu;. vdpDk; mtuhy; ,ij kl;Lk; nra;a Kbatpy;iy.
,t;thwhf> tpy;ypak; ngd;bq; jiyik MSeuhf ,Ue;jNghJ>
,e;j eilKiw rl;ltpNuhjkhdJ vd;W mwptpf;ff; Nfhup
ngd;bq;fpw;F Nfhupf;if tpLj;jhu;. ,e;j Ntz;LNfhspd;gb> rjpr;
Nrhjid gw;wpa gy Gs;sp tptuq;fs; kw;Wk; cz;ikfis
Ma;T nra;j mtu;> ep[hkj; mjhyj; kw;Wk; ,uhZt
mjpfhupfs; MfpNahupd; mgpg;gpuhaq;fis vLj;Jf; nfhz;L
fhty;Jiw fz;fhzpg;ghsu;fSld; MNyhrid elj;jpdhu;.
ehl;bd; rl;lk; kw;Wk; xOq;F epiyikapy; rPu;FiyT mghak;
,y;iy vd;W mtu; cWjpahff; $wpa NghJ> rjpr; nray;
rl;ltpNuhjkhdJ vd;w tpjpia mtu; ,aw;wpdhu;.
,e;j rl;lj;ij mky;gLj;jpa gpd;du;> rpy tq;fhs kf;fs; ,e;j
KiwaPl;L rl;lj;ij epiwNtw;Wtjw;F vjpuhf eltbf;if vLf;f
Ntz;Lnkd Kiwapl;ldu;. vdpDk;> rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;ljd; %yk;
kfpo;r;rpahf ,Ue;jtu;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfkhf ,Ue;jJ.
,jdhy;> rl;lk; nry;Ygbaw;wjhf mwptpf;ftpy;iy. ,J ,e;j
eilKiwia xopf;f cjtpaJ.
••ngz; rpRf;nfhiyfis mlf;Fjy;: rKjhaj;jpd; rpy gpupTfspy;>
gpwe;j clNd kfisf; nfhy;tJ tof;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. uh[Gj;jpu
rKjhaj;jpd; cau;e;j gpuptpdu;> khkdhu; vd miof;fg;gLtij
mtkhdkhff; fUjp> mtu;fspd; rpR kfs;fis nfhiy
nra;jdu;. tpy;ypak; ngd;bq; ,e;j eilKiw rl;ltpNuhjkhdJ
vd;w rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpdhu;. ,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb ngz; rpR nfhiy
nfhiyfSf;F rkkhdjhFk;. ,jdhy;> ,e;j rl;lj;jpd; kPJ
Fw;wk; ep&gpf;fgl;l egUf;F kuz jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
••kdpj Nts;tpfis epWj;Jjy;: ,e;jpahtpd; rpy
goq;Fbfspy;> nja;tq;fisAk;> nja;tq;fSf;F kdpju;fis
mu;g;gzpf;f itg;gJk; tof;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. flTs;fSk;>
nja;tq;fSk; kfpo;r;rpaw;w epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ
kf;fs; njhy;iyfs;> Neha;fs;> Jd;gq;fs; Mfpatw;iw
vjpu;nfhz;ldu; vd;w fUj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;j eilKiw

gpupl;b\; jiyik ,Ue;jJ. flTis kfpo;tpf;f kdpjid jpahfk; nra;tJ
MSeu;fs; – II
rupahd Kiwahf fUjg;gl;lJ. tpy;ypak; ngd;bq; ,e;j
eilKiwiaAk; epWj;jpdhu;.
••,e;J kuGg; ghuk;gupar; rl;lj;jpy; khw;wk;: ,e;J rl;lj;jpd;gb> xU
Fwpg;Gfs; kdpjd; jd; kjj;ij khw;wpdhy; jdJ je;ijtop nrhj;Jf;fSf;F
jd; cupikia ,oe;J tpLthu;. Mdhy; tpy;ypak; ngd;bq;
,e;j rl;lj;ij jtwhd tifapy; fz;lwpe;jhu;. vdNt> kjk;
khwpdhYk;> xU kdpjd; jd; je;ijtop nrhj;ij thupRupikahf
ngw KbAk; vd;w xU nraiy mtu; ,aw;wpdhu;.
fy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;
fy;tp Kiwapy; gy rPu;jpUj;jq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jpajw;fhf tpy;ypak;
ngd;bq; ,jpYk; gpugykhdtu;. ngd;bq; jiyik MSeuhf ,Ue;j
NghJ fy;tpapd; Nehf;fk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ. 1813 Mk; Mz;L gl;lar;
rl;lj;jpd;gb> ‘gpupl;b\; vy;iyg; gFjpfspy; thOk; kf;fspilNa
mwptpay;fs; gw;wpa mwpit GJg;gpg;gjw;Fk;> Cf;Ftpg;gjw;Fk;’
Mz;Lf;F xU yl;rk; &gha; xJf;fg;gl;lJ.
gy ePz;l tpthjq;fSf;Fg; gpwF> Mq;fpyj;jpy; Mq;fpyr;
nray;Fwpg;gpd; Clfkhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ.
,e;jpau;fs; gyUk; murpd; KbTf;F MjuT njuptpj;jdu;. Mq;fpNyau;fs;
Mq;fpyj;ij eLj;ju ehlhf;fpdhu;fs;. mg;NghJjhd; tpiy cau;e;j
vOj;ju;fs; fpilg;ghu;fs;> NkYk; Mq;fpyg; nghUl;fSf;fhd Njit
mjpfupf;ff;$Lk;.
,e;j rhrdj;jpw;Fg; gpwF> gy epu;thfg; gpupTfspy; Mq;fpyk;
,e;jpahtpd; mjpfhuG+u;t nkhopahf khwpaJ. Mq;fpy mwpKfk; gy
topfspYk; ,e;jpau;fSf;F cjtpaJ. Nkw;fj;jpa mwpT> rpe;jidfs;
kw;Wk; mwptpaiy ,e;jpau;fs; mwpe;jdu;.
5.5 ly;`Trp gpuG: thupR ,og;Gf; nfhs;if

gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahtpd; ,isa jsgjp ly;`T]p gpuG Mthu;.
,e;jpa rk];jhdq;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;B\; uh[; vd;w Kiwapy;
kpf mjpfkhd fhuzq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> mtu; ,e;jpa
muRfis ,izj;Jf; nfhz;ljw;fhf ed;F mwpag; gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jpa
muRfis ,izj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; mtuJ topKiwfs; gpd;tUkhW:
(a) ntw;wpapd; %yk; ,izj;jy;

1. gQ;rhg;: Kjy; rPf;fpau; Nghupy; Mq;fpNyau;fshy;
rPf;fpau;fs; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;fs;. Mdhy;> gQ;rhg; gFjpapy;
rhk;uh[;[paj;ij cUthf;ftpy;iy. Njhy;tpf;F gpd;dUk; rPff
; pau;fs;
typikAlDk;> rf;jp tha;e;jtu;fshTk; ,Ue;jdu;. gopthq;Fk;
eltbf;ifapy; mtu;fs; Fwpahf ,Ue;jdu;. ly;`T]p gpuG
,uz;lhk; Nghupd; xU gFjpahf ,Ue;jhu;. NghUf;Fg; gpwF>

gQ;rhg; gpupl;b\; Nguurpd; xU gFjpahfpaJ. kfhuh[h lhypg; gpupl;b\; jiyik
MSeu;fs; – II
rpq;> xU Xa;T+jpaj;jpy; ,q;fpyhe;jpw;F mDg;gg;gl;lhu;. ,e;j
khfhzj;jpd; jiyik Mizauhf ru; [hd; yhud;]; jiyikapy;
rPf;fpau;fs; gpupl;b\hUf;F tpRthrkhf ele;J nfhz;lhu;fs;.
,jd; gpd;du; mtu; khfhzj;jpd; FbNaw;wj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. Fwpg;Gfs;
2. rpf;fpk;: rpf;fpk; muru; ,uz;L Mq;fpNya mjpfhupfis ifJ
nra;jNghJ> ly;`Trp rpf;fpk; kPJ jhf;Fjy; elj;jp mij
Nguurpd; xU gFjpahf;fpdhu;.
3. fPo; gu;kh. 1824 y; gu;kpag; NghUf;Fg; gpd;du; gu;kh Njhw;fbf;fg;
gl;l gpd;du;> gu;khTld; tzpfj; njhlu;Gfs; epWtg;gl;L> mJ
NguuRfspd; xU gFjpahf khwpaJ.
(b) thupR gw;wpa Nfhl;ghL

,e;jpa RNjr muRfspd; Ml;rpahsu;fs; Foe;ijfis jj;njLf;f
cupik ngw;wdu;> me;j Foe;ijiaj; jhd; gpd; thuprhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; ,jw;F xg;Gf; nfhz;lJld;> ,e;j mjpfhug;G+u;t
mjpfhupaplk;> ‘,e;J rl;lq;fspd; fPo; cs;s xt;nthU Ml;rpahsUk;>
mtUila thuprhf> cz;ikahd my;yJ Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l
kfid epakpf;fyhk; vd $wpaJ. ,e;j cupikia me;j epWtdj;jpd;
muR Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwJ vd;whu;. 1831-y; me;j epWtdk;> ',e;jpa
muR jj;njLj;j kfid jdJ thuprhf epakdk; nra;tjw;F ,e;jpa
Ml;rpahsu;fspd; tpz;zg;gj;ij epiyikf;Nfw;g Vw;Wf;nfhs;sNth
epuhfupf;fNth nra;ayhk; vd KbntLj;jJ.’
gpupl;b\; epu;thfj;jpd; nfhs;if njspthf ,y;iy. rpy
rkaq;fspy; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ rpy Neuq;fspy; mj;jifa gad;ghl;il
mJ epuhfupj;jJ. mj;jifa KbTfSf;Fg; gpd;dhy; cz;ikahd
ju;f;fk; vJTk; toq;fg;gltpy;iy. cjhuzkhf> 1827 y; gpd; te;j
muru; vd;w Kiwapy;> jd; jj;njLj;j kfdhd [q;Nfh[pia epakpf;f>
njsyj; uht; rpe;jpahtpd; tpjitahd ig[hghia mDkjpj;jJ.
Mdhy;> 1835-y; [hd;rpapd; jj;njLj;j kfd; uhk; re;j;u uhtpd; $w;iw
me;epWtdk; epuhfupj;jJ.
ly;`T]p gpuG ,e;jpa khepyq;fSf;F %d;W jdpj;Jtkhd
gpupTfis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;:
1. gpupl;b\; rhrdj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l khepyk;: capu; thupR ,y;iy
vd;why; gpupl;b\; NguuR khepyj;ij ,izj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;.
2. fPo;epiy khepyq;fs;: jj;njLg;G tof;fpy; thupir rupghu;f;f
fpof;F ,e;jpah fk;ngdpf;F mDkjp toq;fg;gl;lJ.
3.
Rje;jpu muRfs;: mtu;fs; Nju;e;njLf;Fk; ve;jnthU
thupRupidAk; epakpf;Fk; Rje;jpuk; mtu;fSf;F ,Ue;jJ.
Kjy; nfhs;if> thupR ,og;Gf; Nfhl;ghL vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
1848-y; ,e;j nfhs;if gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Kjy; khepykhf rjuh
,Ue;jJ. ,e;j khepyj;jpd; uh[hthf ,Ue;j mg;gh rhfpg;> jdJ

gpupl;b\; jiyik kuzj;jpw;F Kd; xU kfid jj;njLj;J nfhz;lhh;. ,e;j nfhs;if
MSeu;fs; – II
gad;gLj;jg;gl;l kw;w khepyq;fs; n[a;g;G+u;> rhk;g`G+u;> ghgl;>
cja;G+u;> [hd;rp kw;Wk; ehf;G+u; Nghd;witahFk;.
[hd;rp uhzp> uhzp yf;\;kp gha;> KO %r;rhf epd;W
Fwpg;Gfs; Mq;fpNyau;fis vjpu;j;Jg; Nghuhbdhu;fs;. Mdhy;> mtuJ Nghuhl;lk;
ntw;wpaspf;fhj NghJ> mtu; 1857 Gul;rpapy; NguuRf;F vjpuhf fpsu;r;rp
nra;jhu;.
ly;`T]p fNuhyp khepyj;ij ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. jj;njLj;j
kfid thuprhf Vw;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; ,e;j KbT ePjpkd;wj;jhy;
epuhfupf;fg;gl;lJ. ,uz;lhtJ kw;Wk; %d;whtJ tifiar; Nru;e;j
gpw;Nru;f;if tpjpfs; njspthf ,y;iy. mt;thW ,izj;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gl;l gy khepyq;fs; Kfyhau;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; ,Ue;j
NghjpYk;> fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk; mg;NghJ kpfTk; rf;jp tha;e;jjhfp
tpl;ljhy;> thupR cupik vd;gij KbT nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; mtu;fSf;F
,y;iy. rpy rhf;Fg;Nghf;F my;yJ NtW rpytw;wpw;fhf> khepyq;fs;
,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
,e;j jd;dpr;irahd Ml;rp> 1857 Mk; Mz;L fpsu;r;rpahdJ
gpupl;b\hUf;F vjpuhf xd;Wgl;L epw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhd
fhuzq;fspy; xd;whf Mapw;W. fhdpq; gpuG kw;nwhU ftu;du; n[duiy
epakpj;jhu;> gpd;du; jj;njLg;G rl;lg;G+u;tkhf;fg;gl;lJ.
rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;
ly;`Trp gpuG gy rPu;jpUj;jq;fis nfhz;Lte;jhu;.
(a) r%f rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;: mtu; tpjit kWtho;T rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpdhu;.
NkYk;> ,e;Jf;fspd; khw;Wr; rl;lq;fis jpUj;jpaikj;J>
,e;J kjj;ij gpw kjq;fSf;Fs; khw;wpaikf;Fk; rhj;jpaj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpdhu;. ,J gok;ngUk; ,e;Jf;fspd; vjpu;g;gpw;F
toptFj;jpUe;jhYk;> mJ mtUila gq;fpw;F xU Jzpr;ryhd
eltbf;ifahf ,Ue;jJ.
(b) epu;thf kw;Wk; ,uhZt rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;: mtu;
epu;thfj;jpd; gzpia kWrPuikj;J gy;NtW NtiyfSf;F
gy;NtW Jiwfis cUthf;fp gioa mikg;Gfis mfw;wpdhu;.
tq;fhsj;jpw;F jdp Jizepiy MSeiu epakpj;jhu;. xt;nthU
khtl;lj;jpw;Fk; xU jdp khtl;l ePjpgjp epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;
kw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gl;lJ. Gjpjhf nty;yg;gl;l
gpuNjrq;fspy; mtu; my;yhj xOq;FKiw mikg;ig
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;. Gjpjhfg; ,izf;fg;gl;l gQ;rhg;> gu;khtpy;
cs;s ngF Mfpa khepyq;fspy; mtu; gy Gjpa epu;thf
khw;wq;fis nra;J> gutyhf ghuhl;lg;gl;lhu;. rptpy; kw;Wk;
,uhZt mjpfhuq;fSld; $ba xU jiyik Mizahsiu
epakpg;gjd; %yk; murpd; tpidj;jpwd; Nkk;gl;lJ. ,e;j
Kiw gQ;rhg;> kj;jpa khfhzq;fs;> xsj; kw;Wk; gu;kh Mfpa
gFjpfspy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Mizahsu; Neubahf

jiyik MSeUf;F mwpf;if nra;jhu; kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpd; gpupl;b\; jiyik
MSeu;fs; – II
Nfhilfhy jiyefuhf rpk;yh khwpaJ.

,e;jf; nfhs;iffs; gpupl;b\; Nguuir tpupTgLj;j
cjtpaJ. ,J JUg;Gf;fs; epiyepWj;JtJ gw;wpa %Nyhgha
eltbf;iffis vLf;f cjtpaJ. ,jdhy; tq;fhs gPuq;fpapd; Fwpg;Gfs;
jiyikafk; fy;fj;jhtpypUe;J kPul; tiu khw;wg;gl;lJ. rpk;yh
,uhZtj;jpd; epue;ju jiyikaplkhf khwpaJ.
(c) tu;j;jf rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;: ly;`Trp gpuG gpupl;b\hUf;F kpFe;j
gadile;j Rje;jpu tu;j;jf nfhs;ifia Mjupj;jhu;.
(d) nghJg;gzpj; Jiwia epWTjy;: nghJkf;fSf;F rhiyfs;>
ghyq;fs; kw;Wk; fhy;tha;fis mikf;f mtu; gzpGupe;jhu;.
tq;fhsj;jpypUe;J gu;kh tiu cs;s gpukhz;l buq;fhy; rhiy
kw;Wk; lhf;fhtpy; ,Ue;J muhfhd; tiu uhZt ,af;fk;
rhj;jpakhapw;W. ,e;jpahtpy; jghy; kw;Wk; je;jp Kiwia
etPdg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,e;jpah KOtJk; xNu rPuhd jghy; jiy
xd;iw mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;. ePu;g; ghrdf; fhy;tha;fSk;>
ngupa ePu; topfspd; %yk; `_f;sp> rpe;J kw;Wk; ,uptl;b
MfpaitAk; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;L> gpw jfty; njhlu;G rhjdq;fs;
Nkk;gl;ld.
(e) fy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;: fy;tpj; JiwapYk; gy rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;
nra;ag;gl;ld. mtw;wpy; xd;W jhd; ,e;jpa Fbikg; gzpj;
Nju;tpd; mwpKfk; MFk;. 1853 y; ru; rhu;y]; T+l; fy;tp gw;wpa
nfhs;if Mtzj;ij mDg;gpdhu;. ,J T+l;]; mDg;Gjy; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lJ.
••Mq;fpNyh-tl;lhu gs;spfspy; gpuhe;jpa nkhop fw;gpf;fg; gl
Ntz;Lk;
••Kk;ig> fy;fj;jh kw;Wk; nrd;id Mfpa efuq;fspy;
gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; epWtg;gl Ntz;Lk;
••gl;lq;fs; toq;Fk; fy;Y}upfs; gy;fiyf;fofq;fSld;
,izf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
••fy;tp ,ay;gpNyNa kjr;rhu;gw;wjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
••xt;nthU khfhzj;jpYk; xU fy;tp Jiwia mikf;f
Ntz;Lk;
••Mrpupau; gapw;rp epWtdq;fs; mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
••fy;tp jdpahu;kakhf;fy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl kw;Wk; muR cjtp
toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
••fy;tp ,af;Fdu;fs; ,e;jpah KOtJk; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
(f) jghy;> uapy;Nt> je;jp: ehl;bd; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; rl;lk; xOq;Ffspy;
epiwa ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jd; %yk; mtu; ,e;jpahtpy;
KjyPL nra;a gpupl;b\; epWtdq;fis Cf;fg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,e;j
epWtdq;fSf;fhd midj;J trjpfisAk; ly;`Trp toq;fpdhu;.

gpupl;b\; jiyik uapy;Nt ehl;bd; Kfj;ij khw;wp midj;J % iyfspYk;>
MSeu;fs; – II
gpuhe;jpaq;fspYk; ,Ue;J kf;fis xd;W Nru;j;jJ.

Fwpg;Gfs;
3. ly;`Trpapd; ,e;jpa khepyq;fspy; cs;s %d;W NtWgl;l
gpupTfs; vit?
4. ly;`Trp gpuG nfhz;L te;j r%f rPu;jpUj;jk; xd;iw
gl;baypLf.

1. ,e;jpa Ml;rpahsu;fSf;Fj; jd; gilia thliff;F nfhLj;jjd;
%yk; gpnuQ;R MSeuhd ,ul;ilau; mikg;G Jiz $l;lzp
Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.
2. 1813 Kjy; 1826 tiu ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik MSeu; N`];bq;];
gpuG Mthu;.
3. ,e;jpahtpy; ly;`Trp ,e;jpa khepyq;fSf;fhd %d;W khWgl;l
gpupTfis cUthf;fpAs;shu;:
••gpupl;b\; rhrdj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l khepyk;: capu; thupR
,y;iy vd;why; gpupl;b\; NguuR khepyj;ij ,izj;Jf;
nfhs;Sk;.
••fPo;epiy khepyq;fs;: jj;njLg;G tof;fpy; thupir rupghu;f;f
fpof;F ,e;jpah fk;ngdpf;F mDkjp toq;fg;gl;lJ.
••Rje;jpu muRfs;: mtu;fs; Nju;e;njLf;Fk; ve;jnthU thupRup
idAk; epakpf;Fk; Rje;jpuk; mtu;fSf;F ,Ue;jJ.
4. ly;`Trp tpjit kWkzr; rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpdhu;. ,e;Jf;fspd;
khw;Wr; rl;lq;fis jpUj;jpaikj;J> ,e;J kjj;ij gpw
kjq;fSf;Fs; khw;wpaikf;Fk; rhj;jpaj;ij ,J Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
5.7 RUf;fk;
••gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,uz;lhk; ghjpapy; Jiz $l;likg;G
Kiw mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk;> ,e;j nfhs;ifapd; fld;
,e;jpahtpd; nty;ny];yp gpuG ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik MSeuhf
,Ue;jNghJ> 1798 Kjy; 1805 tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy;
nty;ny];yp gpuG kPJ gw;W itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
••Jiz $l;L xg;ge;jj;jpd; cjtpAld;> me;epWtdk;
ethGfspd; ,og;gpy; xU ngupa ,uhZtj;ij guhkupj;J te;jJ.
mtu;fs; ,e;j ,uhZtj;ij gad;gLj;jp Vida gpuNjrq;fis
,izj;Jf; nfhs;sNth my;yJ jkJ nrhe;jg; Nguuirg;
ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;sNth KbAk;.

••1813 Kjy; 1826 tiu ,e;jpahtpd; jiyik MSeu; N`];bq;]; gpupl;b\; jiyik
MSeu;fs; – II
gpuG Mthu;. mtu; nty;ny];yp gpuGtpd; mbr;RtLfisg;
gpd;gw;wpdhu;.
••,e;jpahtpd; epu;thf mikg;ig Nkk;gLj;j N`];bq;]; gpuG
mjpf Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. rpy fhuzj;jpy; mtu; gpd; Fwpg;Gfs;
jq;fpa epiyapy; ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> mtu; epu;thfj;jpy; rpy
rPu;jpUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjpy; ntw;wp ngw;whu;.
••1828-y; tpy;ypak; ngd;bq; gpuG ,e;jpa jiyik MSeu; Mdhu;.
rjp Kiwia xLf;f gy eltbf;iffis vLj;jhu;. 1806 ,y;
,tu; nrd;id khfhz MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
••tpy;ypak; ngd;bq; ,e;jpa khepyq;fspd; gyuJ tptfhuq;fspy;
jiyapltpy;iy. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> khepyj;jpy; epakpf;fg;gl;l
gpupl;b\; FbAupik ngw;Ws;s NghJ khepyj;jpy; muh[f
epiy Vw;gl;l NghjpYk;> n[a;g;G+u; tptfhuq;fspYk; mtu;
jiyapltpy;iy.
••r%f newpfs; kf;fspd; kjj;NjhL njhlu;Gilait vd;gjhy;
,e;jpar; r%fj;jpd; r%fg; gpur;rpidfis rkhspg;gJ vspjy;y.
gy jiyik MSeu;fs; r%fj; jPikfisf; fisaNtz;Lk;
vd;W epidj;jhu;fs;. Mdhy; gpupl;b\huplk; kf;fs; mjpUg;jpAld;
,Uf;f tpUk;gtpy;iy.
••gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahtpd; ,isa jiyik MSeu; ly;`Trp
gpuG Mthu;. ,e;jpa rk];jhdq;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;B\; uh[;
vd;w Kiwapy; kpf mjpfkhd fhuzq;fis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L> mtu; ,e;jpa muRfis ,izj;Jf; nfhz;ljhf ed;F
mwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.
••,e;jpa RNjr muRfspd; Ml;rpahsu;fs; Foe;ijfis jj;njLf;f
cupik ngw;wdu;> me;j Foe;ijiaj; jhd; gpd; thuprhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; ,jw;F xg;Gf; nfhz;lJld;> ,e;j mjpfhug;G+ut
;
mjpfhupaplk;> ‘,e;J rl;lq;fspd; fPo; cs;s xt;nthU Ml;rpahsUk;>
mtUila thuprhf> cz;ikahd my;yJ Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l
kfid epakpf;fyhk; vd $wpaJ. ,e;j cupikia me;j epWtdj;jpd;
muR Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwJ’ 1831 y; me;j epWtdk;> ‘,e;jpa muR
jj;njLj;j kfid jdJ thuprhf epakdk; nra;tjw;F ,e;jpa
Ml;rpahsu;fspd; tpz;zg;gj;ij epiyikf;Nfw;g Vw;Wf;nfhs;sNth
epuhfupf;fNth nra;ayhk; vd KbntLj;jJ.’

••Jiz $l;lzp: ,J xU nrhe;j khepyk; kw;Wk; gpnuQ;R ,e;jpah>
my;yJ gpd;du; gpupl;b\; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp> mjhtJ ,e;jpa
Ml;rpahsUld; Jiz $l;lzpahf EioAk; NghJ gpupl;b\;
gilfis Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> jq;fs; guhkupg;Gf;F
gzk; nfhLf;fTk; xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

gpupl;b\; jiyik ••rjp: ,e;jpahtpy; xU gioa eilKiwia ,J Fwpf;fpwJ.
MSeu;fs; – II
,J xU tpjit mtsJ fztdpd; ,Wjpr; rlq;fpy; tPrp
vwpag;gLtij Fwpf;fpwJ.
••ngz; rpRf;nfhiy: Gjpjhf gpwe;j ngz; Foe;ijfis
Fwpg;Gfs; Ntz;Lnkd;Nw nfhiy nra;tij Fwpf;fpwJ.

FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. thupR ,og;Gf; Nfhs;if gw;wp rpWFwpg;G tiuf.
2. tpy;ypak; ngd;bq; gpuG Vd; jiyik MSeu; gjtpapypUe;J
ePf;fg;gl;lhu;?
3. tpy;ypak; ngd;bq; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa fy;tp rPu;jpUj;jq;fis
tpthjpf;f.
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;

1. thud; N`];bq;]; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa rPu;jpUj;jq;fis tpsf;Ff.
2. Jiz epWtd $l;lzpapd; mk;rq;fisg; gw;wp tpthjpf;f.
epWtdj;jpw;F mjd; gad;fs; vd;d?
3. ly;`Trpahy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l rPu;jpUj;jq;fis Muha;f.
5.10 NkYk; gbf;f

gpshf;thd;];.
kf;uh-`py;
fy;tp.
,d;lu;Ne\dy;.
];nlu;ypq; gg;spru;
ru;fhu;> Rkpj;. 1983. etPd ,e;jpah. rpl;dp: ghd; Nkf;kpy;yd; M];jpNuypah
gpbxa; ypkpnll;.

myF 6 1857 vOr;rpAk; ,e;jpa
1857 Mz;bd; Gul;rp kw;Wk;
,e;jpa Njrpak; ntspg;gly;
Njrpaj;jpd; Njhw;wKk;
Fwpg;Gfs;
mikg;G
6.0 mwpKfk;
6.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
6.2 1857 vOr;rp: fhuzq;fSk; KbTfSk;
6.3 Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Kjy; fl;lk;
tpilfs;
6.5 RUf;fk;
6.8 NkYk; gbf;f
6.0 mwpKfk;
1857-k; Mz;bd; Gul;rp> fpof;F ,e;jpa epWtd ,uhZtj;jpd;
rpg;gha;fspd; Gul;rpahf Nk 1857 md;W> kPul; efupy; njhlq;fp>
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s gpw kf;fs; fpsu;r;rpfs; kw;Wk; nghJkf;fs;
fpsu;e;njOk; tifapy; kpf tpiutpNyNa Nky; fq;ifr; rkntsp
kw;Wk; kj;jpa cj;jugpuNjrk;> gPfhu;> tlf;F kj;jpa gpuNjrk; kw;Wk;
jpy;yp gpuhe;jpaq;fs; Mfpatw;wpy; cs;s gpujhd tpNuhjg; Nghf;fpdhy;,
ngUk; Nkhjy;fSld; epd;W NghdJ. fpsu;r;rp me;j gpuhe;jpaj;jpy;
epWtd mjpfhuj;jpw;F fzprkhd mr;RWj;jiy Kd;itj;jJ. [_d;
20> 1858 md;W Fthypau; tPo;r;rpAld; kl;LNk mJ mlq;fpapUe;jJ.
,e;j fpsu;r;rp ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; Rje;jpug; Nghu; vd;Wk;> khngUk;
fpsu;r;rp> ,e;jpaf; fyfk;> 1857-d; vOr;rp> 1857-d; fyfk;> rpg;gha;f;
fyfk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lJ. gy;NtW Fiwfs; fhuzkhf fyfk;
Vw;gl;lJ. Mdhy;> mtu;fs; ek;gpAs;s Jg;ghf;fpfSf;F> khl;L
,iwr;rp kw;Wk; gd;wp ,iwr;rp vd;W tpyq;Ff; nfhOg;igf; nfhz;L
Rlg;gl;l fhfpjj; Njhl;lhf;fis rpg;gha;fs; fbf;fr; nrhd;d NghJ>
,J Gdpjj;Jtj;ij ghyhf;Ffpd;wjhf fUjg;gl;lJ. ,tw;wpd; KiwNa
,e;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; K];yPk;fspd; kj czu;TfSf;F vjpuhfTk; ,J
nray;gl;lJ. tq;fhsk;> gk;gha; khfhzk;> nrd;id khfhzk; Nghd;w
gpw gFjpfs; ngUk;ghYk; mikjpahf ,Ue;jd.
gQ;rhg;gpy; rPf;fpa ,sturu;fs; giltPuu;fis toq;Ftjd; %yk;
epWtdj;jpw;F Mjutspj;J te;jdu;. i`juhghj;> ikR+u;> jpUtpjhq;$u;>
fh\;kPu; Mfpa ngupa rk];jhdq;fs;> mNj Nghy; uh[Gjdj;jpd; rpwpa
ehLfs; fpsu;r;rpapy; Nrutpy;iy. mj;jifa mNahj;jpah Nghd;w rpy
gFjpfspy;> fpsu;r;rp Njrgf;jp vOr;rpapd; gz;Gf;$Wfis INuhg;gpa
gpurd;dj;jpw;F vjpuhf vLj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. [hd;rp uhzp vd;fpw yf;\;kpgha;

1857 Mz;bd; Gul;rp kw;Wk; Nghd;w kuhl;ba jiytu;fs;> ,e;jpahtpy; miu E}w;whz;Lf;Fg; gpwF
Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; ehl;Lg;Gw fjhehafu;fs; Mdhu;fs;;. vdpDk;> xU
Gjpa xOq;Ff;F mit xj;jpirtw;w rpj;jhe;jj;ij cUthf;ftpy;iy
vd;gJ jhd; cz;ik. ,e;j fpsu;r;rp 1858-y; fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk;
Fwpg;Gfs; fiyf;fg;gLtjw;F toptFj;jJ. ,uhZtk;> epjp mikg;G> ,e;jpahtpy;
epu;thfk; Mfpatw;iw kWxOq;F nra;a Mq;fpNyau;fis ,J ,l;Lr;
nrd;wJ. mjw;Fg; gpwF ehL Gjpa gpupl;b\; uh[; vd;w kFlj;ij
Neubahf Ml;rp nra;J te;jJ.
6.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
,e;j myif ePq;fs; gbj;J Kbj;j gpd;G, cq;fshy;;
••1857 Gul;rpapd; fhuzq;fs; kw;Wk; jhf;fj;ij Muha KbAk;.
••,e;jpahtpy; Njrpak; Njhd;Wtij tpthjpf;f KbAk;.
6.2 1857 vOr;rp: fhuzq;fSk; KbTfSk;

1857-y;> gpshrpg; Nghupy; ,Ue;J Mq;fpNyau; ,e;jpahtpy; E}W
Mz;Lfs; jq;fpapUf;f Kbe;jJ. me;j Neuj;jpy; ,e;jpa Ml;rpahsu;fs;
kfpo;r;rpaw;W ,Ue;jdu;. Kd;dtu; ngUikia ,oe;jdu; kw;Wk;
tptrhapfs; mbikfshf Fiwf;fg;gLtjpy; mtu;fSf;F mjpUg;jp
,Ue;jJ. ghuk;gupa iftpidf; fiyQu;fSk;> iftpidQu;fSk;
jq;fs; tho;thjhujpw;fhf nfhs;is mbj;jhu;fs;. ,g;NghJ te;jhWq;Fb
rf;jpfs; tzpfk;> tu;j;jfk; njhopy;fs; midj;Jk; fl;Lg;ghl;ilf;
nfhz;bUe;jd. ,jdhy;, ,e;jpahtpd; nry;t tsk; gbg;gbahf Fiwe;J
nfhz;Nl nrd;wJ. ,e;j fhy fl;lk; gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpypUe;J
epiwa vjpg;ig fz;lJ. rk];jhd muRfis xUq;fpizf;fTk;>
te;jhWq;Fb Ml;rpahsu;fspd; mjpfhuj;ij tYg;gLj;JtjpYk; ngUk;
Mf;fpNuh\j;ij fz;lJ.
ly;`T]p> cs;ehl;L muRfspilNa vOe;j mjpUg;jpf;F
fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhu;. fpsu;r;rpf;F rw;W Kd; mtiu ntw;wp nfhz;l
fhdpq; gpuG Rtupy; vOjpaij thrpf;fyhk; vd;W ftiyAld; $wpdhu;.
‘,e;jpahtpd; thdj;jpy;> mikjpahd xU rpwpa Nkfk; vOk;GfpwJ.
Kjypy; xU kdpjdpd; ifia tpl mJ ngupaJ my;y. Mdhy;,
ngupajhf tsu;e;J, filrpapy; ntbf;Fk; kw;Wk; %o;fbf;Fk;
mr;RWj;jyhf ,Uf;fyhk;. Mjyhy;> mJ ek;ik mopj;JtpLk;’.
1857 vOr;rpapd; fhuzq;fs;

1857 fpsu;r;rp Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. murpay; fhuzq;fs;
fyfj;jpd; Kf;fpa fhuzq;fspy; xd;W> thupR ,of;Fk; nfhs;if.
,J Vw;Wf; nfhz;l kfd;fis nfhz;L jd;dpr;irahd topfspy;
ntw;wpngw mDkjp ,y;iy vd;gjhFk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;l khepyq;fs; rjuh

(1848)> n[a;lG
; +u;> rhk;gy;gG
; +u; (1849)> gfl; (1850)> cNjg;G+u; (1852), [hd;rp 1857 Mz;bd; Gul;rp kw;Wk;
(1853) kw;Wk; ehf;G+u; (1854) MFk;. ifg;gw;wp Nru;jJ ; f; nfhs;Sjy;
kpf ngupa ru;ri ; riaf; Vw;gLj;jpaJ. 1856-y; mthj; vd;w mikg;G
,Ue;jJ. mthj; ethg;> t[pl; myp \h gpupl;b\hUf;F tpRthrkhf
,Ue;j NghJk;> mtu; epu;thfj;jpd; kPJ Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;lhu;. me;j Fwpg;Gfs;
epWtdj;jpd; tPuu;fs; ethGf;F tpRthrkhf ,Ue;jjhy;, ,g;NghJ
Ntjid mile;jdu;. NkYk;> mthj;ijAk; ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lJ.
gilapdUf;Fk; mtu;fsJ cwtpdu;fSf;Fk; mjpf tup nrYj;j
Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wg;gl;lJ. Gjpa epytup rl;lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
,jdhy;, epy cilikahsu;fSf;F mjpf tup tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
[kPdj ; hu;fSk; gwpKjy; nra;ag;gLk; epyq;fis vjpu;jJ ; Nghuhbdu;.
filrp Ng\;th gh[puht; II kfdhd ehdh rhfpg; vd;gtupd;
tUlhe;jpu Xa;T+jpaj;ijAk; ,e;epWtdk; epWj;jpaJ. ,tu;
Mq;fpNyau;fspd; nfhba vjpup vd;gij ep&gpj;jhu;.
Mq;fpyk; njupahj kf;fs; Ntiy ,oe;jdu;. Vnddpy;,
,g;nghOJ ghurPf> cUJ Mfpait murhq;f Ntiyfspy; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. ,tu;fs; m\;ug;]; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldu;.
ePjpj;Jiw kw;Wk; tUtha; Jiwapy; gjtpfis ngw;wdu;. mtu;fs;
jq;fs; NtiyfisAk; nfsutj;ijAk; jpUk;g ngw tpUk;gpajhy;,
mtu;fs; Gul;rpapy; ,ize;jdu;.
2. uhZt fhuzq;fs;
gpupl;b\; uhZtj;jpd; giltPuu;fs; my;yJ rpg;gha;fs; Kf;fpakhf>
Jg;ghf;fpfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Njhl;lhf;fs; gR kw;Wk; gd;wp
nfhOg;gpypUe;J nra;ag;gl;l girahy; G+rg;gl;bUe;jd. ,e;Jf;fspd; Nky;
rhjpiar; rhu;e;j tPuu;fs; khL nfhOg;Gf;fhf vjpu;g;Gj; njuptpj;Js;sdu;
kw;Wk; gd;wp nfhOg;Gf;F K];yPk;fs; vjpu;g;G njuptpj;jdu;. Kd;djhf
gu;khTf;Fr; nry;y fliy flf;f Ntz;bajd; kPJ, gy rpg;gha;fs;
vjpu;g;G njuptpj;jpUe;jdu;. ,J rpy ,e;J rlq;FfSf;F vjpuhf
fUjg;gl;lJ. rk;gsf; fl;likg;gpy; mtu;fs; mjpUg;jp mile;jdu;.
rpy cau;kl;l ,e;J rpg;gha; Fiwe;j jutupir nfhz;l Mq;fpNya
tPuid tpl Fiwe;j msNt ngWthu;. gjtp cau;T ngw ,Uz;l
tha;g;GfNs ,Ue;jd. gyu; jq;fs; Nrit tho;f;if midj;ijAk; xNu
gjtpapy; nrytopf;fpd;wdu;. rpg;gha;fs; fpwp];Jkjj;jpw;F gyte;jkhf
khw;wg;gLtjhf tje;jpfs; te;jd.
3. kj fhuzq;fs;
mjpf mstpy; kj khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. vd; fpwp];jt rkag;
gpur;rhufu;fs; ngUk;ghd;ikahd ,e;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; K];yPk;fSf;F
ftiyia cz;lhf;fpdu;. ,e;J kjk; kw;Wk; ,];yhk; kPJ
Mq;fpNyau;fshy; ,opT nra;ag;gl;l nra;jpfs; ,Ue;jd. rpy
rPu;jpUj;jthjpfspd; Kaw;rpfs; ,e;J kjj;jpw;F vjpuhfTk;, ,e;Jf;fspd;
cs;tptfhuq;fspy; jiyaPlhfTk; ,Ue;jd. 1850-y; xU rl;lk;
,aw;wg;gl;lJ. mJ fpwp];Jtkhf khw;wg;gl;ltu;fs; Kd;Ndhu;fspd;

1857 Mz;bd; Gul;rp kw;Wk; nrhj;Jilikia kuGupikahf khw;wpaJ. ,J cz;ikapy;
ngUk;ghd;ikapduhy; vjpu;f;fg;gl;lJ.
4. epu;thf kw;Wk; nghUshjhuf; fhuzq;fs;

Fwpg;Gfs; ehl;bd; tzpfk; kw;Wk; tu;j;jfk; kPjhd gpupl;b\hupd; KOikahd
VfNghf cupik> kpFe;j mjpUg;jpia Vw;gLj;jpaJ. G+u;tPf tzpfk;>
iftpidj; njhopy; kw;Wk; gpw tho;thjhuq;fs; gpupl;b\; tu;j;jfu;fspd;
VfNghf cupikia mopj;J te;jd. cs;Su; nghUshjhuj;jpd; KJF
vYk;igAk; me;j tUtha; mikg;G jfu;j;J te;jJ. ,e;jpa khepyq;fs;>
cs;Su; ,e;jpag; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; njhopw;Jiwf;fhd Efu;Nthu;fs;
Mjupf;fg;gl;lJ. gpupl;b\; nghUl;fs; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gltpy;iy. ,J
ngupa mstpyhd Ntiyapd;ikf;F ,l;Lr; nrd;wJ. NkYk;, ,e;j
kf;fs; midtUk; Gul;rpapy; ,ize;jdu;.
Gul;rpapd; jd;ik
Gul;rpapd; cz;ikahd jd;ikAk;> fhuzKk; tpthjj;Jf;FupaJ.
xt;nthU tuyhw;whrpupaUk; jdJ nrhe;j tpahf;fpahdk; nra;jdu;.
kpfTk; ed;F mwpag;gl;l kw;Wk; Vw;fj;jf;f xU> tq;fhsg; gilapd;
34-tJ jpiz fhyhl;gilapd; xU rpg;ghahf kq;fs; ghz;Nl fij
,Ue;jJ. ,tu; khu;r; 29> 1857 (tq;fhsk;) ghuf;fu;G+upy; cs;s rhu;[d;l;
Nk[iu xUtu; Jg;ghf;fpahy; Rl;l NghJ> mtu; tuyhw;iw cUthf;Fthu;
vd;gij czutpy;iy. gpd;du;, mtu; J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhu;. Mdhy;, ,J
kPul; gFjpapy; fofj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,uhZtj;jpdu; Mq;fpNya
mjpfhupfisf; nfhd;wNjhL nly;ypia Nehf;fp mzptFj;Jr; nrd;wdu;.
,au; ];lhd;yp> b. Mu;. N`hk;]; Nghd;w tuyhw;whrpupau;fs;
gyu;, ghnu];l>; ,d;]; kw;Wk; ru; [hd; yhud;]; MfpNahu; nfhOg;ghy;
Mdh Njhl;lhitj;jhd; fyfj;jpw;fhd fhuzk; vd;W $wpaNjhL mij
fhl;Lkpuhz;bj;jdkhd nray; vd;Wk; mioj;jdu;. ru; N[k;]; mTl;luk;
kw;Wk; W nla;yu; Nghd;wtu;fs; ,ij ,e;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; K];yk P f
; shy;
nra;j R+or
; r
; p vd;W tu;zpj;jdu;. rpyu; mJ Njrpag; Gul;rp vd;W mioj;jdu;.
ru; iraj; m`;kj; fhd;> jdJ Gj;jfj;jpy; m];gg;-I-ghfhtj;-I-
`pe;jp (,e;jpahtpd; fpsu;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;) murpay; mikg;igf;
nfhz;bUf;fhjJ, xU jzpahr;rpdk; vd;W tptupj;jhu;. V. D. rtu;f;fu;
jdJ Gj;jfj;jpy;; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghiu> Kjy; Rje;jpug; Nghu; vd;W
mioj;jhu;. ,uhZtj;jpy; fyfk; Muk;gpj;j NghjpYk;> tpiutpNyNa
mJ Vida gFjpfSf;Fk; gutpaJ. Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhf $f;Fuy; ,l;lJ
vd;W rpy tuyhw;whsu;fs; fUJfpd;wdu;. ,Ug;gpDk;> gpd;tUk; RUf;fg;
ghu;itfSk; cs;sd.
vOr;rp epfo;Tfs;
kPul; gFjpapypUe;J nly;ypf;F nrd;w rpg;gha;fspd; mzptFj;J>
gfJ}u; \h [h/gu; ,e;jpahtpd; Nguuruhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lhu;. gpd;du;>
re;j;dp nrsf; gFjpf;F mUfpy; ju;afd;[; vd;gtiu jhf;fpdu;. ,q;F

Vuhskhd Mq;fpNyau;fs; tho;e;jdu;. tpiutpNyNa nly;yp xU Nghu; 1857 Mz;bd; Gul;rp kw;Wk;
ikjhdkhdJ. nly;ypapy; jiytu;fs; rpwg;ghf topelj;j jtwptpl;ldu;.
mjdhy;, tpiutpNyNa nly;ypapy; Nghu; Njhy;tp mile;jJ.
,e;j fpsu;r;rp nly;ypapy; ntbj;j gpd;du; ehl;bd; gy;NtW
gFjpfSf;Fk; gutpaJ. fhd;G+u;> gNuyp> yf;Ndh> myfhghj;> gdhu];> Fwpg;Gfs;
ig]hghj;> [hd;rp> [f;b];G+u; (mu;uh)> jhg;G+u; kw;Wk; ghl;dh Mfpait
nfhe;jspj;jd. yf;Ndhtpy;> ,e;j fpsu;r;rp Ngfk; `ruj; kfhy;
jiyikapy; eilngw;wJ. mtu; jdJ kfdhd gpu;[p]; fhjhiu
mthjpd; ethg; vd;W mwptpj;jhu;. ,jpy; gpupl;b]; FbAupik ngw;Ws;s
n`d;wp yhud;]; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. Nfhu;fh gl;lhsj;jpd; cjtpAld; ru;
fhypd; Nfk;g;ngy; INuhg;gpau;fis fhg;ghw;w Kad;whu;.
fhd;G+upypUe;J> ll;ah Nlhg; MjuTld; ehdh rhfpg; ,af;fj;jpw;F
tpj;jpl;lhu;. efuf; fhtw;gil fkhz;lu; ru; `pA+f; tPyu; [_d; 27> 1857
md;W ruzile;jhu;. ru; fhk;g;ngy; fhd;G+iuf; ifg;gw;wpa NghJ>
je;jpah Nlhg; jg;gpj;J uhzp y\;kpghaplk; Nru;e;jhu;.
uhzp y\;kpgha;> jdJ jj;njLj;j kfd; mupaizapy; Vwpr; nry;y
mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gjhy;> mtuJ muR Mq;fpNyauhy; ,izj;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lhu;. Mdhy;> mtu; thupR ,of;Fk; Nfhl;ghl;lhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
mtu; [hd;rp rpg;gha;fspd; Ml;rpahsuhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lhu;. ll;ah Nlhg;
kw;Wk; uhzp [hd;rp MfpNahu; ,ize;J Fthypaiu jhf;fpdu;.
,e;jpa tPuu;fs; mtu;fNshL ,Ue;jdu;. Mdhy; Fthypaupy;>
rpe;jpah vd;w Ml;rpahsu; Mq;fpNyaUf;F tpRthrkhf ,Ue;jhu;.
Mf;uhTf;F jg;gpr; nrd;whu;. Fthypau; [_d; 1858-y; tPo;e;jJ. uhzp
[_d; 17> 1858 md;W Nghuhb ,we;jhu;. Nlhg; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L
J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhu;. n[f;b\;G+upy; (gPfhu;) Fd;tu; rpq; fpsu;r;rpf;F
toptFj;J, gpupl;b\; gilfis mu;uhf;F mUNf Njhw;fbj;jhu;.
gNuypapy; fhd; gfJ}u; fhd; fpsu;rr
; pf;F toptFj;jhu;. ig]hghj;jpy;
nksytp m`;kJy;yh`; topelj;jpr; nrd;whu; kw;Wk; ghl;dhtpy; nksy;tp
gPu; myp jiyikapy; eilngw;wJ. mtu;fs; th`hgp ,af;fj;jpy;
gq;F ngw;wdu;. mtu;fs; gpupl;b\hUf;F vjpuhdtu;fs;. vdNt, mtu;fs;
Gul;rpapy; ,ize;jdu;.
fpsu;r;rp xLf;fg;gLjy;
1. nly;yp
1857 nrg;lk;gu; khjk; n[duy; [hd; epf;fy;rd; jiyikapy; kPzL ; k;
ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. vdpDk;> mtu; fhaq;fSld; capupoe;jhu;. nyl; n`hl;rd;
nkhfyhag; Nguurupd; Gjy;tu;fisAk; xU NguidAk; nfhd;whu;. gpd;du;,
gfJu;\h jiykiwthf ,Ue;J gu;khtpw;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;lhu;.
2. fhd;G+u;
ehdh gilfSf;F vjpuhf ru; `pA+f; tPyu; Nghuhbdhu;. Mq;fpNyau;fs;>
ngz;fs;> Foe;ijfs; vd gyu; ,we;jdu;. [_iy 17 md;W Nk[u; n[duy;
`ntyhf;> ehdhit Njhw;fbj;J fLikahd rz;ilf;F toptFj;jhu;.

1857 Mz;bd; Gul;rp kw;Wk; gpd;du;, fhd;G+iu kPzL
; k; tPoj
; j
; pdhu;. gy ,e;jpau;fs;> gpupNfbau; n[duy;
ePyhy; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;ldu;. ,jd; gpd;du; ru; fhypd; Nfk;ngy;> Mf];l;
1857-y; ,e;jpa ,uhZtj;jpd; Gjpa jsgjpahf gjtpNaw;whu;.
Fwpg;Gfs; 3. yf;Ndh
1857 [_iy 2 Mk; Njjp ru; n`d;wp yhud;]; kuzk; epfo;e;jJ.
N`t;nyhf;> mTl;uhk; kw;Wk; ePy; MfpNahupd; tUif Mfpatw;Wld;
tYT+l;Ljy; ele;jJ. kw;Wk; (nrg;lk;gu; 25 md;W) neapy; kuzk;
epfo;e;jJ. etk;gu; 17 md;W ru; nfhypd; fhk;ngy; mtu;fshy;
Kw;Wifaplg;gl;l gpupl;b\; tpLtpf;fg;gl;lJ. brk;gu; 1857-,y; N`t;yhf;
kuzk; mile;jhu;. kw;Wk; mjd; Mf;fpukpg;G Nlhg;ghy; epfo;e;jJ.
1858-Mk; Mz;L khu;r; khjk; 21-Mk; Njjp ,Wjpapy; fhk;ngy;yhy;
mjd; kWMf;fpukpg;G ele;jJ.
4. [hd;rp kw;Wk; Fthypau;

[hd;rp> Vg;uy; 4-Mk; Njjp> 1858 md;W ru; `pA+f; Nuh]hy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
uhzp y\;kpgha; jg;gpNahbdhu;;. (tPuu;fs; fpsu;e;njOe;jdu; kw;Wk;
jq;fs; Ml;rpahsu;> rpe;jpah ntspNa Juj;jpdu;). Fthypau; uhzpahy;
ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. [_d; 17> 1858 md;W uhzp fhykhdhu; kw;Wk; [_d;
20-Mk; Njjp Fthypau; kWgbAk; Nuh]hy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
5. gNuyp
1858 Nk 5-,y; fhk;ngy;yhy; kPz;Lk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
6. mu;uh`;
1857 Mf];l; khjk; tpy;ypak; nla;yu; kw;Wk; tpd;nrd;l; INudhy; Fd;tu;
rpq;fpd; fPo; jw;fhypfkhf gPfhu; ,af;fk; mlf;FjYf;F cs;shdJ.
Fd;tu; mthj;Jf;F jg;gpr; nrd;W> gPfhUf;F te;J> 1858 Vg;uy; khjk;
jdJ ,Wjp Aj;jj;jpy; (Nk khjk; 9-Mk; Njjp fhykhdhu;).
7. gdhu]; kw;Wk; myhfhghj;

[_d; 1857-Mk; Mz;L neapyhy; kWgbAk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
8. kj;jpa ,e;jpah
1858 Kjy; ghjpapy;> kj;jpa ,e;jpahTk;> ge;jy;fz;Lk; gpupl;b\;
fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. Mdhy; Nlhg;> Fthypaiu
,oe;j gpwF kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpw;F jg;gpr;nrd;W 10 khjq;fs; nfhupy;yh
Aj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;lhu;. ,Wjpahf> mtu; (rpe;jpahtpd; FbAupikahsuhy;)
khd;rpq;fhy; fhl;bf; nfhLf;fg;gl;lhu;. mtu; 1859 Vg;uy; 18-md;W
Mq;fpNyauhy; J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhu;. ehrhNfg;> mthj;jpd; Ngfk; kw;Wk;
fhd; gfJ}u; MfpNahu; brk;gu; 1858-y; Neghsj;jpw;F jg;gpr; nrd;W
mq;NfNa ,we;jdu;. g`j; fhd; nly;yp tPo;r;rpapd; gpd;du; mthj; Nk 13>

1859 md;W Mq;fpNyau;fis vjpu;j;Jg; Nghupl;l NghJ kuzkile;jhu;. 1857 Mz;bd; Gul;rp kw;Wk;
nksytp mfkj;Jy;yh> [_d; 1858-y; Gthdpy; cs;s uh[h vd;gtupd;
ek;gpf;if JNuhfj;jhy; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhu;.
vOr;rpapd; Njhy;tpf;fhd fhuzq;fs; Fwpg;Gfs;

vOr;rp Njhy;tpaile;jjw;fhd Kf;fpaf; fhuzq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. fpsu;r;rp xU Njrpa epfo;r;rpay;y. vdNt, xU jhf;fj;ij
tpl Kbatpy;iy. ,e;j fpsu;r;rpahy; ,e;jpahtpd; njd;
khepyq;fspy; ve;j ghjpg;Gk; Vw;gltpy;iy. nrd;id rpg;gha;fs;
gQ;rhgpd; gpupl;b\; rpg;gha;fSf;F tp];trkhf ,Ue;jdu;. rpe;J>
u[Gu;jhdh kw;Wk; fpof;F tq;fhsk; Mfpa ehLfspd; rpg;gha;fs;
gilf;fyfj;jpy; Nrutpy;iy. Nfhu;fh]; gpupl;b\hupd; tpRthrkhd
$l;lhspfshf ,Ue;jdu;.
2.
gpupl;b\hu;fs; vjpu; jhf;FjYf;F toptFj;J jpwikahd
mjpfhupfis itj;jpUe;jdu;. mtu;fspy; rpyu; epf;fy;rd;>
mTl;uk;> vl;tu;l;]; Nghd;Nwhu;fs; Mtu;.
3. jq;fs; mupaiz kw;Wk; muir ,oe;j Ml;rpahsu;fs; kl;LNk
Gul;rpapy; ,ize;jdu;. gyu; tpRthrkhf ,Ue;jdu;. Fthypaiur;
Nru;e;j ru; jpd;fu; uht; kw;Wk; ep[hkpd; rhyhu; [q;> cz;ikapy;
fpsu;r;rpf;F Mjutspf;ftpy;iy. mtu;fs; mij xLf;fpdu;.
,jw;fhf ePz;l Neuk; me;j epfo;T Fwpj;J Mq;fpNyau;fs;
ed;wpAld; ,Ue;jdu;.
4.
gpupl;b\hUf;F mjpf tsq;fs; ,Ue;jjhy;> ,e;jg; Nghu;
rkepiyaw;wjhf mike;jJ.
5. jiyikg; gz;G kw;Wk; Kiwahd tpA+fq;fs; ,y;yhjJ
fpsu;r;rp Njhy;tpf;F ,l;Lr; nrd;wJ. rupahd xUq;fpizg;G
,y;iy. gfJ}u; \h [h/gu; xU Nfhio. mtuJ nrhe;jg;
ghJfhg;G gw;wp kl;LNk ftiyg;gl;lhu;. mtu; kpfTk;
gytPdkhd ,izg;G vd;gij ep&gpj;jhu;. mtu; kPJ ek;gpf;if
,y;yhky; NghdJ.
6.
fpsu;r;rpf;F ngupa Nehf;fKk;> Fwpf;NfhSNk ,y;iy.
epyg;gpuGf;fspd; jiyikapy; ,Ue;j NghJ> mtu;fspd; nrhe;j
Raeyj;ijg; ghJfhj;jd. typikahd gpupl;B\; Ml;rpia
vjpu;f;f mtu;fSf;F Gjpjhf vJTk; Njhd;wtpy;iy.
7. [kPd;jhu;fSk; fe;Jtl;bf;fhuu;fSk; gpupl;b\; nghUshjhuj;ij
ek;gpapUg;gjhy;> mtu;fs; fpsu;r;rpf;F MjuT nfhLf;ftpy;iy.
8.
gbj;j eLj;ju tu;f;fk; fpsu;r;rpapd; xU gFjpahf $l
,y;iy. ,j;jifatu;fspd; vz;zpf;if rpwpajhf ,Ue;jJ.
mtu;fs; mjpfk; $wtpy;iy. mtu;fspy; gyu;> ehl;bd;
etPdkakhf;fYf;fhd xU topKiwahf gpupl;b\; Ml;rp
,Ug;gjha; fz;ldu;.

1857 Mz;bd; Gul;rp kw;Wk; fyfj;jpd; jhf;fk;
1857 vd;w fpsu;r;rpahy; ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ epWtdj;jpd; gpb Ml;lk;
fz;L NghdJ. mjd; gpwF, ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\; Ml;rpia
tYg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; tYthd nghwpKiw kw;Wk; epu;thff;
Fwpg;Gfs;
nfhs;if itf;fg;gl;lJ. gpw;Nghf;F kw;Wk; Raeykw;w eyd;fs;
ed;F ghJfhf;fg;gl;L> Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;L> ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\;
Ml;rpapd; J}z;fshf khwpd. mg;NghjpUe;J ,e;jpahtpd; KJF
vYk;ig tYtpof;fr; nra;Ak; tifapy; gpupj;jhSk; nfhs;ifia
Mq;fpNyau;fs; filg;gpbj;jdu;. FbAupik kw;Wk; ,uhZt
epu;thfj;jpy; Kf;fpa gjtpfs; ,g;NghJ Mq;fpNyaupd; fl;Lg;ghl;by;
,Uf;fpd;wd.
1857 Gul;rpapd; gy;NtW tpisTfis fPo;f;fz;lthW njhFf;fyhk;:
••1857 fpsu;r;rp gpupl;b\; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd; Kbitf; Fwpj;jJ.
,e;jpa muRfs; ,dpAk; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;glhJ vd;W
mwptpj;j ,q;fpyhe;jpd; uhzpahy; xU Gjpa nfhs;if
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. ep[hk;> uh[Gj;jpu> kuhj;jpa kw;Wk; rPf;fpa
jiytu;fs; jq;fs; tpRthrj;jpw;fhf rhd;wpjo;fs; kw;Wk;
ntFkjpahy; ghuhl;lg;gl;ldu;.
••uhZtj;jpy; cs;s INuhg;gpaupd; vz;zpf;if 40>000-ypUe;J
65>000 Mf cau;e;jJ. ,e;jpa tPuu;fs; &.2.38 ,yl;rj;jpypUe;J
1.4 yl;rkhf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. tq;fhs uhZtj;jpy; ,e;jpa
Mq;fpy tPuu;fs; vd;w tpfpjhr;rhuk; 1:2 kw;Wk; nrd;idapy; 1:3
vd;w tpfpjj;jpy; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
••1857 Gul;rpf;Fg;gpd; Mq;fpNyau; gpupj;jhSk; nfhs;ifia
gpd;gw;wpr; te;jdu;.
••thupR ,of;Fk; nfhs;if tpyf;fpf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
••Mf];l; 1858-md;W gpupl;b\; ehlhSkd;wk; xU rl;lj;ij
,aw;wpaJ. mJ fk;ngdpapd; Ml;rpf;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp
itj;jJ. ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\; murpd; fl;Lg;ghL gpupl;b\;
kFlj;jpw;F khw;wg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa muRr; nrayu; jiyikapy;
15 Ngu; nfhz;l FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa muRf;F kj;jpa
murpd; nrayu; nghWg;G tfpj;jhu;.
••gpupl;b\; jiyik MSeUf;F> kd;dupd; gpujpepjpahf ,Ue;jjhy;,
,uh[gpujpepjp vd;w gl;lKk; ,g;NghJ toq;fg;gl;lJ.
••fpsu;r;rp xLf;fg;gLtjd; nkhj;jr; nryT ,e;jpau;fshy; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sgl;lJ.
••1857 Gul;rp> fy;tpawpT ngw;w ,e;jpau;fspilNa Njrpak;
tsu;tjw;F toptFj;jJ. fpof;fpe;jpa rq;fk; (1866)> Gdh
ru;t[dpf; rig (1867), ,e;jpad; yPf; (1875)> ,e;jpa rq;fk;
(1876)> nkl;uh]; kfh[d; rgh (1884) kw;Wk; ghk;Ng khfhz
rq;fk; (1885)> ,Wjpahf ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; (1885) Nghd;w

gy;NtW murpay; rq;fq;fs; tsu;e;J tUk; Njrpa czu;tpd; 1857 Mz;bd; Gul;rp kw;Wk;
tpisthfj; jhd; cUthfpwJ.
••1857 fpsu;rr
; p ,e;J> K];yk
P f
; spilNa Kjd; Kjyhf xw;Wikia
fz;lJ. vdNt, me;j tifapy; mJ xU tuyhw;W rpwg;G kpf;f
,af;fkhFk;. Fwpg;Gfs;
,e;jpa muR rl;lk;> 1858

,e;jpahtpy; cs;s gpupl;b\hiu ,uz;L fl;lq;fshfg; gpupf;fyhk;. xU
fl;lk; 1772 Kjy; 1858 tiu ,Ue;jJ. ,jd; NghJ fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk;
gpupl;b\; uhZtj;jpd; cjtpNahL tzpfk; nra;jJ. gpupl;b\; kFlk;
Ml;rp nra;j NghJ, ,uz;lhk; fl;lk; 1858 Kjy; 1947 tiu ,Ue;jJ.
fpsu;r;rp tiu 1853 vd;w rhrdr; rl;lk; fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk;
,e;jpahit Ms mDkjpj;jJ. 1857 Gul;rpAf;Fg; gpd;, gpupl;b\;
NguuR epWtdj;jpd; Ml;rpia Kbj;Jf; nfhz;L ,e;jpahit gpupl;b\;
kFlj;jpd; mq;fk; vd;W giw rhw;wpaJ. ,e;j fpsu;r;rpf;F fpof;fpe;jpa
epWtdk; nghWg;ghFk;. me;j epWtdk; NguuRf;F vt;tsT ngupa
Nrit nra;jJ vd;W fhl;l Kad;Wk;> NguuR mij Nfl;ftpy;iy.
gpupl;b\; rhk;uh[;ak; epWtdj;jpd; Ml;rp fiya Ntz;Lk; vd;W
tw;GWj;jpaJ. vdNt, gpupl;b\; gpujk ke;jpupahf ,Ue;j ghy;nk];ld;
gpuG> 1858 gpg;utupapy; ,e;jpahtpd; rpwe;j murhq;fj;jpw;fhd
tpiyg;gl;baiy mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;. kf;fs; kd;wj;jpy; ciuahw;wpa
mtu;> ‘ekJ murpay; mikg;gpd; nfhs;ifapy; midj;J epu;thfg;
gzpfSk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mikr;ruitapy; nghWg;Ngw;f Ntz;Lk;.
Mdhy;, ,e;j tp\aj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpd; murhq;fj;jpd; gpujhd
nray;ghL ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F nghWg;Ngw;fhj xU FOTf;Fk;> fpuPlk;
%yk; epakpf;fg;glhjjw;Fk;> cWjpaspf;fpwJ. Mdhy;, ,e;jpahtpd;
gq;F vspikahf cs;sjhy;, ,e;jpahTld; ve;j njhlu;Gk; ,y;yhj
egu;fshy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ltu;fshthu;fs;’.
epWtdj;jpd; FiwghLfis Rl;bf;fhl;ba gpd;dUk;> ,J NkYk;
Fog;gj;jpw;F ,l;Lr; nrd;wJ vg;gb vd;W mjd; FiwghLfspd;
kFlj;ij fhl;ba gpd;dUk;> ghuhSkd;wk; Mf];L 1858 md;W xU
rpwe;j ,e;jpa muRf;F tpiygl;baiy epiwNtw;wpaJ.
Vw;ghLfs;
1. fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpd; Ml;rp 1858 ,e;jpa murpd; rl;lj;jhy;
epWj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpah njhlu;ghd midj;J tptfhuq;fSf;Fk;
gpupl;b\; ehlhSkd;wk; nghWg;ghf ,Ue;jJ. ,e;jpahtpy;
gpupl;b\; Nguurpd; gpujpepjpahf uh[gpujpepjp epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
epWtdj;jhy; elj;jg;gl;l uhZtKk;> epyKk; gpupl;B\;
kFlj;jpd; xU g FjpahfNt khwpd.
2. 15 cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;l xU FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ. mtu;
ePjpkd;w ,af;FeUf;F mjpfhuk; nfhLj;jhu;. fl;Lg;ghl;L

1857 Mz;bd; Gul;rp kw;Wk; thupak;> ,e;jpa muRr; nrayhsuplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ. epu;thfk;
kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;L gzp> muRr; nrayuplk; KjyPL nra;ag;gl;lJ.
mtUk; ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; mku mDkjpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
FOtpy; cs;s 15 cWg;gpdu;fspy; gpupl;b\; Kbaurhy; 8
Fwpg;Gfs; cWg;gpdu;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. ePjpkd;w ,af;Feu;fs; 7 Ngiu
epakpj;jdu;. Fiwe;jJ 9 cWg;gpdu;fs; %d;W Mz;LfSf;F
Fiwahky; ,e;jpahtpy; gzpahw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> mtu;fs;
epakdj;jpd; NghJ gj;J Mz;LfSf;Fk; Nkyhf ,e;jpahtpy;
,Ue;J tpyfp ,Uf;f $lhJ vd;Wk; fl;lhakhdjhf ,Ue;jJ.
,e;jpahtpd; murhl;rpapy; ,Ue;J cWg;gpdu;fSf;F Mz;Lf;F
1200 gTz;Lfs; fpilj;jJ.
3. khepyr; nrayhsu; gpd;tUk; gFjpfspy; jPu;khdq;fis vLg;gjw;F
mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. me;j flikfs; gpd;tUkhW:
(i) Nguitapd; KbTf;nfjpuhf mtu; mjpfhuk; itj;jpUe;jhu;.
(ii) Xl;L Nghl;l mjpfhuKk; mtUf;F cz;L.
(iii) kj;jpa murpd; nrhj;Jf;fspd; tUtha;> gzp epakdk;>
nfhs;Kjy;> mlkhdk; kw;Wk; tpw;gid Mfpa tp\
aq;fspy; mitapd; Kbit mtu; fTutkhf Vw;Wf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
(iv) mtu; rigf;F njupag;gLj;jhky;. ,uh[ gpujpepjpf;F
ufrpakhf vOj mtUf;F mDkjp toq;fg;gl;lJ.
(v) ,e;jpa Fbikg; gzpfSf;F Gjpa tpjpKiwfs; Vw;gLj;Jk;
mjpfhuk; mtUf;F ,Ue;jJ. ,jpy; jw;NghJ ,e;jpau;fs;
mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
4. it];uha; kw;Wk; jiyik MSeu;> gk;gha; kw;Wk; nkl;uh];
khfhzq;fspd; MSeu;fis epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; gpupl;b\;
KbauRf;F ,Ue;jJ. gpupl;b\; murpd; mDkjpAld; Jizepiy
MSeiu epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; it];uha;f;F ,Ue;jJ.
5. gpupl;b\; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; fPo; rigapy; cs;s kf;fs;> kd;wj;jpd;
Kd; tUtha;> rl;lk;> Gifapujk; kw;Wk; fl;Lkhdk; njhlu;ghd
mwpf;iffis jahupf;f Ntz;baJ muRr; nrayhsupd;
gzpahf ,Ue;jJ. ,e;jpahtpw;F ntspNa ,uhZt Jupjq;fspd;
tUthiag; gad;gLj;j ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; mDkjp Njitg;gl;lJ.
khepy nrayhsu; gpupl;b\; ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;F gjpy; nrhy;y
flikg;gl;lhu;. mtiu ePf;Fk; cupik ehlhSkd;wj;Jf;F
,Ue;jJ.
fhdpq; gpuG> kfhuhzp tpf;Nlhupah gpufldj;ij etk;gu; 1> 1858
md;W myfhghj;jpy; mwptpj;jhu;. ,e;j gpufldk; Kjy; jlitahf
it];uha; vd;w gjj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpaJ. khepyq;fs; ve;j tifapYk;
,izj;Jf; nfhs;s KbahJ vd;Wk;> ahUk; fpwp];Jkjj;jpw;F
khw;wg;glkhl;lhu;fs; vd;Wk;> muR NtiyfSf;F Vw;w tifapy;
Kiwahd jFjpfs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; gpufldk; cWjp nra;jJ.

,e;jpa kuGfisAk; gz;ghl;ilAk; fzf;fpy; nfhz;L rl;lq;fs; 1857 Mz;bd; Gul;rp kw;Wk;
,aw;wg;gLk; vd;gJ cWjp nra;ag;gl;lJ. cupik nrhj;Jf;fs;
kw;Wk; kuGupik ghJfhf;fg;gl;lJ. tptrhapfSk; tupfis Kiwahf
nrYj;Jtjhf thf;FWjp mspj;jdu;.
Fwpg;Gfs;
1. 1857 fyfj;jpd; xU Kf;fpa murpay; fhuzpiag; gl;bayplTk;.
2. gpupl;b\; uhZtj;jpd; gilapdu;fs; my;yJ rpg;gha;fspd;
fyfk; Vd; ele;jJ?
6.3 Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Kjy; fl;l Nghuhl;lk;

,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Kjy; fl;lk; ,e;jpa kf;fspilNa
Njrpathj rpe;jidia Kisf;f Muk;gpj;jpUf;fyhk; vd;W vz;z
KbAk;. ,e;jpa Njrpak; Njhd;wpaij Fwpf;ff; Fwpg;gpl;l Njjp my;yJ
jrhg;jk; ,y;iy. Mdhy;, gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; Njrpa czu;tpd;
vOr;rpAld; $ba gy Kf;fpakhd fUj;Jf;fisAk; epfo;TfisAk;
milahsk; fhz KbAk;. ,J 1885-y; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd;
m];jpthuj;ij mile;jJ. ,e;jpahtpy; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; vOr;rpAld;
njhlu;Gila Kf;fpa fhuzq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. ,e;jpahtpd; epu;thf xd;wpizg;G: fhydpa Ml;rpapy; Njrpak;
vupA+l;lg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpy; Njrpak; vOr;rp ngw gpupl;b\;
Vfhjpgj;jpak; kpf Kf;fpakhd fhuzpahf ,Ue;jJ. mJ ehl;bd;
G+Nfhs uPjpahd cUthf;fj;ijg; gw;wpa fUj;jhf ,Ue;jJ.
,e;jpa kf;fs; jk;ik xNu ehlhf fUjpf; nfhs;s> ehl;bd;
murpay; xd;wpizg;G vd;w xU Njhw;wj;ij mJ nfhz;L
te;jJ. ehL KOtJk; rl;lk; kw;Wk; epu;thfj;ij xNu
khjpupahf Mq;fpNyau;fs; nfhz;L te;jdu;.
2. Nkw;fj;jpa ehfuPfj;jpd; jhf;fk;: ,e;jpahit Mq;fpNyau;fs;
ifg;gw;wpajhy; Nkw;fj;jpa cyfj;Jld; tpiuthd rq;fq;fs;
toptFj;jJ. ,jd; tpisthf> INuhg;gpa ehLfSld;
mwpKfkhdtu;fs; ,e;jpau;fspilNa ngUk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jp
tpl;lhu;fs;. INuhg;ghtpy; gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L
Njrpathjk; kw;Wk; jhuhsthjj;jpd; E}w;whz;lhf ,Ue;jJ.
Nkw;fj;jpa ehLfspy; ,Ue;J Fwpg;ghf fpNuf;fk;> ,j;jhyp>
n[u;kdp kw;Wk; ngy;[paj;jpy; ,Ue;J Njrpak;> jhuhsthjk;
vd;w fUj;Jfis ,e;jpau;fs; cwpQ;rpf; nfhz;lhu;fs;.
Nkw;fj;jpa rpe;jidahsu;fshd Nuh];N]h> ];ngd;ru;>
nge;jk;> nkf;fhNy> gu;f;> kpy; kw;Wk; thy;Nlu; MfpNahUk;
,e;jpau;fspilNa Rje;jpuk; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis Cf;fg;gLj;jp
cw;rhfg;gLj;jpdu;. ,jdhy;> ,e;jpau;fs; kj;jpapy; murpay;
tpopg;Gzu;T Vw;gl;L> tpopg;Gzu;T tsu;r;rpahf ,Ue;jJ.
mnkupf;fg; Gul;rp> gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rp kw;Wk; INuhg;ghtpd; gpw Gul;rpfSk;

1857 Mz;bd; Gul;rp kw;Wk; ,e;jpa kf;fSf;F Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk; vd;w Gjpa
yl;rpaq;fisf; nfhz;L Cf;fk; mspj;jJ. gy E}w;whz;Lfs;
xLf;FKiwiaAk; Ruz;liyAk; vjpu;j;Jg; Nghuhl
,e;jpau;fSf;F Njrpak;> ehl;Lg;gw;W Cf;fk; mspj;jJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; 3. Mq;fpy nkhop mjpfupg;G: ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpy
fy;tpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; 1857 vd;w fpsu;r;rpf;Fg; gpwF Ntfkhf
mjpfupj;jJ. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,uz;lhk; ghjpahf
,q;fpyhe;jpy; jhuhsthjj;jpd; taJ ,Ue;jJ. kpy;ld; Kjy;
kpy; tiu Mq;fpyr; nrt;tpay; GidTfis Ma;T nra;J>
Mq;fpyj;ijg; gbj;j ,e;jpau;fspd; kdq;fspy; jhuhsthjj;jpd;
tpijia cl;nghjpj;jJ. jhuhsthjj;Jf;F ,uz;L gz;Gfs;
,Ue;jd. — Njrpak;> [dehafk;. ,t;tpjk; Mq;fpyf;
fy;tpKiw gutpajhy;> fy;tpawpT ngw;w ,e;jpau;fs; ngUfpa
Kiwapy; murpay; czu;tile;jdu;. jq;fsJ nrhe;j eyd;fis
epiwNtw;Wk; nghUl;L ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpy nkhopia
gpupl;b\u;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdu;. ,e;jpahtpy; jq;fs; Ml;rpia
tYg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Mq;fpyj;jpy; gbj;j ,e;jpa vOj;ju;fs;
Njit vd;gjhy;, Mq;fpyj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;fs;.
Mq;fpyf; fy;tpAk; ntt;NtW khfhzq;fisr; Nru;e;j kf;fs;
xUtiu xUtu; neUq;fp tu cjtp nra;jJ. ,t;thwhf
,e;jpau;fspilNa Njrpa czu;TfisAk;> murpay; czu;itAk;
tsu;f;f cjtpaJ.
4. jfty; gupkhw;wj;jpd; gad;ghL mjpfupg;G: 1852 kw;Wk; 1853
Mfpa Njjpfspy; je;jp kw;Wk; uapy;Ntapd; mwpKfk;
,e;jpahtpd; tpiuthd Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk; jfty;njhlu;G
toptiffisAk; mspj;jJ. etPd jfty; njhlu;G rhjdq;fs;
,e;jpaf; fpuhkq;fspilNa njhlu;ig mjpfg;gLj;jpaJld;>
jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;l gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk; kf;fs;
xUtUf;nfhUtu; neUq;fp tu tha;g;G fpilj;jJ. jfty; njhlu;G
tiyg;gpd;dy;fs; tzpfk; kw;Wk; tu;j;jfj;ij mq;fPfupj;jNjhL>
r%f kw;Wk; mwpTWtkhd njhlu;Gfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F
gy;NtW gpuhe;jpaq;fis gpugyg;gLj;j cjtpd. Gjpa r%f
kw;Wk; nghUshjhu rq;fq;fs; r%f tptfhuq;fs; njhlu;ghd
jfty;fisg; ngw mtu;fSf;F cjtp Gupe;jdu;.
5. fyhr;rhu ghuk;gupaj;jpd; jhf;fk;: ehl;by; Njrpa
,af;fj;jpd; tsu;r;rpf;fhd fhuzj;ij Kd;ndLj;Jr;
nry;tjw;F gy fy;tpahsu;fSk;> kj rPu;jpUj;jthjpfSk;
jq;fs; gq;if Mw;wpdu;. mtu;fs; fle;j fhy Mlk;guj;ijAk;>
,e;jpahtpd; tskhd ghuk;gupaj;ijAk; typAWj;jpdu;.
tq;fhsj;jpd; Mrpa rKjhaj;jhy; Muk;gf;fhy ,e;jpa
,yf;fpaj;jpd; Ma;T kw;Wk; ntspaPlhd Nkf;]; Ky;yu;> Nfhy;G&f;>
Nkhdpau; tpy;ypak;];> ùp gpurhj; rh];jpup> udNl> Mu;.[p. ghz;lu;fu;>
uhN[e;jpu yha; kpl;uh Nghd;wit ,e;jpa kf;fSf;F rk];fpUj
nkhopapd; mUikiag; giw rhl;bdu;. mtu;fSila

vOj;Jf;fs; fle;j fhyj;jpy; xU ngUkpjj;ijAk;> 1857 Mz;bd; Gul;rp kw;Wk;
vjpu;fhyj;jpd; kPJ ek;gpf;if czu;itAk; nfhz;bUe;jd.
re;jpuFg;jh> mNrhfd;> mf;gu; Nghd;w ngupa Nguuru;fisAk;
mtu;fs; vOj;Jf;fspy; Gfo;e;jhu;fs;.
6. r%f kw;Wk; kj rPu;jpUj;jthjpfspd; gq;fspg;G: kj kw;Wk; r%f Fwpg;Gfs;
rPu;jpUj;jthjpfs;> uh[h uhk Nkhfd; uha;>NjNge;jpuehj; jh$u;> Nfrg;
re;jpu nrd;> Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjp> uhkfpU\;z guk`h]h>
<];tu; re;jpu tpj;ahrhfu;> tpNtfhde;ju; kw;Wk; gyu; ,e;jpa
kf;fs; kPJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f nry;thf;F KjypatdhFk;. jdpAupik>
Rje;jpuk; Mfpatw;wpd; RUf;fk; ehl;L kf;fspd; nghf;fp\k; vd;W
epidj;J nghWg;ghf ,Ue;jhu;fs;.
7. ,e;jpa gj;jpupifAk; ,yf;fpaKk; Nkk;ghL: kf;fs; fUj;ij
cUthf;f cjtpajd; %yk; Njrpa czu;tpd; vOr;rpapy;
mr;rfk; ngUk; gq;F tfpj;jJ. jp gk;gha; rkr;ru;> Nfrup> jp
mk;upj; g[hu; gj;upfh> ,e;jpa kpuu;> ,e;J ehl;Lg;gw;whsu;> jp ,e;J>
ngq;fhNy Nghd;w nra;jpj;jhs;fs; ,e;jpa kf;fis ngUkstpy;
gugug;ig Vw;gLj;jpd. N`k; re;jpuh ghdu;[p> Mu;.rp. jj;jh> jpd;
ge;J kpj;uh> etPd; re;jpu nrd;> gq;fpk; re;jpu rhl;lu;[p kw;Wk;
utPe;jpuehj; jh$u; MfpNahUk; kf;fspd; kdq;fis
ghjpj;jtu;fs;. gq;fpk; re;jpu rhl;lu;[papd; vd;w Mde;j; klk;>
etPd tq;fhs Njrpathjj;jpd; iggps; vd;W rupahfNt
filgpbf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,t;thwhf, Njrgf;ju;fs; kw;Wk;
Gj;jprhypfspd; ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,e;jpau;fspd; kdjpy; xU
vOr;rpia nfhz;L te;jdu;. ,e;j jPtpukhd kdq;fs; ,e;jpa
Njrpathjj;jpd; tsu;r;rpf;F nghWg;ghf ,Ue;jd.
8. nghUshjhu Ruz;ly;: ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd;
Kjd;ikahd Fwpf;Nfhs; nghUshjhu Ruz;ly; jhd;.
,e;jpahtpypUe;J %yg;nghUl;fis gwpj;Jf; nfhz;L> cw;gj;jp
nghUl;fis nfhz;L te;jdu;. nghUshjhu Ruz;ly; nfhs;if
,e;jpaj; njhopy;fis ehrkhf;fp tpl;lJ. gpupl;b\upd; jilaw;w
tu;j;jff; nfhs;if> ,e;jpa tzpfk; kw;Wk; njhopw;rhiyfSf;F
Nguopit ep&gpj;jJ. ,e;jpa njhopw;rhiyfs; ru;tNjr
re;ijapy; Nghl;bapl jtwptpl;ld. Vnddpy;> gpupl;b\; njhopy;fs;
nfhz;bUe;j mD$yq;fisAk; rYiffisAk; mtu;fs;
,oe;jdu;. NkYk;, ,q;fpyhe;J kf;fspd; Njitf;F Vw;g ,e;jpahtpd;
nghUshjhu mikg;G mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy;, ,e;jpa kf;fspd;
eyd;fs; Kw;wpYkhf Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;jpau;fSf;Fk;>
gpupl;l\u;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwT Nkd;NkYk; Nkhrkhfg;
Ngha;tpl;lJ.
9. muR gzpfSf;F Ms;Nru;gG ; gzpapy; ,e;jpau;fSf;F vjpuhf
ghugl;rk;: muR gzpfSf;F Ml;Nru;gG ; nra;Ak; msTf;F
Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; fLikahd ghFghLfis ,e;jpau;fs;
vjpu;nfhz;ldu;. 1858-y; tpf;Nlhupah kfhuhzp ,e;jpau;fs;>
jq;fs; rhjp> kjk; my;yJ ,dk; ,tw;iwg; nghUl;gLj;jhky;,

1857 Mz;bd; Gul;rp kw;Wk; jq;fs; jdpj;jpwdpd; mbg;gilapy; cau; gjtpfSf;F
Nju;en ; jLf;fg;gLthu;fs; vd;W
gpufldk; nra;J xg;Gf;nfhz;lJ.
Mdhy;, ,e;jf; nfhs;if Kiwahf epiwNtw;wg;gltpy;iy.
gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpd; epahakw;w nfhs;iffs; ,e;jpa fy;tpawpT
Fwpg;Gfs; kf;fspilNa gutyhd mjpUg;jpia cUthf;fpaJ.
10. ypl;ld; gpuG Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ele;j epfo;Tfs;: 1870 Kjy;
1884 tiuapyhd fhyk; kpfTk; nfhe;jspf;Fk; tifapy; ,e;jpa
Njrpak; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lij fz;lJ. ypl;ld; gpuG Ml;rpf;
fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j epahakw;w nfhs;iffSk;> ,af;fq;fSk;
Njrpathj ,af;fj;ij tYg;gLj;jpd. mtu; 1877-y; jdJ
gpugykhd nly;yp ju;ghu; elj;jpdhu;. mg;NghJ njd; ,e;jpa
kf;fs; ngUk; gQ;rk; tpisTfshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lhu;fs;. gpupl;b\;
[Tsp ,wf;Fkjpfs; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; [Tsp cw;gj;jpahsu;fis>
gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; ,wf;Fkjp nra;Ak; nghUl;L> ,e;jpa
kf;fspilNa gutyhd mjpUg;jpia ,Ue;jJ. ,e;jpahtpd;
tsu;e;J tUk; [Tspj; njhopiy Nkhrklf;Fk; gpupl;b\;
tpUg;gq;fspd; xU rhd;whf ,e;j eltbf;ifia
,e;jpau;fs; fUjpdu;. ,uz;lhtJ Mg;fhdpa Nghu; ,e;jpag;
nghUshjhuj;jpy; NguopT juf;$ba tpisTfis Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
NkYk;> ,e;jpa kf;fspilNa tsu;e;J tUk; Njrpa czu;it
eRf;Ftjw;fhf> 1878-y; yhu;l;ld; ntu;dhFyu; gpu]; rl;lj;ij
,aw;wpdhu;. r%fj;jpd; midj;J gpuptpdiuAk; Nru;e;j kf;fs;>
,e;j rl;lj;jpd; ghugl;rkhd tpjpfis fz;bj;jdu;. ,e;jpahtpd;
vjpu;fhy Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F ,r;rl;lk; xU gpw;Nghf;Fj;jdkhd>
eilKiw uPjpahd eltbf;if vd;W Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1878 y; xNu Neuj;jpy;> ,e;jpa Fbikg; gzpj; Nju;tpy; cr;r
taJ tuk;ig 21 Mz;Lfs; Kjy; 19 tiu vd;w Gjpa topfhl;L
newpKiwfis muR mwptpj;jJ. ,e;j eltbf;iffs; midj;Jk;
,e;jpau;fspilNa gutyhd mjpUg;jpia Njhw;Wtpj;jJ.
11. ,y;gu;l; kNrhjh thjk;: gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahtpy; upg;gd; gpuG Ml;rpf;
fhyj;jpy;> ,y;gu;l; kNrhjh njhlu;ghf xU ru;r;ir vOe;jJ. me;j
khtl;l mstpy; Fw;w tof;Ffspy; gpupj;jhdpa Fw;wthspfis
tprhupf;Fk; mjpfhu tuk;ig ,e;jpa khtl;l ePjpgjpfs; kw;Wk;
mku;T ePjpgjpfSf;F toq;Fk; ,y;gu;l; kNrhjh vd;w tpjpia
upg;gd; epiwNtw;w Kad;whu;. Mdhy;> ,e;j kNrhjh gpupl;ldpy;>
gpupl;b\; FbNaw;wf;fhuu;fs;> gpupl;ldpYk; jPtpu vjpu;g;ig
vjpu;nfhz;lJ. ,jd; tpisthf> muR ,e;j kNrhjhtpy;
jpUj;jk; nra;a Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ,J ,g;NghJ gpupl;b\;
kf;fspd; mjpfhuj;jpw;F mbikg;gl;L ,Ue;j ,e;jpau;fspilNa
mjpUg;jpia mjpfupj;jJ.

gpupl;b\; Nkyhjpf;fk; rpy rf;jpfSf;F vOr;rpia mspj;jJ. mJ
,Wjpapy; gpupl;b\; Vfhjpgj;jpaj;ij vjpu;jJ
; epw;fpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>

Mq;fpNyau; Mq;fpyj;ij ,e;jpahtpd; fy;tp Kiwapy; fl;lhakhff; 1857 Mz;bd; Gul;rp kw;Wk;
cl;GFj;jpdu;. ,e;jpau;fs; Njrpathjk;> murpay; cupikfs;> [dehafk;
Mfpa fUj;Jf;fisj; jhz;b te;jhu;fs;. ,e;j fUj;Jf;fs; gy murpay;
rq;fq;fis tpistpj;jd. ,J Nghy ,e;jpau;fSf;F njupatpy;iy.
1836-f;F gpwF, gy murpay; rq;fq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld. Fwpg;Gfs;
1866-y; jhjhgha; nesNuh[p yz;ldpy; fpof;F-,e;jpah rq;fj;ij
xUq;fpizj;jhu;. ,e;j rq;fj;jpd; Nehf;fk; gpupl;lidr; nry;thf;Fld;
‘,e;jpa eyid’ Cf;Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. rpy fhyk; fopj;J
,e;jpahtpd; gy;NtW efuq;fspy; jdJ fpisfis jpwe;jhu;.
tq;fhsj;jpy; murpay; rq;fq;fs;

,e;jpahtpy; r%f murpay; rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fisj; njhlq;fpa
Kjy; ,e;jpaj; jiytu; uh[h uhk; Nkhfd; uha; Mthu;. Nkw;fj;jpa
fUj;Jf;fshy; ngupJk; jhf;fg;gl;lhu;. cyfk; KOtJk; gy kf;fs;
,af;fq;fis mtu; Mjupj;jhu;. 1821-y; ];ngapdpy; murpayikg;G
murhq;fk; epWtg;gl;l NghJ> uhk; Nkhfd; uha; ,e;j epfo;it
fy;fj;jhtpy; nfhz;lhbdhu;.
gj;jpupifr; Rje;jpuk;> cupikapay; ePjpkd;wq;fs; kw;Wk; ,ju cau;
gjtpfspy; ,e;jpau; epakdk;> rl;lk; Kjypad murpay; rq;fq;fis
Vw;ghL nra;Ak; gzp> uhk;Nkhfd; uha; $l;lhspfSf;F tplg;gl;lJ.
(i) gq;fgh\h gpufh]pfh rgh: 1836-y; ‘gq;fgh\h gpufh]pfh rgh’
vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j rq;fk;> murpd; nfhs;if kw;Wk;
epu;thfk; njhlu;ghd gy;NtW jiyg;Gfspy; tpthjpj;jJ. NkYk;>
muRf;F Nfhupf;if kDf;fis mDg;gp jPu;T fhz Kad;wdu;.
(ii) [kPzl ; up rq;fk;: 1837 [_iy khjk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J epy
cilikahsu;fs; rq;fk; vd;W gpugykhf miof;fg;gl;lJ.
gPfhu;> tq;fhsk; kw;Wk; xuprhtpy; epyg;gpuGf;fspd; eyd;fisg;
ghJfhf;Fk; Nehf;fj;Jld; ,J epWtg;gl;lJ. jd;Dila
Nehf;fq;fis kl;Lg;gLj;jpdhYk;> epy cilikAs;s rKjhak; xU
jpl;lkpl;l murpay; eltbf;ifapd; Muk;gj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. mJ>
Fiwfisf; fisjy;> murpayikg;G fpsu;rr ; papd; topKiwfis
gad;gLj;jpaJ. fy;fpapd; epy cilikapau; rq;fk;> 1839 Mz;L
yz;ldpy; jpU. Mlk;]; epWtpa gpupl;b\; ,e;jpah rKjhaj;Jld;
xj;Jioj;jJ. ,e;j xg;Gjy; 1844 tiu nray;gl;lJ.
(iii) tq;fhsk; gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa rKjhak;: ,e;j rKjhak; Vg;uy;
1843-y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j rKjhaj;jpd; Nehf;fkhdJ>
‘gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa kf;fspd; cz;ik epiy gw;wpa jfty;fis
Nrfupj;J gug;Gjy;> kw;Wk; nghJ eyid ghJfhf;f fzf;fplg;gLk;
tifapy;> mj;jifa mikjpahd kw;Wk; rl;lG+ut ; khd Fzhk;rj;ij
gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;’ vd;gjhFk;. ekJ rf ghlq;fspd; midj;J
tu;ff; q;fspd; eyd;fisAk; ,J Kd;dNaw;WfpwJ. ,e;j mikg;G
1851-y; [kPzl ; up rq;fj;Jld; ,ize;J gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa rq;fj;ij
cUthf;fpaJ.

1857 Mz;bd; Gul;rp kw;Wk; (iv) gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa rq;fk;: epy cilikahsu; rq;fk; kw;Wk;
tq;fhsg; gpupl;b\; ,e;jpah rq;fk; Mfpatw;wpd; Njhy;tp fhuzkhf
,U rq;fq;fSk; xd;wpizf;fg;gl;L 1851 mf;Nlhgu; 29-y; xU
Gjpa gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa rq;fj;ij cUthf;fpaJ. ,e;j rq;fk;> ,e;j
Fwpg;Gfs; tu;ff ; j;jpd; eyd;fis ghJfhg;gNj, ,e;j rq;fj;jpd; Kjd;ikahd
Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. vdpDk;> ,e;j rq;fk; xU jhuhs mZFKiw
gpd;gw;wg;gl;L> fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpd; rhrdj;ij GJg;gpf;Fk; Neuk;
te;jNghJ> 1852-y; ehlhSkd;wj;Jf;F xU kD mDg;gpaJ. ,e;j
kDtpy;> kf;fs; jd;ikf; nfhz;l jdp rl;lkd;wj;ij mikf;f
Ntz;Lk;. epu;thf tpohf;fspy; ,Ue;J ePjpkd;w mtkjpg;G> cau;
mjpfhupfspd; rk;gsk; Fiwg;G> cg;Gf; flik> mg;fup kw;Wk;
Kj;jpiuf; flikfs; Mfpatw;iw epWt Ntz;Lk; vd;W Ntz;LNfhs;
tpLj;jJ. ,e;j rq;fj;jpd; Ntz;LNfhs;fs; XusT G+uj ; j
; p nra;ag;gl;L>
rl;lkd;w Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf MSeu;-n[duy; rigf;F MW
cWg;gpdu;fis Nru;jJ ; > 1853 vd;w gl;lar; rl;lk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa rq;fk; 20-k; E}w;whz;L tiu xU murpay;
mikg;ghf jdJ ,Ug;ig njhlu;ej ; J. mJ ,e;jpa Njrpa
fhq;fpurhy; epoypl;lJ.
(v) ,e;jpah yPf;: ghG rprpu; Fkhu; Nfh]; nrg;lk;gu; 1875 ,e;j
rq;fj;ij epWtpdhu;. ‘kf;fspilNa Njrpak; czu;it
J}z;LtJ’ ,e;j rq;fj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. murpay; fy;tpia
Nkk;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fj;jpYk; ,e;j rq;fk; cs;sJ.
(vi) ,e;jpa rq;fk;: xU tUlj;jpw;Fs; ,e;jpa rq;fj;jhy; ,e;jpah
yPf; MdJ. 1876 [_iy 26 md;W Mde;j Nkhfd; Ngh];
kw;Wk; RNue;jpuehj; ghdu;[p mtu;fshy; epWtg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa
rq;fk;> ‘kj;jpa ju tu;f;fj;jpdu; kl;Lkd;wp ntF[dq;fisAk;
<u;f;Fk;’ vd ek;gpaJ. vdNt> gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa rq;fk; 50 Mz;L
re;jh nrYj;jg;gl;ljw;F vjpu;g;Gj; njuptpj;J> mjd; tUlhe;jpu
re;jhit 5tJ ,lj;jpy; itj;jpUe;jJ. tpiutpNyNa ,e;jpa
rq;fk; ‘tq;fhs Njrj;ijr; Nru;e;j gbj;j rKjhaj;jpd; Kd;dzpg;
gpujpepjpfspd; ikakhf’ khwpaJ. brk;gu; 1886-y; ,e;jpa rq;fk;
Njrpa fhq;fpuRld; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
ypl;ld; nry;thf;fw;w eltbf;iffs; ,e;jpahtpy; murpay;
eltbf;iffis J}z;btpl;ld. 1876 vd;w tpjpKiw> ICS Nju;tpy;
Njhw;wj;jpw;fhd mjpfgl;r taij 21-ypUe;J 19-tajhf Fiwj;jJ.
,e;j Nju;T yz;ldpy; kl;Lk; eilngw;wjhy;> ,sk; ,e;jpau;fs;
vz;zw;w ,d;dy;fis re;jpf;f Neu;e;jJ. ,e;j gpur;rpidia ,e;jpa
rq;fk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;L, mjw;F vjpuhf mfpy ,e;jpa fpsu;r;rpiaAk;
Vw;ghL nra;jpUe;jJ. ,J ,e;jpa Fbikg; gzp Nghuhl;lk; vd;W
midtuhYk; mwpag;gLfpwJ.
gk;ghapy; murpay; rq;fq;fs;

(i) gk;gha; rq;fk;: fy;fj;jhtpYs;s gpupl;b\; ,e;jpah rq;fk;> Mf];l;
26 md;W 1852 md;W gk;gha; rq;fk; epWtg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpaf;

gpujpepjpahfTk;> Gjpa rl;lkd;wf; FOf;fisAk; mikf;f 1857 Mz;bd; Gul;rp kw;Wk;
Ntz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;jp gpupl;b\; ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;F gk;gha;
rq;fk; kD mDg;gpaJ. ,e;j rq;fk;> cau; NritfspypUe;J
,e;jpau;fis xJf;fp itf;Fk; nfhs;ifia fz;ldk;
nra;jNjhL> INuhg;gpau;fSf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;l rpW gjtpfSf;fhf Fwpg;Gfs;
nryT nra;jJ. ,e;j rq;fk; ePz;l fhyk; capu; thotpy;iy.
(ii) gk;gha; khfhz rq;fk;: ypl;ld; kw;Wk; ,y;gu;l; kNrhjh ru;r;irapd;
nfhs;iffs; gk;ghapy; murpay; nfhe;jspg;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
,jd; fhuzkhf, 1885-Mz;by; gk;gha; khfhz rq;fk; cUthdJ.
,J> gk;gha; efupd; %d;W gpujhd r%fq;fisr; Nru;e;j nk`;jh>
njyhq; kw;Wk; jpahg;[p Nghd;w gpugykhf rNfhjuu;fs; vd;W
kf;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
(iii) G+dh ru;t[dpf; rgh: ,J G+dhtpy; ePjpgjp uhdNl kw;Wk;
VidNahuhy; 1870-y; epWtg;gl;lJ. ,jd; Nehf;fk;
murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ghykhf ,Ue;jJ.
gk;gha; khfhz rq;fKk;> G+dh ru;t[dpf; rigAk; neUq;fpa
xj;Jiog;Gld; nraw;gl;lJ.
nrd;idapy; murpay; rq;fq;fs;

(i) nrd;id nrhe;j rq;fk;: ,e;j 1852 gpg;utup 26 md;W fy;fj;jh
gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa rq;fj;jpd; fpisahf mikf;fg;gl;lJ. 1853
vd;w rhrdr; rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg; gl;l Kd;> nrd;id G+u;tPf
rq;fk;> ehlhSkd;wj;Jf;Fk; kD mDg;gpaJ. gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa
rq;fk; kw;Wk; gk;gha; rq;fk; Nghd;w Nfhupf;iffis mJ
Vw;gLj;jpaJ. vdpDk;> nrd;id G+u;tPf rq;fk; gpugykhdjhf
,y;iy.
(ii) nkl;uh]; kfh[d rig: ,ij vk;. tp[auhfthr;rhup> [p.
Rg;ukzpa Iau;> Mde;j rhl;Y> uq;fa;ah ehAL kw;Wk; gyu;
16 Nk 1884 md;W cUthf;fpdu;. ,J cs;Su; rq;fq;fspd;
nray;ghLfis xUq;fpizg;gJ kw;Wk; [dhjpgjp %yk;
mjpfhuG+u;tkw;w csTj;Jiwf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspg;gJ
vd;w Nehf;fj;ij nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,J ,uz;L kf;fs; khehLfs;
elj;jpaJ: xd;W brk;gu; 29-k; Njjp Kjy; brk;gu; 31 tiu
1884 kw;Wk; ,uz;lhtJ [dtup khjk; 1885 rl;lkd;wq;fis
tpupthf;fk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. rl;lkd;w Nkyitapy; ,e;jpau;fis
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;tJ> tUtha;j; Jiw gzpfspypUe;J ePjp
gpupT Mfpatw;iw tpupTgLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W NfhupaJ.

3. ,e;jpahtpy; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; vOr;rpAld; njhlu;Gila
VNjDk; ,uz;L fhuzq;fis Fwpg;gpLf.
4. ,y;gu;l; kNrhjhtpd; Nehf;fj;ij tptupf;f.
5. gk;gha; rq;fk; vg;nghOJ epWtg;gl;lJ?

1857 Mz;bd; Gul;rp kw;Wk;
1. fyfj;jpd; Kf;fpa fhuzq;fspy; xd;W> thupR ,of;Fk; nfhs;if.
Fwpg;Gfs; 2. gpupl;b\; uhZtj;jpd; rpg;gha;fs; my;yJ rpg;gha;fNsh> Jg;ghf;fpfspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Njhl;lhf;fs; gR kw;Wk; gd;wp nfhOg;gpy; ,Ue;J
jahupf;fg;gl;l girahy; G+rg;gl;bUe;jd. ,e;Jf;fs; kj;jpapy; cau;
rhjpiar; Nru;ej; tPuu;fs; khl;L nfhOg;Gk;> K];yk P f
; Sk; gd;wp
nfhOf;fl;il nra;a vjpu;gG ; njuptpj;jdu;.
3. ,e;jpahtpy; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; vOr;rpAld; njhlu;Gila ,uz;L
fhuzq;fSk;> ,e;jpahtpd; epu;thf xUq;fpizg;Gk;> Nkw;fj;jpa
ehfupfj;jpd; jhf;fKk; MFk;.
4. ,e;jpa khtl;l ePjpgjpfs; kw;Wk; mku;T ePjpgjpfisf; nfhz;l
,y;gu;l; kNrhjh> khtl;l mstpy; Fw;w tof;Ffspy; gpupl;b\;
Fw;wthspfis tprhupf;Fk; mjpfhu tuk;igf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
5. 1852 Mf];L 26 md;W fy;fj;jh gpupl;b\; ,e;jpah rq;fj;jpd;
kPJ gk;gha; rq;fk; epWtg;gl;lJ.
6.5 RUf;fk;
••1857-y;> gpshrpg; Nghupy; ,Ue;J Mq;fpNyau; ,e;jpahtpy;
E}W Mz;Lfs; jq;fpapUf;f Kbe;jJ. ,jd; NghJ ,e;jpa
Ml;rpahsu;fs; Kd;dhs; kfpe;jit ,oe;jjhy; mjpUg;jp
mile;jNjhL tptrhapfs; gz;izabikfis Fiwj;jjhy;
mjpUg;jpaile;Js;sdu;.
••fyfj;jpd; Kf;fpa fhuzq;fspy; xd;W> thupR ,of;Fk; nfhs;if.
kfd;fis jj;njLj;j vNjr;rjpfhukhd topfs; ntw;wp ngw
mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy.
••gpupl;b\; uhZtj;jpd; rpg;gha;fs; my;yJ rpg;gha;fSk;>
Jg;ghf;fpfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Njhl;lhf;fs; gR kw;Wk; gd;wp
nfhOg;gpy; ,Ue;J jahupf;fg;gl;l girahy; G+rg;gl;bUe;jd.
••ehl;bd; tu;j;jfk;> tzpfk; Fwpj;J Mq;fpNyau;fspd; KO
jdpj;jd;ik $l kpFe;j mjpUg;jpia Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
••fpsu;r;rp xU Njrpa epfo;r;rpay;y. vdNt xU jhf;fj;ij
tpl;L tpl Kbatpy;iy. ,e;j fpsu;r;rp ,e;jpahtpd; njd;
khepyq;fspy; ve;j ghjpg;Gk; Vw;gltpy;iy.
••,e;jpahtpd; kPJ fk;gdpapd; gpbg;gpd; mbj;jsk; 1857 vd;w
fyfj;ij cYf;fpAs;sJ. mjd; gpwF ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\;
Ml;rpia tYg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; tYthd nghwpKiw kw;Wk;
epu;thff; nfhs;if itf;fg;gl;lJ.
••,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpNyau;fspd; ,Ug;ig ,uz;L fl;lq;fshf
gpupf;fyhk;. xU fl;lk; 1772 Kjy; 1858 tiu ,Ue;jJ. ,jd;

fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp gpupl;b\; uhZtj;jpd; cjtpNahL> ,uz;lhk; 1857 Mz;bd; Gul;rp kw;Wk;
fl;lk; 1858 Kjy; 1947 tiu gpupl;b\; kFlk; Ml;rp nra;jJ.
••fpsu;r;rp tiu 1853 vd;w gl;lak; rl;lk; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpia
,e;jpahit Ms mDkjpj;jJ. 1857 Gul;rpf;Fg;gpd;, gpupl;b\;
NguuR fk;ngdpapd; Ml;rpia Kbj;Jf; nfhz;L, ,e;jpahit Fwpg;Gfs;
gpupl;b\; kFlj;jpy; mq;fk; vd;W giwrhw;wpaJ.
••,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Kjy; fl;lkhdJ ,e;jpa
kf;fspilNa Njrpathj rpe;jidia Kisf;f Muk;gpj;jpUf;fyhk;
vd;W vz;zyhk;. ,e;jpa Njrpak; Njhd;wpaij Fwpf;ff;
Fwpg;gpl;l Njjp my;yJ gj;jhz;L fhyk; ,y;iy.
••Njrpak; fhydpa Ml;rpahy; vupA+l;lg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpy; Njrpak;
vOr;rp ngw gpupl;b\; Vfhjpgj;jpak; kpf Kf;fpakhd fhuzpahf
,Ue;jJ.
••1852 kw;Wk; 1853 Mfpa Njjpfspy; je;jp kw;Wk;
uapy;Ntapd; mwpKfk;> ,e;jpah tpiuthd Nghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk;
jfty;njhlu;G topfis mspj;jJ. etPd jfty; njhlu;G
rhjdq;fs; ,e;jpaf; fpuhkq;fspilNa njhlu;ig
mjpfg;gLj;jpaJld;> jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;l gpuhe;jpaq;fspy;
,Ue;Jk; kf;fs; xUtUf;nfhUtu; neUq;fp tu tha;g;G fpilj;jJ.
••1870 Kjy; 1884 tiuapyhd fhyk; kpfTk; nfhe;jspf;Fk;
tifapy; ,e;jpa Njrpak; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lij fz;lJ.
6.6 Kf;fpa fUj;J gbkq;fs;

••epytop mbik: jdJ ,iwtdJ Njhl;lj;jpy; Ntiy nra;J
nfhz;bUe;j epyg;gpuGj;Jt Kiwahy; fl;Lz;Ls;s tptrhaj;
njhopyhsp vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
••Njrpak;: mJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l Njrj;jpd; eyd;fis Cf;Ftpg;gjd;
%yk; xU murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu rpj;jhe;jKk; ,af;fKk;
MFk;. Fwpg;ghf Njrj;jpd; ,iwahz;ikia mjd; jhafk; kPJ
(jd;dhl;rp) ngw;W epiy epWj;Jk; Nehf;fj;Jld; ,J cs;sJ.
••FbNaw;wf;nfhs;if: mJ kw;nwhU ehl;bd; kPJ KO my;yJ
gFjp murpay; fl;Lg;ghl;ilg; ngWtjw;fhd nfhs;if my;yJ
eilKiwiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ. NkYk;> mJ FbNawpfis
Mf;fpukpf;Fk; nghUshjhuj;ij Ruz;LfpwJ.
6.7 jw;Nrhjid kw;Wk; gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;;

FW tpil tpdhf;fs;:
1. 1857 Gul;rpapd; jd;ik gw;wp tpthjpf;f.
2. 1858-y; ,e;jpaurpaiyg;G rl;lk; vd;dthf ,Ue;jJ?

1857 Mz;bd; Gul;rp kw;Wk; 3. ,e;jpahtpd; epu;thf xd;wpizg;G vt;thW Njrpathjj;ij
vupA+l;LfpwJ?
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;:

Fwpg;Gfs; 1. 1857 fyfj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fis Muha;f.
2. 1857 fpsu;r;rp Njhy;tp Vd;? fyfj;jpd; jhf;fk; vd;d?
3.
,e;jpahtpy; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; vOr;rpAld; njhlu;Gila
fhuzq;fis tptup.
6.8 NkYk; gbf;f

rhz;l;> jhuh. 2005. ,e;jpahtpy; Rje;jpu ,af;fj;jpd; tuyhW. GJ
jpy;yp: Mrpah gg;sp\pq; `T];.
re;jpuh> gpghd;. 1999. Rje;jpu Nghuhl;lk;. GJ jpy;yp: Ne\dy; Gf;
bu];l;.
re;jpuh> gpghd;. 1989. Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; nghUshjhu
Njrpathjj;jpd; vOr;rp kw;Wk; tsu;r;rp. GJ jpy;yp: ngq;Fapd;
Gj;jfq;fs;.
nrsj;up> S.H. 1999. ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; NghJ rptpy;
Fog;gq;fs; (1765–1857). fy;fj;jh: Ntu;y;l; gpu]; ypkpnll;.
Njrha;> A.R. 2008. ,e;jpa Njrpathjj;jpd; r%f gpd;dzp. Kk;ig:
gpugy gpufhrd;.

gFjp – III ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd;
cUthf;fk;
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; Kjy; epiy 1885–1919 kw;Wk;
,e;jpahtpd; rpy jiytu;fs;;
Fwpg;Gfs;
myF 7 ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd;
cUthf;fk;
mikg;G
7.0 mwpKfk;
7.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
7.2 ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];: kpjthjpfs; cUthf;fk;
7.3.1 jPtputhj vOr;rpf;F toptFj;jf; fhuzpfs;
7.3.2 jPtputhjpfspd; Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; topKiwfs;
tpilfs;
7.5 RUf;fk;
7.8 NkYk; gbf;f
7.0 mwpKfk;
Kfyha mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; gpupl;b\; Mf;fpukpg;G Mfpatw;wpd;
xOq;FKiwahdJ gpupl;b\; uh[;[paj;ij mjd; fpof;F gpujhd
epu;thfj;jhy; epu;tfpf;fg;gl;l %d;W gpujhd gjtpfisf; nfhz;L
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. nkl;uh];> gk;gha;> fy;fj;jh Mfpa khfhzq;fSk;
Mq;fpNyau;fSf;F Neupilahfg; gjpy; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. fpof;fpe;jpa
epWtdj;jhy; ,e;jpaj; Jizf; fz;lj;ij ntd;nwLg;gjd; %yk;>
,e;j gue;j gFjpfs;> MSk; rk];jhdj; jiytu;fSldhd Jiz
cld;ghLfs; %yk; Neubahf jq;fs; Ml;rpapd; fPo; te;jd. tup
tR+ypj;jdu; kw;Wk; ,e;j mur kuGfs; %yk; jq;fs; tUthia <l;bdu;.
1857 Gul;rpf;F gpd; vQ;rpa mur tk;rq;fs; fhydpa murhq;fj;jpd;
fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; uh[g;gpujpepjp kw;Wk; gpupl;b\; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy;
Msg;gl;L te;jd.
vdpDk;> ,e;jpa rKjhaj;jpd; xt;nthU gpupTk;> jq;fs; eyd;fs;
ntspehl;L Ml;rpahsu;fspd; fuq;fspy; JaUw;W ,Ug;gij gbg;gbahf
fz;Lgpbj;jdu;. tptrhapd; cw;gj;jpapy; ngUk; gFjpia epy tUthahf
gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; gwpKjy; nra;jJ. tptrhapfis gy;NtW
topfspy; Ruz;ba [kPd;jhu;fSk; epyg;gpuGf;fSk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;lhu;fs;.
Gjpjhf vOr;rp ngw;w gbj;j tu;f;fk;> gpupl;ld; xU nghUshjhu
fhydpapd; me;j];jpw;F ,e;jpahit tPo;r;rpaw;W tUtij fhz
Kbe;jJ. ,J gpupl;b\; njhopw;rhiyfSf;F %yg; nghUl;fSf;fhd

,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Mjhukhf gad;gLfpwJ. ,J gpupl;b\; cw;gj;jpahsu;fspd; re;ij
cUthf;fk;
kw;Wk; gpupl;b\; %yjdj;jpd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhd xU Gykhf cs;sJ.
vdNt> ,e;jpag; nghUshjhuj;jpd; kPjhd Vfhjpgj;jpaf; fl;Lg;ghL
njhlUk; tiu> mJ gbg;gbahff; tsu;r;rpailAk; vd;gij mtu;fs;
Fwpg;Gfs; czuj; njhlq;fpdu;. vOr;rp ngw;w ,e;jpa Kjyhspj;Jt tu;f;fKk; xU
Njrpa murpay; czu;r;rpia tsu;j;jJ. vdNt> Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;Fk;
mtw;wpd; nrhe;j Rje;jpukhd tsu;r;rpf;Fk; xU Kuz;ghL ,Ue;jJ
vd;gij ,e;jpa Kjyhspfs; czu;e;J> ,e;jpa tzpfk; kw;Wk;
njhopw;rhiyfspd; tpiuthd tsu;r;rpf;F xU Njrpa murhq;fk;
kl;LNk R+o;epiyia cUthf;Fk; vd ek;gpdhu;fs;.
Vfhjpgj;jpa vjpu;g;G ,af;fq;fspd; gbg;gbahd vOr;rp>
md;dpa Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpd; cs;shu;e;j ,ay;gpd; tpisthf ,Ue;jJ.
,e;jpau;fspd; tho;tpy; ,J jPa jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. ,e;j
,af;fq;fs;> rKjhaj;jpd; gy;NtW gpupTfisr; Nru;e;jtu;fs;
vd;gjhy;> Njrpa ,af;fq;fshf mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;L te;jd. ,e;j
Neuj;jpy;> gy mikg;GfSk; gpupl;b\; Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf jq;fs;
Fuiy cau;j;jpf; nfhz;bUe;jd. ,e;j mikg;Gf;fs; gyTk;
gpuhe;jpa ,ay;gpNyNa ,Ue;jd. ,e;j mikg;Gfs; rpytw;wpy;
tq;fhs ,e;jpa rq;fk;> tq;fhs khfhz rq;fk;> GNd nghJf;
$l;lk; Nghd;wit kpfTk; RWRWg;ghf ,Ue;jd. Mdhy;> ,e;j
gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gf;fs; xd;wpize;J Ntiy nra;a Kbe;jhy;>
gpupl;b\; Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf ,e;jpa kf;fs; jq;fs; Fuiy vOg;g
mJ cjTk; vd;W czug;gl;lJ. ,jd; %yk; 1885 Mz;L ,e;jpa
Njrpa fhq;fpu]; cUthf toptFj;jJ.
7.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
,e;j myF topahf nrd;w gpwF> cq;fshy;>
••,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; cUthf;fk; gw;wp tptupf;f KbAk;
••kpjthjpfs; Njhy;tpf;fhd fhuzq;fis tpthjpf;f KbAk;
••jPtputhjpfspd; vOr;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fis Muha KbAk;
7.2 ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];: kpjthjpfshy; cUthf;fk;

gy Ngu; Kaw;rpapd; fhuzkhf ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; cUthdJ. ehL
KOtJk; cs;s murpay; rq;fq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapYk;> ehl;Lg;gw;W>
Njrpak; Nghd;w ,yl;rpaq;fis gug;gpAk;> ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd;
mbj;jsk; jahupf;fg;gl;lJ. 1885 Mz;L ,J cUthdJ. Mdhy;
mjd; Njhw;wk; njupatpy;iy. lhf;lu; gl;lhgp rpj;juhka;ah $w;Wg;gb
,jd; Njhw;wk; ‘%lg;gl;l ku;kk;’ Nghy; cs;sJ. ,Ug;gpDk; gyu; A.O
`pA+kp jd; mbj;jsj;ij lg;upd; fPo; itj;jhu; vd;W ek;Gfpd;wdu;.
‘,e;jpahtpd; mwpthspfspd; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;l my;yJ cz;ikahd
mjpUg;jpf;F xU ‘ghJfhg;G – milg;ghd;’ toq;fTk;> ,q;fpyhe;jpy;
mtuJ Nkd;ikapd; vjpu;j;jug;gpw;F xj;jjhf xU murpayikg;Gf;

fl;rpia cUthf;fTk; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd;
cUthf;fk;
W.C. ghdu;[p> Kjy; fhq;fpu]; jiytu; $Wifapy; ,e;jpahtpd;
uh[g;gpujpepjp lg;upd; gpuG jiyikapy; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. lg;upd; gpuG mij cUthf;fpdhu;> Vnddpy; kf;fspd;
‘cz;ikahd tpUg;gq;fis’ Gupe;J nfhs;Sk; xU murpay; mikg;G Fwpg;Gfs;
Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpdhu;. ,jdhy; gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; ehl;by;
murpay; ntspg;gilfis jLf;f KbAk; vd;W mtu; ek;gpdhu;.
1 khu;r; 1883 md;W> xU jpwe;j fbjj;jpy;> ,e;jpahtpy; xU
mikg;ig mikf;f fy;fj;jh gy;fiyf;fof khztu;fs; kPJ
`pA+kp Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jpUe;jhu;. Nkw;fj;jpa rpe;jidfs;> fy;tp>
GJg;GidTfs; kw;Wk; ,ae;jpuq;fshy; Vw;gLk; mjpUg;jpfs; guTtijj;
jLf;f xU murpayikg;G Kiwia mikg;gJ> gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpd;
ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; njhlu;r;rpf;F Njitahd eltbf;iffis vLg;gJ
mtrpak;. vd;W mtu; mjpfhuG+u;tkhf njspTgLj;jpdhu;. xU
gbj;j ,e;jpau; vd;w mikg;ig mikf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W upg;gd;
mwpTWj;jpdhu; vd;W rpy mwpQu;fs; fUJfpd;wdu;. rkPgj;jpy;> rpy
mwpQu;fspd; gFg;gha;T l/ngupd; fbjg; Nghf;Ftuj;JfSk;> Muk;gfhy
Njrpathjpfspd; nraw;ghLfSk;> 'ghJfhg;G thy;T' vd;w Nfhl;ghL
xU fl;Lf;fij vd;W mtu;fs; KbTf;F te;jdu;.
1885> ru; Nj[; ghy; rk];fpUj tpj;ahyah> gk;ghapy; ,e;jpa Njrpa
fhq;fpu]; epWtg;gl;lJ. ,J xU jpBu; epfo;T vd;W $WtJ rupahf
,Uf;fhJ. mJ gpgd; re;jpu muR Nghy ,Ue;jJ. 1860fspYk; 1870
fspYk; mjd; njhlf;fkhf ,Ue;j murpay; tpopg;G+l;Lk; epfo;Kiwapd;
cr;rf;fl;lk;> 1870fspd; gpw;gFjpapYk;> 1880fspd; njhlf;fj;jpYk; xU
Kf;fpa gha;r;ry; Vw;gLj;jpaJ. NkYk;> mfpy ,e;jpa mstpy; xU
murpay; mikg;ig cUthf;f ,e;jpa Njrpathjpfshy; epiwa
Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> ,uz;L Njrpa
khehLfs; ,e;jpa rq;fj;jhy; elj;jg;gl;ld.
72 gpujpepjpfs; fye;Jnfhz;l mfpy ,e;jpa fl;rpia
cUthf;Ftjpy; A.O. `pA+kp ntw;wp fz;lhu;. mNj Neuj;jpy; fy;fj;jhtpy;
Njrpa khehL ele;J nfhz;bUe;jjhy;. ,e;jpaj; jiytu;fspy;
ngUk;ghyhNdhu; ,e;j mku;tpy; fye;Jnfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. ,t;tpU
mikg;Gf;fspd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk; mt;thNw ,Ue;jd. ,e;jpa Njrpa
khehL gpd;du; Njrpa fhq;fpuRld; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ. mtu; ,e;jpa
Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; mbj;jsj;ij mikj;jjd; %yk; gy kf;fs;
mjd; cUthf;fj;jpy; <Lgl;lhu;fs; vd;W ek;GtJ jtwhfptpLk;.
ngUk;ghyhd jiytu;fs; `pA+kpia Vw;f Kbe;jJ Vndd;why; ve;j
xU gpuhe;jpak; my;yJ rhjpiag; gw;wpNah mtu; rhu;e;jpUf;fkhl;lhu;
vd;W mtu;fs; fUjpdu;. Vndd;why; mtu; ,e;j FOf;fspy; vjpYk;
Nru;e;jtuhf ,y;iy> mtu; ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ Neu;ikahd md;igf;
nfhz;bUe;jhu;.
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; cWg;gpdu;fspy; rpyu; ngNuhNr\h
Nkj;jh> W.C. ghdu;[p> mde;jNkhfd; Ngh];> gj;UjPd; jahg;[p>
RNue;jpuehj; ghdu;[p kw;Wk; NuhNk\; re;jpu jj; MfpNahu; Mtu;.

,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Ke;ija rq;fq;fs; vJTk; jkJ nray;ghl;by; KOikahd
cUthf;fk;
Rje;jpuj;ij ngwtpy;iy vd;gjhy;> ,e;j rq;fk; kw;wtu;fsplkpUe;J
NtWgl;ljhf ,Ue;jJ. fhq;fpu]plk; rpy Nfhupf;iffis Kd;itj;J>
mtw;iw %d;W gpupTfshf gpupf;f KbAk;: murpay;> epu;thfk; kw;Wk;
Fwpg;Gfs; nghUshjhuk;.
(i) murpay; Nfhupf;iffs;

••cr;r rigapYk; cs;Shuhl;rp rigapYk; rpwe;j mjpfhuk;
••Nguit elj;Jk; gl;n[l; kPjhd tpthjk;
••gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; kw;Wk; tu;j;jf rigfs; Nghd;w cs;shl;rp
mikg;Gfs; %yk; Nguitapd; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
••gQ;rhgpy; rl;lkd;wg; Nguit cUthf;fk;> mthj; (NWP) kw;Wk;
tl Nkw;F vy;iyg;Gw khfhzk; (NWFP).
(ii) nghUshjhuf; Nfhupf;iffs;

1855 kw;Wk; 1905 Mfpa Njjpfspy; eilngw;w fhq;fpu]; mku;Tfspy;
njhlu;e;J jPu;khdq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gl;ld:
••epytup Fiwg;G
••tptrha tq;fpfis epWTjy;
••tPl;L fl;lzk; kw;Wk; ,uhZtr; nryT Fiwg;G
••epahakw;w Rq;f tup kw;Wk; Maj;jPu;it flikfSf;F
Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itj;jy;
••,e;jpahtpd; tWik kw;Wk; gQ;rq;fs; gpd;dzpapy; cs;s
fhuzq;fis tprhupj;jy;
••njhopy;El;gf; fy;tpf;F mjpf epjp toq;Fjy;
••,e;jpaj; njhopy;fs; Nkk;ghL
••ntspehLfspy; cs;s ,e;jpa $ypfSf;F rpwe;j elj;J
Kiw
••tdr; rl;lq;fspy; khw;wk;> ,jdhy; goq;Fbfs; fhl;il
gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
(iii) epu;thf Nfhupf;iffs;

••,e;jpahtpYk; ,q;fpyhe;jpYk; ICS Nju;T
••,e;jpa njhz;lu; gilia mjpfupj;jy;
••epu;thfj;jpd; xU gFjpapy; ,e;jpaj; Njitfs; gw;wpa Gupjy;
••ePjpj;Jiwia epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;jpypUe;J gpupj;jy; kw;Wk;
tof;F tprhuizapd; tpupthf;fk;
••,e;jpau;fSf;F uhZtj;jpy; cau; gjtpfs;

fhq;fpurpd; Nehf;fq;fs; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd;
cUthf;fk;
fhq;fpurpd; Kjd;ikahd Fwpf;Nfhs; vd;dntd;why;> kf;fs; xNu
ehL – ,e;jpahit Nru;e;jtu;fs; vd;W czuitg;gNj MFk;. rhjp>
kj> kuG> nkhop vd;w tifapy; ,e;jpahtpd; gd;Kfj;jd;ik ,ij
Fwpg;Gfs;
xU fbdkhd gzpahf Mf;fpaJ. vdpDk;> mJ rhj;jpakpy;iy.
ngNuhNr\h Nkj;jh> jhjhgha; nesNuh[p> K.T. njyq; kw;Wk; jpd;\h
thr;rh Nghd;w Kf;fpa egu;fs; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; Kjy;
mku;tpy; fye;J nfhz;ldu;. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; Kjy; mku;tpd;
jiytuhd w.c. ghdu;[p jiyikapyhd fhq;fpurpd; Nehf;fq;fs;
gpd;tUkhW:-
••ehl;bd; fhuzj;jpw;fhf ciof;ff; $ba kf;fs; kj;jpapy;
jdpg;gl;l neUf;fj;ijAk; el;GwitAk; Cf;Ftpj;jy;
••el;Gld; njhlu;Gnfhs;Sjy; %yk; ,dk;> Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk;
khfhzq;fs; njhlu;ghd ghugl;rq;fis xopj;jy;
••Njrpa xw;Wikapd; czu;Tfis xUq;fpizg;gJ
••fy;tpawpT ngw;w ,e;jpau;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis> ehspd; Kf;fpa
tpraq;fs; gw;wpa mjpfhukpf;f gjpitg; guhkupj;jy;.
••mLj;j gd;dpuz;L khjq;fspy; G+u;tPf murpay;thjpfs; nghJ
eyid Nehf;fp gzpahw;w KbAk; vd;gij epu;zapf;Fk; Kiwfs;.
••nghJ kf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis gapw;Wtpj;jy; kw;Wk; xOq;FgLj;jy;.
••kDf;fs; %yk; muRf;F kf;fspd; gutyhd Nfhupf;iffis
Kd;itj;jy;.
midj;J kj kf;fshSk; fhq;fpu]; Mjupf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa
Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; Kjy; jiytuhf ,Ue;j w.c. ghdu;[p> ,e;jpa
fpwp];jtu; Mthu;. ,uz;lhtJ [dhjpgjpahf ,Ue;jtu; jhjhgha;
nesNuh[p Mthu;. %d;whtJ [dhjpgjpahf ,Ue;jtu; gj;UjPd; jahg;[p
K];ypkhf ,Ue;jtu;. ehd;fhtJ kw;Wk; Ie;jhtJ [dhjpgjpfs; [hu;[;
ANy kw;Wk; tpy;ypak; ghlu;gu;d; vDk; Mq;fpNyau;fs; Mtu;.
Kw;gl;l NjrpathjpfSk; mtw;wpd; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fSk;

gbj;j ,e;jpau;fs; rpyu;> Njrpak; vd;w czu;it tsu;j;jjpy;
Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;jdu; vd;gij Vw;fdNt ghu;j;Njhk;. kpjthjpfs;
vd;W miof;fg;gl;l Muk;gfhy Njrpathjpfs; rpyUk; ,e;jpa Njrpa
fhq;fpuir mikj;Jf; nfhz;ltu;fs; Mtu;. rpy Kf;fpa ngau;fs;:
1. Myd; Mf;Nltpad; `pA+k; (1829–1912): mtu; ];fhl;b\;
tk;rhtspapdu;. 1849-y; tq;fhs Fbikapay; Nritapy; ,ize;J>
ehl;bd; r%f tpahjpfis mfw;Wtjw;F gy Kaw;rpfis
Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. mtuJ Nkyjpfhupfs; mtUf;F MjuT
jutpy;iy. ,jdhy; mtu; 1882-y; Xa;T ngw Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
1885-y; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpuir mikg;gjw;F mtu; Kaw;rp
vLj;jhu;. 1889-y; yz;ldpy; fhq;fpurpd; gpupl;b\; fkpl;bia

,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; mikg;gjw;F mtu; cjtpdhu;. ,f;FO ‘,e;jpah’ vd;w ngaupy;
cUthf;fk;
jdJ gj;jpupifia njhlq;fpaJ.
2. jhjhgha; nesNuh[p (1825–1917): mtu; ,e;jpahtpd; gpukhz;l
gioa kdpjd; vd;W mwpag;gl;lhu;. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpuRld;
Fwpg;Gfs; mtu; Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj njhlu;G nfhz;bUe;jhu;. mjd;
jiytuhf %d;W Kiw> 1886> 1893 kw;Wk; 1906 Mfpa
Mz;Lfspy; ,Ue;jhu;. RNjrf; fl;rpapd; topNa kf;fs; kd;wj;jpy;
cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;j Kjy; ,e;jpau; mtu;jhd;. 1855 Kjy;
1869 tiu ,q;fpyhe;jpy; jq;fpapUe;j NghJ> yz;ld; ,e;jpa
rq;fk; kw;Wk; fpof;fpe;jpa rq;fk; Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; ,e;jpa
tptfhuq;fspy; nghJ Mq;fpNyau;fsplk; mtu; fy;tp fw;whu;.
nesNuh[papd; ,e;jpahtpy; tWikAk;> Mq;fpNyNau; my;yhjtu;
Ml;rpAk; vd;w E}y; 1901-y; ntspte;jJ. ,e;jpahtpypUe;J mjd;
nry;tk; gpupl;lDf;F nry;tNj ,e;jpahtpd; tWikf;F fhuzk;
vd;W ep&gpf;Fk; Gs;sp tptuq;fs; ,e;E}ypy; ,Ue;jd.
3. ngNuh];\h Nkj;jh (1845–1915): gk;ghapYs;s xU eLj;ju tu;f;f
ghu;]p FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jtu;. mtu; gk;gha; khfhz rq;fk; kw;Wk;
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; epWtdu;fspy; xUtuhf ,Ue;jhu;.
RNjrp ,af;fj;jpd; Kd;Ndhbahtu; kw;Wk; 1913-y; Gfo;ngw;w
gk;gha; fpuhdpf;fy; ,tuhy; epWtg;gl;lJ.
4. RNue;jpuehj; ghdu;[p (1848–1925): ,tu; 1871-y; ,e;jpaf; Fbikg;
gzp Nju;tpy; Nju;r;rp ngw;W> rpy;n`l; vd;w ,lj;jpy; cjtp
ePjpgjpahf gzpiaj; njhlq;fpdhu;. muRld; Vw;gl;l
fUj;JNtWghL mtiu Ntiyia tpl;L tpyf;Fk; tifapy;
,l;Lr; nrd;wJ. ,tu; 1876-y; ,e;jpa rq;fj;ij cUthf;fpatu;.
1883-y; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; Kd;Ndhbahf ,Ue;j Njrpa
khehl;il mtu; $l;bdhu;. fhq;fpu]; mku;TfSf;F ,UKiw
jiyik jhq;fpdhu;. mtu; 1918-y; ,e;jpa Njrpa RNjr
$l;likg;gpd; Kjy; jiytuhfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;. 1921-y;
mtu; tq;fhsj;jpy; mikr;ruhf Mdhu;.
5. gj;UjPd; jpahg;[p (1844–1906): gk;gha; cau;ePjp kd;wj;jpy; Kjy;
,e;jpa ghup];luhf ,Ue;j mtu; 1882-y; gk;gha; rl;lkd;wf;
FOtpy; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;lhu;. mtu; gk;gha; khfhz rq;fk;
kw;Wk; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; epWtdu;fspy; xUtuhf
,Ue;jhu;. 1887-y; nrd;idapy; eilngw;w %d;whtJ fhq;fpu];
mku;tpy; mtu; [dhjpgjpahf ,Ue;jhu;. fy;tp Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;fhd
fhuzq;fspy; K];ypk;fSf;F mtu; cjtpdhu;. nrayhsuhf
,Ue;j mtu;> gpd;du; gk;ghiar; Nru;e;j mQ;Rkd;-,-,];yhkpd;
jiytuhfTk; r%f rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; nra;jhu;. ngz;fspd; fy;tp
Fwpj;J mtu; tYthf Nghuhbdhu;.
6. cNk\; re;ju; ghdu;[p (1844–1906): tq;fhs rl;lNkyitapy;
fy;fj;jh gy;fiyf;fofj;ij mtu; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpdhu;. 1885-y;
gk;ghapy; mtu; Kjy; fhq;fpu]; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;. mtu; 1902-y;

,q;fpyhe;jpy; FbNawp> gpuptp fTd;rpy; Kd; gapw;rp ngw Ntz;Lk; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd;
cUthf;fk;
vd;W vz;zpdhu;. yz;ldpy; cs;s fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; gpupl;b\;
FOtpYk;> mjd; gj;jpupifahd ,e;jpah tpw;Fk; mtu; epjpaspj;jhu;.
7. kjd; Nkhfd; khstpah (1861–1946): mtu; myfhghj;jpy; gpwe;J>
gbj;jtu; Mthu;. tof;fwpQuhfTk;> gpd; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu; Fwpg;Gfs;
vd mtu; jdJ gzpiaj; njhlq;fpdhu;. mtu; khfhz kw;Wk;
kj;jpa rl;lkd;wq;fspy; gy KiwikfSf;F cWg;gpduhf
,Ue;jhu;. cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpfis Cf;Ftpj;j mtu;>
1907-y; myfhghj;jpy; UPapd; ,e;jpa njhopy; khehL kw;Wk;
njhopy; rq;f khehl;il elj;Jtjw;F cjtpdhu;. 1926-y; mtu;
jdJ nrhe;j Njrpathj fl;rpia xUq;fpizj;jhu;. NkYk;>
gdhu]; ,e;J gy;fiyf;fofj;ij epWtp> gy Mz;Lfs; mjd;
JizNte;juhf gzpahw;wpdhu;.
8. Nj[; gfJ}u; rg;U (1872–1949): mtu;
murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpy; epGzj;Jtk; ngw;w xU
Neu;ikahd kw;Wk; ntw;wpfukhd tof;fwpQuhf ,Ue;jhu;.
gdhu]py; cs;s kj;jpa ,e;Jf; fy;Y}upiaAk;> khstpah>
ghz;NlTld; ,ize;J gdhu]; ,e;Jf; gy;fiyf;fofj;ij epWtTk;
jpUkjp. ngrz;l; mtu;fSf;F cjtpdhu;. jd;dhl;rp
,af;fj;jpd; NghJ murpaYf;Fs; Eioe;j mtu;> 1928-y; NeU FO
mwpf;ifia tiue;jhu;. mj;Jld; tl;lNki[ khehLfspYk;
fye;J nfhz;lhu;.
9. Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy (1866–1915): kfhuh\;lu; htpd; rhf;uB];
vd;W midtuhYk; mwpag;gl;ltu;. kfhNjt; Nfhtpe;j; uhdNl
vd;gtuJ rPluhfTk; mtu; ,Ue;jhu;. uhdNl epWtpa nlf;fhd; fy;tp
rq;fj;jpy; Nru;ej; hu;. G+dh ru;t[hdpf; rghtpd; fhyhz;L ,jio
mtu; jpUj;jk; nra;jhu;. 1909-y; kpz;Nlh - khu;yp rPuj
; pUj;jq;fis
tFg;gjpy;> mjpfhuG+u;tkhf> cj;jpNahfG+u;tkhfNth my;yJ
cj;NahfG+u;tkw;w tifapy; mtu; xU ngUk; gq;if tfpj;jhu;.
mtuJ nfhs;iffs; %yk; <u;ff ; g;gl;L fhe;jpabfs; gpd;dhspy;
NfhfNytpd; khztu; Mdhu;. 1905-y; Njrpa rkag; gug;ghsu;fspd;
gapw;rpf;F> ,e;jpa kf;fspd; cz;ikahd eyd;fis> murpayikg;G
topKiwfisf; nfhz;L Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf> ,e;jpa Nrtfu;fs;
rq;fj;jpd; mbj;jsj;ij mtu; mbf;fy; ehl;bdhu;.
10. fhrpehj; jpupk;ghf; njyq; (1850–1893): mtu; gk;gha; khfhz
rq;fj;jpd; ,iz epWtdu; Mthu;. fhq;fpuir epWtpa> mjd;
Kjy; ‘fbdr; nray; mjpfhupahf’ mtu; ,Ue;jhu;. r%f
rPu;jpUj;j Jiwapy; jPtpukhf ,Ue;j mtu;> Njrpa r%f khehl;bd;
jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;. cau; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp gjtpf;F mtu;
cau;e;jhu;.
11. uh\;gp`hup Nfh\; (1845–1921): rl;lf;fy;Y}upapy; gl;lg; gbg;ig
Kbj;j gpd;du;> fy;fj;jh cau;ePjpkd;wj;jpy; xU tof;FiuQuhf
jd;id Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. ,tu; 1889-y; tq;fhs rl;l kd;wj;jpy;

,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; cWg;gpduhf nghWg;Ngw;whu;. 1906-Mk; Mz;L fy;fj;jh $l;lj;jpy;
cUthf;fk;
fhq;fpu]pd; tuNtw;Gf; FOtpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;. mtu;
1907-y; fhq;fpurpd; R+uj; mku;Tf;F Nju;njLf;fg;gl;l
jiytuhfTk; ,Ue;jhu;. ,q;fpyhe;jplk; jdJ J}Jf;FOit
Fwpg;Gfs; $l;b> gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpd; Kd; ghu;itia Kd;ndLj;Jr;
nry;tjw;F fhq;fpurhy; mtu; mDg;gg;gl;lhu;.
mJ 1885-y; njhlq;fpajpypUe;J ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; ngw;w
fhyk; tiu> fhq;fpu]; kpfg; ngupa> Kf;fpakhd ,e;jpa murpay;
mikg;ghf ,Ue;jJ. mjd; Muk;gf; fl;lq;fspy; ,e;jpa Njrpa
fhq;fpu]; xU murpay; myfhFk;. Mdhy; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; mJ
r%fr; rPu;jpUj;jk; kw;Wk; kdpj tsu;r;rpf;fhd fhuzj;ij Mjupj;jJ.
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpuRk; Njrpak; vd;w czu;Tf;F cj;Ntfj;ij
toq;fpajhfTk; $wg;gLfpwJ. mjd; Muk;gf; fl;lq;fspy;>
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpy; xw;Wik ,Ue;jJ. mJ [dehaf
topKiwfisAk;> njhopy;El;gq;fisAk; fw;wij gw;wp Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ.
gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; jq;fs; NjitfSf;F nghWg;ghf ,Ug;gjhfTk;>
mjw;Nfw;g khw;wq;fis nra;a mtu;fs; jahuhf ,Ug;gjhfTk; ,e;jpa
Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; jiytu;fs; ek;gpdu;. vdpDk;> xU fhyfl;lj;jpy;
,e;jpa kf;fs; Njrpathjk; vd;w fUj;jpy; Vkhw;wk; mile;jdu;. jq;fs;
kDf;fshy; vjpu;ghu;j;jgb gyDk; fpilf;f tpy;iy vd;gijAk;>
gpupl;b\hu; ve;j eltbf;ifAk; vLf;fhky; jtpu;j;jdu; vd;gijAk;
mtu;fs; jpBnud;W czu;e;jhu;fs;. mjpUg;jpapy; ,Ue;j fl;lj;jpy;
$l> Mq;fpNya murhq;fj;jpd; topKiwfspy; ek;gpf;if nfhz;l
rpy fhq;fpu]; jiytu;fs; kw;Wk; kpjthju;fshf mwpag;gl;ldu;.
,e;j kpjthj jiytu;fs; tpUk;gpa KbTfis vLf;fj; jtwpajhy;>
jPtputhjpfs; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l xU Gjpa jiytu;fs; te;jhu;fs;.
,e;j jPtputhjpfs;> kDf;fis vOJtNjhL> jq;fis jhq;fNs
jl;bf; Nfl;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tuk;Gf;Fl;gl;L ,Ue;jdu;. mtu;fs;
kpjthjpfspd; ghuk;gupa topKiwfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy.
jPtputhjpfs; murhl;rp me;j];jpy; jpUg;jpailatpy;iy> gpupl;b\;
murhq;fj;jplk; ,Ue;J KOikahd Rje;jpuj;ij Nfhupdu;.
murpay; tpopg;Gzu;r;rp Fiwe;j epiyapy;> kpjthj Njrpathjpfspd;
rhjidfs; kfj;jhdJ my;y. vdpDk;> 1907-y;> kpjthjpfs; fhq;fpurpy;
xU jPtputhj tu;f;f vOr;rpAld; gpd;Df;Fj; js;sg;gl;ldu;. kf;fs;
eyDf;fhf ve;j tpisTfisAk; Vw;gLj;jj; jtwpajhy;> jPtputhjf;
FO cUthfp> fhq;fpui] ,uz;lhfg; gpupj;J ,uz;L gpupTfsha;
cUthdJ. ,U gpupTfshf gpupe;jJ. kpjkhd fl;lj;jpd; jiytu;fs;
gpujhdkhf ghk;Ng> tq;fhsk; kw;Wk; nrd;id Mfpa ,lq;fspypUe;J
te;jtu;fs; Mtu;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> gj;UjPd; jahg;[p> jhjh gha;
nesNuh[p/ngNuh];\h Nkj;jh> Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy> Nf.b.
njyq; kw;Wk; Nfhtpe;j; uhdNl MfpNahu; gk;ghiar; Nru;e;jtu;fs;.
cNk\; re;ju; ghdu;[p> Mde;j; Nkhfd; Ngh];> RNue;jpu ehj; ghdu;[p>
uNk\; re;jpu jj;jh MfpNahu; tq;fhsj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;fs;. ,NjNghy
Rg;ukzpa Iau;> Mde;j; rhu;Y> uhfthr;rhupahu; MfpNahu; nrd;idia

Nru;e;jtu;fs;. kjd; Nkhfd; khstpah> gz;bju; T.B. jhu; Nghd;w ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd;
cUthf;fk;
rpy jiytu;fs; tl ,e;jpahtpypUe;J te;jtu;fs;. ,e;j kpjthj
jiytu;fs; Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rpia xU ngupa Ngwhf elj;jpdhu;fs;.
Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rp ,e;jpahit tsu;e;j [dehaf> jhuhs ehlhf
Mf;Fk; vd;W mtu;fs; cz;ikahf ek;gpdhu;fs;. Mq;fpNyau;fs; Fwpg;Gfs;
etPd epWtdq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jp %l ek;gpf;ifia mfw;Wthu;fs;
vd;w gpuik mtu;fSf;F ,Ue;jJ. ,q;fpyhe;ijr; Nru;e;j mtu;fs;
cj;Ntfk; ngw;W Mq;fpyj;ij jq;fs; murpay; FUthf ghu;j;jhu;fs;.
,e;j Njrpathj jiytu;fs; gyu; tho;f;if Kiwfis Mq;fpy
tho;f;if Kiw Fwpj;j ghzpapy; ,Ue;jdu;. Mq;fpNyauplkpUe;J
mtu;fs; tpUk;gpaJ kw;Wk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lnjy;yhk;> ,e;jpau;fSf;fhd
xU rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; njhFg;G MFk;.
kpjthjpfs; jq;fs; Nfhupf;iffis KOtJk; ngw mikjpahd
topKiwfis ek;gpdhu;fs;. kDf;fis vOjp> mikjpahd Kiwapy;
Nghuhl;lq;fs; elj;JtijAk; mtu;fs; ek;gpdu;. jPtputhjpfSldhd
mNj jhf;fj;ij kpjthjpfs; nra;aj; jtwptpl;lhYk;> ,e;j Neuj;jpy;
gy rPu;jpUj;jq;fis mtu;fs; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;ldu;.
1. murpayikg;G rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;: 1885 Kjy; 1892 tiu
jw;NghJs;s rl;lrigfis tpupthf;fk; nra;J rPu;jpUj;jk; nra;a
Ntz;Lk; vd;W kpjthjpfs; Nfhupdu;. Neub Nju;jy;fs; Kiwia
mwpKfg;gLj;jTk;> rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;if
kw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia mjpfupf;fTk; mtu;fs;
Nfhupf;if tpLj;jdu;. 1892 Mk; Mz;bd; ,e;jpa fTd;rpl
rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w murhq;fj;jpd; Mu;g;ghl;lk;>
,e;jpa kf;fSf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;l tp\aj;jpy; jpUg;jpfukhf
,y;iy. ,jpy; tpag;G VJk; ,y;iy> 1892 rl;lj;ij ‘N`hf;];’
vd;W mwptpj;jhu;fs;. rl;l rigfspy; cs;s ,e;jpau;fSf;F
ngUk; gq;F Ntz;Lk; vd;W mtu;fs; Nfhupdu;. 20k; E}w;whz;bd;
njhlf;fj;jpy;> M];jpNuypah> fdlh Nghd;w gpw jd;dhl;rp
FbNaw;wq;fspd; Kd;khjpupapy; gpupl;b\; NguuRf;Fs; Rauh[;[pa
my;yJ Ra murhq;fj;jpw;fhd $w;iw kpjthjpfs; Kd;itj;jdu;.
,e;j Nfhupf;ifia fhq;fpu]; Nkyplj;jpypUe;J NfhfNy 1905-y;>
kw;Wk; jhjhgha; nesNuh[p 1906-y; nfhz;L te;jdu;.
2. nghUshjhu rPu;jpUj;jq;fSf;fhd Njit: ,e;jpahtpy; xU
fhydpj;Jt nghUshjhuj;jpd; mbg;gilj; jd;ikfis
tsu;f;Fk; Mq;fpNyaupd; Kaw;rpia fhq;fpu]; vjpu;j;jJ.
mjhtJ fr;rhg; nghUl;fspd; toq;Feuhf ,e;jpahit khw;WtJ>
Mq;fpNya cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fSf;F re;ijahf kw;Wk; md;dpa
%yjdj;jpw;fhd KjyPLfSf;F ,e;jpahit gad;gLj;JtJ
Nghd;witfshFk;. jw;fhy fhydpj;Jt nghUshjhu Ruz;lypd;
%d;W tbtq;fisAk;> tzpfk;> njhopy;Jiw kw;Wk; epjp
Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; kpjthjpfs; ftdj;jpy; nfhz;ldu;. ,wf;Fkjp
kw;Wk; gUj;jp fyhy; tupfis mky;gLj;Jtjw;F vjpuhfTk;>
Rq;ftup-jPu;it iftplg;gl;lij vjpu;j;Jk; xU rf;jptha;e;j mfpy

,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; ,e;jpa Nghuhl;lj;ij mtu;fs; Vw;ghL nra;jdu;. fLikahd
cUthf;fk;
epy tUtha; nfhLg;gdTfis Fiwg;gjw;fhd Nghuhl;lq;fis
kpjthjpfs; elj;jpdu;. tptrha tq;fpfs; %yk; tptrhapfSf;F
kypT tpiy fld; toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> ghrd trjpia
Fwpg;Gfs; mjpf mstpy; fpilf;fr; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; mtu;fs;
muRf;F Nfhupf;if tpLj;jdu;. Njhl;lj; njhopyhsu;fspd; Ntiy
epiyikfis Nkk;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhu;fs;.
gzf;fhuu;fsplk;> Fwpg;ghf ntspehl;ltu;fSf;F kpfTk;
Fiwe;j tupr;RikfisAk;> ViofSf;F xU ngupa
tupRikfisAk; tpjpg;gJ Nghd;w jw;NghJs;s tuptpjpg;G
Kiw kw;Wk; nrytpdq;fspy; xU jPtpukhd khw;wk; Ntz;Lk;
vd;W mtu;fs; Nfhupdu;. Vio kw;Wk; fPo;kl;l kj;jpaju
tu;f;fq;fisAk; fLikahfg; ghjpj;j cg;G tupia xopf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;W mtu;fs; Nfhupdu;. ,e;jpahtpd; tsu;e;J tUk; tWiki-
aAk;> nghUshjhu gpd;jq;fpa epiyia gw;wp kpjthjpfs; Gfhu;
$wp gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpd; kPJ Fw;wk; Rkj;jpdu;. ehl;by; cs;s
ghuk;gupa iftpidj; njhopy;fs; Nghd;w RNjr njhopy;fis
mopf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W muir mtu;fs; Fw;wk; rhl;bdu;.
,e;jpahtpd; tWikia ePf;f cjTk; etPd njhopy;fis
tpiue;J mgptpUj;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W mtu;fs; Nfhupf;if
tpLj;jdu;. ,e;jpaj; njhopw;rhiyfSf;F muR Rq;ftup
ghJfhg;G mspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W mtu;fs; tpUk;gpdhu;fs;.
RNjrp nghUl;fis gad;gLj;jNtz;Lk;> gpupl;b\; nghUl;fis
Gwf;fzpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W mtu;fs; thjpl;lhu;fs;. ,q;fpyhe;jpd;
,e;jpag; nghUshjhu tbfhy; Kiwia epWj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W mtu;fs;
Nfhupf;if tpLj;jdu;. ,e;jpa ,uapy;Nt> ngUe;Njhl;lq;fs; kw;Wk;
njhopw;rhiyfspy; md;dpa %yjdj;ijg; ngUksT KjyPL
nra;tij mtu;fs; vjpu;j;jdu;. mJ ,e;jpa Kjyhspfis
xLf;Ftjw;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk;> ,e;jpahtpd; nghUshjhuj;jpy;
Mq;fpNyau;fspd; gpbia NkYk; tYg;gLj;Jk; murpay; MFk;.
3. epu;thf kw;Wk; ,ju rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;: kpjthjpfs;
jdpg;gl;l epu;thf eltbf;iffis tpku;rpj;J> Coy;>
jpwikapd;ik kw;Wk; mlf;FKiwNahL ,Ue;j epu;thf mikg;ig
rPu;jpUj;Jtjpy; fLikahf cioj;jdu;. epu;thf Nritfspd;
cau; juq;fis ,e;jpakakhf;fy; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W
mtu;fs; Nfhupdu;;, ,f;Nfhupf;if nghUshjhu> murpay;
kw;Wk; xOf;f mbg;gilfisf; nfhz;L Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.
nghUshjhu uPjpahf> INuhg;gpau;fspd; mjpf Cjpak; ,e;jpa epjp
kPJ ngUk; Rikia cau;j;jpaNjhL nghUshjhu tbfhYf;Fk;
gq;fspj;jJ. ,NjNghd;w jFjpfisf; nfhz;l ,e;jpau;fSk;
Fiwe;j rk;gsq;fspy; gzpahw;wyhk;. INuhg;gpau;fs; jq;fs;
rk;gs cau;Tfis ,q;fpyhe;jpw;F mDg;gptpl;L> ,q;fpyhe;jpy;
jq;fs; Xa;T+jpaq;fisg; ngw;wdu;. mJ ,e;jpahtpypUe;J
nry;tj;jpd; tbfhyhf Nru;f;fg;gl;lJ. murpay; uPjpahf> INuhg;gpa
muR Copau; ,e;jpau;fspd; Njitfisg; Gwf;fzpj;jdu;>

INuhg;gpa Kjyhspfs; jq;fs; ,e;jpa rfhf;fSf;F ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd;
cUthf;fk;
nrytopj;jdu;. ,e;jpau;fspd; Njitfis ,e;jpa
murpayikg;gpw;F khw;Wk; tifapy;> ,e;jpau;fspd; NritKiwf;F
,J cjTk; vd;W vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ. xOf;fkhd Kiwapy;>
jw;NghJs;s mikg;G ,e;jpaf; Fzj;ij Fiwkjpg;gpw;F Fwpg;Gfs;
cl;gLj;jp> jdJ nrhe;j ehl;by; epue;ju jho;ej
; jd;ikf;F kpf cau;ej
;
mstpyhd ,e;jpau;fisf; Fiwj;jJ. ePjpj;Jiwia
nraw;FOtpy; ,Ue;J gpupf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W kpjthjpfs;
Nfhupdu;. mjd;%yk; kf;fs; fhty; kw;Wk; mjpfhuj;Jtj;jpd;
jd;dpr;irahd nray;fspypUe;J kf;fs; rpy ghJfhg;ig ngw
KbAk;. ,e;jpa kf;fis epuhAjghzpfshf;ff; $lhJ vd;w
nfhs;ifia muR nfhz;L te;jJ. mtu;fs; ,e;jpahtpd; mz;il
ehLfSf;F vjpuhd Mf;fpNuh\khd ntspAwTf; nfhs;ifia
vjpu;j;jNjhL> gu;khit ,izj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; nfhs;iff;F
vjpuhfTk;> Mg;fhdp];jhd; kPJ jhf;Fjy; elj;Jtjw;Fk;>
tl Nkw;F ,e;jpahtpy; goq;Fb kf;fis xLf;FtjpYk;
vjpu;g;G njuptpj;jdu;. ehl;by; fy;tp guTtjw;F muR mjpf gzk;
nrytpl Ntz;Lk; vd;W mtu;fs; tpUk;gpdhu;fs;. mtu;fs; Ntiy
Njb gpupl;b\; fhydpfSf;F ,lk;ngaUk; msTf;F tWikahy;
js;sg;gl;l ,e;jpau;fspd; fhuzj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;.
,t;thwhd gy ntspehl;L fhzpfspy; ,tu;fs; fLikahd
mlf;FKiwf;Fk;> ,dg;ghFghl;Lf;Fk; cs;shf;fg;gl;ldu;.
4. kf;fs; cupikg; ghJfhg;G: etPd Fbik cupikfs; njhlu;ghf
muR tpjpj;j fl;Lg;ghLfs; Ngr;Rupik> gj;jpupf;if Nghd;wtw;iw
vjpu;j;Js;sdu;. fpl;lj;jl;l 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy;
,Ue;Nj> murpay; czu;T ngw;w ,e;jpau;fs; etPd Fbik
cupikfspy; Fwpg;ghf gj;jpupiffspd; Rje;jpuj;jpw;F <u;f;fg;gl;ldu;.
1824 tiu> gj;jpupifr; Rje;jpuj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; tpjpf;F
vjpuhf uh[h uhk; Nkhfd; uha; vjpu;g;Gj; njuptpj;jpUe;jhu;. 1870
Kjy; 1918 tiuapyhd fhyfl;lj;jpy;> Njrpathj rpj;jhe;jj;ij
murpay;kakhf;FtJ gpujhd murpay; gzpahFk;. ,e;jg; gzpia
Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;Yk; Kjd;ikahd fUtpahf gj;jpupiffs;
,Ue;jd. 1870-fspy; ,e;jpa nra;jpj;jhs;fs; jq;fs; mbfis
fz;Lgpbf;f njhlq;fpd. ,e;jpa nkhop nra;jpj;jhs;fis vjpu;j;J
kl;LNk ,af;fg;gl;l Ntu;zFyu; gj;jpupf;if rl;lk; 1878> kpfTk;
ufrpakhf> Nguurpd; rl;lkd;wf; FOtpd; xNu mku;tpy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
mJ> NjrJNuhf nghUl;fis ntspapl;ljhf murhq;fj;jhy;
ek;gg;gl;L cj;jpNahfG+u;t vr;rupf;ifia toq;fpdhy;> mr;rpLjy;
gj;jpupif> fhfpjq;fs; kw;Wk; nra;jpj;jhspd; gpw nghUl;fis
gwpKjy; nra;a ,r;rl;lk; toptif nra;Ak;. ,e;jpa Njrpathj
fUj;J ,r;rl;lj;ij cWjpahf vjpu;j;jJ. gy;NtW nghJ
mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk; gj;jpupiffs; ,e;j nraYf;F vjpuhf gpurhuk;
nra;jd. ,jd; tpisthf> 1881 Mk; Mz;by; yhu;l; upgdhy;
mJ ePf;fg;gl;lJ. RNue;jpuehj; ghdu;[p xU gj;jpupifahsuhf
jdJ flikiar; nra;jjhy; rpiwf;F nrd;w Kjy; ,e;jpauhf

,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; ,Ue;jhu;. Mdhy; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; NghJ gj;jpupifr;
cUthf;fk;
Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd Nghuhl;lj;jpy; mjpfkhf njhlu;Gilatu;
ghy fq;fhju jpyfu; Mthu;. 1897-y; P.G. jpyfu; kw;Wk; gy
jiytu;fs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L> mtu;fspd; ciufs; kw;Wk;
Fwpg;Gfs; vOj;Jfspd; %yk; muirf; fz;ldk; nra;jjhy; mtu;fSf;F
ePz;l fhy rpiwj; jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. G+dhtpy; cs;s
el;L rNfhjuu;fs;> tprhuizapd;wp ehL flj;jg;gl;ldu;. kf;fspd;
cupikfSf;nfjpuhd ,e;j jhf;Fjiy fz;bj;J ehL KOtJk;
Mu;g;ghl;lk; elj;jpdu;. jpyf;fpd; ifJ Njrpathj ,af;fj;jpd;
Gjpa fl;lj;jpd; njhlf;fj;ij Fwpg;gJ MFk;.
kpjthjpfspd; Njhy;tp
kpjthjpfspy; mbg;gil gytPdk; mtu;fSila FWfpa r%fj;
jsj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. mtu;fSila ,af;fj;jpy; gue;j KiwaPL
,y;iy. cz;ikapy;; jiytu;fs; kf;fspd; kPJ murpay; ek;gpf;if
nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. mtu;fsJ nry;thf;fpd; gug;gsT efu;Gwj;jpw;F
vjpu;g;ghf ,Ue;jJ. kf;fspd; Mjuitg; ngwtpy;iy vd;gjhy;>
ntspehl;L Ml;rpahsu;fsplk; xU rthiy tPrpnawpe;jjw;fhf fhyk;
fdpe;Jtpltpy;iy vd;W mwptpj;jdu;. mJ Kjpu;e;j mlf;FKiwia
miog;gjw;F tha;g;Gs;sJ. MapDk;> kpjthj jiytu;fs; jkJ
FWfpa eyd;fSf;fhf Nghuhbdhu;fs; vd;gij mJ Cfpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mtu;fSila Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fSk; nfhs;iffSk; ,e;jpa kf;fspd;
midj;Jg; gpupTfSf;Fk;> fhydpj;Jt Ruz;lYf;F vjpuhd Njrpa
mstpyhd eyd;fis gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;jd.
kpjthjpfs; Ntiyia kjpg;gpLtjd; %yk;> mtu;fs;
mjpf ntw;wpia ngwtpy;iy vd;W mwpag;gLfpwJ. mtu;fshy;
gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l rpy rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; kl;LNk Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
ntspehl;L Ml;rpahsu;fs; mtu;fis ,fo;r;rpAld; elj;jpdhu;fs;.
kpjthjpfs; nghJ kf;fspilNa ve;j Mjhuj;ijAk; ngwKbatpy;iy,
NkYk; fhq;fpu]py; mjpf ek;gpf;ifAld; ,Ue;jtu;fs; $l kpfTk;
Vkhw;wk; mile;jdu;. kpjthjpfsJ murpay; ‘miuFiw kw;Wk;
miukdNjhL’ vd;W tu;zpf;fg;gl;lJ. mtu;fSila Kiwfs;>
gpuhu;j;jid kw;Wk; kDf;fspd; %yk;> mit gpr;irahfNth my;yJ
gpr;ir vLg;gjhfNth tptupf;fg;gl;ld.
kpjthjpfs; kf;fspd; Vf;fk; kw;Wk; mgpyhi\fis
itj;J Ntfj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;j jtwptpl;ldu;. ,e;jpau;fs; kw;Wk;
gpupl;b\;fspd; murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu eyd;fis Nkhjy;
kw;Wk; gpupl;b\; kf;fs; rz;il ,y;yhky; ,e;jpahtpy; jq;fs;
cupikfs; kw;Wk; rYiffis iftpl vjpu;ghu;f;f KbahJ vd;W
mtu;fs; czutpy;iy. NkYk; ,e;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; ,];yhkpau;fs;
fhq;fpu]plkpUe;J tpyfp ,Ug;gjdhy; xU ,af;fk; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
,Wjpapy; ghf;fp];jhd; ];jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ. mtu;fspd; rpwe;j
Kaw;rpfs; ,Ue;jNghjpYk; kpjthjpfs; ,];yhkpau;fSf;F vjpuhf
ntw;wp ngw Kbatpy;iy.

fhq;fpurpd; r%f mikg;G> 1905 tiu> cau;ej ; jhf ,Ue;jJ. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd;
cUthf;fk;
,];yhkpau;fisAk; tptrhapfisAk; fhq;fpu]; klq;fhf khw;Wtjw;F
V.X. `_k; jdJ rpwpa ntw;wpahy; ,k;Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. K];yk P ;
cauLf;F> Fwpg;ghf mypfu; kf;fshy; Nju;en
; jLf;fg;gl;l rigfspypUe;J
Njhy;tp milthu;fs; vd;Wk;> ,e;Jf;fs; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jthu; vd;W Fwpg;Gfs;
fUjpdu; (ngUk;ghyhd ,lq;fspy; ,e;Jf;fs; ngUk;ghd;ikahf
,Ue;jdu;). mJ etPd Mq;fpyf; fy;tpiaj; jskhff; nfhz;L>
,];yhkpau;fs; ,j;Jiwapy; ,e;Jf;fSf;Fg; gpd;jq;fpatu;fs; vd;gjhy;
,];yhkpa cauLf;F> Fbik Nritfspy; Ml;Nru;gG ; nra;tjw;fhd
Nghl;bj; Nju;Tfis vjpu;jj; J. mtu;fs; Fbik Nritfspy; cs;s
,e;J Nkyhjpf;fj;jpw;F mQ;rpdhu;fs;. ,e;jf; fhuzpfs; midj;Jk;
,];yhkpau;fis fhq;fpu]pypUe;J js;sp itj;jpUe;jJ ,];yhkpau;fis
Cf;fg;gLj;Jtjw;F fhq;fpu]; jPtpu ftdk; nrYj;jtpy;iy. gpw;fhyj;jpy;
mtu;fs; ,jid ngupa jtW vd;W czu;ej ; du;.
,t;tpjk; fhq;fpu];> [kPd;jhu;fs;> jiytu;fs;> Mq;fpyk;
gbj;jtu;fs; MfpNahupd; gpur;rpidfspy; kl;Lk; mf;fiw fhl;ltpy;iy
vd;gJ njspthfpwJ. Mdhy; rKjhaj;jpd; midj;Jg; gpupTfSf;Fk;
,J ftiy mspf;fpwJ. fhq;fpurpd; Nehf;fq;fs; xU NghJk; mjd;
topKiwfisAk;> nray;ghl;ilAk; ‘kpjkhdJ’ vd;W mioj;jjw;Ff;
,J xU fhuzkhf ,Ue;jjpy;iy. murpayikg;G Nghuhl;l Kiwia
kDf;fs;> ciufs; kw;Wk; fl;Liufs; %yk; Muk;gfhy fhq;fpu];
jiytu;fs; ek;gpdhu;fs;. Muk;gfhy fhq;fpu]; jiytu;fspd; r%f
mikg;G ,jw;F xU Kf;fpaf; fhuzkhFk;. mtu;fs; ntw;wpfukhd
njhopy;Kiw gpd;dzpapy; ,Ue;J te;jdu; (mtu;fspy; ngUk;ghNyhu;
tf;fPy;fs;> gj;jpupifahsu;fs; kw;Wk; fy;tpahsu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;)
kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; jdpg;gl;l tho;f;if ghzp Mq;fpNyau; Nghy;
,Ue;jJ. xUNtis> Mq;fpNyauplkpUe;J mtu;fs; fw;w Kjy; ghlk;>
tpz;zg;gq;fis vg;gb vOJtJ> vg;gb kDf;fis nfhLg;gJ
vd;gjhFk;. NkYk;> mtu;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdtu;fSf;F murpay; vd;gJ
xU gFjp Neu tptfhukhf ,Ue;jJ.

1. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; vg;nghOJ vq;Nf epWtg;gl;lJ?
2. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; Kjy; jiytu; ahu;?
3. kpjthjpfspd; mbg;gil gytPdk; vd;d?

gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjp jrhg;jKk;> ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd;
Kw;gFjpapYk;> ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]py; xU Gjpa kw;Wk;
,isa FOtpdupd; Njhw;wj;ij fz;lJ. mJ gioa jiyikapd;
rpj;jhe;jj;ijAk; topKiwfisAk; fLikahf tpku;rpj;J te;jJ. ,e;j
Mj;jpuKw;w ,isQu;fs;> Rauh[;aj;ij fhq;fpurpd; ,yf;fhf Vw;Wf;

,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; ,J Ra-rhu;G kw;Wk; RahjPd Kiwfs;
cUthf;fk;
%yk; milag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W thjpl;Ls;sdu;. ,e;j Gjpa FO>
mjid vjpu;j;J> kpjthjpfs; vd;W Fwpg;gpl Muk;gpj;jJ> gpd;du;
mjw;F Kuzhf> jPtputhjpfs; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; Njrpathj Nghu;f;Fzkpf;f tbtk; Kjd;Kjyhf gq;fpk; re;jpu
rhl;lu;[p kw;Wk; Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjp MfpNahupd; Nghjidfs;
kw;Wk; cgNjrq;fspy; fhzg;gl;lJ. gq;fpk; re;jpu rhl;lu;[p gftj;
fPij %yk; <u;f;fg;gl;L xd;Wgl;l ,e;jpahit fw;gid nra;J
nfhz;lhu;. gpgpd; re;jpu ghy; %yk; Njrpathjj;jpd; jPu;f;fjuprp
vd;W miof;fg;gl;l Rthkp tpNtfhde;ju;> Njrpathj rpe;jidf;F
Md;kPf gupkhzj;ij mspj;jhu;. mtu; jdJ fhyj;jpy;> ,isQu;fis
NtW xUtUk; nra;a Kbahj msTf;F Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gLj;jpdhu;.
jPtputhjj;jpd; MzpNtu;> fhydpa Ml;rpapd; nfhs;iffs;> kw;Wk;
,isa jiyKiwapdiu <u;g;gjpy; kpjthj jiytu;fspd; Njhy;tp
Mfpa ,uz;L Kf;fpa fhuzpfis nfhz;Ls;sJ.
7.3.1 jPtputhj vOr;rpf;F toptFj;j fhuzpfs;
jPtputhj vOr;rpf;F toptFj;j fhuzpfs; gpd;tUkhW:
••gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; cz;ikahd jd;ikia mwpjy;
••Fbikg; gzpj; Nju;Tfs; mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy
••tq;fhsg; gpuptpid
••,e;jpa rig rl;lk;> 1892> ,e;jpahtpy; xU thf;fhsu; cWg;ig
mwpKfg;gLj;Jtjpy; Njhy;tpAw;wJ> rpy cWg;gpdu;fis Nju;T
nra;a toptif nra;jJ.
••1894 kw;Wk; 1896 Mfpa Njjpfspy; ,e;jpa murpd; Rq;ftup
kw;Wk; gUj;jpf; flikfs; rl;lk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;
••,e;jpa gy;fiyf;fof rl;lk; (1904) %yk; gy;fiyf;fofq;fis
fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; (1904)
••[g;ghdpahy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l u\;ah (1904–05)> fy;tp fw;w
,isQu;fSf;F cj;Ntfk; mspj;jJ
••tu;dhFyu; nra;jpj;jhs; Gof;fk; 1885 Mk; Mz;by; 2>99>000y;
,Ue;J 1905-y; 8>17>000 Mf cau;j;jpaJ. Nfrup (kuhj;jp) kw;Wk;
gq;fgrp (ngq;fhyp) Nghd;w rpy gpugykhd gj;jpupiffs; kpjthj
fhq;fpuir vjpu;j;jd
••1896-y; kfhuh\;buhtpd; gQ;rk;
7.3.2 jPtputhjpfspd; Nehf;fKk; topKiwfSk;
,e;jpa murpaypy; Gjpa jpUg;gk; ,uz;L tbtq;fspy; ntspg;ghl;ilf;
fz;lJ-fhq;fpuRf;Fs;NsNa jPtputhjf; FOit cUthf;fpaJ kw;Wk;
ehl;by; Gul;rpfu ,af;fj;jpd; tsu;r;rpia ngUkstpy; mjpfupj;jJ.
ehd;F Kf;fpa fhq;fpu]; jiytu;fs;- Nyhfkhd;ah jpyfu;> gpgpd;
re;jpu ghy;> MNuhgpd;Nlh Nfh\; kw;Wk; yhyh y[;gj; uha;> Gjpa

FOtpd; ek;gpf;iffis tiuaWj;jdu;> mjd; yl;rpaq;fSf;F tbtk; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd;
cUthf;fk;
nfhLj;J mjd; nray;ghLfis topelj;jpdhu;. kpjthj murpaiy
Kiwia gioaDf;fhd Gjpa tpsf;Ffs; vd;w jiyg;gpy; ntspte;j
fl;Liuj; njhlupy; tpku;rpj;j Muk;gfhy jiytu;fspy; xUtuhf
mutpe;jNfh\; ,Ue;jhu;. Mq;fpy khjpupia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Fwpg;Gfs;
Nghuhl;lj;jpd; murpayikg;G Kiwia mtu; tpUk;gtpy;iy kw;Wk;
fhq;fpu]pd; nkd;ikahd mZF Kiwia mtu; mZfpdhu;. ,q;fpyhe;jpy;
,Ue;J cj;Ntfk; ngwf;$lhJ vd;Wk; Mdhy; gpnuQ;R Gul;rpapy;
(1789–99) ,Ue;J cj;Ntfk; ngwyhk; vd;Wk; mtu; mtu;fsplk; $wpdhu;.
Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; ghl;lhsp tu;f;fk; (ciof;Fk;) tu;f;fj;ij nfhz;L
tUtijAk; mtu; gupe;Jiuj;jhu;. gpgpd; re;jpu ghy;> m];tpdp Fkhu;
jj;jh> yyh y[;gj; uha; kw;Wk; ghy fq;fhju jpyfu; Nghd;w fhq;fpu];
jiytu;fs;> ‘gpuhu;j;jid’ kw;Wk; kDf;fs; Kiwfspy; kfpo;r;rpahf
,y;iy. mtu;fs; jd;dk;gpf;if> Mf;fG+u;tkhd Ntiy> Nkshf;fs;>
nghJf; $l;lq;fs;> fy;tp kw;Wk; murpay; gilg;Gfspy; jha;nkhopiag;
gad;gLj;Jjy; Mfpatw;wpw;F Mjuthf ,Ue;jdu;. ey;y murhq;fk;
Ra Ml;rpf;F khw;whf ,y;iy vd;W mtu;fs; thjpl;ldu;. ];tNj\p
,af;fj;jpd; gpur;rpid kpjthjpfs; kw;Wk; jPtputhjpfs; ,ilNa cs;s
,ilntspia mjpfupj;jJ. jPtputhjpfs; murhq;fj;Jld; KOikahd
xj;Jiog;G ,y;yhky; KO ehl;bYk; mtu;fs; ,af;fj;ij gug;g
tpUk;gpdu;. y[;gj; uha; kw;Wk; jpyf; MfpNahupd; fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk;
jpl;lq;fspy; kpfTk; Mf;Nuh\khf ,Ue;jdu;.
y[;gj; uha; cupikfis Nfl;L ngWtjpy; tpj;ahrk; ,y;iy
vd;why; Njrpaj; juj;jpy; ve;j murpay; jFjpAk; fpilahJ vd;W
$wpdhu;. mtu; NkYk; $Wifapy;> ,iwahz;ik kf;fsplk;jhd;
,Uf;fpwJ; muR mtu;fSf;fhfTk; tpjpfs; mtu;fs; ngaupYk;
cs;sJ. Mdhy; Nghuhspj;jd Njrpathjj;jpd; cz;ikahd epWtdu;
ghy fq;fhju; jpyfu; Mthu;. mtu; kpjthjpfis jdJ jdpj;Jtkhd
ghzpapy; tpku;rpj;jhu;-xU jtis Nghd;w xU tUlj;jpw;F xU Kiw
Xir vOg;gpdhy;> ciog;gpy; ve;jnthU ntw;wpiag; ngw khl;Nlhk;. mtu;
cldbahf ,e;jpahtpd; murpay; Fwpf;Nfhis> mjhtJ Rauh[;ak;
my;yJ jd;dhl;rp murhq;fj;jpid epu;thfj;jpy; rPu;jpUj;jk; nra;tjw;F
gjpyhf Gjpjhf mikj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. ];tuh[; vd;Dila gpwg;G
cupik vd;W mwptpj;jNghJ mtu; mjpf ek;gpf;ifiaAk; jpwikiaAk;
nfhz;bUe;jhu;. mtu; gytw;wpy; Kd;Ndhbahf ,Ue;jhu;. mtu; 1894
Mk; Mz;L Kjy; fNz\; jpUtpohitg; Nghd;w kj rpd;dq;fisAk;>
jpUtpohf;fisAk; kf;fis mzpjpul;Ltjw;fhf gad;gLj;jpdhu;> 1896
Mk; Mz;L Kjy; rpth[p jpUtpohtpd; %yk; Njrgf;jpAldhd tuyhw;W
topghl;L Kiwfis ,isQu;fSf;F Cf;Ftpj;jhu;. kfhuh\;buhtpy;
fLikahd gQ;rk; Vw;gl;lNghJ> mtu; 1896–97 Mk; Mz;by;
tUtha;-,y;yhj gpur;rhuj;ijAk; $l mtu; epfo;j;jpdhu;. gQ;rj;jpd;
epthuz FwpaPLr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; toq;fg;gl;l epthuz eltbf;iffis
vLf;f muRf;F miog;G tpLj;jhu;. mtUila fhfpjk; Nfrup %yk;> tup
nrYj;j kf;fs; kWf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jhu;. mtu;
Nfhgkhf vOjpdhu;> kuzj;jpd; gpbapy; $l cq;fshy; ijupakhf

,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; ,Uf;f Kbahj vd;W 1896 Mk; Mz;L gUj;jp kNrhjh rl;lj;ij
cUthf;fk;
vjpu;j;Jg; NghuhLk; tptfhuj;jpy; mtu; Gwf;fzpg;G ,af;fj;ijj;
njhlq;fpdhu;. jPtputhjpfspd; ];tuh[pfhd Nfhupf;if ntspAwTf;
fl;Lg;ghLfspypUe;J KOr; Rje;jpuKk;> ntspehl;L fl;Lg;ghLfspd;wp
Fwpg;Gfs; Njrpa tptfhuq;fis epu;tfpf;f KO Rje;jpuk; Ntz;Lk; vd;w
Nfhupf;ifAk; njspthf Gupe;J nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. kpjthjj;
jiytu;fspd; ];tuh[; NguuRf;Fs;Ns fhydpj;Jt Raepu;zaj;jpw;fhd
Nfhupf;ifia kl;LNk nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,U Nfh\;bfs; (kpjthjpfs;
kw;Wk; jPtputhjpfs;) gad;gLj;jpa Kiwfs; mtu;fspd; Ntfk;
kw;Wk; mZFKiwapy; NtWgLfpd;wd. jPtputhjpfSf;F gpupl;b\;
nghJkf;fs; my;yJ ehlhSkd;wj;jpd; ,uf;fj;jd;ikapy; ek;gpf;if
fpilahJ> my;yJ khehLfs; elj;Jk; jpwik gw;wp mtu;fs; ek;gpf;if
nfhs;stpy;iy. jPtputhjpfs; mikjpahd vjpu;g;G> ntF[d fpsu;r;rp
kw;Wk; tYthd my;yJ Ra jpahfq;fisr; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w
ek;gpf;ifia cWjp nra;jdu;. Gjpa jiyik> Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhf
xU czu;r;rpfukhd md;ig cUthf;f Kide;jJ> nka;nghUs;
jpahfj;jpw;fhfTk;> ehl;bw;fhfTk; Jd;GWj; jahuhf ,Ue;jJ. mtu;fs;
kf;fspd; kdjpy; ,Ue;J MSeupd; ru;tty;yikapypUe;J Nt&d;wp
epw;fTk;> mjw;F gjpyhf mtu;fsJ nrhe;j ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; jq;fs;
nrhe;j typik nfhLf;fTk; Kad;wdu;. ntF[dq;fspd; typikf;F
mtu;fs; Mokhd ek;gpf;if itj;jpUe;jdu; kw;Wk; mtu;fs; ntF[d
eltbf;if %yk; ];tuhia mila jpl;lkpl;ldu;. vdNt> kf;fspilNa
murpay; Ntiyf;fhfTk; kf;fspilNa Neub murpay; eltbf;iff;fhfTk;
mtu;fs; mOj;jk; nfhLj;jdu;. kpjthjpfs; ntspehl;L nghUl;fis
Gwf;fzpj;jdu;> RNjr nghUl;fs;> Njrpa fy;tp kw;Wk; gpwtpid
kpd;jilia gad;gLj;jpdu;.

4. Njrpathj Nghu;f;Fzkpf;f tbtk; ,e;jpahtpy; Kjypy; vq;F
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ?
5. fhq;fpu]pd; jPtputhjpfs; kw;Wk; kpjthjpfSf;F ,ilNa
cs;s ,ilntspia ve;j gpur;rid tpupTgLj;jpaJ?

1. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; 1885 Mk; Mz;L brk;gu; 28 Mk; Njjp
ghk;Ng> ru; Nj[; ghy; rk];fpUj tpj;ahyahtpy; epWtg;gl;lJ.
2. W.C. ghdu;[p ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Kjy; jiytuhf
,Ue;jhu;.
3.
kpjthjpfspd; mbg;gil gytPdk; mtu;fSila FWfpa
r%fj; jsj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. mtu;fSila ,af;fk; gue;j
Nky;KiwaPlhf ,y;iy.

4. gf;fpk; re;jpu rl;lu;[p kw;Wk; Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjp ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd;
cUthf;fk;
MfpNahupd; NghjidfspYk; gpurq;fj;jpYk; Kjd;Kjypy;
Njrpathj Nghu;f;Fzkpf;f tbtk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
5. RNjrp ,af;fj;jpd; gpur;rpid kpjthjpfs; kw;Wk; jPtputhjpfs; ,ilNa
cs;s ,ilntspia mjpfupjj ; J. jPtputhjpfs; murhq;fj;Jld; Fwpg;Gfs;
KOikahd xj;Jiog;G ,y;yhky; KO ehl;bYk; mtu;fs;
,af;fj;ij gug;g tpUk;gpdu;. y[;gj; uha; kw;Wk; jpyf; MfpNahupd;
fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; jpll ; q;fspy; kpfTk; Mf;Nuh\khf ,Ue;jdu;.
7.5 RUf;fk;
••ehnlq;fpYk; cs;s murpay; njhlu;Gfspd; vz;zpf;if> Njrg;gw;W
kw;Wk; Njrpathjk; Mfpatw;wpd; nfhs;iffis gug;gpaJ mit
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpuRf;F mbj;jskhf mikj;jJ.
••,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; 1885 brk;gu; 28 md;W ghk;Ng> ru; Nj[;
ghy; rk];fpUj tpj;ahyahtpy; epWtg;gl;lJ.
••,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; cWg;gpdu;fspy; rpyu; ngNuh];\h
Nkj;jh> lgps;A+.rp. ghdu;[p> Mde;jNkh`d; Ngh];> gj;Ujpd;
jpahg;[p> RNue;jpuehj; ghdu;[p> kw;Wk; nuhNk\; re;jpu jj;. ,e;j
rq;fk; kw;wtu;fsplkpUe;J khWgl;lJ> Ke;ija $l;lq;fspy;
jq;fSila epfo;rr
; p epuYf;F KOikahd Rje;jpuk;
fpilf;ftpy;iy.
••fhq;fpu]; rpy Nfhupf;iffis Kd;itj;jJ> mtw;iw %d;W
gpupTfshf gpupf;fyhk;: murpay;> epu;thfk; kw;Wk; nghUshjhuk;.
••fhq;fpurpd; Kjd;ikahd Fwpf;Nfhs; vd;dntd;why;> mtu;fs;
xNu ehl;ilr; Nru;e;jtu;fs; mjhtJ ,e;jpah ehl;L kf;fs; vd;W
czuitf;fNtz;Lk;. rhjp> kj> kuG> nkhop vd;w tifapy;
,e;jpahtpy; gd;Kfj;jd;ik ,ij xU fbdkhd gzpahf
khw;wpaJ.
••1885 ,y; njhlq;fg;gl;ljpy; ,Ue;J ,e;jpah 1947-y; Rje;jpuk;
ngw;w fhyk; tiu> fhq;fpu]; kpfg;ngupa kw;Wk; kpf
Kf;fpakhd ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;G MFk;. mjd; Muk;g
fl;lq;fspy;> ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; xU murpay; gpupT MFk;>
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; mJ r%f rPu;jpUj;jj;jpw;Fk; kdpj tsu;r;rpf;Fk;
Jizahf ,Ue;jJ.
••fhq;fpu]; [kPd;jhu;> Kjyhspj;Jt kw;Wk; Mq;fpyk;
gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l ty;Ydu;fspd; gpur;rpidfs; Fwpj;J kl;Lk;
mf;fiw fhl;ltpy;iy> Mdhy; mJ r%fj;jpd; midj;J
gFjpfSf;Fk; mf;fiw fhl;baJ.
••gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapYk;> ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd;
Kw;gFjpapYk;> ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]py; xU Gjpa kw;Wk;
,isa FOtpdupd; Njhw;wj;ij fz;lJ. ,J gioa jiyikapd;
rpj;jhe;jk; kw;Wk; topKiwfis fLikahf tpku;rpj;jJ. ,e;j

,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Mj;jpuKw;w ,isQu;fs;> ];tuh[papd; fhq;fpurpd; ,yf;fhf
cUthf;fk;
Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W thjpl;Ls;sdu; ,J Ra rhu;gw;w
kw;Wk; RahjPd Kiwfs; %yk; milag;gl Ntz;bajhFk;.
••gf;fpk; re;jpu rl;lu;[p kw;Wk; Rthkp jahde;j ru];tjp
Fwpg;Gfs; MfpNahupd; NghjidfspYk; gpurq;fj;jpYk; Kjd;Kjypy;
Njrpathj Nghu;f;Fzkpf;f tbtk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
••jPtputhjj;jpd; Ntu; ,uz;L Kf;fpa fhuzpfshFk; - fhydpj;Jt
Ml;rpapd; nfhs;iffs;> kw;Wk; kpjthj jiytu;fs; ,isa
jiyKiw kw;Wk; nghJ kf;fis <u;g;gjpy; Njhy;tpaile;jdu;.
••,e;jpa murpaypy; Gjpa jpUg;GKidahdJ ,uz;L tbtq;fspy;
ntspg;ghl;ilf; fz;lJ - fhq;fpuRf;Fs;NsNa jPtputhjf;
FOit cUthf;fpaJ> ehl;by; gaq;futhjk; my;yJ Gul;rpfu
,af;fj;jpd; tsu;r;rp mjpfupj;jJ. ehd;F Kf;fpa fhq;fpu];
jiytu;fs; - Nyhfkhd;ah jpyfu;> gpgpd; re;jpu ghy;> MNuhgpd;Nlh
Nfh\; kw;Wk; yhyh y[;gj; uha;> Gjpa FOtpd; ek;gpf;iffis
tiuaWj;jdu;> mjd; yl;rpaq;fSf;F tbtk; nfhLj;J mjd;
nray;ghLfis topelj;jpdhu;.

••kDf;fs;: ,J xU Kiwahd vOjg;gl;l Nfhupf;ifia
Fwpf;fpwJ> nghJthf xU ifnahg;gkpl;l gy kf;fs;> xU
Fwpg;gpl;l fhuzk; njhlu;ghf mjpfhuj;Jf;F KiwapLfpd;wdu;.
••ghJfhg;G-milg;ghd;: ,e;j R+oypy;> mjpUg;jpAs;s jdpegu;fs;
kw;w cWg;GfSf;F jq;fs; vjpu;g;igr; nray;gLj;Jtjw;F
mDkjpf;Fk; mikg;Gfis ,J Fwpf;fpwJ> Vnddpy; mJ
'ePuhtp tpl;L tpLtJ' Nghy; ,Ue;jJ.
••RNjrp: gpupl;b\;> ,e;jpahtpy; xU murpay; ,af;fkhf ,Ue;jJ>
mJ cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jpiaAk; ntspehl;L Gwf;fzpg;igAk;
Cf;Ftpj;jJ. Fwpg;ghf gpupl;b\; nghUl;fs;> Ra-ek;gpf;ifia
Nehf;fpa xU gbahf cs;sJ.
•• Rauh[;ak;: nghJthf Ra MSik my;yJ Ra Ml;rp vd;W nghUs;.

FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]py; kpjthjpfs; Vd; Njhy;tp mile;jhu;fs;?
2. ‘Rauh[;ak;’ vd;gij tiuaW.
3. jPtputhjpfspd; Nehf;fq;fs; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;

1. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; cUthf;fk; Fwpj;J MuhaTk;.

2. fhq;fpuRld; jPtputhjpfs; vOr;rp ngw toptFj;j fhuzpfis ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd;
cUthf;fk;
tptupf;f. jPtputhjpfspd; topKiwfs; vd;d?
3. ,e;jpahtpy; Muk;gfhy Njrpathjpfis gw;wp tpthjp.
7.8 NkYk; gbf;f Fwpg;Gfs;

bu];l;.
Gj;jfq;fs;.
gpugy gpufhrd;.

tq;fhsg; gpuptpid kw;Wk;
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; myF 8 tq;fhsg; gpuptpid kw;Wk;
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk;
Fwpg;Gfs;
mikg;G
8.0 mwpKfk;
8.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
8.3 jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; kw;Wk; rpy MSikfSk;
tpilfs;
8.5 RUf;fk;
8.8 NkYk; gbf;f
8.0 mwpKfk;
,e;j myfpy; tq;fhsg; gpuptpid Fwpj;J tpthjpg;Nghk;. 1905 k;
Mz;L tq;fhsg; gpuptpid itrpuha; yhu;l; fu;]d; cj;jutpd; Ngupy;
elj;jg;gl;lJ. gpuptpidf;F Mq;fpNyaupd; fhuzk; vd;dntd;why;> me;j
khfhzk; kpfTk; ngupajhf epu;tfpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.gpupj;jhdpa
Vfhjpgj;jpathjpfspd; gpsT kw;Wk; Ml;rp nfhs;ifapd; xU gFjpahf
,e;j gfpu;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ljhf ,e;jpau;fs; re;Njfpj;jdu;. tq;fhsg;
gpuptpid gpupl;b\hUf;F vjpuhd Kjy; cz;ikahd ntF[d ,af;fj;ij
J}z;btpl;lJ. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpuir kj;jpa> Nky; ju tof;fwpQu;fs;
nfhz;l mikg;gpypUe;J Njrpa mstpyhd KiwaPlL ; ld; khw;wpaJ..
8.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
••,e;jpa Njrpaj;jpy; tq;fhsg; gpuptpidapd; gq;fpid Muha KbAk;.
••tq;fhsg; gpuptpidf;F fhuzkhd fhuzpfis tpthjpf;f KbAk.;
••jpyf; kw;Wk; md;dpngrz;l; MfpNahupd; fPo; cs;s jd;dhl;rp
fofj;jpd; vOr;rpia Muha KbAk;
••yf;Ndhtpd; xg;ge;jj;ij kw;Wk; yf;Ndhtpd; If;fpaj;jpy; mjd;
gq;F gw;wpAk; tpthjpf;f KbAk;.

tq;fhsj;ij gq;fPL nra;Ak; KbT> mf;Nlhgu; 16> 1905 md;W yhu;l;
fu;]d; (1899–1905) jiyikapy; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J etPd tq;fhs
tuyhw;wpy; kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j epfo;thFk; vd;W gjpT
nra;ag;gl;lJ. 1765 Kjy; tq;fhsk;> gPfhu; kw;Wk; xuprhtpy; mlq;Fk;.

gpupl;b\; ,e;jpah xU khfhzj;jpw;F kpfg; ngupajhf ,Ue;jJ vd;W tq;fhsg; gpuptpid kw;Wk;
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk;
fUjg;gl;lJ. gpupl;b\; rhk;uh[;aj;jpw;F Kiwahd epu;thfj;ij
epiwNtw;WtJ fbdkhf ,Ue;jJ> vdNt> khfhzkhdJ kWrPuikg;G
kw;Wk; mwpthu;e;j gpupT Njit vd;W czu;e;jJ.
Fwpg;Gfs;
tq;fhsg; gpuptpidf;F fhuzkhd fhuzpfs;
tq;fhsj;jpd; Jizepiy MSeu;> 189>000 rJu iky; gug;gsit
epu;tfpf;Fk; nghWg;ig tfpj;J te;jhu;. NkYk; 1903 y; kf;fs; njhif
78>500>000 Mf cau;ej ; J> kw;Wk; jpwikahd jfty;njhlu;G kw;Wk;
Ml;rpKiw ,y;yhjjhy; fpof;F tq;fhsj;jpd; gy khtl;lq;fs; cupa
ftdj;ij ngwtpy;iy. murhq;fk; fy;fj;jh (,g;NghJ nfhy;fj;jh)
kw;Wk; mjd; mUfpYs;s khtl;lq;fspy; kl;LNk ftdj;ij <u;jJ ; s;sJ.
epyg;gpuGf;fspd; nfhûkhd epu;thfj;jpdhy; tptrhapfspd; tho;fi ; f
Nkhrkhdjhf MdJ. xU khfhzj;jpd; epu;thf mikg;gpy; NghJkhd
Copau;fs; ,y;yhjjhy; ,J tu;jj ; fk;> tzpfk; kw;Wk; fy;tpia fzprkhf
ghjpj;jJ. Fwpg;ghf> fpof;F tq;fhs khfhzq;fspy; cs;s MWfs;
kw;Wk; ePNuhilfs; ntl;lg;gl;ljhy; mtu;fs; kpfTk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
jpwikaw;w epu;thfk; fpl;lj;jl;l xU E}w;whz;Lf;F Njitg;gLk; ePut ; opj;
jlq;fis xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l flw;nfhs;isau;fSf;F toptFj;jJ.
epu;thfg; gpur;rpidfs; jtpu> tq;fhsj;jpd; vy;iyfis
kWxOq;fikg;gJ Fwpj;J gpupl;b\; rhk;uh[;[paj;jpw;F J}z;Ljyhf
,Ue;j gpw fhuzpfs; gQ;rk;> ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; nkhopapay;
gpur;rpidfs; MFk;. ,e;jf; fhuzq;fshy; tq;fhsj;jpd; epu;thf
Kiwia kWxOq;fikf;f J}z;baJ. Mdhy; mJ xOq;fw;wjhf
,Ue;jJ. ,e;j Vw;ghLfspy; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
••1836: cau; khfhzq;fs; tq;fhsj;jpypUe;J gpupf;fg;gl;L>
Jizepiy MSeupd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; itf;fg;gl;ld.
••1854: tq;fhsj;jpd; Neub epu;thfk; nghJ MSduplkpUe;J
vLf;fg;gl;L xU Jizepiy MSeupd; fPo; itf;fg;gl;lJ.
••1874: mrhk; kw;Wk; rpy;thTk; tq;fhsj;jpypUe;J gpupe;J> jiyik
Mizaiu mikf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf mrhk; kw;Wk;
rpy;n`j; tq;fhsj;jpypUe;J gpupf;fg;gl;lJ.
••1898: Y\ha; kiy khtl;lk; tq;fhsj;jpypUe;J ,izf;fg;gl;L>
mrhk; jiyik Mizau; epu;thfj;jpd; fPo; itf;fg;gl;lJ.
1903 y; tq;fhsg; gpuptpidf;fhd Kjy; Kd;nkhopT> Kf;fpakhf
jpwdw;w epu;thfj;jpd; mbg;gilahf fUjg;gl;lJ. ,J xU $r;ry;>
mOif vd vOe;j epiyapy;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l tq;fhsj;jpd; rhj;jpakhd
ed;ikfisj; jhd; mjpfhupfs; Kjypy; Kd;itj;jdu;. gpuptpidapd;
mry; jpl;lg;gb> ,e;j gpuptpid tFg;Gthj fhuzq;fSf;fhf ,y;yhky;
Gtprhu; mbg;gilapy; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
tq;fhsj;ij gq;fPL nra;tjw;fhd KbT %d;W Kf;fpa
Nehf;fq;fis nfhz;l epu;thfj; Njitfis mbg;gilahf nfhz;lJ
vd;W murhq;fk; thjpl;lJ. mit gpd;tUkhW:

tq;fhsg; gpuptpid kw;Wk; 1. tq;fhs murpd; epu;thfr; Rikia Fiwf;fTk;> njhiyJ}u
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk;
khtl;lq;fspy; jpwikahd epu;thfj;ij cWjp nra;tjw;Fk; ,J
tpUk;gpaJ.
2. m];]hk; tsu;rr ; pia Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf murhq;fk; xU jiyik
Fwpg;Gfs; Mizahsuhy; Msg;gl;L> mjd; mjpfhu tuk;ig tpupTgLj;jg;gl;L
flw;gFjpapy; cs;s epiyaq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ.
3. xNu epu;thfj;jpd; fPo; rpjwbf;fg;gl;l xuprh nkhop NgRk; kf;fis
xd;wpizf;f murhq;fk; Kad;wJ.
NkYk;> rpl;lfhq;ifAk; lhf;fh (,g;NghJ jf;fh) kw;Wk;
tq;fhsj;jpy; ,Ue;J ikkd;];rpq; Mfpa khtl;lq;fisAk; gpupf;fTk;>
mrhkpy; mtu;fis ,izf;fTk; murhq;fk; jpl;lkpl;Ls;sJ. ,J
tq;fhsj;jpypUe;J Nrhl;lh ehf;G+iu ,izf;f jpl;lkpl;L> kj;jpa
khfhzq;fisAk; ,izf;f jpl;lkpl;Ls;sdu;.
1904 [dtupapy; ,e;jg; gpuptpidapd; Kd;nkhopTfs; ntspaplg;gl;ld.
1904 gpg;utup khjk;> fpof;F tq;fhs khtl;lq;fspd; epiyikia kjpg;gL P
nra;aTk;> murpd; Kd;nkhopTfs; Fwpj;J nghJ kf;fspd; fUj;ij
guprPypf;Fk; nghUl;L yhu;l; fu;rhd; xU cj;jpNahfG+u;t Rw;Wg;gazj;ij
Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. gy;NtW khtl;lq;fspd; Kf;fpa MSikfSld;
gpuptpidapd; Kd;nkhopTfs; Fwpj;J tpthjpj;j mtu;> lhf;fh> rpl;lfhq;
kw;Wk; iknkd;rpq; Mfpa gFjpfspYk; (jw;NghJ gq;fshNj\py;) ,Nj
Nghd;W ciuahw;wpdhu;. ,e;jg; gazk; ,d;Dk; $Ljyhd tifapy;
gpuptpidapd; Kd;nkhopTf;F eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w jdJ
Kbit jPtpug;gLj;jpdhu;. ,e;j Kd;nkhopapy; cs;slq;Fgit
••rl;lNkyitapy; xU Jizepiy MSeupd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo;
xU jd;dhl;rp Gjpa khfhzk; cUthf;Fjy;
••xU Ra Ml;rp tUtha; mjpfhuk;
••xU jpwikahd epu;thfj;ij nry;Ygbahf;Fk; xU ngupa
epyg;gug;ig khw;Wjy;
m];]hk; kw;Wk; tq;fhsj;jpd; murhq;fq;fs; ,e;j jpl;lj;jpw;F
jq;fs; xg;Gjy;fis mspj;jy;. Gjpa khfhzk; gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; ,Uf;Fk;:
••jpupGuh
••rpl;lfhq;fpd; gpsTfs;
••lhf;fh
••uh[;rh`p (lhu;[pypq; jtpu;j;J)
••kyhlh khtl;lk;> mrhKld; ,izg;G
vdNt> ,e;j Kd;nkhoptpd; gb tq;fhsk; ,e;j ngupa fpof;Fg;
gFjpfis kl;Lky;yhky;> Ie;J ,e;jp NgRk; khepyq;fis kj;jpa
khfhzq;fSf;F xg;gilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk;>
Nkw;F khfhzj;jpw;F $Ljyhf kj;jpa khfhzq;fs; tq;fhsj;jpw;F
rk;gy;G+u; kw;Wk; Ie;J cupa nkhop NgRk; khepyq;fspd; rpW gFjp
Mfpatw;iw nfhLf;Fk;. gpupTf;Fg; gpwF> tq;fhsj;jpy; 189>000 rJu

iky; gug;gstpy; 141>580 rJu iky;fs; kl;LNk ,Uf;Fk;. ,J 54 tq;fhsg; gpuptpid kw;Wk;
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk;
kpy;ypad; kf;fs;njhif nfhz;l 42 kpy;ypad; ,e;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; 9
kpy;ypad; ,];yhkpau;fSld; ,lg;gl;lJ.
Gjpa khfhzj;jpd; ngau; 'fpof;F tq;fhsk; kw;Wk; mrhk;' vd;W
Kd;nkhopag;gl;lJ> ,J lhf;fhtpy; mjd; %yjdj;ij nfhz;bUf;Fk;> Fwpg;Gfs;
rpl;lfhq;fpy; Jizj; jiyikafk; cs;sJ. ,J cs;slf;fpaJ:
••gug;gsT: 106>540 rJu iky;fs;.
••kf;fs; njhif: 12 kpy;ypad; ,e;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; 8 kpy;ypad;
K];ypk;fs; nfhz;l 31 kpy;ypad;.
Gjpa khfhzkhdJ> rl;lkd;w Nkyitapy;> ,uz;L
cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;l tUtha; thupaj;ij nfhz;bUf;Fk; vd;W
Kd;nkhopag;gl;lJ. fy;fj;jh cau;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhu tuk;G
njhe;juT ,y;yhj epiyapNyNa ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j Gjpa khfhzk;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f r%f> Gtpapay;> nkhop kw;Wk; ,dtpay; mk;rq;fSld;
ed;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Nkw;F vy;iyia nfhz;Ls;sJ. Gjpa
khfhzj;jpd; jdpj;Jtkhd xU mk;rk;> tq;fhsj;jpd; xNu tifahd
K];ypk; kf;fs; njhifiag; Gwf;fzpj;jy; MFk;. NkYk;>
lhu;[pypq;fpy; jtpu xl;Lnkhj;j Njapiyj; njhopw;rhiyAk;> xU
epu;thfj;jpd; fPo; rzy; tsUk; gFjpapd; xU Kf;fpa gpupitAk;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. 1905 Mk; Mz;L [_iy 19 Mk; Njjpapl;l jPu;khdj;jpy;
,Wjp Kbit murhq;fk; ntspapl;L> tq;fhsg; gpuptpid ,Wjpahf
16 mf;Nlhgu; 1905 md;W eilKiwf;F nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. gpuptpid
gw;wpa mry; Kd;nkhopTfs; 1903 ,Wjpapy; ntspaplg;gl;ld. ,J
Fwpg;ghf Mjpf;f kw;Wk; gbj;j kj;jpaju tu;f;f ,e;Jf;fshy;
fLikahf vjpu;g;Gj; njuptpf;fg;gl;lJ. Gjpa khfhzj;jpd; cUthf;fk;>
fy;fj;jh cau;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij fzprkhf ghjpf;Fk;
vd;Wk;> lhf;fhtpy; Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk; mikf;ff;$Lk; vd;W
fy;fj;jhtpd; tof;fwpQu;fshy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ. Gjpa khfhzk;>
fy;fj;jh gj;jpupiffspd; Row;rpia ghjpf;Fk; tifapy; cs;Shu;
nra;jpj;jhs;fspd; tsu;r;rpf;F toptFf;Fk; vd;W gj;jpupifahsu;fs;
ftiy njuptpj;jdu;. Gjpa khfhzk; mikf;fg;gLtJ fy;fj;jhtpypUe;J
rpl;lfhq; tiu tu;j;jfj;ij khw;wf;$Lk; vd;Wk;> mJ kpfTk;
neUlyhf> kypthd JiwKfk; vd;Wk;> vdNt mtu;fspd;
tho;thjhuk; ghjpf;fg;gLk; vd;Wk; tu;j;jfu;fs; mQ;rpdu;. fpof;fpe;jpa
kw;Wk; Nkw;F tq;fhsq;fspy; cs;s mjpf nrhj;Jf;fis nfhz;l
[kPd;jhu;fs; $l> Gjpa khfhzkhdJ> lhf;fhtpy; jdp epWtdq;fis
jf;f itj;J nfhs;tjw;F mjpf nryit Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;W
mQ;rpdu;. ,e;j gpuptpid> fy;tpawpT ngw;w tq;fhs ,e;Jf;fs;>
Njrpathjj;jpd; czu;T kw;Wk; tq;fhs nkhop NgRk; kf;fspd;
xw;Wikia tYg;gLj;Jtjw;F> fu;rhdpd; Ntz;Lnkd;Nw jpl;lk;
Nghy fhzg;gl;lJ.
ngq;fShupd; tu;j;jf> tzpfk; kw;Wk; ,ju njhopy;fspy;
ngUk;gFjp> fpuhkg;Gw rKjhaj;jpd; nghWg;ghsu;fshf ,Ue;j>

tq;fhsg; gpuptpid kw;Wk; tq;fhs ,e;Jf;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;jJ. tq;fhsg; gpuptpid>
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk;
mtu;fis Gjpa khfhzj;jpy; rpWghd;ikapduhf khw;wptpLk; vd;W
mtu;fs; ftiyg;gl;lhu;fs;. mJ gpujhdkhf xuprh> gpfhu; KOtijAk;
cs;slf;fpa xd;whFk;. mtu;fsJ fUj;Jg;gb> fy;tpawpT ngw;w ,e;J
Fwpg;Gfs; rKjhaj;jpd; kpf Ntfkhf tsu;e;J tUk; Njrpa czu;it mlf;f>
fpof;F tq;fhsj;jpy; K];ypk; mjpfhuj;jpd; tsu;r;rpia Cf;Ftpg;gNj
murpd; Nehf;fkhFk; vd;W mtu;fs; njuptpj;jdu;. vdNt gpuptpid
nghUshjhu> r%f> tFg;Gthj eyd;fshy; tYthf vjpu;f;fg;gl;lJ.
Muk;gj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj ,e;j gpuptpidia rpy Kf;fpa epu;thfpfs;>
,e;jpa> tq;fhs gj;jpupiffs; kw;Wk; gpupl;b\; gj;jpupifAk;
Mq;fpNyh-,e;jpa gj;jpupiffSk; fLikahf vjpu;j;jdu;. ,e;j
gpuptpid Nkw;F tq;fj;jpy; td;Kiwj; Nghuhl;lq;fis Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
,J ,e;jpa Njrpathjj;ij NkYk; J}z;baJ. ,J ,e;jpa Njrpathj
,af;fj;jpy; Kd;dzp tfpg;gjw;fhf ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpuir
Cf;fg;gLj;jpaJ. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]{f;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gyKk;>
khWk; jd;ikAk; ,Ue;jJ. mJ kj;jpaju tu;f;fj;ij <u;j;jNjhL
kl;Lky;yhky;> ,e;jpa Njrpathj ,af;fj;jpy; gq;F ngWtjw;F ehL
jOtpa kf;fs; njhifiaAk; <u;j;Js;sJ.
,e;j gpuptpid ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurhy; murhq;fj;jpd; ‘gpsT
kw;Wk; Ml;rp’ nfhs;ifahf fhzg;gl;lJ. NkYk; ,J ,e;jpa
rKjhaj;jpd; Neu;ikahd mwpthspfSf;F murhq;fj;jpd; tYthd
vjpu;g;ghfTk; fUjg;gl;lJ. tq;fhsj;ij jq;fs; ‘jha; nja;tk;’ vd;W
ghu;j;j jPtpu kj tq;fhs ,e;Jf;fs;> gpuptpidia jq;fs; ‘jha;
khfhzk;’ vd;W fUjpdu;. gpuptpidia Njhw;fbg;gjw;fhf ngq;fhyp
Njrpathjk; ,yf;fhf ,Ue;jJ> mijnahl;b ntF[df; $l;lq;fs;
vjpu;g;gpd; tbtkhf eilngw;wd> kw;Wk; ];tNj\p ,af;fk; gpupl;b\;
cw;gj;jpf;fhd nghUl;fis Gwf;fzpj;jJ. ,e;jpa Njrpathjj;jpd;
Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; ];tuh[;> mjd; ,uz;L ,ul;il MAjq;fSld; ,J
mila tpUk;gpapUe;jJ-];tNj\p kw;Wk; Gwf;fzpg;G ,af;fq;fs;
,e;jpa murpay; jiytu;fs; RNue;jpuehj; ghdu;[p kw;Wk;
gj;jpupifahsu;fs; fpU\;zh Fkhu; kpj;uh Nghd;Nwhu; gpupl;b\;
mjpfhupfsplk; midj;J njhlu;GfisAk; cilf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W
Cf;fg;gLj;jpdu;. gpupl;b\; nghUl;fspd; gad;ghl;il Gwf;fzpj;jdu;.
Njrj;Jf;fhf NghuhLk; NghJ Rje;jpuk; ngw;w NghuhspfSf;F Jf;fk;
mDrupf;fpd;wdu;;. Mf];l; 7> 1905 md;W xU $l;lk; ele;jJ mjpy;
gfpu;T jPu;khdj;ij jpUk;gg; ngwhj tiu gpupl;b\; nghUl;fis
thq;Ftijj; jtpu;f;fTk; KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. ehl;Lg;gw;W ghly;fs;>
tq;fhs vOj;jhsu;fs;> ehlf Mrpupau;fs; kw;Wk; ghlyhrpupau;fshy;
vOjg;gl;lJ utPe;jpuehj; jh$u;> u[dpf;fe;j nrd; kw;Wk; btpn[d;l;uy;
uh MfpNahUk; Njrpa czu;it NkYk; J}z;bdu;.
1905 Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gu; 28 Mk; Njjp> `pe;J rka Mu;tk;
mjd; cr;rj;ij mile;jJ. fy;fj;jhtpy; gy ,e;Jf;fs; fhsp mk;kd;
Myaj;jpy; ,e;J rkaj;jpy; rf;jpapd; rpd;dkhff; $bdu;. ,e;J kj
kf;fspilNa xw;Wikiag; Nghd;w kjr;rhu;gpd;ikia tYg;gLj;jpa

NghjpYk;> ,J K];ypk; kdjpy; Kuz;ghl;il Vw;gLj;jpaJ> ,J tq;fhsg; gpuptpid kw;Wk;
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk;
,e;Jf;fSf;Fk; K];ypk;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; xU gpsit cUthf;fpaJ.
xU nghUshjhu ,af;fkhf> 'RNjrp" ,af;fk; K];ypk;fshy;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. K];yPk;fshy; Mjupf;fg;gl;l gpuptpidf;F
vjpuhf NghuhLtjw;F K];yPk;fSf;F J}z;Ljyhf ,Ue;jJ> mJ Fwpg;Gfs;
,e;J kjj;jpd; kj jhf;fq;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
Njrpathjk; tq;fhs gpuptpidf;F vjpuhdJ vd;whYk;
tq;fhsj;jpy;> gQ;rhg;> G+dh (,g;NghJ GNd)> nrd;id> ghk;Ng
kw;Wk; gpw efuq;fspy; gutpaJ. ,e;jpau;fs; gpupl;b\; cw;gj;jpfis
Gwf;fzpj;jdu; kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; ];tNj\p
gUj;jp kw;Wk; Milj; Jzpfis kl;LNk mzpe;J nfhs;tjhf
rgjk; nra;jdu;. RNjrp ,af;fk; ,e;jpa gUj;jp Miyfis kl;Lk;
J}z;ltpy;iy. kw;w njhopw;rhiyfshd jPg;ngl;b njhopw;rhiyfs;>
fz;zhb tPRfpd;w filfs;> ,Uk;G kw;Wk; v/F cw;gj;jp epWtdq;fs;
Nghd;witAk; J}z;baJ. Mu;g;ghl;lq;fs; Mq;fpy fy;tpia
Gwf;fzpj;J Njrpa fy;tpf;fhf mtu;fis Cf;Ftpj;jd. Njrpa
fy;tpf;fhd ,af;fKk; tq;fhsj;jpd; kpf mjpfkhd ,lq;fisAk;>
gdhu]; (jw;NghJ thuzhrp) tiuapYk; tpuptile;jJ. mq;F Njrpa
jiytUk; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPuUkhd gz;bj kjd; Nkhfd; khstpah>
1910 y; gdhu]; ,e;Jf; gy;fiyf;fofj;ij ];jhgpf;f Cf;Ftpj;jJ.
tq;fhsj;jpy; ghlrhiy my;yJ fy;Yupfspy; cs;s khztu;fs;>
];tNj\p kw;Wk; gha;f;Nfhl; ,af;fq;fspd; gpur;rhuq;fspy; jPtpukhf
gq;F ngw;wd. ,jw;F gjpyb nfhLf;Fk; tifapy;> 1905 mf;Nlhgu;
10Mk; Njjp fhu;iyy; Rw;wwpf;ifia muR ntspapl;lJ. RNjrp
,af;fj;jpy; khztu;fspd; gq;Nfw;ig xLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W midj;J
ePjpgjpfSk;> fnyf;lu;fSk; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;ldu;. ,e;j xLf;FKiw
eltbf;ifia khztu;fs; kw;Wk; Mrpupau;fs; ,UtUk; fLikahf
fz;bj;jNjhL> mjd; vjpu;g;Gf;fs; NkYk; tYg;gLj;jg;gl;L> xU
cyfshtpa mZFKiw vLj;jJ. cz;ikapy;> ,e;j vjpu;g;G
,af;fk;> tq;fhsj;jpd; Kjy; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l khztu; ,af;fj;ij
tpistpj;jJ> mJ ‘tl;l vjpu;g;G rq;fk;’ vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
,jDld; xU Nghu;f;Fzkpf;f khztu; mikg;Gk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
njhlf;fj;jpy;> tpNuhjg; gpupT ,af;fk; rl;lG+u;tkhdJ kw;Wk;
td;KiwahdJ> Mdhy; tpUk;gpa KbTfis vl;Ltjpy; mJ
Njhy;tpailifapy;> me;j ,af;fk; NkYk; Nghu;f;Fzkpf;f jiytu;fspd;
gq;Nfw;ig <u;j;jJ. ,e;j ,yf;if ntw;wpfukhf gad;gLj;j ,uz;L
topKiwfs; Gwf;fzpg;G kw;Wk; gaq;futhjk; MFk;. ,jd; tpisthf>
,isa jiyKiwapdu; jw;nrayhf murpaypy; xU gFjpahf
khwpaJld;> Jg;ghf;fpfs;> Fz;Lfs; kw;Wk; ifj;Jg;ghf;fpfis
gad;gLj;jp gaq;futhj topKiwfis ifahz;ldu;. xU fhyj;jpy;
mikjpahd vjpu;g;ghf ,Ue;jJ ,g;nghOJ td;Kiw kw;Wk;
Mf;fpNuh\khf khwptpl;lJ> mJ gy gLnfhiyfs; kw;Wk; 1903 Kjy;
1908 tiu tq;fhsj;jpd; nyg;bndd;l; MSeu; Nru; Mz;l;& /g;Nuru;
cl;gl gy gpupl;b\; mjpfhupfis nfhiy nra;tjw;fhd Kaw;rpapd;

tq;fhsg; gpuptpid kw;Wk; mstpw;F nrd;wJ. ,jd; tpisthf> gaq;futhj ,af;fkhdJ tpiutpy;
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk;
];tNj\p fpsu;r;rpapd; xU gFjpahf khwpaJ. 1908 Kjy; 1910 tiu
tq;fhsj;jpy; gpuptpid vjpu;g;G ,af;fk; cr;rf;fl;lj;ij mile;jJ.
,jdhy; murhq;fj;jpd; mlf;FKiw eltbf;iffs; fLikahfTk;
Fwpg;Gfs; nfhûkhfTk; khwpd. te;Nj khjuk;> re;jpah> [_fe;ju; cs;spl;l Njrpa
nra;jpj;jhs;fs;> Gjpa Nghu;f;Fzkpf;f nka;f;fUj;Jf;fisg; gw;wp
tpupthf vOjpd> Gul;rp kw;Wk; Njrpathj fUj;Jf;fis gug;Gtjpy;
Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;jd.
R+uj;jpy; 1907 y; eilngw;w mjd; tUlhe;jpu mku;tpy; ,e;jpa
Njrpa fhq;fpu]; ,U FOf;fshfg; gpupe;jJ — xd;W kpjthj>
jhuhsthj kw;Wk; gupzhkk;; kw;nwhd;W jPtputhj> Nghuhsp kw;Wk;
Gul;rpfukhdJkhFk;. rpy Kf;fpakhd kpjthj jiytu;fs; kfhj;kh
fhe;jp> ghy fq;fhju jpyfu;> yhyh y[;gj; uha;> rpl;lh uQ;rd;
jh]; kw;Wk; gfj; rpq; Mtu;. rpy Kf;fpa jPtputhj jiytu;fshf
Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy kw;Wk; RNue;jpuehj; Ngdu;[p MfpNahiu
cs;slf;fpapUe;jdu;. ,sk; Gul;rpahsu;fis cs;slf;fpa jpyfu;
jPtputhj fl;rp gpujhdkhf 'Fz;L ntbg;G kw;Wk; Jg;ghf;fp' Nghd;w
topghl;Lf;F Mjutspj;J ,e;j eltbf;iffs; fl;Lg;ghlw;w td;Kiw
kw;Wk; NfhshWfis tpistpf;Fk; vd;W mtu;fs; mQ;rpajhy; kpjthj
jiytu;fs; mij vjpu;j;jdu;. RNue;jpuehj; ghdu;[p xU Kf;fpakhd
jPtputhj jiytu; vd;whYk;> mtu; gaq;futhj eltbf;iffSf;F
vjpuhf ,Ue;jhu;.
1903 Mk; Mz;by;> gpuptpidf;fhd Kd;nkhopT Kjd;Kiwahf
ntspaplg;gl;lNghJ> mJ K];yPk;fshy; fLikahf vjpu;f;fg;gl;lJ.
thuhe;j gj;jpupifahd K];yPk; fpuhzpfs; murpay; mikg;G>
kj;jpa Njrpa K`k;kjd; rq;fk;; kw;Wk; fpof;F tq;fhsj;jpy;
ghypjh Njhl;lj;jpd; [kPd;jhu; nrsjpup fh]Kbd; m`;kj; rpbfp>
r%f njhopyhspfs; kw;Wk; gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy;
tq;fhsj;jpd; murpay; MSikahy; fz;bf;fg;gl;lJ. njhlf;fj;jpy;>
,e;j jpl;lk; 'eufk;' vd;W ethg; ru; Fth[h rypKy;yh`;
gfJ}u;> lhf;fhtpd; ehd;fhtJ ethg; kw;Wk; gpupl;b\; uh[;[pd; Kd;dzp
K];yPk; murpay;thjpfshy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ. Muk;gj;jpy;> K];ypk;fs;
gpujhd Mizau; Ml;rpapd; fPo; xU Gjpa khfhzj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;il
vjpu;j;jdu; mtu;fspd; fy;tp> r%f kw;Wk; gpw eyd;fis fLikahf
ghjpf;Fk; vd;W mtu;fs; epidj;jhu;fs;. ,e;j gpuptpid tq;fhsj;jpd;
xw;Wikf;F mr;RWj;jyhf ,Uf;Fk; vdTk; mtu;fs; mQ;rpdu;.
,Ug;gpDk;> cauLf;F kw;Wk; gbj;j K];ypk;fs; jPtputhj
Nghuhspj;jd Njrpathjj;jpd; fUj;Jf;fis tpku;rpj;jdu;> Vnddpy; mJ
,];yhk; kjj;jpd; nka;f;fUj;jpw;F vjpuhf ,Ug;gjhf ek;gg;gl;lJ. ,jd;
tpisthf> K];yPk; gj;jpupiffshdJ fy;tp gapd;w rf-kjthjpfs;
murhq;fj;jpw;F tpRthrkhfTk; cWjpahfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
mwpTWj;jpdu;. fpof;F tq;fhsj;jpy; K];ypk; kf;fspd; ek;gpf;ifiaAk;
MjuitAk; ntd;wjpy; ];tNj\p ,af;fj;jpd; Mjuthsu;fs;
Njhy;tpaile;jdu;. xU jd;dpiwT nfhz;l jdp khfhzk; cUthjy;

vd;w fUj;jhf;fk; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis KOikahf khw;wpaJ. Vnddpy; tq;fhsg; gpuptpid kw;Wk;
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk;
gpuptpidapd; Gul;rpfu kdg;ghd;ik ,];yhkpau;fspilNa ePz;l
fhyk; ePbf;ftpy;iy. ,e;j gpuptpd; tpisthf> Gjpa epu;thfk; jq;fs;
gpur;rpidfSf;F tpNr\ ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W mtu;fs;
czu;e;jdu;. Fwpg;Gfs;
,jd; tpisthf> K];yPk;fs; ru; N[hrg; ghk;igy;L Gy;yiu>
fpof;F tq;fhsk; kw;Wk; m];]hk; khepyj;jpd; Kjy; Jizepiy
ftu;duhf kdg;G+u;tkhf tuNtw;wdu;. K];yPk; fpNuhdpf;y; gpuptpidf;F
vjpuhd mjd; fz;Nzhl;lj;ijAk; khw;wpaJ. Gjpa khfhzj;jpd;
cUthf;fk; K];yPk;fspd; xw;Wikia gyg;gLj;jpaJld;> r%f kw;Wk;
murpay; gpur;rpidfisg; nghWj;J jq;fs; fUj;Jf;fis kw;Wk;
tpisTfis Kd;itg;gjw;fhd xU jsj;ij toq;Ftjw;fhd xU
rq;fj;ij cUthf;f mtu;fis Cf;Ftpj;jJ. K];yPk; eyd;fis
ntd;nwLg;gjw;fhf 1905 Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgu; khjk; 16 Mk; Njjp
nkh`kjpad; khfhz rq;fk; vd;w murpay; Kd;dzp epWtg;gl;lJ.
,e;j rq;fk;> jw;NghJs;s midj;J K];ypk; mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk;
rq;fq;fis jd;Dld; ,ize;J nfhs;s mioj;jJ. ethg; ru; fth[h
ry;kpy;yh`; gfJ}u; mjd; Mjuthsuhf Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;.
,Ue;jNghjpYk;> jhuhsthj K];yPk;fspd; xU rpW FO
jq;fs; Mjuit gpuptpid ,af;fj;jpw;Fk; ];tNj\p ,af;fj;jpw;Fk;
njhlu;e;J tpupTgLj;jpaJ. vz;zpf;ifapy; Fiwthf ,Ue;jhYk;>
mtu;fs; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpuRf;F tYthf Mjutspj;jdu; kw;Wk;
gpuptpidf;F vjpuhf ,Ue;jdu;. ,e;j gue;j Nehf;Fila FOtpd;
Kf;fpa egu;fspy; xUtu; Fth[h mjpFy;yh> xU jj;Jtthjp
kw;Wk; jhuhsthj> Kw;Nghf;fhd kw;Wk; kjr;rhu;gw;w fUj;Jf;fis
cilatu;. 1906 Mk; Mz;L fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; fy;fj;jh $l;lj;jpy;>
mtu; tq;fNjrj;jpd; gpuptpid fz;ldk; njuptpj;J xU jPu;khdj;ij
epiwNtw;wpdu;. gpuptpidf;F vjpuhd gpur;rhuj;jpy; gq;F ngw jq;fs;
r%f cWg;gpdu;fis typAWj;jpa Kf;fpakhd ,];yhkpa jiytu;fs;:
••mg;Ju; uRy;: xU Njrpathj jiytu; kw;Wk; tof;fwpQu;
••kj;jpa Njrpa K`k;kjd; rq;fj;jpd; epu;thff; FOtpd; murpay;
jiytUk; cWg;gpdUk; Mtu;
••N\f; K[pGu; u`;khd;: tq;fhs Njr murpay;thjp kw;Wk;
tq;fhs Njrj;jpd; ];jhgfu;.
••A.H. mg;Jy; `ypk; f]ehtp: xU murpay;thjp> ts;sy; Fzk;
nfhz;ltu; kw;Wk; [kPd;jhu;.
••iraj; ,];khapy; cird; rpuh[p: ngq;fhyp vOj;jhsu;> Ngr;rhsu;
kw;Wk; tptrhapfspd; jiytu;.
••KfkJ Nfhyhk; cird;: xU vOj;jhsu; kw;Wk; ,e;J-K];ypk;
xw;Wikia Njhw;Wtpj;jtu;.
••nksytp ypahfj; cird;: gpupl;b\hupd; ‘gpupj;jhSk; nfhs;ifia’
fLikahf vjpu;j;j xU jhuhsthj K];yPk;.

tq;fhsg; gpuptpid kw;Wk; ••Nghf;uhtpd; iraj; `/gp]{u; u`;khd; nrsj;up.
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk;
••Gu;jthdpd; mGy;; fhrPk;.
vdpDk;> A.H. f]ehtp> fhd; gfJ}u; KfkJ A+Rg; cs;spl;l
jhuhsthj Njrpathj K];yPk;fs; RNjrp ,af;fj;ij kl;LNk
Fwpg;Gfs;
Mjupj;jdNu jtpu Gwf;fzpg;G ,af;fj;ij Mjupf;ftpy;iy.
gpuptpid ,e;Jf;fSf;Fk; K];yPk;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa gpsit
Vw;gLj;jpaJ. K];ypk; r%fj;ijr; Nru;e;j xU gpuptpdu;> ,U
kjj;jpdupilNa ,zf;fkhd cwit tsu;f;Fk; Kaw;rpia
nra;jdu;. ed;F mwpag;gl;l tq;fhs mur murpay;thjpfs; mGy;
fhrPk; g[;Ys; `f; kw;Wk; epgud; re;jpu jh]; MfpNahu; jq;fsJ
thuhe;jpu kw;Wk; khj ,jo;fs;> ghyfh kw;Wk; ghuj; Ru;j; Mfpatw;wpd;
%yk; tFg;Gthj vjpu;g;G rpe;jidfis tsu;j;jdu;. ,e;j gpsT
fhuzkhf K];ypk;fspd; xU rpwpa gpuptpd; mwpthsu;fs; kl;LNk
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; cWg;gpduhf khwp> gpuptpid vjpu;g;G
,af;fj;jpy; gq;Nfw;wdu;.
ngUk;ghyhd K];ypk;fs; gpuptpidf;F Mjuthf ,Ue;jdu;.
tq;fhsg; gpuptpidapd; kPJ cUthd R+o;epiyfs;> 1906 y; mfpy
,e;jpa K];yPk; mikg;G epWTtjw;F toptFj;jJ. ,J gpuptpidia
Mjupj;jJ. ,e;j gpuptpid ghuk;gupa kw;Wk; rPu;jpUj;jthj K];ypk;
FOf;fshy; Mjupf;fg;gl;lJ — /giurp> t`hgp kw;Wk; ijA+dp.
NkYk;> tq;fhs K];ypk; gj;jpupiffs; gpuptpidia Mjupj;jd.
mNjNeuj;jpy; khj ,johd ,];yhk; gpurhuf;> RNjrp ,af;fj;ij
xU ,e;J ,af;fkhf rpj;jupj;jJ. gpuptpid vjpu;g;G fpsu;r;rpapy; mJ
gpizf;fg;gl;bUe;jjhy;> K];yPk; mwpthsu;fs; RNjrp ,af;fj;ij
tpUk;gtpy;iy. mjpy; kj uPjpahd njhdpAk; Nru;f;fg;gl;lJ.
K];yPk; rKjhaj;jpw;Fs; gpuptpid rf;jpfis Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F
RNjrp ,af;fk; xU fhuzkhf fUjg;gl;lJ. tzpf kw;Wk; tu;j;jfj;jpy;
,e;Jf;fspd; Mjpf;fk; fhuzkhf K];ypk;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gltpy;iy
vd;W fUjpdu;. ,J mtu;fspd; nrhe;j eyd;fis ghJfhf;f
J}z;baJ. gpuptpidapd; NghJ tq;fhsj;jpd; epy mikg;G Kiw
,];yhkpau;fspd; kdg;Nghf;fpYk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jik
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ngUk;ghYk; K];yPk;fshf ,Ue;j gy uaj;fspd;
epiyikfis Nkk;gLj;j ,e;J [kPd;jhu;fs; jpwikahd eltbf;iffis
vLf;ftpy;iy. NkYk;> FbapUg;ghsu;fSf;Fk; epyg;gpuGf;fSf;Fk;
,ilNa Vw;gl;l tptrhag; G+ry;fs; tFg;Gthj Kuz;ghLfs;
fhuzkhf NkYk; Nkhrkile;jd. ,e;J [kPd;jhu;fs; jq;fs; K];ypk;
Fj;jifjhuu;fsplk; RNjrp rpe;jidfis jpzpf;fTk;> gpuptpid vjpu;g;G
,af;fj;jpy; NruTk; Kad;wdu; vd;W cWjpahff; $wg;gl;lJ.
mtu;fspd; jdp milahsj;ij typAWj;Jk; Kaw;rpahf>
lhf;fhtpy; cs;s nfuzpfQ;r; vd;w ,lj;jpy; 1906 y; ,];yhkpau;fshy;
,];yhkpa khehL elj;jg;gl;lJ. fpof;F tq;fhsk; kw;Wk; mrhk;
K];yPk;fs;> ,e;Jf;fSldhd midj;J cwTfisAk; cilf;f
jq;fs; rKjha cWg;gpdu;fshy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,e;j vjpu;g;G

,af;fk;> cj;Ntfk; mspf;Fk; ghly;> te;Nj khjuk; Nghd;w gy;NtW tq;fhsg; gpuptpid kw;Wk;
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk;
eltbf;iffis Vw;wJ. Njrpa ehafdhf rpth[papd; topghl;L
kuig gad;gLj;jp> mJ K];yPk;fis NkYk; me;epag;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
,e;Jf;fSf;Fk; K];ypk;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa Vw;gl;l Nkhjy;fspdhy;>
khu;r; 1907 y; ele;j> [khy;G+u; fytuj;ijj; njhlu;e;J> Vg;uy; Fwpg;Gfs;
1907 md;W ele;j nfhkpy;yh fytuk; ntbj;jJ. ,e;j tFg;Gthj
fytuq;fs; fpof;F tq;fk;> m];]hk; tiu kl;Lk; my;yhky; ehl;bd;
gpw ,lq;fspYk; gutpaJ. ,e;jf; fytuk; etPd tq;fhs tuyhw;wpy;
xU jpUg;GKidiaf; Fwpj;jJ.
,e;J-K];ypk; cwT tYtpoe;J NghdJ murpd; nfhs;iffspy;
gy murpay; khw;wq;fis tpistpj;jJ. tq;fhs K];yPk; jiytu;fspd;
cwTfis ,J NkYk; ghjpj;jJ. mtu;fs; tq;fk; my;yhj gFjpfSld;
Nru;e;J nfhz;lhu;fs;. ,e;j murpay; khw;wq;fshy; fpof;F tq;fj;jpy;
,dthj cwTfs; fLikahfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;ld. gy murpayikg;G
rPu;jpUj;jq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ> Fwpg;ghf K];yPk;fSf;F
jdpahd gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpa 1909 y; cs;s khu;Ny-
kpz;Nlh rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;> ,e;J-K];ypk; cwTfis NkYk; rPuopj;J xU
jpUg;GKidiaf; Fwpj;jJ.
Gjpa khfhzj;jpd; mjpfhupfs;> KO kdJld; jdJ tsu;r;rpg;
gzpfis elj;jpdu;. gpuptpid vjpu;g;G ,af;fj;jpd; jiytu;fs;> ru;
N[hrg; gk;gpy;l;L /Gy;yu;; K];yPk;fsplk; kpfj; jPtpukhf ,Ug;gjhf
Fw;wk;rhl;bdu;. murhq;fj;jpd; myl;rpag;Nghf;F fhuzkhf> Mf];l;
1906 y; /Gy;yu; uh[pdhkh nra;jhu;. vdpDk;> mtuJ uh[pdhkh>
,e;Jf;fspd; murpay; ntw;wpahf ,];yhkpau;fshy; ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ.
gpuptpidf;F vjpuhd ,af;fj;jpd; mOj;jq;fSf;F muR ruzile;J
tpl;lJ vd;Wk;> ,jdhy; mtu;fs; muRf;F K];ypk;fspd; tpRthrj;ij
Nkw;ghu;it nra;jdu; vd;Wk; mtu;fs; fUjpdu;.
,jd; fhuzkhf> ,U r%fj;jpdupilNa Vw;gl;l frg;Gzu;T> Gjpa
khfhzj;jpy; kpfTk; tpku;irahf khwpaJ. ,e;J epyg;gpuGf;fs; K];yPk;
Nghuhl;lf;fhuu;fis gaq;futhjr; nray;fshy; mr;RWj;Jfpd;wdu;
vd;W fUjpdu;. mjd; tpisthf Gjpa khfhzj;jpy; epy gpuGf;fs;
-Fj;jifjhuu; cwT rPu;Fiye;J tFg;Gthj jpUg;gk; Vw;gl;lJ.
tq;fhsg; gpuptpidf;F vjpuhf ,e;Jf;fspd; Nghuhl;l mbg;gilapy;
cUthd xU tFg;Gthj ,af;fk; vd;W K];ypk; jiytu;fs;
fUjpdu;. mJ K];yPk;fSf;F xU jdp r%f mr;RWj;jyhf ,Ue;jJ.
,t;thwhf> ,g;NghJ mtu;fs; jq;fs; rKjhaj;jpd; gy;NtW gpupTfis
If;fpag;gLj;Jtij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L ,e;Jf;fSf;nfjpuhf xU
vjpu;g;G ,af;fj;ij cUthf;fpdhu;fs;. mtu;fs; jq;fs; jiytu;fis
tpRthrkhfg; gpd;njhlu KbntLj;jdu; ethg; gfJ}u; iraj; ethg;
myp nrsj;up (xU Fwpg;gpl;l ts;sy;> [kPd;jhu;> r%fg; gzpahsu;
kw;Wk; murpay;thjp) kw;Wk; ethg; ru; fth[h rhypKy;yh gfJ}u;>
kw;Wk; Kfk;kj; khfhz xd;wpak; Nghd;w mikg;Gfis epWtpdu;.
,e;J -K];ypk; cwTfspd; fLik cr;rfl;lj;ij vl;bapUe;j
NghjpYk;> rpy gbj;j cau;tFg;G ,e;Jf;fSk; K];ypk;fSk; ,e;j

tq;fhsg; gpuptpid kw;Wk; tFg;Gthjj;Jf;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itf;f tpUk;gpdu;. khu;r; 15> 1907
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk;
md;W> ,uz;L r%fq;fisr; Nru;e;j rpy Fwpg;gplj;jf;f cWg;gpdu;fs;>
it];uha; gpuG kpz;Nlhit re;jpj;J ,e;j tFg;Gthj td;Kiwf;F
Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> ,U r%fj;jpdupilNa kj
Fwpg;Gfs; ey;ypzf;fj;ij tsu;f;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; Nfhupdu;.
,jdpilNa> 1906 brk;gu; 30 md;W> lhf;fhtpy; mfpy ,e;jpa
K];ypk; rq;fk; cUthdJ. lhf;fhtpy; eilngw;w Kjy; $l;lj;jpy;>
rq;fj;jpd; jPu;khdq;fspy; xd;W $wg;gl;Ls;sjhtJ: ,e;j re;jpg;G
'fpof;F tq;fhsj;jpd; Kfkjpau;fspd; njspthd Mu;tj;ij fUj;jpy;
nfhz;L> gpuptpid vd;gJ> Gjpa khfhzj;jpd; kf;fs;njhifapd;
gue;j ngUk;ghd;ikapduhf ,Uf;Fk; Kfkjpag; gpuptpdUf;F ed;ik
gaf;Fk; vd;gJ cWjp vd;gij ftdj;jpy; nfhs;fpwJ. Gwf;fzpj;jJ
Nghd;w fpsu;r;rpia td;ikahf fz;bg;gNjhL> Cf;fkpof;fr; nra;a
Ntz;Lk;".
,e;Jf;fSf;Fk;> K];yPk;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa tFg;Gthj
rPw;wj;ijg; gw;wp murhq;fk; NkYk; Mj;jpukile;jJ. xU Gwk;>
Mf;Nuh\khd tq;fhs ,e;Jf;fspd; frg;Gzu;it Fiwg;gjw;f;fhd
gpuptpidia uj;J nra;a KbntLj;jJ. kWGwk;> fpof;F
tq;fhsj;jpd; Gjpa khfhzj;jpy; K];yPk;fSf;F ngUk; kf;fs;
njhif ,Ug;gjhf mJ Fwpg;gpl;lJ. NkYk; K];ypk;fspd; eyd;fs;
ghJfhf;fg;gLk; vd;Wk; mit rl;lrigfs; kw;Wk; cs;Shuhl;rp
kd;wq;fis tpNr\ gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpy; itj;jpUg;gjhfTk; mJ
njuptpj;Js;sJ.
tq;fhs kW xd;wpak;
1910 y; gpuG kpz;Nlh ,e;jpahtpd; uh[g;gpujpepjpahf ,Ue;jNghJ gpuG
`hu;bq;Nf ntw;wp ngw;whu;. mtuJ gjtpf; fhyj;jpy;> 1911 brk;gupy;
,q;fpyhe;J kd;diu tuNtw;Fk; tifapy;> xU Kb R+Lk; mur rig
elj;jg;gl;lJ. [hu;[;. A. muru; [hu;[; A. tq;fhsg; gpuptpid gw;wp
mwptpj;jhu;. ,J 1912 Vg;uy; 1y; mjpfhug;G+u;tkhf KbTf;F te;jJ.
NkYk;> ,e;jpahtpy; rpy epu;thf khw;wq;fisAk; kd;du; mwptpj;jhu;.
,J gpd;tUkhW:
1. kj;jpa muR jiyefu; fy;fj;jhtpypUe;J nly;ypf;F khw;wg;gl;lJ.
fle;j fhy K];ypk;fspd; GfOf;F jiyefiu khw;Wk; ,e;j
Kaw;rpahdJ fpof;F tq;fhsj;jpy; khfhz mjpfhuk; kw;Wk;
rpwg;Gupik ,og;ghy; Jd;gg;gl;L te;j tq;fhs K];ypk;
rKjhaj;ij mikjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
2. Ie;J Kf;fpa tq;fhs nkhop NgRk; gpupTfs;> ,jpy; gu;j;thd;(gujhkd;
vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ)> lhf;fh> jiyikg;gjpT> rpl;lfhq;
kw;Wk; uhN[rhfp Mfpait mlq;Fk;. xNu jiyikg;gjtp fPo;
xw;Wikahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mJ FOtpy; cs;s MSduhy;
epu;tfpf;fg;gLk;.

3. Nrhl;lh ehf;G+u;> xuprh> gpfhu; Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpa xU tq;fhsg; gpuptpid kw;Wk;
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk;
khfhzk; Jizepiy MSeuhy; rl;l Nkyit nfhz;L
epu;tfpf;fg;gLk;.
4. kPz;Lk; xU jiyik Mizau; epu;thfj;jpd; fPo;> mrhk; jpUk;gpr;
nry;y ,Ue;jJ. Fwpg;Gfs;
tq;fhsj;ij kPz;Lk; xd;wpizg;gJ tq;fhs `pe;Jf;fis
xU ngupa msTf;F rkhjhdg;gLj;jpdhYk;> jiyefu; nly;ypf;F
khw;wg;gl;ljhy; mtu;fs; fLikahfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldu;. mJ fy;fj;jhit
xU NguurpypUe;J ntWk; khfhz me;j];Jf;F nfhz;L te;jJ. murpay;
eltbf;iffspd; euk;G ikakhf ,Ue;j fy;fj;jhtpypUe;J jiyefu;
nly;ypf;F khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ> tq;fhs ,e;Jf;fspd; nry;thf;if
fzprkhf gytPdg;gLj;jpaJ. tq;fhsj;jpd; nfhe;jspg;ghd R+oy;
,e;jpahtpy; jkJ ];jhgdj;ij cYf;fpaJ vd;gij czu;e;jpUe;j
epiyapy;> %yjd khw;wj;jpd; gpujhd mD$yj;ij murhq;fk;
mDgtpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
tq;fhsg; gpuptpidapd; NghJ> tq;fhsj;jpd; Kjy; MSeuhf
fhu;ikf;fy; gpuG epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. mtuJ gjtpf; fhyj;jpy;>
tq;fhsk; 1912 y; MSeu; khfhzkhf khwpaJ. tq;fhsg;
gpuptpidapd; Nghuhl;lk; ,e;jpa tuyhW kw;Wk; Njrpak; kPJ kpfj; jPtpu
tpisTfis nfhz;bUe;jJ. RNjrp kw;Wk; Gwf;fzpg;G vd;w mjd;
,ul;il MAjq;fs; ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpw;F xU ek;gpf;ifahf
mike;jJ. ,e;jpahtpd; gpw gFjpfspYk; vjpu;fhy Nkhjy;fspYk;
mJ jpwk;gl gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; xj;Jioahik>
rj;jpahfpufk; kw;Wk; fju; ,af;fq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilia
mtu;fs; cUthf;fpdu;.
vdpDk;> mjw;F vjpuhd fpsu;r;rpapd; tpisthfTk;
gpuptpidapd; fhuzkhfTk; K];ypk;fs; fLikahfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
gpuptpid vjpu;g;G ,af;fj;jpw;F fhq;fpurpd; MjuT murpay; czu;T
ngw;w K];yPk;fSf;F gpbf;ftpy;iy. fhq;fpurpd; iffspy; jq;fs;
eyd;fs; ghJfhg;ghf my;y vd;gij ,g;NghJ mtu;fs; tYthf
czu;e;jhu;fs;. ,jd; tpisthf> mtu;fs; jq;fs; jdpahd tFg;Gthj
milahsj;ij typAWj;j mjpf Mu;tk; nfhz;lhu;fs;. vdNt>
,e;jpahtpy; ,e;Jf;fspd; Nkyhjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf mtu;fs; jq;fs;
eyd;fisg; ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;s K];ypk; rq;fj;ijr; rhu;e;jpUe;jdu;.
tq;fhsj;jpd; Ntjid ,e;jpa Njrpathjj;ij Jtf;Ftjpy;
Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;jJ. NkYk; gpuptpidf;F vjpuhd fpsu;r;rpAk; K];ypk;
Njrpathjj;jpw;F fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ. mJ mtu;fis gpuptpidthj
murpaypy; Cf;Ftpj;jJ. tq;fhsg; gpuptpidapd; fhuzkhf tq;fhs
K];yPk;fs; kl;Lky;y> ,e;jpah KOtJk; K];yPk;fs; fLk; Vkhw;wk;
mile;jdu;. mtu;fs; tpRthrk; nfhz;lijtpl ,e;j Nghuhl;lk; muRf;F
kpf Kf;fpakhdjhf khwptpl;lJ vd;gij mtu;fs; czu;e;jhu;fs;.
,ijj; njhlu;e;J> ,];yhkpau;fs; kd tUj;jk; mile;jdu;. ,jdhy;
mtu;fs; gpupl;b\; vjpu;g;G epiyg;ghl;il vLf;f epu;g;ge;jpf;fg;gl;ldu;.

tq;fhsg; gpuptpid kw;Wk; cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpf
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk;
1. tq;fhsg; gpuptpid KbT vg;NghJ mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ?
2. K];yPk; mwpthspfs; RNjrp ,af;fj;ij ntWj;jJ Vd;?
Fwpg;Gfs; 3. tq;fhsg; gpuptpid ePf;fk; Vw;gl;l gpwF> tq;fhs Kjy;
ftu;duhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu; ahu;?
8.3 jd;dhl;rp ,af;fKk; rpy MSikfSk;

Gul;rpfu ,af;fq;fs; kw;Wk; jPtputhjq;fs; vOr;rp ngw;W te;j epiyapy;>
gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; ,uz;L ,ilaPLk; nfhs;ifia gpd;gw;wpd: (i)
mlf;FKiwfs; kw;Wk; ,e;jpau;fis gpsTgLj;Jk; nfhs;iffis
filgpbj;jd> Fwpg;ghf ,J ,e;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; K];yPk;fis
nfhz;bUe;jJ kw;Wk; (ii) gbg;gbahd rPu;jpUj;jq;fis nfhz;L te;J>
1909 vd;w rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpaJ. 1906 y; K];ypk; rq;fk; cUthdJk;>
1909 Mk; Mz;L tFg;Gthjg; thf;fhsu;fspd; mikg;GKiwapd;
cl;gpupTk;> Mq;fpNyau;fis ngUk;ghyhd ,e;jpau;fspd; ghu;itapy;
,Ue;J kjpg;gpof;fr; nra;jJ. ,d;Dk; xU ntw;W ,e;jpa murpaypy;
rpwpJ fhyk; jq;fpapUe;jJ. fhuzk;> kpjthjpfs; nghwhikg;gLk;
tifapy; NkYk; rpy fhyk; murhq;fj;Jld; xj;Jiof;f KbntLj;jdu;.
Kjyhk; cyfg;Nghupd; ntbg;G Njrpa ,af;fj;jpw;F xU Gjpa
cj;Ntfj;ij mspj;jJ.
ehk; Vw;fdNt ghu;j;jJ Nghy;> ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];> gpupl;b\;
murhq;fk; Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; ,e;jpau;fspd; eyDf;fhf rpy epu;thf
rPu;jpUj;jq;fis nfhz;L tUk; vd;W Cfpf;f$ba tifapy;> mjd;
Aj;j Kaw;rpfspy; murhq;fj;ij Mjupj;jJ. vdpDk;> jPtputhjpfs;
mij xU flTs;-mDg;gpa tha;g;ghf fUjpdu; kw;Wk; jq;fs;
nrhe;j fhuzj;ij Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;y KbT vLj;jdu;. jq;fs;
,lu;ghLfspd;NghJ murpay; rYiffis gpupj;Jf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;
vd;w ,e;jpaf; Nfhupf;iffSf;F gpupl;lid rk;kjpf;f itf;f ,JNt
nghUj;jkhd jUzk; vd;W mtu;fs; epidj;jhu;fs;.
Irf; gl; jiyikapy; Iup\; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; Njhd;wpajd;
%yk;. jPtputhjpfs; ,jd; mbg;gilapy; nry;thf;Fld; ,Ue;jdu;.
B.G. jpyfu; jdJ rpiwj; jz;lidia Kbj;Jf; nfhz;L 1914 y;
jPtpu murpaYf;F jpUk;gpdhu;. ,e;jpahTf;fhd ‘jd;dhl;rp’ NfhUk;
tptfhuj;jpy; fhq;fpuRld; ifNfhu;j;Jk; mtu; Kad;whu;. vdpDk;>
mtu; ,jpy; ntw;wp ngwhjjhy;> 1916 Vg;uy; 28 md;W GNdtpy; mjd;
jiyikafj;NjhL jd;dhl;rp rq;fk; epWtg;gl;lJ. ‘Rauh[;ak;’ vd;w
nrhy;iy Mq;fpNyau;fshy; rPuzpf;f Kbatpy;iy> jpyfu; tpUg;gg;gb
‘Rauh[;ak;’ vd;w nrhy;ypd; ,lj;jpy; ‘jd;dhl;rp’ vd;w nrhy;iy
,af;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhshf itf;f KbntLj;jhu;.
jd;dhl;rp rq;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk;> ‘jd;dhl;rp my;yJ gpupl;b\;
NguuRf;Fs; jd;dhl;rp my;yJ muR vd;w epiyia mila Ntz;Lk;
vd;gjhFk;. mNj Nghy;> ehl;by; kf;fs; fUj;ij vLj;Jiuf;fTk;> mij

miltjw;fhd tifapYk; Vw;ghL nra;a Ntz;Lk;.’ md;dpngrz;l; tq;fhsg; gpuptpid kw;Wk;
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk;
vd;w Iup\; Nyb> ,e;jpahtpy; ,iwrhu;G r%fj;jpd; cWg;gpduhf
te;jpUe;jhu;. gpd;du; fhq;fpurpy; ,ize;jhu;. ngrd;l; 1914 y; yz;ldpy;
jd;dhl;rp rq;fk; xd;iw mikj;jpUe;jhu;. ,Wjpapy; 1916 nrg;lk;gu;
15 md;W xU jd;dhl;rp rq;fj;ij epWtpdhu;. gpd;du;> nrd;id Fwpg;Gfs;
mUNf cs;s milahwpy; jdJ jiyikafj;ij itj;jpUe;jhu;.
,e;j rq;fj;jpd; ,U gFjpfSk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W Mjutspj;jd. vdNt
jq;fs; gFjpfis jq;fSf;Fs; gpupj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. jpyfu; jd;dhl;rp
rq;fk; jdJ eltbf;iffis kfhuh\;buh> fu;ehlfh> kj;jpag;
gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; nguhu; Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspy; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
mNjNtisapy; ngrd;l;’d; rq;fk; kw;w gFjpfspy; nray;gl;lJ.
jpyfu; kw;Wk; ngrd;l; ,e;jpah KOtJk; Rw;Wg;gazk; nra;J kf;fs;
kj;jpapy; cs;Jiw Ml;rp gw;wpa nra;jpia gug;gpdu;. nra;jpj;jhs;fs;>
kf;fs; jpus; $l;lq;fs;> Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fis tpepNahfpj;jy; Nghd;w
topKiwfisAk; mtu;fs; gad;gLj;jpdu;. kf;fspd; czu;Tfis
J}z;btpl jpyfu; ,sik ,e;jpahit gad;gLj;jpdhu;. ,e;j rq;fj;jpd;
Nehf;fq;fs; gw;wp kf;fSf;F vLj;Jiuf;Fk; tifapy; Gjpa ,e;jpahTk;
nghJ nrOikAk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;j ,af;fk;> jhuhsthj
jiytu;fs; Nkhjpyhy; NeU kw;Wk; Nj[; gfJ}u; rhg;& MfpNahiu
<u;j;jJ. vdNt> Kjy; cyfg;Nghupd; NghJ jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; xU
rf;jptha;e;j epfo;thf khwpaJ. gpupl;b\; Ml;rpg; gFjpf;Fs; ,e;jpah
jd;dpiwT ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,e;j ,af;fk; Nfhup te;jJ. vdpDk;>
mJ vg;NghJk; murpayikg;G tuk;gpw;Fs; ,Ue;jJ.
,e;j ,af;fj;ij gil %yk; xLf;f murhq;fk; fLikahd
Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;L te;jJ. Gjpa ,e;jpahtpd; ntspaPl;il
epWj;j Ntz;ba fl;lhaj;jpy; ngrd;l> tPl;L rpiwapy; itf;fg;gl;lhu;.
ngrd;l; kw;Wk; jpyfu; MfpNahUf;F gj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l
gj;jpuq;fs; toq;f kWj;jjd; Ngupy; eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;lNghJ>
,e;j ,af;fk; mfpy ,e;jpa mstpy; jd;ikia ngw;wJ. ,e;j
,af;fk; kf;fspilNa Njrgf;jp> mr;rkpd;ik> Ra kupahij kw;Wk;
jpahfk; vd;w czu;it tpahgpj;jJ. Kbthf> 1917 y; Nkhd;NlFtpd;
gpufldj;jhy; xU gbg;gbahd epfo;Kiwapd; %yk; ,e;jpahTf;fhd Ra
murhq;fk; vd;w fUj;ij mJ ntspg;gLj;jpaJ. 1917 y; md;dpngrz;l;
fhq;fpu]; jiytuhf Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhu;. ‘jd;dhl;rp mikg;G’ vd;w
Nehf;fj;ij fhq;fpu]; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. ,J ,e;j ,af;fj;jpd; kpfg;
ngupa ntw;wpahFk;.
vdpDk;> rpy fhyk; fopj;J ,e;j ,af;fk; tYtpoe;J>
jd;dhl;rp mikg;G ,af;fk; jpBnud KbTf;F te;jJ. ,jw;fhd rpy
fhuzq;fs;: ,e;jpa murpd; rl;lk;> 1919 Mk; Mz;bd; epiwNtw;wk;;
fhq;fpurpy; rl;lk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l tptfhuk;; xU rl;l tof;Ff;fhf jpyf;;
yz;lDf;F nry;Yjy;; kw;Wk; 1919-y; rPu;jpUj;j Gjpa jpl;lj;jpw;F
ngrz;l; xg;Gjy; njuptpj;jJ. Ra Ml;rp ,af;fk; mjd; Fwpf;Nfhis
mila Kbahtpl;lhYk;> Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ ,e;jpau;fspilNa vupAk;
Njrpathjj;jpd; jPia mJ itj;jpUe;jJ. ,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy;>

tq;fhsg; gpuptpid kw;Wk; kf;fSf;F ve;jtpjkhd topfhl;lYk; toq;Ftjpy; fhq;fpu];
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk;
jtwptpl;lJ.
Ra Ml;rp ,af;fj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fwpj;J> S.R. nk`;Nuhj;uh
$Wifapy;: 'jd;dhl;rp mikg;G ,af;f Kiw ,e;jpahtpy; Njrpa
Fwpg;Gfs; ,af;fj;jpy; fzprkhd jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. Kjy; jlitahf
ehL jOtpa mstpy; xU fpsu;r;rpAk;> ,e;jpahtpd; ngUk;gFjpia
cs;slf;fpa murpay; FOf;fspd; gpizaKk; J}z;btplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
vd;whu;.
jd;dhl;rp mikg;G ,af;f Kiwapd; Nehf;fq;fs;:
1. Njrpa fy;tp> r%f> murpay; rPu;jpUj;jq;fSf;F ciog;gJ.
2. nkhopapay; khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; fy;tpapd;ik Mfpatw;wpw;fhd
Nfhupf;ifAld; ];tuh[; gw;wpa Nfs;tpia jpyfu;
njhlu;GgLj;jpdhu;. nghJ kf;fspilNa rhjp czu;it KbTf;Ff;
nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk;> jPz;lhik xopg;Gf;F Mjutspg;gjw;Fk;
mtu; Ra Ml;rp tpjpfis gad;gLj;jpdhu;.
3. Mq;fpNyag; Nguurpy; ,e;jpahTf;fhd Ra muR.
4. jpyfu; (Vg;uy;) kw;Wk; md;dpngrz;l; & v];. Rg;ukzpak; Iau;
MfpNahu;fshy; (nrg;lk;gu;) 1916 y; Ra Ml;rp epWtg;gl;lJ.
5. jpyf; mikg;G kfhuh\;buh> fu;ehlfh> kj;jpa khfhzq;fs;
kw;Wk; nguhu; kw;Wk; md;dp ngrz;l; MfpNahu;fspd; mikg;G
,e;jpahtpd; kw;w gFjpfspYk; gzp Gupe;jJ.
6. md;dpngrz;l; fPo;fz;l gj;jpupiffis mikj;jhu; — epA+
,e;jpah> fhkd;tPy; kw;Wk; aq; ,e;jpah (1916)
7. jpyf; k`;ul;lh & Nfrup Mfpatw;iw ntspapl;lhu;.
8. [k;dhjh]; Jthufhjh];> rq;fu;yhy; Ngq;fu;> ,e;Jyhy; ahf;dpf;>
[hu;[; mUz; Nly;> B.P. thba mz;l; L.P uhkRthkp Iau;
MfpNahu; md;dp ngrd;bd; mikg;gpy; ,Ue;jdu;.
9.
Kd;nkhopag;gl;l Nkhd;l/; Nghu;L rPuj
; pUj;jq;fis ngrd;l;
Vw;Wf;nfhz;l gpd;du;> Ra Ml;rp ,af;fk; tPor ; r
; paile;jJ>
kw;Wk; thyd;ild; rpNuhy;]pDila ,e;jpa mikjpapd;ikapd;
mtJ}W tof;F kPJ Nghuhl gpupl;lDf;F jpyfu; nrd;whu;.
Kiwfs;
••nghJf;$l;lq;fs;> nra;jpj;jhs;fs;> Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fs;> Rtnuhl;bfs;
Nghd;wit %yk; Ra Ml;rpf;F Mjuthf nghJ kf;fs; fUj;ij
cUthf;fTk;> fye;Jiuahly;fSk; Vw;ghL nra;jy;.
••efuj;jpw;Fk; ehl;bw;Fk; ,ilNa epWtg;gl;Ls;s epue;ju
mikg;GuPjpahd ,izg;gpw;F mOj;jk; nfhLj;J> ehL jPtpu
Njrpathjpfs; xU jiyKiwia jahu; nra;jJ> yf;Ndh (1916)
,y; kpjkhd-jPtputhj kWepfo;Tfis J}z;baJ.

KbTfs; tq;fhsg; gpuptpid kw;Wk;
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk;
(a)
,J I.vd;.rp.tpd; kpjthjpfis kjpg;gpof;f nra;jJ kw;Wk;
1916 ,y; et-Njrpathjpfis kWguprPyid nra;tjw;fhd
epge;jidia cUthf;fpaJ.
Fwpg;Gfs;
(b)
,e;j ,af;fk; Rauh[;aj;ij miltjw;fhd njhlf;fj;ijf;
Fwpf;fpwJ.
(c) fy;tpj; jpl;lk;
(d) khd;lhtpy; 1917-mwptpg;G xU khngUk; murpay; rhjid
yf;Ndhtpy; xw;Wik
mtu;fspilNa xw;WikahdJ vt;tsT Kf;fpak; vd;gjd; fhuzj;ij
ed;F czu;e;jNjhL> murhq;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf xU xw;Wikahd
Kd;dzpia mikf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; Njrpathjpfs; tpiutpNyNa
czu;e;jdu;. ehl;by; tsu;e;J tUk; Njrpathj czu;Tk;> Njrpa
xw;Wikapd; ce;JkhYk;> 1916 y; eilngw;w ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd;
yf;Ndh mku;tpd; NghJ tuyhw;W tsu;r;rpfis Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
kpf Kf;fpakhf fhq;fpurpd; ,U gpuptpdUk; kPz;Lk; xw;Wikahf
,Ue;jdu;. gioa ru;r;irfs; ,dp nghUj;jkhdit my;y> Vndd;why;
fhq;fpu]pd; gpsT murpay; nrayw;w jd;ikia Njhw;Wtpj;jjhf
ngUk;ghyhd jiytu;fs; czu;e;jdu;. 1914 k; Mz;L rpiwapy;
,Ue;J tpLjiy nra;ag;gl;l jpyfu;> cldbahf me;j R+o;epiyapy;
khw;wj;ij czu;e;J> fhq;fpurpd; ,U ePNuhl;lq;fis xUq;fpizf;f
Kad;whu;. kpjthj Njrpathjpfis rkhjhdgLj;Jk; tifapy; mtu;
$wpaJ:
Iup\; jd;dhl;rp mikg;gpdu;; midtUk; mau;yhe;jpy; nra;J
nfhz;bUUg;gij Nghy; ehk; ,e;jpahtpy; nra;a tpiofpNwhk;.
,J epu;thf mikg;G Kiwia rPu;jpUj;jk; nra;a Ntz;LNk jtpu
murhq;fj;ij tPo;j;Jtjw;F my;y vd;gij kdjpy; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
,e;jpahtpd; gy;NtW gFjpfspy; ,iof;fg;gl;l td;Kiwr; nray;fs;
mUtUg;ghdit vd;W $Wtjpy; vdf;F ve;jj; jaf;fKk; ,y;iy.
Mdhy;> vd;Dila fUj;J vd;dntd;why;> Jujpu;\;ltrkhf> xU ngupa
mstpw;F> ekJ murpay; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; Ntfk; Fiwe;Jtpl;lJ.
mjd;gpwF> vOr;rpAw;w Njrpathjk;> gioa jiytu;fshd
Nyhfkhd;a jpyfu; kw;Wk; ,ju Nghu;f;Fz Njrpathjpfis kPz;Lk;
fhq;fpu]{f;F tuNtw;f Kad;wJ. 1907 Kjy; yf;Ndh fhq;fpu];
jhd; Kjy; If;fpa fhq;fpu]; MFk;. NkYk; ,J murpayikg;G
rPu;jpUj;jq;fis kPJ Rakhf muR eltbf;if vLf;ff; Nfl;Ls;sJ.
yf;Ndhtpy; fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; mfpy ,e;jpa K];yPk; yPf; MfpNahu;
jq;fsJ gioa NtWghLfis midj;ijAk; Gijj;J> xd;Wgl;l
murpay; Nfhupf;iffis muRf;F Kd; itj;jdu;.
NghUk;> ,U jd;dhl;rp mikg;G KiwfSk;> fhq;fpurpd; gz;ig
khw;wp> ehl;by; xU Gjpa czu;it cUthf;fpf; nfhz;bUe;jd.

tq;fhsg; gpuptpid kw;Wk; mNjNghy; K];ypk; yPf;Fk; gbg;gbahd khWjy;fis ngw;W te;jJ.
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk;
gbj;j K];ypk;fspd; ,isa gpuptpdu; Njrpathj murpaypd;
ntspg;gilahd tbtj;ij vLj;jjhf Vw;fdNt ehk; ftdpj;jpUf;fpNwhk;.
Aj;jf; fhykhdJ me;j jpirapy; NkYk; mgptpUj;jpfis fz;lJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; ,jd; tpisthf> 1914 ,y;> mg;Jy; fyhk; Mrhj;jpd; my; `pyhy;
kw;Wk; nksyhd K`kJ mypapd; fhk;Nul; gj;jpupf;iffSf;F vjpuhf
jz;lid eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lJ. myp rNfhjuu;fisAk;
(KfkJ myp kw;Wk; nrsfj; myp)> `];uj; nkh`hdp kw;Wk;
mg;Jy; fyhk; Mrhj; MfpNahuplKk; murhq;fk; jiyapl;lJ.
gFjpahf ,Ue;jhYk;> rq;fk; mjd; ,isa cWg;gpdu;fspd; murpay;
Nghu;f;Fzj;ij gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. mJ> mypfhu; rpe;jidf; gs;spapd;
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l murpay; fz;Nzhl;lj;ijAk;> nghJf; fhq;fpurpd;
nfhs;iffSf;F neUf;fkhfTk; khwj; njhlq;fpaJ.
fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; rq;f mikg;Gfs; Mfpatw;wpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspy;
ngUfptUk; ,e;j xw;Wik> yf;Ndh cld;gbf;if vd;W gpugykhf
mwpag;gl;l fhq;fpu]; – rq;f mikg;G cld;gbf;if ifnaOj;jpLtjpy;
cr;rf;fl;lj;ij mile;jJ. Nyhfkhd;a jpyfu;> Kfk;kJ myp [pd;dh
MfpNahu; ,ize;J ,UtiuAk; mioj;J tUtjpy; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;wpdu;.
,e;J K];ypk; xw;Wikapd; %yNk ,e;jpah Ra murhq;fj;ij nty;y
KbAk; vd mtu;fs; ek;gpdhu;fs;. mg;NghJ jpyfu; $wpaJ:
mjhtJ vd;dntd;why;> fdthd;fNs> ,e;Jf;fshfpa ehk; ek;
Kfkjpau; rNfhjuu;fSf;Ff; mjpf mstpy; mspj;jtu;fs; vd;W
nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpah KOtJk; cs;s ,e;J r%fj;jpdupd;
czu;it ehd; gpujpgypf;fpNwd; vd;W ehd; $Wk; NghJ> mij ehk;
kpfTk; mjpfkhf tpl;Lf; nfhLf;ftpy;iy vd;W ek;GfpNwd;. Kfkjpag;
r%fj;jpw;F kl;Lk; Ra murpd; cupikfs; toq;fg;gl;lhy; mij gw;wp
ehd; ftiyg;gltpy;iy vd;gjhFk;.
mtu;fs; ,e;J kf;fspd; jho;jj
; g;gl;l kw;Wk; mbj;jl;L kf;fSf;F
toq;fg;gl;lhYk; ehd; ftiyg;gltpy;iy. ehk; xU %d;whk; jug;gpdUf;F
vjpuhfg; Nghuhl Ntz;ba NghJ> midj;J tpjkhd tp\aq;fisAk;
fUj;jpy; nfhz;L> ehk; ,e;j Nkilapy;> ,dj;Jtj;jpy; xd;Wgl;L>
kjj;jpy; xd;Wgl;L> ntt;NtW murpay; tz;zq;fisg; nfhz;bUe;jhYk;
,ij nghWj;jtiu xd;whf epd;W nray;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,U mikg;GfSk; jq;fs; mku;Tfspy; ,Nj jPu;khdq;fis
epiwNtw;wpaJ. jdpj;jdpahd njhFjpfspd; mbg;gilapy; murpay;
rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; xU $l;Lj; jpl;lj;ijAk; mtu;fs; Kd;itj;jdu;.
gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; ,e;jpahtpy; Raepu;za cupikfis tpiutpy;
toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W gpufldg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W NfhupaJ.
,e;J-K];ypk; xw;Wikf; fsj;jpy;> yf;Ndh cld;gbf;if xU
Kf;fpakhd mbia Kd;itj;Js;sJ. JujpU\;ltrkhf> ,J ,e;J
kw;Wk; K];ypk; ntF[dq;fis cs;slf;fpajhf ,y;iy> jdpj;
njhFjpfs; vd;w jPa Nfhl;ghl;il Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. fy;tpawpT ngw;w
,e;Jf;fSk; K];ykP f
; Sk; xU jdpj;Jtkhd murpay; $Wfisf; nfhz;L

tu Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,jd; nghUs;. Mdhy; mtu;fSila murpay; tq;fhsg; gpuptpid kw;Wk;
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk;
fz;Nzhl;lj;jpw;F kjr;rhu;gpd;ik vd;w tpku;rd uPjpahd gpur;rpidia
mJ nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. murpaypy; mtu;fs; ,e;Jf;fs; my;yJ
K];ykP f
; s; vd;w tifapy; jdpj;Jtkhd eyd;fs; ,y;iy vd;gij
mtu;fs; Gupe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. vdNt> yf;Ndh cld;gbf;if ,e;jpa Fwpg;Gfs;
murpaypy; tFg;Gthjk; kPzL ; k; vOr;rp ngw tha;gG
; cs;sJ.
,Ue;jNghjpYk;> yf;Ndhtpy; Vw;gl;l tsu;r;rpfspd; cldb
tpisT mw;Gjkhf ,Ue;jJ. kpjthj> Nghu;f;Fz NjrpathjpfSf;Fk;>
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]{f;Fk;> K];ypk; rq;fq;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa
,Ue;j xw;Wik> ehl;by; ngUk; murpay; cw;rhfj;ij cUthf;fpaJ.
Mq;fpNya muRk; $l Njrpathjpfis jpUg;jpg;gLj;j Ntz;baJ
mtrpak; vd;W fz;lJ. mJtiu Njrpathj fpsu;r;rpiaj; jLf;f
mlf;FKiwiag; ngupJk; mJ ek;gpapUe;jJ.
,jw;F Kd;du;> jPtpu NjrpathjpfSk;> Gul;rpahsu;fSk;
,e;jpa rl;lk; kw;Wk; ,J Nghd;w xOq;FKiwfSf;F cl;gl;L>
rpiwapyilf;fg;gl;ldu;. Njrpa mgpg;gpuhaj;ij jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
Njitg;ghl;il murhq;fk; ,g;NghJ czu;e;J> Mf];l; 20> 1917 md;W
,e;jpahtpy; mjd; nfhs;if ‘jd;dhl;rp epWtdq;fspd; gbg;gbahd
tsu;r;rp> nghWg;ghd murhq;fj;jpd; Kw;Nghf;fhd <Nlw;wj;ij
fUj;jpw;nfhz;L Mq;fpNya rhk;uh[;aj;jpd; xUq;fpize;j gFjpahf
,e;jpah tpsq;FfpwJ’ vd mwptpj;jJ.
[_iy 1918y; nkhu;jf; nrk;];Nghu;L rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; mwptpf;fg;gl;ld.
vdpDk; ,e;jpa Njrpathjj;ij rhe;jgLj;j Kbatpy;iy. cz;ikapy;>
,jd; %yk; ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fk; mjd; %d;whtJ kw;Wk; filrp
fl;lk;> mjhtJ ntF[dg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; fl;lk; my;yJ fhe;jpa
Afj;jpw;F tpiutpy; Eioa Kbe;jJ.

4. jd;dhl;rp mikg;gpd; ,U Nehf;fq;fis gl;baypLf.
5. 1907 Kjy; fhq;fpu]pd; ve;j mku;T> Kjd;Kjyhf If;fpag;gl;l
fhq;fpu]hf fUjg;gl;lJ?

1. tq;fg; gpuptpid KbT> mf;Nlhgu; 16> 1905 md;W gpuG fu;rd;
mYty;fspd; (1899–1905) jiyikapy; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
2.
gpuptpid vjpu;g;G Nghuhl;lj;Jld; gpize;jpUe;j RNjrp
,af;fj;ij K];yPk; mwpthspfs; tpUk;gtpy;iy. mjw;F kj
uPjpahd njhdpAk; Nru;f;fg;gl;lJ.
3. tq;fhsg; gpuptpid uj;J Vw;gl;l gpwF tq;fhsj;jpd; Kjy;
MSeuhf fhu;ikf;Nfy; gpuG epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.

tq;fhsg; gpuptpid kw;Wk; 4. jd;dhl;rp mikg;Gfspd; Nehf;fq;fshtd:
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk;
••Njrpa fy;tp> r%f> murpay; rPu;jpUj;jq;fSf;F ciof;f
Ntz;Lk;.
••nkhopapay; khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; fy;tpapd;ik Mfpatw;wpw;fhd
Fwpg;Gfs;
Nfhupf;ifAld; ];tuh[; gw;wpa Nfs;tpia jpyfu;
njhlu;GgLj;jpdhu;. nghJ kf;fspilNa rhjp czu;it KbTf;Ff;
nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk;> jPz;lhik xopg;Gf;F Mjutspg;gjw;Fk;
mtu; jd;dhl;rp tpjpfis gad;gLj;jpdhu;.
5. yf;Ndh fhq;fpu]; 1907 Kjy; If;fpa fhq;fpu]; MFk;.
8.5 RUf;fk;
••1905 Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgu; khjk; 16 Mk; Njjp> tq;fhsg;
gpuptpid mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhd KbT uh[ gpujpepjpahd yhu;[;
fu;Nrhd; (1899–1905) dpd; mjpfhuj;jpd; fPo; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
etPd tq;fhs tuyhw;wpy; ,J kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j
epfo;thf gjpT nra;ag;gl;lJ.
••xU khfhzj;jpd; epu;thf mikg;gpy; NghJkhd Copau;fs;
,y;yhjjhy; ,J tu;j;jfk;> tzpfk; kw;Wk; fy;tpia
fzprkhf ghjpj;jJ. Fwpg;ghf> fpof;F tq;fhs khfhzq;fspy;
cs;s MWfs; kw;Wk; ePNuhilfs; ntl;lg;gl;ljhy; mtu;fs;
kpfTk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldu;. jpwikaw;w epu;thfk; fpl;lj;jl;l xU
E}w;whz;Lf;F NjitgLk; ePu;topj; jlq;fis xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l
flw;nfhs;isau;fSf;F toptFj;jJ.
••1903 y; tq;fhsg; gpuptpidf;fhd Kjy; Kd;nkhopT> Kf;fpakhf
jpwdw;w epu;thfj;jpd; mbg;gilahf fUjg;gl;lJ.
••,e;j Kd;nkhopapy; cs;slq;Fgit :
oorl;lNkyitapy; xU Jizepiy MSeupd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo;
xU jd;dhl;rp Gjpa khfhzk; cUthf;Fjy;
ooxU Ra Ml;rp tUtha; mjpfhuk;
ooxU jpwikahd epu;thfj;ij nry;Ygbahf;Fk; xU ngupa
epyg;gug;ig khw;Wjy;
••Muk;gj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj ,e;j gpuptpidia rpy Kf;fpa epu;thfpfs;>
,e;jpa> tq;fhs gj;jpupiffs; kw;Wk; gpupl;b\; gj;jpupifAk;
Mq;fpNyh-,e;jpa gj;jpupiffSk; fLikahf vjpu;j;jdu;.
,e;j gpuptpid Nkw;F tq;fj;jpy; td;Kiwj; Nghuhl;lq;fis
Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,J ,e;jpa Njrpathjj;ij NkYk; J}z;baJ.
••,e;j gpuptpid ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; murhq;fj;jpy;
‘gpupj;jhSk;’ nfhs;ifahf fhzg;gl;lJ.
••tq;fhsj;jpYs;s gs;sp my;yJ fy;Y}up khztu;fs; ];tNj\p
kw;Wk; Gwf;fzpg;G ,af;fq;fspd; gpur;rhuq;fspy; jPtpukhf
gq;nfLj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;.

••njhlf;fj;jpy; gpuptpid vjpu;g;G ,af;fk; rl;lG+u;tkhdJ> tq;fhsg; gpuptpid kw;Wk;
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk;
m`pk;ir vd;W ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; tpUk;gpa KbTfis vl;Ltjpy;
Njhy;tpAw;wNghJ me;j ,af;fk; NkYk; Nghu;f;Fzk; kpf;f
jiytu;fspd; gq;Nfw;ig <u;j;Js;sJ.
••1903 y; gpuptpidf;fhd Kd;nkhop Kjd; Kjyhf Fwpg;Gfs;
ntspaplg;gl;l NghJ> mjid ,];yhkpau;fs; fLikahf vjpu;j;jdu;.
thuhe;jpu nra;jpj;jhshd Nkh];Nyk; fpuhdpf;fy;>
murpay; mikg;G> kj;jpa Njrpa K`k;kld; rq;fk;; fpof;F
tq;fhsj;jpy; cs;s gypahjp epyj;jpd; [kPd;jhu;> gj;njhd;gjhk;
E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; tq;fhsj;jpd; r%fg; gzpahsu; kw;Wk;
murpay; MSik nfhz;l nrsJup frpKjpd; mfkJ rpj;jpf;
MfpNahuhy; ,J fz;bf;fg;gl;lJ.
••ngUk;ghyhd ,];yhkpau;fs; gpuptpidf;F Mjuthf ,Ue;jdu;.
1906 Mk; Mz;by; tq;fhsg; gpuptpidf;F Vw;g cUthf;fg;gl;l
R+o;epiyfs;> ,e;j gpuptpw;F Mjutspj;j midj;J ,e;jpa
,];yhkpa fof epWtj;jpw;F toptFj;jJ.
••Irf; gl; jiyikapd; fPo; Iup\; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; Njhd;wpajhy;
jPtputhjpfs; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdu;. B.G jpyfu; jdJ
rpiwj; jz;lidia Kbj;j gpwF 1914 y; jPtpu murpaYf;F
jpUk;gpdhu;. ,e;jpahtpd; ‘jd;dhl;rp’ ,y; Nfhupa gpur;rpid
njhlu;ghf fhq;fpuNrhL ,ize;J nfhs;s mtu; Kad;whu;.
••‘midj;J murpayikg;G topKiwfSk; gpupl;b\; NguuRf;Fs;
jd;dhl;rp my;yJ nrhe;j murhq;fj;ij mila Ntz;Lk;’
vd;gjw;Fk;> mNj Nghy; ehl;by; cs;s kf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis
fy;tpA+l;lTk; xOq;fikg;gJ Mfpait jd;dhl;rp fofj;jpw;F
Kf;fpa Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ.
••ngrd;l; 1914 ,y; yz;ldpy; xU jd;dhl;rp fofk; xd;iw
epWtpdhu;> ,Wjpapy; nrg;lk;gu; 15> 1916 md;W jd;dhl;rp fofk;
xd;W mtuhy; epWtg;gl;lJ.
••jpyfu;> ngrz;l; ,e;jpah KOtJk; Rw;Wg;gazk; Nkw;nfhz;L
kf;fs; kj;jpapy; jd;dhl;rp gw;wpa nra;jpia gug;gpdu;.
••mtu;fs; kj;jpapy; cs;s NtWghL mtw;wpd; fhuzj;ij
ghjpf;Fk; vd;W Njrpathjpfs; czu;e;jNjhL murhq;fj;jpw;F
vjpuhf xU xw;Wikahd Kd;dzpia mikf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gijAk; Njrpathjpfs; tpiutpNyNa czu;e;jdu;.
••kpf Kf;fpakhf> fhq;fpu]pd; ,uz;L gpupTfSk; kPz;Lk;
,ize;jd. ngUk;ghyhd fhq;fpu]; jiytu;fs; fhq;fpurpd; gpsT
murpay; nrayw;w jd;ikiag; ngw;wjhy;> gioa ru;r;irfs;
,dpAk; nghUe;jf; $bajhf ,Uf;fhJ vd;gij czu;e;jdu;.
••NkYk;> vOr;rpAw;w Njrpathjk;> gioa jiytu;fis Nyhfkhd;a
jpyfu; kw;Wk; ,ju Nghu;f;Fz Njrpathjpfis kPz;Lk;
fhq;fpu]{f;F tUtjw;F fhl;lhag;gLj;jpaJ.

tq;fhsg; gpuptpid kw;Wk; ••Nghu; kw;Wk; ,U jd;dhl;rp fofq;fSk;> fhq;fpurpd; gz;ig
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk;
khw;wpa ehl;by; xU Gjpa czu;it cUthf;fpf; nfhz;bUe;jd.
••fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; fofk; Mfpatw;wpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspy;
ngUfptUk; ,e;j xw;Wik> yf;Ndh cld;gbf;if vd;W gpugykhf
Fwpg;Gfs; miof;fg;gl;l fhq;fpu]; fof xg;ge;jj;jpy; ifnaOj;jpLtjpy;
cau; epiyia mile;jJ. yf;Ndhtpy; Vw;gl;l tsu;r;rpfspd;
cldb tpisT mw;Gjkhdjhf ,Ue;jJ. kpjthj> Nghu;f;Fz
NjrpathjpfSf;Fk;> ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]{f;Fk;> K];ypk;
yPf;Fk; ,ilNa ,Ue;j xw;Wik> ehl;by; ngUk; murpay;
cw;rhfj;ij cUthf;fpaJ.

••tFg;Gthjk;: mJ gue;j r%fj;ij tpl xU nrhe;j ,df;FOTf;Ff;
flikg;gl;L ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.
••Ez;zwpTs;Nshu;: ,J xU FOthf mwpQu;fs; my;yJ cau;
fy;tp ngw;w kf;fisf; Fwpf;fpwJ> Fwpg;ghf fyhr;rhuk; kw;Wk;
murpay; nry;thf;iff; nfhz;bUg;gjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ.
••nfhbaJ: ,J ntspg;gilahd jPik my;yJ rkaj;jpy; <LghL
mw;wtu; vd;gjhFk;.

FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. tq;fhsg; gpuptpidf;F fhuzkhd fhuzpfs; ahit?
2. tq;fhsk; vt;thW gpupe;jJ?
3. 1916-y; yf;Ndh cld;gbf;ifapd; mk;rq;fisg; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;.
4. jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;

1. ,e;jpahtpy; jd;dhl;rp fofj;jpd; Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; vd;d?
,e;jpa Rje;jpuj;jpd; fhuzkhf mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
kjpg;gpLf.
2. ,e;jpa Njrpathjj;ijj; njhlq;Ftjpy; tq;fhsj;jpd; f\;lq;fs;
Kf;fpa gq;iff; nfhz;bUe;jd vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
3. tq;fhsg; gpuptpidapy; ,];yhkpau;fspd; vjpu;tpid kw;Wk;
mjd; gq;if gw;wpAk; tpthjpf;fTk;.
8.8 NkYk; gbf;f


re;jpuh> gpghd;. 1999. Rje;jpu Nghuhl;lk;. GJ jpy;yp: Ne\dy; Gf; tq;fhsg; gpuptpid kw;Wk;
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk;
bu];l;.
Gj;jfq;fs;. Fwpg;Gfs;
gpugy gpufhrd;.
gpshf;];thd;.

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gpugy
MSikfs; myF 9 Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gpugy
MSikfs;
Fwpg;Gfs;
mikg;G
9.0 Kd;Diu
9.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
9.2 jpyfu;;> NfhfNy> yhyh y[gjp uha; kw;Wk; V. O. rpjk;guk;
tpilfs;
9.5 RUf;fk;
9.8 NkYk; gbf;f
9.0 Kd;Diu
Ke;ija myfpy;> ehk; 1905 y; tq;fhsg; gpuptpid gw;wpAk;> mNj
Nghy; Kfg;G tpjp ,af;fk; gw;wpAk; mwpe;Njhk;. ,e;j myfpy; ,e;jpa
Rje;jpu ,af;fj;jpd; Muk;g fl;lj;jpd; rpy Gfo;ngw;w MSikfshd
ghy fq;fhju jpyfu;;> yhyh y[gjp uha;> Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy
kw;Wk; V. O. rpjk;gug;gps;is MfpNahiu gw;wp tpthjpg;Nghk;.
9.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
••jpyfu;;> uha;> NfhfNy kw;Wk; gps;is MfpNahupd; MSikfisg;
gw;wp tpthjpf;f KbAk.;
••Kjyhk; cyfg;Nghu; ntbj;jijAk;> ,e;jpa murpaypy; mjd;
tpisTfs; gw;wpAk; Muha KbAk.;
••,e;jpa murpd; rl;lk;> 1919 ,d; mk;rq;fs; kw;Wk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
tptupf;f KbAk.;
9.2 jpyfu;;> NfhfNy> yhyh y[gjp uha; kw;Wk; V. O.

rpjk;guk;
ehk; ghy fq;fhju jpyfu;; gw;wp tpthjpg;gjd; %yk; njhlq;FNthk;
ghy fq;fhju jpyfu;;

ghy fq;fhju jpyfu;;> ,e;jpahtpy; Nghu;f;Fzkpf;f Njrpathjj;jpd;
cz;ikahd mikg;ghsuhf fUjg;gLfpwhu;. G+dhit Nru;e;j xU
rpj;utd; gpuhkzuhd ,tu;> fhq;fpu]py; cs;s kpjthjpfis jdJ

jdpj;Jtkhd ghzpapy; – ‘ehk; xU jtis Nghd;w Mz;L xU Kiw Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gpugy
MSikfs;
FNuhf; vd;why;> vq;fs; njhopw;fl;rpapd; ve;j ntw;wp mila khl;Nlhk;
vd;W tpku;rpj;jhu;.
epu;thfj;jpy; rPu;jpUj;jk; nra;tjw;F gjpyhf ,e;jpah- ‘];tuh[;’
my;yJ Ra murhq;fj;jpd; murpay; Nehf;fj;ij mtu; tpiuthf Fwpg;Gfs;
mikj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. ‘];tuh[; vdJ gpwg;G cupik> mij ehd;
ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;’ vd;W mwptpj;j NghJ mtu; mjpf ek;gpf;ifiaAk;
jpwidAk; fhl;bdhu;. ,e;jpahtpd; Rje;jpuj;ij mtu; gykhf Mjupj;Jg;
NgRifapy;> gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jhy; JNuhf Fw;wr;rhl;bd; Ngupy;
rpiwapyilf;fg;gl;lhu;. MW Mz;L fhyj;jpw;F 1903 y; gu;khtpy;
cs;s rpiwf;F mDg;gg;gl;lhu;. gu;khtpy; ,Ue;J jpUk;gp te;j gpwF
mfpy ,e;jpa Kfg;G tpjp fofj;ij epWtpdhu;.
jpyfu; gy tpjq;fspy; ,e;jpa Rje;jpu ,af;fj;jpy; Kd;Ndhbahf
,Ue;jhu;.
(i) 1894 Kjy; fNz\; jpUtpoh Nghd;w kjr; milahsq;fs; kw;Wk;
tpohf;fs; kf;fis xd;Wjpul;l gad;gLfpwJ.
(ii)
1896 Kjy;> ,isQu;fis Cf;Ftpf;Fk; tifapy; rpth[p
tpoh %yk; Njrg;gw;W kw;Wk; tuyhw;W topghl;L Kiwfis
gad;gLj;jpaJ.
(iii) 1896–97 y;> kfhuh\;buhtpy; fLk; gQ;rj;jpd; NghJ> tUtha;
Jiw gpur;rhuk; Jtq;ftpy;iy. gQ;rk; epthuzf; FwpaPl;by;
rl;lj;jpd; fPo; mspf;fg;gl;l epthuz eltbf;iffis
muR vLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W mtu; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhu;. gpd;du;>
mtUila fhfpjj;jpd; %yk;> Nfrupapy; cs;s kf;fs; tup
nrYj;Jtij kWf;Fk;gb Kiwapl;lhu;.‘kuzj;jpd; gpbapy; $l
ePq;fs; ijupaj;Jld; ,Uf;f KbahJ.’ vd;W mtu; Nfhgj;Jld;
vOjpdhu;.
(iv) 1896 Mk; Mz;L gUj;jp gapw;rpapd; vjpu;tpisitg; gw;wp gha;fhl;
,af;fk; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
yhyh y[gjp uha;

Rje;jpu Nghuhl;lj;jpd; kw;nwhU Kf;fpa Kd;dzp Njrpathj
jiytu;fspy; xUtuhf yhyh y[gjp uha; ,Ue;jhu;. ghy fq;fhju
jpyfu;u;> gpgpd; re;jpughy; MfpNahUld; yhyh uh[ghl; uha; ,e;jpa
%tu; nfhz;l fl;rpahd ‘yhy; ghy; ghy;’ tpd; xU mq;fkhf
,Ue;jhu;. gpupl;ldpypUe;J ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;w
mtuJ jPtpu ehl;Lg;gw;W kw;Wk; Mw;wy; kpFe;j tzpfj;jpd;
fhuzkhf> mtUf;F Nkhdp];fu; ‘gQ;rhg; Nfrup’ my;yJ ‘gQ;rhg;gpd;
rpq;fk;’ vd;W toq;fg;gl;lJ. mtuJ Rje;jpu nray;ghLfSld;> uha;
gq;fspg;G kw;w gFjpfspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhf cs;sJ. mtu; gQ;rhg;
Njrpa tq;fp epWtj;ijj; njhlq;fp> fpwp];jtj; J}jufq;fis ,e;jf;
Foe;ijfis ghJfhg;ghf fhtypy; itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf
,e;J Mjutw;w epthuz ,af;fj;ijAk; epWtpdhu;.

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gpugy irkd; FO vd;wiof;fg;gLk; murpayikg;G rPu;jpUj;j
MSikfs;
Mizaj;jpd; mikg;ig Mq;fpNyau;fs; mwptpj;j NghJ> uha;
cs;spl;l gy Njrpathjpfs; mij fLikahf vjpu;j;jdu;. tprhuizf;
fkp\Df;F vjpuhf fz;ldk; njuptpj;j NghJ> uha; NghyP]; yjpr;rhu;[;
Fwpg;Gfs; %yk; fhak; mile;J> gpd;du; mtuJ fhaq;fSf;F cs;shdhu;. mtu;
kpfTk; fhakile;jpUe;jhYk;> ,e;j Nghuhl;lj;jpy; njhlu;e;J Ngrpa
uha;> ‘,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; rtg;ngl;bapy; filrp efq;fs;
,Uf;Fk; vd;W ehd; mwptpf;fpNwd;’ vd;W $wpdhu;. gfj;rpq; kw;Wk;
re;jpuNrfu; Mrhj; Nghd;w `pe;J];jhd; Nrhrypr FbauRf; fl;rpapd;
,sk; jiytu;fs;> vjpu;g;gpd; NghJ yhap]{ld; uhiaj; jhf;fpajw;fhf
Mq;fpNya NghyP]; mjpfhupia gopthq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfhupdu;.
Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Muk;g fhyq;fspy; kpf Kf;fpakhd jiytu;fspy;
xUtuhd Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; kpjthj
gpuptpd; Kf;fpaj; jiytu;fspy; xUtuhf ,Ue;jhu;.,e;jpau;fSf;F
mjpf cupik ngWtjpy; mtuJ gq;fspg;Gk; Nru;j;J. mtu;
r%f rPu;jpUj;jq;fSf;fhd xU Kf;fpa jiytuhfTk; ,Ue;jhu;.
fy;Y}up fy;tpiag; ngWtjw;F Kjy; jiyKiw ,e;jpau;fspy;
xUtuhd NfhfNy ,e;jpa mwpthu;e;j r%fj;jpy; gutyhf kjpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
mtuJ rf ehl;L kf;fspilNa Njrpathj czu;Tfis J}z;Ltjw;F
mu;g;gzpf;fg;gl;l ,e;jpa rKjhaj;jpd; Nrtfu;fis epWtpatu; Mthu;.
jdJ murpay; tho;tpd; NghJ> NfhfNy> jw;NghJs;s murhq;f
epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; ve;jpuq;fSld; Nru;e;J Ntiy kw;Wk; xj;Jiog;gpd;
%yk; rPu;jpUj;jq;fSf;F Mjuthf ,Ue;jhu;.
ts;spehafk; Nyhfehjd; rpjk;guk; gps;is

jkpo; n`y;nk];kd; vd;W gpugykhf mwpag;gLk; VO rpjk;guk;
gps;is jkpo; ehl;il Nru;e;j gpugy Rje;jpug; Nghuhsp Mthu;. Rje;jpu
Nghuhl;lj;ij Nehf;fp kf;fis topelj;j midj;J tsq;fisAk;
gad;gLj;jp> xU tpjptpyf;fhd mikg;ghsu; kw;Wk; ghy fq;fhju jpyfu;
kpfTk; gpugykhd khztu;fspy; xUtuhf ,Ue;jhu;. njd;dpe;jpahtpd;
RNjrp ,af;fj;ij xOq;fikg;gjpy; mtu; Kf;fpa gq;if mspj;jhu;.
1905 tq;fhsg; gpuptpidf;Fg; gpd;du;> ,e;jpahtpy; ele;j fpsu;r;rpapd;
NghJ> gps;is murpaypy; Eioe;jhu;.jpyfu;u;> uha; MfpNahupd;
fUj;Jf;fSf;F clNd <u;f;fg;gl;L RNjrp ,af;fj;jpy; Mu;tj;Jld;
gq;Nfw;whu;. 906-f;Fs;> RNjrp ePuhtp topnrYj;jy; epWtdj;jpd; (SSNCo)
vd;w ngaupy; ];tNj\p tu;j;jfu; fg;gy; fl;Lk; epWtdj;ij epWt
Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zj;jpw;fhf> Jf;Nfhupd; kw;Wk; jpUney;NtypapYk;
cs;s tzpfu;fs; kw;Wk; njhopyjpgu;fspd; Mjuitg; ngw;whu;
gps;is. ,e;j toptifapy;> jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;ij gpupl;b\;
fhydpj;Jtthjpfspd; mjpu;r;rp kw;Wk; Nfhgj;jpw;F Mo;e;j Njrpathj
murpaypd; ikakhf khw;wpdhu;. mf;Nlhgu; 16> 1906 md;W RNjrp
ePuhtp topnrYj;jy; epWtdj;jpd; (SSNCo) Kiwahd gpwg;G vd;gJ

ngUk;ghYk; VOC ,d; jdpg;gl;l rhjidahf ,Ue;jJ. ,jw;fpilapy;> Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gpugy
MSikfs;
VOC MdJ jpUney;Ntyp> kJiu kw;Wk; jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s kw;w
ikaq;fspy; ];tNjrp fg;gy; epWtdk; xU cWjpahd epiyg;ghl;ilf;
nfhz;LtUtjw;F Kd;dzp tu;j;jf egu;fisf; nfhz;Lte;jJ.
fhe;jp[p rhk;gud; rj;jpahf;fpufj;jpw;F Kd;Ng> jkpo;ehl;by; njhopyhs Fwpg;Gfs;
tu;f;fj;jpd; fhuzj;ij VOC vLj;Jf; nfhz;lJ> ,jdhy; mtu;
kfhj;kh fhe;jpf;F Kd;Ndhbahf fUjg;gLfpwhu;.

1. ,e;jpahtpy; Nghu;f;Fzkpf;f Njrpathjj;jpd; cz;ikahd
epWtdu; vd;W ahiu fUj KbAk;?
2. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; kpjthj gpuptpd; Kf;fpaj; jiytu;fspy;
xUtu; ahu;?

gpuhd;];> fpNul; gpupl;ld;> u\;ah kw;Wk; [g;ghd; xU Gwk; ,Ue;jd;
n[u;kdp> M];jpupah> `q;Nfup kw;Wk; lu;fp Mfpait vjpu;j;jug;Gf;
fl;rpahf ,Ue;jd. gpd;du;> ,j;jhypAk; Kd;dhs; FOtpy; ,ize;jJ.
%d;whk; cyf ehLfspy;> ,e;jg; Nghu; kf;fspilNa Njrpak; vd;w
czu;it tpopg;gilar; nra;jJ.
Nghu; njhlq;fpaJk; NfhfNy jiyikapyhd kpjthj gpuptpd;
fPo; fhq;fpu]; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpaJ. mij flikahf fUjp
Mq;fpNyau;fSf;F cjt KbT vLj;jJ fhq;fpu];. ,e;jpahtpd;
cjtpia ngw;wgpd; gpupl;b\hu; ed;wpAilatu;fshf czUthu;fs;>
,e;jpahtpy; Ra murhq;fj;ij mDkjpg;ghu;fs; vd;W Mq;fpNyau;fspd;
rpe;jidf;F MjuT mspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W KbntLj;jJ. Mdhy;> me;j
Neuj;jpy; ,e;jpaf; fl;rpj; jiytu;fs; ,e;jf; FOf;fSf;fpilapyhd
Nghu; vd;gJ mbg;gilapy; jq;fs; fhydpfis ghJfhg;gJ vd;gij
czu Kbatpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk;> ghy fq;fhju jpyfu;u; rpiwapypUe;J
jpUk;gp te;j NghJ fhq;fpu]; gpupl;b\hUf;F Mjutspf;ftpy;iy.
jq;fspd; cupikf;fhf gpupl;lhdpau;fSf;F Kd; thjhLtJ ve;j
Nehf;fj;jpw;F cjthJ vd;W jpyfu;u; $wpdhu;. Rje;jpuk; vd;gJ
,e;jpau;fspd; gpwg;G cupik vd;W mtu; epiyehl;bdhu;. vdNt>
gpd;dhspy; fhe;jp topelj;jp te;j muR vjpu;g;G ,af;fj;jpw;fhd
mbj;jsj;ij mtu; itj;jhu;.
,e;jpa jiytu;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdtu;fs;> gpupl;b\; murhq;fk;
,e;jpahtpy; Ra murhq;fj;ij mNj Nghy; mOj;jk; nfhLf;ftpy;iy
vd;why; mDkjpf;fhJ vd;W fUjpdu;. vdNt> xU ntF[d ,af;fj;ijj;
njhlq;Ftjw;fhd Njitia mtu;fs; czu;e;jdu;. kf;fs; ,af;fk;
njhlq;FtJ vd;w kf;fspd; KbTf;Fg; gpd;dhy; NtW gy fhuzq;fSk;
,Ue;jd. Nghu;f; fhyj;jpy; kf;fs; kPJ fLikahd tupfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;ld.
mj;jpahtrpa nghUl;fspd; tpiyfSk; mjpfupf;fg;gl;ld. ,jd;

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gpugy tpisthf> gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;iffSf;F vjpuhf ,e;jf;
MSikfs;
fhyfl;lk; cf;fpukhd Nghuhl;lq;fis elj;jpaJ.
1914 Mk; Mz;by; Kjy; cyfg; Nghu; ntbj;jNghJ> ,e;jpah
NkYk; tsu;e;J tUk; murpay; nfhe;jspg;G epiyia mile;jJ.,e;jpa
Fwpg;Gfs; Njrpa fhq;fpu]; ,dp xU FO my;y vd;W mit murpay;
khehl;by; tpthjpf;fg;gl;ld. nkJthf> mJ gpupj;jhdpau;fsplkpUe;J
Ra Ml;rp Ntz;Lk; vd;W NfhupaJ. Nghu; epWj;jg;gLtjw;F Kd;
n[u;kdpau;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\; vjpu;g;G czu;it J}z;btpl
Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. gpupl;b\hu; ,e;jpahtpy; ntg;gj;ij
vjpu;nfhz;lhy;> Nghupy; ntw;wp ngWk; tha;g;G fzprkhf Fiwe;JtpLk;
vd;W n[u;kdpau;fs; ek;gpdu;. tpy;ypak; Mu;r;ru; ,e;j jUzj;ij>
‘gpupj;jhdpah NtW vq;Fk; gpur;ridapy; rpf;fpdhy;> ,e;jpah jd;Dila
jw;Nghija kNdhepiyapy;> fpsu;r;rp xU ngUk; vOr;rpahf ntbf;Fk;.’
vd;W vOjpdhu;.
Mdhy; ,e;j mr;rq;fs; Mjhukw;wit MFk;. 1914 Mf];l;
4k; Njjp Nghu; gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;l NghJ> gpupl;b\hUf;Fg; gpd;dhy;
,e;jpah mzptFj;J> Nghupy; mij Mjupj;jJ. ,e;jpahtpd; Rje;jpuk;
Mq;fpNyau;fspd; ifapy; cs;sJ vd;W me;ehl;bd; nry;thf;Fs;s
gpuptpdu; ek;gpdu; .vdNt> me;j ehL> ve;j msTf;F ve;j jpwDld;
,Ue;jhYk;> fhydpapdUf;F MjuT juNtz;Lk;. ehL KOtjpYk;
,Ue;J Mq;fpNyau;fSf;F epjp kw;Wk; ,uhZt cjtp toq;fg;gl;lJ.
gzf;fhu khepyq;fs; ngUe;njhifahd gzj;ij toq;fpte;jd.
gzf;fhu khepyq;fs; ngUe;njhifahd gzj;ij toq;fpte;jd.gpupl;Brhu;
fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F ntspNa cs;s khepyq;fs; cjtj; jhd; nra;fpd;wd
cjhuzkhf Neghsj;jpw;F cjTtjw;fhf gpupl;ldpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F
ntspNa ,Ue;j ehLfs;> mjd; 100>000 FUf;fh gilapdiu mDg;gpd.
jpngj;jpy; cs;s jyha; yhkh gpupl;ldpd; Mjutpw;fhf mtuJ 1000
gilfis mspj;jhu;. fpsu;rr ; pgw;wpa Muk;g mr;rq;fs; ,Ue;jNghjpYk;>
Nghupd; NghJ gpupl;b\; ,uhZtk; ngupa mstpyhd JUg;Gf;fis ifahs
Kbe;jJ> mjd; ngUk;ghyhd ,uhZt jsthlq;fis ,e;jpahtpypUe;J
vLj;J te;jJ.Vnddpy; kf;fs; Mq;fpNyau;fis Mjupj;J ehl;bw;Fs;
mikjpapd;ik vd;w mr;rj;ij nfhz;Lte;jdu;. cz;ikapy;> ,e;jpag;
gilfs; NghUf;F Kd;Gk;> kw;w Ml;rpg; gilfspd; gilfSf;F Kd;Gk;
Nghu; nra;aj; jahuhf ,Ue;jd.
1914 Fspu; fhyj;jpy;> ,e;jpa gilfs; Nkw;F Kd;dzpapy;
itf;fg;gl;L> Kjy; Nghupy; gq;F ngw;wdu;. 1915 ,Wjpf;Fs; gilfs;
gy Nrjq;fis mDgtpj;jd. ,e;j Neuj;jpy;> rz;ilfs; kw;Wk;
cly;eykpd;ik fhuzkhf ngUk; mstpy; capupog;Gf;fs; Vw;gl;l
fhuzj;jpdhy;> Kd;dzp flikfspy; ,Ue;J ,e;jpaj; Jiwiaj;
jpUk;gg; ngw KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ.
xU miu kpy;ypad; ,e;jpau; gpupl;b\hUf;F vjpuhf Nghuhl
Kd;te;j epiyapy;> fpl;lj;jl;l 800>000 ,e;jpag; gilfs;
Nghupy; ele;j vy;yhg; Nghu;fspy; gq;Nfw;wd. ,e;jpa gilfs;
fhkNyhghyp kw;Wk; tlf;F> fpof;F Mgpupf;fh cl;gl gy

ehLfSf;fpilNa tPuj;Jld; Nghupl;ldu;. Nghupd; Kbtpy; nkhj;jk; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gpugy
MSikfs;
47>746 ,e;jpa gilfs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldu; my;yJ fhzhky; Nghdjhf
gjpT nra;ag;gl;ldu;> 65>000 Ngu; fhaKw;wdu;.,e;jpa gilazpf;F 12
tpf;Nlhupah rpYitfs; cl;gl 13>000 gjf;fq;fs; toq;fg;gl;ld. me;j
mzp ‘Kjy; tpf;Nlhupah fpuh];’ I Fjhjj; fhd; ntd;whu;. vy;yhg; Fwpg;Gfs;
Nghu;fisAk; NghyNt> ,e;jg; Nghupd; nryTk; ,e;jpag; nghUshjhuj;jpd;
kPJ xU ngUk; vz;zpf;ifia vLj;jJ. mJ jpthy;jd;ikapd;
tpspk;gpw;F js;sg;gl;lJ.MdhYk; ,e;jpau;fsplk; ,Ue;J Mjuitg;
ngw;wij gw;wp gpupl;B\; mikg;gpy; tpag;G vOe;jJ. me;j Neuj;jpy;
‘,e;jpa NguuR jdJ cw;rhfk; epiwe;j cjtpapd; KOikahd>
xUkpj;j jd;ik %yk; gpupl;b\; Njrj;ij Ml;nfhz;Ls;sJ’ vd;W
ilk;]; Fwpg;gpl;lJ.
NkNy Fwpg;gpl;lgb> ,e;jpau;fs; Rje;jpuk; Nehf;fpa xU
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f efu;tpy; my;yJ Fiwe;j gl;rk; Ra MSiff;Fg;
gjpyhf gpupl;b\huhy; ntFkjpaspf;fg;gLk; vd;W ek;Gtjw;fhf MjuT
toq;fpdu;. gpupl;b\; ,j;jifa Nehf;fq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy
vd;gJ tpiutpy; ntspg;gl;lJ. ,jd; %yk; ,e;jpa murpay;
tu;f;fj;Jf;Fk; kf;fSf;F ,ilNaAk; ,Ue;j kdepiy ntFtpiutpNyNa
gpupl;b\hUf;F tpNuhjkhdjhf> Gul;rpfukhf khwpaJ. Nghu; ,Wjpf;
fl;lq;fspy; ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy;> kfhj;kh fhe;jp> ‘ePq;fs; Kjypy;
Ms;Nru;f;Fk; mYtyfj;ij ehl Ntz;Lk;; midj;Jk; cq;fsplj;jpy;
Nru;f;fg;gLk;’ vd;W $wpdhu;. ,t;thwhf> gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpd;
NghUf;Fg; gpe;ija Ml;rp> fhe;jp Nghd;w ,e;jpa Rje;jpuj;Jf;F
me;epag;gl;l jiytu;fSf;fhd Mjutpd;wp> Njrpa ,af;fj;jpw;F
ngUk; Cf;fj;ijf; nfhLj;jJ. Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk; Kbtile;j
gpd;du;> ,e;jpahtpy; nkhd;NlF – nfy; k;];Nghu;l; rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd;
mbg;gilapy; czu;Tfis mikjpg;gLj;Jk; rpy rPu;jpUj;jq;fis
gpupj;jhdpau;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;fs;. ,jd; tpisthf> ,e;jpa
murpd; rl;lk; ,Wjpahf 1919 Mk; Mz;by; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
mjd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;:

••,uz;L tPLfs; nfhz;l ,e;jpahTf;fhd Njrpa ghuhSkd;wj;ij
mJ mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.
••Rkhu; 5>000>000 cau; tFg;igr; Nru;e;j ,e;jpau;fSf;F
thf;fspf;Fk; cupik toq;fg;gl;lJ (nkhj;j kf;fs;njhifapy;
kpfr; rpwpa rjtPjk;).
••khfhz murhq;fq;fspy; fy;tp> Rfhjhuk;> nghJg; gzpfspd;
mikr;ru;fshf cUthtjw;F ,e;jpa Njrpa kf;fs; cupik
ngw;wdu;.
••,e;j rl;lk; 1929 y; xU tprhuizf; FO elj;j Ntz;Lk;
vd;w tpjpKiwfis nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,jpy; ,e;jpah mjpf
rYiffs;/rPu;jpUj;jq;fSf;F jahuhf ,Uf;fpwjh vd;gij
fz;lwpa Ntz;Lk;.

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gpugy ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> Mq;fpNyau;fs; kj;jpa muR ,yhfhfis
MSikfs;
,d;dKk; fl;Lg;gLj;jpdu;. khfhz murhq;fq;fSf;Fs; $l tup> rl;lk;>
xOq;F Mfpa Kf;fpa epiyg;ghLfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jpdhu;fs;. Kjyhk;
cyfg;Nghupd; NghJ toq;fg;gl;l Mjutpd; fhuzkhf ,e;jpau;fs;
Fwpg;Gfs; gyu; gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jhy; fLikahf tPo;j;jg;gl;L tpl;ldu; vd;W
fUjpdu;. Mdhy; mj;jifa czu;Tfs; tplg;gl;lhYk;> ,uz;lhk;
cyfg;Nghupy; ,e;jpah ,d;Dk; ngUk; gq;F tfpj;jJ.
kj;jpa muR> ,e;jpau;fspd; gq;fspg;ig mjpfupf;f> 1919 vd;w
kj;jpa murpd; rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa muRr; nrayu;> vl;tpd;
khz;l;Nlf;> uh[gpujpepjp> gpuG nrk;];Nghu;L MfpNahupd; mwpf;ifapy;
gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;bUe;j rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; ,e;j rl;lj;jpy; mlq;fpapUe;jd.
,r;rl;lj;jpd; rpy mk;rq;fs; tUkhW:
(i)
Kd;Diu: ,e;jpa muR rl;lj;jpd; Kd;Diu> ,r;rl;lj;jpd;
mbj;jsq;fis cs;slf;fpa Nfhl;ghLfs; kw;Wk; nfhs;iffis
cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. ,e;j Kd;Diu> gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;l
xw;iwahl;rp Kiw vd;W $wpAs;sJ.
gpupl;b\; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; nfhs;if:
(a) ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; xt;nthU fpisapYk; ,e;jpau;fspd;
ngUfptUk; rq;fj;jpid toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
(b) gpupl;b\hupd; nghWg;Gs;s murhq;fk; Kw;Nghf;F czu;T
ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;Fld; jd;dhl;rp epWtdq;fis
cUthf;Ftjw;F Nguurpd; xUq;fpize;j gFjpahf ,e;jpah
tpsq;FfpwJ.
(c) ,e;j ,yf;if Nehf;fpa gbg;gbahd Kd;Ndw;wj;ijg;
gpupl;b\; ehlhSkd;wk; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(ii) murpd; gzpfisg; gfpu;e;jspj;jy;: murpd; gzpfs; ,uz;L
gpupTfshf gpupf;fg;gl;ld: kj;jpa gzpfSk;> khfhz gzpfSk;.
khfhz ghlq;fs; ‘khw;wk;’ kw;Wk; ‘xJf;fg;gl;l’ gFjpfshfg;
gpupf;fg;gl;ld. rl;lrigf;F nghWg;G tfpf;Fk; mikr;ru;fs;>
gzpapl khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l ghlq;fspy; MSeu;fSf;F
cjTtjhf KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. kWGwk; rl;lrigf;F
nghWg;G ,y;yhj kd;w cWg;gpdu;fs;> xJf;fg;gl;l
ghlq;fspy; MSeu;fSf;F mwpTiu toq;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thwhf>
khfhzq;fspYk; nghWg;Gilik kw;Wk; nghWg;gpy;yhj
murhq;fq;fs; vd;w ,ul;ilj; njhFg;G mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
(iii) nghJ MSeupd; mjpfhuq;fs;: kj;jpag; gl;baypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s
ve;j xU cupikAk;> rl;lk; ,aw;wNth my;yJ epuhfupf;fNth
kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ. vdpDk;>
rl;lrigf;Fs; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l ve;j xU urPjpd; kPJk; ,Wjp KbT
vLf;Fk; mjpfhuk;> nghJ MSeupd; ifapy; ,Ue;jJ. ehl;bd;
mikjpf;F Mgj;jhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd;W mtu; ek;gpdhy;> me;j
urPJ my;yJ xU urPjpd; xU gFjpiaAk; guprPypg;gij epWj;Jk;

mjpfhuk; mtUf;F ,Ue;jJ. rpy tptfhuq;fs; kPJ tpthjk; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gpugy
MSikfs;
my;yJ xj;jpitg;G jPu;khdj;ij rl;l kd;wj;jpy; mDkjpf;fhj
mjpfhuKk; mtUf;F cz;L.
ve;j urPjpd; kPJk; jdJ xg;ge;jj;ij Kd; itf;f nghJ
MSeu; $l mjpfhuk; itj;jpUe;jhu;. mtuJ cld;ghL Fwpg;Gfs;
,y;yhky; ve;j urPJk; xU nrayhf Mf KbahJ.
NkYk;> rl;l rig epiwNtw;wtpy;iy vd;whYk;> ehl;bd;
mikjpf;Fk;> ghJfhg;Gf;Fk; mtu; xU rl;lk; ,aw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;w
mjpfhuk; mtUf;F ,Ue;jJ.
(iv) cWg;gpdu;fspd; gpupT: ,e;jr; rl;lj;jpy;> cWg;gpdu;fs;
%d;W gpupthf gpupf;fg;gl;ldu;: Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l> epakd
mYtyu;fs; kw;Wk; epakd mjpfhupfsy;yhj mYtyu;fs;
MfpNahu; KiwNa 70 rjtPjk;> 10 rjtPjk; kw;Wk; 20
rjtpfpj cWg;gpdu;fshfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldu;.
(v) thf;F jFjpfs;: ,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb> thf;fspf;Fk; jFjp
ntt;NtW khfhzq;fspy; NtWgl;lJ. vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf>
mNj khfhzj;jpw;Fs;NsNa> thf;Fg; gjptpd; jFjpfs;
me;jg; gFjpapd; fpuhkg;GwkhfNth my;yJ efu;g;Gwj;jpy;
,Uf;fpwjh vd;w mbg;gilapy; NtWgl;lit. ,jpy;> nghJ
kw;Wk; rpwg;G vd ,uz;L tif njhFjpfs; ,Ue;jd.
nghJj; njhFjpapy; ,e;Jf;fs;> K];yPk;fs;> fpwpj;jtu;fs;>
Mq;fpNyh-,e;jpau;fs; kw;Wk; rPf;fpau;fs; mlq;Ftu;. epy
itj;jpUg;Nghu;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;> tu;j;jf rigfs; Kjypad
rpwg;G njhFjpfis gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;fpd;wd.
(vi) ,uz;L tifahd rl;lkd;wk;: ,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb> khepyq;fs; FO
kw;Wk; kj;jpa rl;lkd;wf; FO vd ,uz;L tifahf rl;lkd;wk;
tifg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. khepyq;fs;; FOtpy; 60 cWg;gpdu;fs;
,Ue;jdu; ,jpy; 33 Ngu; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;L 27 Ngu; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
kj;jpa rl;l kd;wj;jpy; 145 cWg;gpdu;fs; ,Ue;jdu; ,jpy; 104
Ngu; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;L 41 Ngu; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
(vii) khfhz rl;lrigfSk; mjd; mjpfhuq;fSk;: khfhzr;
rl;lkd;wq;fspd; ,lq;fspd; vz;zpf;if khfhzj;jpypUe;J khf-
hzk; tiu NtWgl;lJ. khfhz rl;lrigfs; khfhzg; ghlq;fspd;
fPo; gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;s jiyg;Gfspy; rl;lkhf;f mjpfhuk;
nfhz;bUe;jd. urPij guprPypf;f Ntz;ba mjpfhuk; MSeUf;F
,Ue;jJ. khfhzj;jpd; mikjpf;Fk;> ghJfhg;Gf;Fk; ,e;j urPJ
Mgj;jhdJ vd;W mtu; fUJkhdhy;> kW guprPyidf;F me;j
urPij kPz;Lk; mitapy; mDg;Gk; mjpfhuk; mtUf;F ,Ue;jJ.
rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mtuJ fUj;Jgb> urPij nghJ-MSeUf;F
mDg;g KbAk;. kFlk; R+l;lg; gl;l fUj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhz;L>
urPij epiwNtw;w nghJ-MSeUf;F mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
(viii) nghJ-MSeupd; epiwNtw;W rig: ,e;j FO kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jhy;
nghWg;Ngw;ftpy;iy. khwhf muRr; nrayhsUf;F mJ nghWg;ghf

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gpugy ,Ue;jJ. nghJ MSeupd; epu;thff; FOtpy; cWg;gpdu;
MSikfs;
Nru;fi
; fapy; vy;iy ,y;iy. nraw;FOtpd; MW cWg;gpdu;fspy;
%d;W Ngu; nghJ MSeu; mtu;fs; ,e;jpau;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,e;jpa cau;ej P p kd;wj;jpy; thjhba xU tof;FiuQu; $l rl;l
Fwpg;Gfs; cWg;gpduhf Mtjw;F jFjpAilatu;.
(ix) ,e;jpa muRr; nrayhsupd; mjpfhuq;fs;: Kd;djhf ,e;jpa
murpd; nrayhsu;> kj;jpa> khfhz epu;thfk; kPJ mjpf
mjpfhuk; itj;jpUe;jhu;. vdpDk;> ,e;j rl;lj;jpUj;jj;jpd;gb
mtuJ mjpfhuq;fs; Fiwf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
,jw;F Kd;du; ,aw;wg;gl;l NtW ve;jr; rl;lj;ijtpl kpfTk;
tpupthdit vd;gjhy;> 1919 vd;w rl;lj;ij Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ
vd;W fhyj;jpd; Kf;fpa jiytu;fs; gyUk; ftdpj;jdu;. ,r;rl;lk;
Neub Nju;jiy mwpKfg;gLj;jp thf;Fupikia mjpfupj;jJ. ,e;j
rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;l gpd;du;> Kjy; jlitahf ,e;jpa mikr;ru;fs;>
khfhz epu;thf Jiwfspy; rpytw;iw cj;jpNahfG+u;t epakdq;fshff;
fUjyhk; Mdhy;> kf;fshy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l ngUk;ghd;ikiaf;
nfhz;l jiytu;fshy; ifahs KbAk;. ,e;j mikr;ru;fs; jhd;
kf;fSf;F nghWg;G. murpaypy; Neubahd mDgtj;ij kf;fsplk;
vLj;Jr; nry;y mJ xU tha;g;igf; nfhLj;jJ.
vdpDk;> ,r;rl;lk; rpy ghuhl;lj;jf;f mk;rq;fis nfhz;bUe;jhYk;>
gy tiffspy; FiwghLilaJ. lhf;lu; V. Nf. `Pj; $Wifapy;>
‘rl;lkd;wj;jpd; Neub mjpfhuj;jpypUe;J Kw;wpYk; Rje;jpukhf epu;thfk;
,Ue;J te;jJ.’
,e;jpaj; jiytu;fs; ifahs Ntz;ba ghlq;fs; murpay;
fz;Nzhl;lj;jpypUe;J Kf;fpaky;y. ,e;jr; rl;lj;jpw;F gpwF te;j
mikg;G. epu;thfj; jpwikia Nkk;gLj;jtpy;iy.
jkJ nghWg;ig epiwNtw;Wtjw;F NghjpasT mjpfhuk; jkf;F
,y;iy vd mikr;ru;fs; fUjpdu;. ru; Nf. tp. nul;b $Wifapy;>
‘fhL ,y;yhj tsu;r;rp Jiwapy; mikr;ruhf ,Ue;Njd;. tptrha
Fiwg;G ePu;ghrdj;Jiwapy; mikr;ruhf ,Ue;Njd;.’ kpjthjpfs;
,r;rl;lj;jpypUe;J Ramuir Nehf;fpa Kjy; eltbf;ifahf ,e;jr;
rl;lj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;ldu;. ,e;j rl;lj;ij Njrpathj fl;rp Vw;ftpy;iy.
mtu;fs; Njitf;F Fiwe;J> Vkhw;wkspg;gNjhL jpUg;jpaw;w epiyapy;
,Ue;jhu;fs;.
Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghu; ntbj;j NghJ> ehl;by; ngUk; cw;rhfk;
epytpaJ. ,e;jpa kf;fs; xt;nthU rhj;jpakhd topapYk; muRf;F
Nrit nra;a tpUg;gk; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. khu;Nd te;jgpd; ,e;jpahtpw;F
ntspNa ,e;jpa JUg;Gf;fSf;fhd Njit mjpfupj;J te;jJ. mf;Nlhgu;
1914 y; JUf;fp kj;jpa ty;yuRfSld; ,ize;j NghJ> ,e;jpa
JUg;Gf;fs; R+a]; fhy;thiaj; jhf;fpg; gjpyb nfhLj;J JUf;fpa
jhf;Fjy; xd;iw elj;jpaJ.

khrpNlhdpah kw;Wk; N[u;kd; fpof;F Mgpupf;fhtpd; ePz;l Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gpugy
MSikfs;
gpur;rhuq;fspd; %yk; ,e;jpag; gilfs; Nghupl;ldu;. mtu;fs; <uhf;
gpur;rhuj;jpy; xU Kf;fpakhd gq;if 1917 y; ghf;jhj; ifg;gw;Wtjw;F
,l;Lr; nrd;wdu;. ,jd; %yk; mtu;fs; <uhf;fpd; jw;Nghija epiyia
fz;lwpa cjtpdu;. ,tu;fs; 1917 y; n[UrNyk; mioj;Jr; te;j Ner Fwpg;Gfs;
ehl;Lg; gilapy; ,Ue;jdu;. ,itnay;yhk; ,e;jpahtpy; ngUk; Kaw;rp
Nkw;nfhz;lit. ehd;F yl;rk; Ngu; my;yhj NghuhspfSld; ,ize;J
NghupLk; gilfSf;F vl;L yl;rk; Mz;fs; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;ldu;.
,jdhy; ,uhZt ve;jpuj;jpy; ngUk; tpupthf;fk; Vw;gl;lJ> tu;f;fq;fs;
xU ngUk; fyitahf ,Ue;jd. Rw;wpYk; jd;dk;gpf;ifAk; tYthd
czu;Tk; ,Ue;jJ. ,e;jpa jd;dk;gpf;ifAk;> mtu;fspd; Kaw;rpapd;
gUkDk; mjpfupj;jJ. mJ ,e;jpau;fisNa ek;gpapUe;jJ.
Ml;rpg; gFjpapy; gpupl;b\; muR mjpfhupfs; Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ
gilfSf;F Nrit nra;a mDkjpg;gjpy; jtW Vw;gl;lJ. mtu;fspy;
gyu; jpUk;gp tuNtapy;iy. jpUk;gpatu;fSk; xU tprpj;jpukhd Gjpa
kd cyfj;jpy; jq;fisf; fz;lhu;fs;> mtw;iw khw;wpf; nfhs;tJ
fbdkhf ,Ue;jJ. Aj;jj;jpd; Kbtpy; rpy fhyq;fs; fbdkhdNghJ>
murhq;fk; xU KJik kw;Wk; Nrhu;Tnfhz;l mjpfhupfisNa
ek;gpapUf;f Ntz;ba epiyapy; ,Ue;jJ.
nghUshjhu kz;lyj;jpy;> Nghupd; Kjy; tpisT Cf;fkhf
,Ue;jJ. etPd ,e;jpahtpd; njhopy;Jiw tsu;r;rp> Kjy; cyfg;Nghupd;
Nfhupf;iffSf;F xU ey;y cld;ghl;ilf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Mdhy;
ngUfpa Nfhupf;iffSk; nrytpdq;fSk; tpiythrp cau;Tf;F ,l;Lr;
nrd;wd. ,Wjpapy; cw;rhfk; mjpUg;jpf;F khwpaJ. Mq;fpNyau;fSk;
mnrsfupaq;fis vjpu;ghu;f;fyhk;.Vnddpy; mtu;fs; jq;fs;
,Ug;Gf;fhf NghuhLfpwhu;fs; vd;W czu;e;jdu; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd;
ntw;wp mtu;fSf;F Gfio Nru;f;Fk; tha;g;ghf ,Ue;jJ. ,Nj
Nghd;W Nghu; vd;gJ ntWk; Gw ,d;dy;fs; vd;W ,e;jpau;fisg;
nrhy;yKbahJ. re;Njfkpd;wp> mtu;fs; Nrhu;tile;jhu;fs;.
Nghu;-Nrhu;Tw;wJ Mdhy; ,J Gspg;Gk;> mjpUg;jpAk;> ntWg;igAk; jUk;.
INuhg;gpau;fs; kw;Wk; mjd; kf;fis Nehf;fpa ,e;jpahtpd;
mZFKiw> Kw;wpYk; epue;jukhfj; jpUj;jpaikf;fg;gl;lJ.
INuhg;gpau;fs; mtu;fis tpl> xOf;fj;Jld;> njhopy;El;g uPjpapy;
cau;e;jtu;fs;. vd;w czu;it ,e;jpau;fs; mspj;jdu;. mtu;fs;
ntWk; rf;jp tha;e;jtu;fshff; fUjg;gl;lhu;fs;. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy;
Nghu; capupog;G> Nkw;fj;jpa Nkd;ikf;F gpk;gkhf ,Ue;jJ.
1917 ,d; u\;ag; Gul;rpAk; ,e;jpau;fspd; kdj;jpy; Mokhd
jhf;fj;ij nfhz;bUe;jJ. u\;ahitr; Nru;ej ; kf;fs; xU Vfhjpgj;jpa
Ml;rpia ftpo;ff ; Kbe;jhy;> mNj Nghy; jq;fs; ehl;by; cs;s
,e;jpau;fshYk; nra;ayhk; vd;W mtu;fs; fUjpdu;. [dhjpgjp
tpy;rdpd; gjpdhd;F mk;rq;fs; ,e;jpau;fspd; kPJ ngUk; jhf;fj;ij
nfhz;bUe;jd. Njrpa Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; kf;fspd; Raepu;za
cupikfis mtu;fs; Nfhupdu;. tpag;gpy;iy> Ner ehLfs; Vw;Wf; nfhz;l
mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfs; vd;w ngaupy; Ra muir ,e;jpau;fs; Nfhupdu;.

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gpugy K];yPk;fs; kPjhd Nghupd; tpisit nghWj;jtiuapy;>
MSikfs;
mtu;fs; kpfTk; tUj;jkile;jhu;fs;. JUf;fpapd; rpijTf;F mtu;fs;
xg;Gjy; mspf;ftpy;iy> mJ ,];yhj;jpd; ths; vd;W fUjg;gl;lJ.
JUf;fpa fyp/gh-f;F vjpuhf fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fs; vd;W fUjg;gLk;
Fwpg;Gfs; mNugpau;fspd; elj;J KiwfisAk; mtu;fs; tpUk;gtpy;iy.
mtu;fsJ ,sturu;fs; rka ek;gpf;ifaw;wtu;fspd; iff;$ypfshf
fUjg;gl;lhu;fs;.
Nghu; njhlq;fpaJk;> fhq;fpu]; ,d;Dk; rpy tzpf> njhopy;Jiw
MjuTld; Nkw;fj;jpa ehLfspd; kj;jpaju tu;f;f mikg;ghf ,Ue;jJ.
NfhfNy kw;Wk; kpjthjpfs; MfpNahupd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; mJ
cWjpahf ,Ue;jJ. vdpDk; ,it midj;Jk; Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ
khw;wg;gl;Ls;sd. jpyfu; rpiwapypUe;J jpUk;gp te;J mfpy ,e;jpa
midj;J Kf;fpa jiytuhfTk; Mdhu;. gpupl;b\; muRf;F gpuhu;j;jid
nra;Ak; gioa nfhs;ifia jpyfu; vjpu;j;jhu;. xt;nthU ,e;jpaDk;
Rje;jpukhf ,Uf;f gpurt cupik ,Ue;jJ vd;gJ mtuJ thjk;.
mLj;j rpy Mz;Lfspy; fhe;jp[p jiyikapy; khngUk; muR tpNuhj
,af;fj;jpw;F mbf;fy; ehl;Lfpwhu;.

3. Kjy; cyfg; Nghu; vg;NghJ Jtq;fg; gl;lJ?
4. kj;jpa muR rl;lk;> 1919d; xU Fiwghl;bid gl;baypLf.

1. ghy fq;fhju jpyfu; NghuhLk; Njrpathjj;jpd; cz;ikahd
epWtdu; vd;W fUjyhk;.
2. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; kpjthj gpuptpd; Kf;fpaj; jiytu;fspy;
xUtu; Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy.
3. Kjy; cyfg; Nghu; [_d; 1914 y; njhlq;fpaJ. gpuhd;];>
fpNul; gpupl;ld;> u\;ah kw;Wk; [g;ghd; Mfpait xU Gwk;
,Uf;f> n[u;kdp> M];jpupah> `q;Nfup kw;Wk; JUf;fp Mfpait
vjpnujpu; gf;fk; ,Ue;jd.
4. kj;jpa murpd; rl;lk;> 1919> gy topfspy; FiwghLilaJ.
,r;rl;lj;jpd; %yk; lhf;lu; V. Nf. `Pj; $Wifapy;> ‘rl;lkd;wj;jpd;
Neub mjpfhuj;jpypUe;J Kw;wpYk; Rje;jpukhf epu;thfk; ,Ue;J
te;jJ.’
9.5 RUf;fk;
••ghy fq;fhju jpyfu; ,e;jpahtpy; Nghu;f;Fzkpf;f Njrpathjj;jpd;
cz;ikahd mikg;ghsuhf fUjg;glyhk;.

••jpyfu; gy tpjq;fspy; ,e;jpa Rje;jpu ,af;fj;jpy; Kd;Ndhbahf Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gpugy
MSikfs;
,Ue;jhu;. 1894 Kjy; kf;fis xd;Wjpul;l fNz\; jpUtpoh
Nghd;w rka rpd;dq;fis> tpohf;fis mtu; gad;gLj;jpdhu;.
••ghy fq;fjhu jpyfu; kw;Wk; gpgpd; re;jpu ghy; MfpNahUld;
,ize;J yhyh uh[;ghj; uha;> ,e;jpahtpy; %tu; nfhz;l fl;rp Fwpg;Gfs;
‘yhy; ghy; ghy’ y; xU mq;fkhf ,Ue;jhu;.
••mtUila fLikahd Njr gf;jpapd; fhuzkhf kw;Wk;
gpupl;ldpypUe;J ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;w
typikahd Fuy; xypahy;> uha;f;F ‘gQ;rhg; Nfrup’ my;yJ
‘gQ;rhg;gpd; rpq;fk;’ vd;w Gidg;ngau; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
••,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; kpjthj gpuptpd; Kf;fpaj; jiytu;fspy;
xUtuhf ,Ue;jtu; Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy.
••,e;jpau;fSf;F mjpf cupikfis ghJfhg;gjpy; gq;nfLj;jJ
kl;Lkpy;yhky;> NfhfNy r%f rPu;jpUj;jq;fSf;fhd Kaw;rpapy;
xU Kf;fpa jiytuhfTk; ,Ue;jhu;.
••fg;gNyhl;ba jkpou; vd;W gpugykhf mwpag;gLk; t. c. rpjk;guk;
gps;is jkpo; ehl;il Nru;e;j gpugy Rje;jpug; Nghuhsp Mthu;.
••Rje;jpu Nghuhl;lj;ij Nehf;fp> midj;J tsq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp
kf;fis topelj;jpa> xU tpjptpyf;fhd mikg;ghsuhd gps;is>
ghy fq;fhju jpyfupd; kpfTk; gpugykhd khztu;fspy; xUtuhf
,Ue;jhu;.
••Kjy; cyfg; Nghu; [_d; 1914 y; njhlq;fpaJ. gpuhd;];>
,q;fpyhe;J> u\;ah kw;Wk; [g;ghd; Mfpait xU Gwk; ,Uf;f>
n[u;kdp> M];jpupah> `q;Nfup kw;Wk; JUf;fp Mfpait vjpnujpu;
gf;fk; ,Ue;jd. gpd;du; ,j;jhypAk; Kd;dhs; FOtpy; Nru;e;jJ.
%d;whk; cyf ehLfspy;> ,e;jg; Nghu; kf;fspilNa Njrpak;
vd;w czu;it tpopg;gilar; nra;jJ.
••1914 Mf];l; 4k; Njjp Nghu; gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;l NghJ>
Mq;fpNyau;fSf;F gpd;dhy; ,e;jpah mzptFj;J> Nghupy;
mtu;fis Mjupj;jJ. ,e;jpahtpd; Rje;jpuk; Mq;fpNyau;fspd;
ifapy; cs;sJ vd;W me;ehl;bd; nry;thf;Fs;s gpuptpdu;
ek;gpdu;. ,jdhy; me;j ehL> ve;j msTf;F ve;j jpwDld;
,Ue;jhYk;> FbNaw;wfhuu;fSf;F MjuT juNtz;Lk;.
••Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghu; Kbtile;j gpd;du;> ,e;jpahtpy; nkhd;NlF
nrk;];Nghu;L rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; mbg;gilapy;> czu;Tfis
mikjpg;gLj;Jk; rpy rPu;jpUj;jq;fis Mq;fpNyau;fs;
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdu;. ,jd; tpisthf> ,Wjpapy; ,e;jpa murpd;
rl;lk; 1919-k; Mz;L mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
••,e;jpa murpd; rl;lk;> 1919> ,uz;L ,y;yk; nfhz;l ,e;jpahTf;fhd
Njrpa ghuhSkd;wj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.
••,jw;F Kd;du; ,aw;wg;gl;l NtW ve;jr; rl;lj;ijtpl kpfTk;
tpupthdit vd;gjhy;> 1919 vd;w rl;lk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gpugy vd;W me;j fhyfl;lj;jpd; gy Kf;fpa jiytu;fs; gyUk;
MSikfs;
cw;W Nehf;fpdu;. ,r;rl;lk; Neub Nju;jiy mwpKfg;gLj;jp
thf;Fupikia mjpfupj;jJ.
••1917 ,d; u\;ag; Gul;rpAk; ,e;jpau;fspd; kdq;fspy; Mokhd
Fwpg;Gfs; jhf;fj;ij nfhz;bUe;jJ. u\;ahitr; Nru;ej
; kf;fs; xU Vfhjpgj;jpa
Ml;rpia ftpo;ff; Kbe;jhy;> mNj Nghy; jq;fs; ehl;by; cs;s
,e;jpau;fshYk; nra;a KbAk; vd;W mtu;fs; fUjpdu;.

••gpwg;G cupik: ,J xU ,aw;ifahd my;yJ jhu;kPf cupik>
midtuhYk; Ml;nfhs;sg; gl;l cupikiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
••jpthy;epiy: fld;fis jpUg;gpr; nrYj;j Kbahky; ,Ug;gJ
,jd; nghUs; MFk;.
••khz;NlF-nrk;];Nghu;L rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;: ,it ,e;jpahtpy;>
jd;dhl;rp epWtdq;fis gbg;gbahf mwpKfg;gLj;j Mq;fpNya
FbNaw;w murhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; MFk;.
••fyP/gh: ,J ‘top cupikahsu;’ my;yJ ‘gpujpahsu;’ my;yJ
‘fhupa];ju;’ vd;W nghUs;gLk; ngau; my;yJ jiyg;G MFk;.
,J nghJthf xU fyPgj;jpd; jiytiu Fwpf;fpwJ> Mdhy;
gy;NtW ,];yhkpa kjf; FOf;fSf;Fk;> fl;lisfspilNaAk;
xU jiyg;ghf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. ,e;jpa tpLjiy ,af;fj;jpy; ghy fq;fhju jpyfu; vt;thW
Kd;Ndhbahf ,Ue;jhu;?
2.
ts;spehafk; cyfehjd; rpjk;guk;gps;is mtu;fspd;
nraw;ghLfs; gw;wp rpWFwpg;G tiuf.
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;

1. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; cyfg;Nghupd; tpisTfs; gw;wp tpupthf
tpthjpf;fTk;.
2. 1919 ,e;jpa muR rl;lj;jpd; mk;rq;fis MuhaTk;. mr;rl;lj;jpd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs; vit? mjd; FiwghLfs; vit?
9.8 NkYk; gbf;f

bu];l;.

re;jpuh> gpghd;. 1989. Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; nghUshjhu Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gpugy
MSikfs;
Gj;jfq;fs;.
Fog;gq;fs; (1765–1857). fy;fj;jh: Ntu;y;l; gpu]; ypkpnll;. Fwpg;Gfs;
gpugy gpufhrd;.
gpshf;];thd;.

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd;
,uz;lhk; epiy
gFjp – IV
,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; epiy (1919–1947)
Fwpg;Gfs; myF 10 Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd;

,uz;lhk; epiy
mikg;G
10.0 Kd;Diu
10.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
10.2 [hypad; thyhghf; Jauk;;
tpilfs;
10.5 RUf;fk;
10.8 NkYk; gbf;f
10.0 Kd;Diu
,e;jpa Rje;jpu ,af;fj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; epiy kfhj;kh fhe;jpAld;
,izfpwJ. mtu; jhd; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;ij ngUk;ghYk; kj;jpaju
tu;f;f jiyikapyhd ,af;fj;jpypUe;J ntF[dq;fspd; ,af;fkhf
khw;wpdhu;. ,e;jpahtpd; Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhf Nghuhba jiyrpwe;j ,uh[
je;jpuu;fspy; xUtuhf fhe;jp fUjg;gLfpwhu;. ‘Njrj;jpd; je;ijahf’
mtu; fUjg;gLfpwhu;.
,e;jpahtpd; xU %iyapy; xU njsptw;w rk];jhdj;jpy; xU
eLj;ju tu;ff; gdpah FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jtu;> mtu; xU ruhrup khztu;>
mg;NghJ nghJntspapy; NgRtjw;F mtuhy; ijupaj;ij Nrfupf;f
Kbatpy;iy. rl;lg;G+u;t gapw;rpahsuhf mtuJ Kjy; Kaw;rpahdJ
Jd;gfukhd Kiwapy; Njhy;tp mile;jhYk;> mtu; mrhjhuz Neu;ik>
cz;ik kw;Wk; tha;ikAk; nfhz;l kdpjuhf ,Ue;jhu;. ,e;jpahtpd;
Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; xU Kf;fpakhd gq;if tfpj;j rj;jpahf;fpuf
,af;fj;ij mtu; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;.; rk;ghud;> Nfjh rj;jpahf;fpufj;ij
,e;jpahtpy; jPtpukhf Kd;dpd;W elj;jpatu;. [hypad; thyh ghf;
Jau rk;gtj;jpw;F toptFj;j nusyl; rl;lk; Fwpj;J mtu; mjpu;rr ; p
mile;jhu;. mtu; jiyikapyhd Kjy; mfpy ,e;jpa ntF[d ,af;fk;
xj;Jioahik ,af;fkhFk;. ,e;j myfpy; ehk; [hypad; thyh ghf;
gLnfhiy kw;Wk; xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; Fwpj;J Muha;Nthk;.
10.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
,e;j myif ePq;fs; gbj;J Kbj;j gpd;G, cq;fshy;,

••nusyl; rl;lk; kw;Wk; [hypad;thyh ghf; gLnfhiyiag; gw;wp Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd;
,uz;lhk; epiy
tpthjpf;f KbAk;.
••xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij tpupthf Muha KbAk;..
10.2 [hypad;thyh ghf; Jd;gepiy Fwpg;Gfs;
Rje;jpujpw;F Kd; ,Ue;j ,e;jpahtpd; tuyhW> ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fj;ij

jPtpukhf mupj;J tpl;l> mq;fPfhukw;w> cau; ifafr; rl;lq;fSld;
,ize;J nray;gl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpd; ey;y muRf;fhd xU rl;lk; vd
mwpag;gl;l ,e;jpa murpd; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk;> 1858> Kjy; cyfg;
Nghupd; NghJ> xU muR Fbkfd; vd;w Kiwapy; xU Fbkfidg;
ghJfhg;NghL itj;jpUf;f cjTk; tifapy; jpUj;jk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
1917 Mk; Mz;by;> gpupl;b\; ePjpgjp ru; rpl;dp nusyl; cld;> nusyl;
Mizak; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l xU FO mikf;fg;gl;L> mjd;
jiytuhf mtu; epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. ,f;FO jdJ mwpf;ifia Vg;uy;
25-Mk; Njjp 1918 Mk; Mz;by; rku;g;gpj;jJ. ,e;j mwpf;ifapd;gb>
‘gk;ghapd; Gul;rp ,af;fk;’ ngUk;ghYk; rpj;gtd; gpuhkzu;fsplk; kl;LNk
,Ue;jJ. tq;fhsj;jpy; rjpfhuu;fs;> gbj;j eLj;ju tu;f;fj;ij Nru;e;j
,isQu;fs;> ePz;l njhlu; nfhiyfs;> nfhs;isfs; Mfpatw;iw nra;J
te;jdu;. gQ;rhg;gpy;> Gyk;ngau;e;Njhu; (fju; fl;rp) ntspehl;bypUe;J
jpUk;gpaNj ngUk;ghYk; fhuzkhFk;. ,e;jpahtpd; gpw khfhzq;fspy;
me;j ,af;fk; mjd; Ntu;fis vLj;Jf; nfhs;stpy;iy. ,e;jpahtpy;
Gul;rpfu ,af;fj;Jld; njhlu;Gila Fw;wk;rhu;e;j rjpj;jpl;lq;fisf;
ftdpf;f ,e;j FO ,Ue;jJ. kw;w cWg;gpdu;fs; gk;gha; jiyik
ePjpgjp> ru; grpy; ];${l;> ngq;fhypd; Fbikg; gzpfs; cWg;gpdu;> JDV
`hl;[;> cWg;gpdu; (nrd;id cau; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp)> C. V. Fkhurhkp
rh];jpup> If;fpa khfhzj;jpw;fhd tUtha; thupa cWg;gpdu;> ntu;dp
nyhntl;> ngq;fhypd; rl;lkd;w FOtpd; cWg;gpdu;> P. C. kpl;lu;
Nghd;Nwhu;fs; Mtu;.
,jd; fhuzkhf gpd;tUk; gupe;Jiufs; FOthy; toq;fg;gl;bUe;jd:
••gaq;futhjk; njhlu;ghd re;Njfq;fs; mbg;gilapy;> ve;j xU
jdpegiuAk;> tprhuizapd;wp> mjpfgl;rk; ,uz;L Mz;Lfs;
tiu> rpiwapy; itf;f murhq;fj;jpw;F mq;fPfhuk; mspj;jJ.
••%d;W cau; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; nfhz;l xU rpwg;G jdpg;gpupT
%yk; kPwy; gw;wpa tpiuthd Nrhjidf;F ,e;j nray;
cjTfpwJ.
••me;j FOtpd; Nky; Nkd;KiwaPL nra;Ak; ePjpkd;wk; ,y;iy.
,e;j FO ,e;jpa Mjhuq;fs; rl;lj;jpy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbahj
Mjhuq;fis Vw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;.
,e;j kNrhjh ,e;jpah KOtJk; fLikahd njhe;juitAk;>
tpNuhjj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,e;j rl;lj;ij kf;fs; ‘tof;fwpQu;
Ntz;lhk;> Njw;wk; Ntz;lhk;> KiwaPL Ntz;lhk;’ vd;w xU gpugykhd
$f;Fuy; %yk; fz;bj;jdu;. tho;f;ifapd; midj;Jj; JiwfspYk;
,Ue;J ,e;jpau;fshy; xUkdjhf vjpu;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j kNrhjh ,e;jpa

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; kf;fspd; gy;NtW nghJf;$l;lq;fspy; tpku;rpf;fg;gl;lJ. RNue;jpuehj;
,uz;lhk; epiy
ghdu;[p ,e;j kNrhjhit Fbik Rje;jpuj;jpy; xU ngUk; Mgj;J
vd;W fUjpdhu;. ‘,e;j kNrhjhit epiwNtw;Wtjd; %yk; ,e;j
ehl;by; ePq;fs; xU Kidapy; ,Ue;J kw;nwhU Kidapy; Vw;gLk;
Fwpg;Gfs; mjpUg;jpAk; fpsu;r;rpAk; ePq;fs; ghu;j;jplhj tifapy; ,Uf;Fk;’ vd;W
vr;rupj;jhu;. jp ,e;J kw;Wk; mk;upjh g[hu; gl;upfh Nghd;w gy;NtW
gj;jpupiffSk;> ,e;j rl;lj;ij rkhjhd rl;lj;ij kPWfpd;w kf;fSf;F
vjpuhf xU ntl;ff;Nflhd kpfg;ngupa jtW vd;W mioj;jd. ,e;j
nraiy kf;fs; xU mjpfhu tu;f;fj;jpd; xU Kaw;rpahf fUjpdu;.
,J Rje;jpuj;Jld; $ba fl;Lg;ghlw;w mjpfhuj;ij gpuNahfpg;gJ vd
fUjpdu;.,e;j mwpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; ,uz;L nusyl; kNrhjhf;fis
(,e;jpa Fw;wtpay; rl;lj; jpUj;j kNrhjh vz; 1-I 1919 kw;Wk;
Fw;wtpay; rl;l mtrufhy kNrhjh vz; 2-I 1919) ,e;jpa muR jahu; nra;J
mtu;fis ,e;jpa rl;l kd;wj;jpy; efu;j;jpaJ. khstpah kNrhjhtpw;F
gpd;du;> [pd;dh kw;Wk; k]`hu; cy; `f; MfpNahu; NguitapypUe;J
uh[pdhkh nra;jdu;. ,e;j R+o;epiyapy;> fhe;jp jd;dpr;irahd
kw;Wk; jdpr;rpwg;G tha;e;j rj;jpahf;fpuf ,af;fj;ij Kd;ndLj;jhu;.
mJ ehL KOtJk; xU rq;fpypj; njhlu; NtiyepWj;jq;fisAk;
khehLfisAk; J}z;baJ. r%f mjpUg;jpf;F If;fpa khfhzq;fs;>
nly;yp> fy;fj;jh> yh$u;> mkpu;jru]; Nghd;w gFjpfspy; gutyhd
Gof;fk; Vw;gl;lJ. ,e;j ,af;fk; gutyhf ,Ue;jhYk;> gQ;rhg; kz;zpy;
mjd; ce;jj;ij mJ fz;lJ.
,e;j ,af;fj;jpd; ngUk; mbia gQ;rhg; kf;fs; ngw;wdu;.
Fbikapay; mjpfhupfs; gQ;rhg;ig uhZtg;gilfspy; xg;gilj;jdu;.
INuhg;gpa kw;Wk; Mq;fpNyau;fis gLnfhiy nra;jJ njhlu;ghf
czu;Tfis gopthq;fr; nra;Ak; $l;lj;jpd; epfo;thf> gpiufhbau;
lau; kw;Wk; mtuJ gilfs; %yk; [hypad; thyh ghf; efupy; ele;j
mikjpahd nghJf; $l;lj;jpy; kf;fs; Jg;ghf;fpahy; Rlg;gl;L> 400
NgUf;F Nky; nfhy;yg;ggl;ldu;. NkYk; Mz;fs;> ngz;fs; Foe;ijfs;
vd Mapuf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; fhakile;jdu;.
Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; Gfo;ngw;w jiytu;fspy; xUtuhd lhf;lu; rj;a
ghy; kw;Wk; lhf;lu; ir/GjPd; fpr;nyt; Mfpa ,uz;L jiytu;fisAk;
tpLjiy nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w mtu;fsJ Nfhupf;if njhlu;ghf
mkpu;jru]; fz;ld Mu;g;ghl;lk; elj;jg;gl;lJ. filailg;GfSk;>
,af;fq;fSk; mkpu;jru]; efupy; xU Nkhrkhd jpUg;gj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
Vg;uy; 10Mk; Njjp kf;fs; Njrpa tq;fpapy; jP itj;J mjd; INuhg;gpa
Nkyhsiu nfhd;wdu;. kw;w ,lq;fspYk; me;j Fk;gypd; td;Kiw
Ie;J Mq;fpNyau;fis kuzj;Jf;F ,l;Lr; nrd;wJ. ,uapy; nghUl;fs;
nfhl;lif kw;Wk; muRf; fl;blq;fs; mopf;fg;gl;ld. gpupNfbau;
lau; efuj;jpd; nghWg;ig Vw;W> VNjDk; $l;lq;fs; elj;jg;gl;lhy;>
mtu;fs; Nkhrkhd tpisTfis re;jpf;f NeupLk; vd;W gpufldk;
xd;iw ntspapl;lhu;. mtu; gQ;rhg;ig ,uhZtr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; itf;f
KbntLj;jhu;. Vg;uy; 12 Mk; Njjp ,e;Jf; fy;Y}upapy; nghJf;$l;lk;
eilngw;wJ. ,e;j $l;lj;jpy; lhf;lu; fpr;nytpw;F cjtpahsuhf

,Ue;j `d;]; uh[;> [hypadd; thyh ghf;fpy;> mLj;j ehs; xU nghJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd;
,uz;lhk; epiy
fz;ldf; $l;lk; elj;jg;gLk; vd;W mwptpj;jhu;. ,jw;F xU %j;j
eguhd lhf;lu; KfkJ g\Pu; mtu;fs; Vw;ghLfs; nra;J xd;wpizj;J>
kjpg;gpw;Fupa fhq;fpu]; fl;rpj; jiytu; yhy; fd`y;yhy; ghl;bah
jiyik jhq;Ftu; vd mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. mLj;j ehs;> Vg;uy; 13 md;W Fwpg;Gfs;
kjpa eLg;gFjpapy; jpl;lkpl;lgb> mkpu;jru]py; cs;s ù;kz;bu;
rh`pg; mUNf cs;s [hypad;thyh ghf; (Njhl;lk;)-,y; Vg;uy; 13
md;W Mapuf;fzf;fhd rPf;fpau;fs;> K];ypk;fs; kw;Wk; ,e;Jf;fs;
jpuz;ldu;.Fu;f;fh tPuu;fSld; xU kzp Neuk; fopj;J> gpupNfbau; lau;
ghf;fpw;F te;jhd;. ve;jpu Jg;ghf;fpfSld; MAjk; jhq;fpa ,uz;L
cilf;f Kbahj fhu;fisAk; mtu; nfhz;L te;jpUe;jhd;; vdpDk;>
FWfyhd ghij topahf ghf;fpw;Fs; CLUt Kbahj epiyapy;>
thfdq;fs; ntspNa tplg;gl;lJ. fl;blq;fs;> tPLfs; vd vy;yh
gf;fq;fspYk; mJ R+o;e;jpUe;jJ. mjw;F rpy FWfpa topghijfSk;
,Ue;jd. mtw;wpy; ngUk;ghyhdit epue;jukhf G+l;lg;gl;bUe;jd.
Kf;fpa Eiothapy; xg;gPl;lstpy; gue;j mstpy; ,Ue;jJ> Mdhy;
ftr thfdq;fspd; gilNahL mJ ngupJk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;lJ. ilau;
-- vr;rupf;if vJTk; ,y;yhky; mtuJ gilfs; $l;lj;ij Nehf;fp
fz;%bj;jdkhf Jg;ghf;fpr; R+L elj;j fl;lisapl;lhd; . vy;yh
jpirfspYk; $l;lk; jpfpypy; XbaJ. Rkhu; gj;J epkplq;fs; Jg;ghf;fpr;
R+L njhlu;e;jJ. Mdhy;> ifnawp Fz;Lfs; fpl;lj;jl;l jPu;e;J Nghd
gpd;dNu Nghu; epWj;jj;jpw;F cj;jutplg;gl;lJ.
[hypad; thyh ghf; gLnfhiyf;Fg; gpwF mkpu;jrhu;> Fruhd;thyh>
\pf;Guh kw;Wk; f]_upy; khu;\pay; rl;lj;ij gpufldg;gLj;jpaJ.
gy;NtW ml;ôpaq;fs; gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jhy; nghJkf;fs; mbj;J
nehWf;fg;gl;ld> jz;zuP ; kw;Wk; kpd;rhuk; tpepNahfk; Fiwg;G> ,e;jpau;fis
jiuapy; jq;fs; tapw;wpd; kPJ jtor; nra;AkhW Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lJ.
[hypad; thyh ghf; Nrhfj;Jf;nfjpuhf vjpu;gG ; njuptpf;Fk; tifapy;
utPej
; puehj; jh$u; gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jhy; mtUf;Ff; mspj;jpUe;jJ
tPuj;jpUkfd; tpUij mtu;fsplNk rku;gg ; pj;jhu;. Kd;dhs; [dhjpgjp
INC rhu; rq;fud; ehau; itrpuhapd; epiwNtw;Wf; FOtpd; cWg;gpdu;
gjtpia uh[pdhkh nra;jhu;. [hypad; thyh Nrhfk; ,e;jpa murpay;
epiyikapy; jPtpu khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;Lte;jJ.

1. ,e;jpa ghJfhg;G rl;lj;jpd; kw;nwhU ngau; vd;d?
2. [hypad; thyh ghf; gLnfhiy rkaj;jpy; gpupj;jhdpauhy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gy;NtW ml;ôpaq;fs; vd;d?

Kjy; cyfg; Nghupd; filrp Mz;by; ,e;jpahtpy; ngUk; nfhe;jspg;G
epytpaJ. uTyl; rl;lk;> [hypad; thyh ghf; gLnfhiy> gQ;rhgpy;

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; khu;\pay; rl;lk; Jz;bf;fg;gl;lJ> khd;Nlf;-Nrk;];Nghu;bd;
,uz;lhk; epiy
Kwpf;fg;gl;lJ> rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; 1918 ,Wjpapy; cr;rupf;fg;gl;ld> 1920
Mk; Mz;L Nk khjk; nrNtnu xg;ge;jj;ijj; njhlu;e;J gpupj;jhdpauhy;
JUf;fpapd; Jz;bf;fg;gl;lJ> ,e;jpahtpd; midj;Jg; gpupTfspYk;
Fwpg;Gfs; gue;j tpNuhjg; Nghf;if cUthf;fpaJ. fhe;jp mtuJ nfa;];uh-
,-`pe;j; jq;fg; gjf;fj;ij mtu;fsplNk jpUg;gpf;nfhLj;Jtpl;lhu;.
kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; MNyhridapd; Ngupy; myfhghj;jpy; 1920
[_d; 9 k; Njjp ele;j midj;J fl;rp khehl;bd; $l;L xj;Jiog;G
jpl;lKk; $l;lhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,e;j khehl;bd; jPu;khdj;jpd;
gb> xj;Jioahik Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij Mjupf;Fk; xU Mizak;
nrg;lk;gu; khjk; nfhy;fj;jhtpy; yhyh yh[;gj; uha; [dhjpgjp\
pg;gpy; rpwg;G $l;lj;jpy; fhq;fpu]; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. ,e;j
mku;tpy; ngUkstpyhd K];yPk;fs; fye;J nfhz;ldu;. fhe;jp
,e;j jPu;khdj;ij epiwNtw;wpdhu;. myp rNfhjuu;fs; kw;Wk; gz;bl;
Nkhjpyhy; NeU mij Mjupj;jdu;. C.R. .jh];> md;dp ngrz;l; kw;Wk;
gz;bl; kjd; Nkhfd; ky;tpah mij vjpu;j;jdu;. mNj Mz;L brk;gu;
khjj;jpy; ehf;G+upy; ele;j KO $l;lj;njhlupy; ,J epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
‘xj;Jioahik’ vd;w thu;j;ij GJikahf ,Ue;jJ> Mdhy;
cj;Ntfk; ,uz;L Mjhuq;fspy; ,Ue;J te;jJ. mnkupf;fhtpd;
mbik xOq;FKiwf;F vjpuhf Nltpl; njhNuht; vjpu;g;G njuptpj;jhu;>
kw;Wk; mtu; tupfis nrYj;j kWj;J tpl;lhu;. mtuJ mZFKiw
newpKiw MFk;. Iup\; rpd; /igd; ,af;fk; rl;l ePjpkd;wq;fspd;
xj;Jiog;Gld; nray;gl;L tUfpwJ.
1920 f;F Kd;G fhq;fpu]pd; Nehf;fk; murpayikg;G kw;Wk;
rl;lG+u;tkhd topKiwfshy; Ra Mr;rpahf;FtJjhFk;. fhq;fpurpd;
Gjpa Fwpf;Nfhs;> epahakw;w kw;Wk; m`pk;irahd topKiwahy;
];tuh[; mile;jJ. ehd;F mz;zh cWg;gpdu;fs; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ>
,jdhy; ,d;Dk; mjpfkhd kf;fs; jq;fis fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapy;
,izf;f Kbe;jJ. fpuhk Nrtfu;> jhYfh epiy kw;Wk; khtl;l
mstpyhd FOf;fis cUthf;fpa xU rq;fpyp fl;lis cUthf;fg;gl;lJ>
,jd;%yk; fhq;fpuR mbj;jsj;ij mile;jJ. khfhz fhq;fpu];
FOf;fs; nkhopapd; mbg;gilapy; kWrPuikf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;jpa
nkhopfshy; mij kf;fSf;F neUf;fkhf nfhz;LtUtNj ,jd;
Nehf;fk;. gpujpepjpfspd; vz;zpf;iffs; kf;fs; njhiff;F Vw;g
epu;zak; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,J ehL jOtpa mstpy; gutyhd kf;fs; ,af;fkhf
,Ue;jJ. khztu;fspilNa gue;jstpyhd nfhe;jspg;G Vw;gl;lNghJ>
1921–22 Mk; Mz;L tuyhw;wpy; Kd;ndhUNghJk; ,y;yhj xU
,af;fj;ijf; fz;lJ. ,e;jpahtpd; midj;J gFjpfspYk; gutyhf
,aq;Ftjw;fhf: kfhj;kh fhe;jp kw;Wk; fpyh/gj; ,af;fj;jpd; myp
rNfhjuu;fs; ty;ygha; gNly;> C.R..jh];, M.R. n[af;fu;> T. gpufhrk;>
irGjPd; fpl;r;Ny (gQ;rhg;)> Nkhjpyhy; NeU> C. uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup>
kw;Wk; Mrhg; myp MfpNahu; jq;fs; rl;lg;G+u;t njhopiy tpl;Ltpl;L
fhq;fpu]pd; KO-murpay; tptfhuq;fspy; Fjpj;jdu;. khztu;fs;

gyu; muR gs;spfisAk; fy;Y}upfisAk; tpl;Ltpl;L ,af;fj;jpy; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd;
,uz;lhk; epiy
Nru;e;jdu;.
1920 Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgu; 29 Mk; Njjp [kpah kpy;ypah
y];yhahtpd; mwf;fl;lis FOtpd; $l;lj;jpd; NghJ mypfhupy; cs;s
[kpah kpy;ypah]; y];kpahtpd; mbj;jsj;ij kTyhdh nkù;el; Fwpg;Gfs;
`rd; mikj;jhu;. mNjNeuj;jpy;> gPfhu; tpj;ahgPj;> F[uhj; tpj;ahgPj;>
ngq;fhy; tpj;ahgPj; kw;Wk; yh$u; Njrpaf; fy;Y}up MfpaitAk;
,Ue;jd. tq;fhs kw;Wk; gQ;rhg; Nghd;w rpy khfhzq;fspy;>
ntspehl;L Ml;rp %yk; ngwg;gLk; fy;tpf;F KOikahd Gwf;fzpg;G
,Ue;jJ. ntspehl;L Milfis tpw;w filfSf;F vjpuhf kwpay;
nra;jdu;. rhu;f;fh kw;Wk; fhjp Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; rpd;dkhf
khwpaJ. tq;fhsj;jpy;> tptrhapfshy; rhaj;jpw;F vjpuhf rhFgb
nra;tJ NrhNk\;tu; gpurhj; rTjup jiyikapyhdJ. mNjrkak;>
kpl;dhG+u; tptrhapfs; (tq;fhsk;) gpNue;jpuehj; rh];khy; jiyikapyhdJ
kpfTk; jpwikahd tup-my;yhj ,af;fj;jpw;F cjtpaJ. ehl;bd;
gy;NtW gFjpfisr; Nru;e;j kf;fs;> murpd; tup-my;yhj ,af;fj;jpy;
,ize;Jnfhz;ldu;. Me;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpy; ,J ntw;wp ngw;wJ.
Nrhl;lh ehf;G+u; goq;Fbapdupd; (gPfhu;) jhdh-gfj; fyhr;rhuk;
kJghdj;ij Gwf;fzpj;jJ. gQ;rhgpy; mfhyp ,af;fk; xj;Jioahik
,af;fj;Jld; ,ize;jpUe;jJ. 1920 brk;gu; 13 md;W rPf;fpau;fs;
\pNuhkzp FUj;thuh gpughz;lhf; fkp\id (SGPC) cUthf;fp>
rPf;fpa FUj;thuhf;fis Coy; kd;wq;fspy; ,Ue;J ghJfhg;gjw;fhf
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ> ,jd; tpisthf mfhypj; jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
ed;F mwpag;gl;l epWtdu;fs; fhu;j;jhu; rpq; [ghu;> kh];lu; jhuh rpq;
kw;Wk; ghgh fuhf; rpq; MfpNahu; Mtu;.
ghk;Ng gpurpnld;rpapy; xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; gytPdkhf
,Ue;jJ> mq;F kf;fs; ghy fq;fhju jpyfu; ,we;j Jf;fj;jpy;
,Ue;jjhy;. Me;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpy;> My;L rPjhuhk; uh[{ goq;Fb kf;fis
xOq;fikj;J> mtu;fis xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;Jld; ,ize;jhu;.
khu;r; 1921 y; tp[athlh $l;lj;jpy; fhq;fpuR cWg;gpdu;fs; epjp
jpul;bdu;> NkYk; gy cWg;gpdu;fis fl;rpf;Fs; gjpT nra;jdu;>
ru;f;fhf;fis ntspNaw;wpdu;. fpyhghj; khehL 21 [_iy 1921 md;W
fuhr;rpapy; elj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;j khehl;by;> gpupl;b\; ,e;jpa ,uhZtj;jpy;
K];yPk;fs; Nrit nra;a khl;lhu;fs; vd;w xU jPu;khdj;ij
nksyhdh KfkJ myp Muk;gpj;jhu;. ,jd; tpisthf> myp rNfhjuu;fs;
Njrj;Nuhfj;jpw;fhf ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldu;.
,e;j rkaj;jpy;> ,iz muR > jd;dhu;tj; njhz;lu; gilazp
tbtj;jpy; fz;lJ. Fw;wtpay; rl;l jpUj;jk; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ,ij
xU rl;ltpNuhj mikg;G vd;W ,e;jpa muR mwptpj;jJ> ,jd;
tpisthf ngUkstpy; njhz;lu;fs;> khztu;fs; kw;Wk; Njrpathj
jiytu;fs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldu;. ehl;bd; murpay; R+o;epiyiag;
ghu;j;J fhe;jp rptpy; cupikfs; kPjhd jilia ePf;fp murpay;
ifjpfis tpLtpg;gjw;fhf uh[ gpujpepjp yhu;l; uPbq;fpw;F xU fbjk;
vOjpdhu;> Mdhy; ve;j gaDk; ,y;iy.

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; kf;fSf;F mwpTWj;jg;gl;lJ:
,uz;lhk; epiy
••cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfspy; cs;s epakd gjtpfspy; ,Ue;J
jq;fs; jiyg;Gfs; kw;Wk; nfsut mYtyfq;fis xg;gilj;J
tpl;L uh[pdhkh nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
Fwpg;Gfs;
••muR mYtyu;fshy; my;yJ mtu;fsJ kupahijf;Fupa murhq;f
flikfs;> ju;ghuu;fs; kw;Wk; gpw cj;jpNahfG+u;t kw;Wk; miu
cj;jpNahfG+u;t nray;ghLfis fye;Jnfhs;s kWg;gJ.
••ntspehl;L nghUl;fis Gwf;fzpg;gJ
••gs;spfs; kw;Wk; fy;Y}upfspypUe;J Foe;ijfis tpyf;fp>
gy;NtW khfhzq;fspy; cs;s Njrpa ghlrhiyfs; kw;Wk;
fy;Y}upfis epWTjy;.
••1919 ,d; rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd;gb fTd;rpy;fSf;fhd Nju;jy;fis
Gwf;fzpj;jy;.
etk;gu; 1921 ,y; Nty;]; ,sturu; ,e;jpah te;jhu;; ghk;Ngapy;
Fk;gy; td;Kiw kw;Wk; fhty;Jiwapdupd; ml;ôpaq;fspd;
gNdhukhthy; ù;j;jhy; kw;Wk; murpay; re;jpg;GfSld; mtu;
tuNtw;whu;. C.R. jh]; kw;Wk; Nkhjpyhy; NeU Nghd;w fhq;fpu];
jiytu;fs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldu;. tof;fwpQu;fs; jq;fs; Ntiyia
tpl;Ltpl;ldu;> khztu;fs; fy;Y}upfis Gwf;fzpj;jdu;> kJ kw;Wk;
ntspehl;L filfis gwpKjy; nra;jdu;. kfhj;kh fhe;jp ‘];tuh[;
xU tUlj;jpy;’ vd;w Nfh\j;ij vOg;gpdhu;. $l;LwT my;yhjtu;fs;
,uf;fkw;w Kiwapy; mbj;J nehWf;fg;gl;ldu; kw;Wk; mtu;fSila
$l;lq;fs; gyj;NjhL fiyf;fg;gl;ld. Rkhu; ,Ugj;jp Iahapuk; Ngu;
me;jf; fk;gpfSf;Fg; gpd;dhy; ,Ue;jdu;. murpay; ifjpfs; tpLjiy
nra;ag;glhtpl;lhy;> mtu; rl;l kWg;G ,af;fj;ij Jtq;Fthu; vd;W
kfhj;kh fhe;jp mg;NghJ ftu;du; n[duYf;F xU VO ehl;fs; ,Wjp
vr;rupf;if tpLj;jhu;. rpahup rthuhtpd; gLnfhiy rk;gtk; ele;jJ. ,e;j
rk;gtj;jpy; %thapuk; Ngu; Fk;gy; 22 NghyP];fhuu;fisf; nfhd;wdu;
kw;Wk; cj;ju gpuNjrj;jpy; Nfhuf;G+Uf;F mUfpy; cs;s nrsuhtpy;
cs;s fhty; epiyaj;ij vupj;jdu;. fhe;jp kdr;Nrhu;tile;jhu;> ,jd;
tpisthf mtu; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij Kwpj;jhu;. yjh yh[;gj;
uha;> Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh];> Nkhjpyhy; NeU kw;Wk; C. R. .jh]; MfpNahuhy;
fLikahf tpku;rpf;fg;gl;lhu;. fhe;jp[p ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhu;> me;jf;
fk;gpfSf;Fg; gpd;dhy; mtUf;F MW Mz;Lfs; rpiwj;jz;lid
toq;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;du; mtu; Rfhjhu mbg;gilapy; tpLtpf;fg;gl;lhu;.

3. ,sturu; Nty;]; ,e;jpahTf;F vg;NghJ te;jhu;?
4. mypfhupy; [hkpah kpy;ypah ,];yhkpahtpd; mbj;jsk; mikj;jtu;
ahu;?

10.4 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpAk; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd;
,uz;lhk; epiy
1. ,e;jpa ghJfhg;G rl;lk; 1858 ,e;jpahtpd; ey;y muRf;fhd
rl;lk; vd;Wk; mwpag;gl;lJ Fwpg;Gfs;
2. [hypad; thyh ghf; gLnfhiyf;Fg; gpwF mkpu;jrhu;> Fruhd;thyh>
gy;NtW ml;ôpaq;fs; gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jhy; nghJkf;fs;
mbj;J nehWf;fg;gl;ld> jz;zPu; kw;Wk; kpd;rhuk; tpepNahfk;
Fiwg;G> ,e;jpau;fis jiuapy; jq;fs; tapw;wpd; kPJ jtor;
nra;AkhW Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lJ.
3. Nty;]; ,sturu; etk;gu; 1921 ,y; ,e;jpahTf;F tp[ak; nra;jhu;.
4. mypfhupy; [hkpah kpy;ypah ,];yhk;ahtpd; mbj;jsj;ij
kTyhdh k`;%j; `rd; epWtpdhu;.
10.5 RUf;fk;
••1917 Mk; Mz;by;> xU J}z;Ljy; FOTld; gpupl;b\; ePjpgjp
ru; rpl;dp nusyl; epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;>mjd; jiytu; uTyl; fkpl;b
vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
••,e;j rl;lj;jpd; xU gpugykhd Fuy; ‘tf;fPy; ,y;iy> lypy;
,y;iy> ve;j Nky;KiwaPLk; ,y;iy’
••Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; Gfo;ngw;w jiytu;fs; lhf;lu; rj;a ghy;
kw;Wk; lhf;lu; ir/jPd; fpr;nyt; Mfpa ,uz;L jiytu;fisAk;
tpLjiy nra;a Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; mtu;fis ghjhs ,lj;jpw;F
khw;wg;gl;lJ vd;w mtu;fsJ Nfhupf;if njhlu;ghf mkpu;jru];
fz;ld Mu;g;ghl;lk; elj;jg;gl;lJ.
••[hypad; thyh gLnfhiy nusyl; rl;lj;jpw;F vjpuhd
fpsu;r;rpapd; tpisthf ,Ue;jJ.
••[hypad; thyh ghf; gLnfhiyf;Fg; gpwF mkpu;jrhu;> Fruhd;thyh>
••Kjy; cyfg; Nghupd; filrp Mz;by; ,e;jpahtpy; ngUk;
nfhe;jspg;G epytpaJ. uTyl; rl;lk;> [hypad; thyh ghf;
gLnfhiy> gQ;rhgpy; khu;\pay; rl;lk; Jz;bf;fg;gl;lJ>
khd;Nlf;-Nrk;];Nghu;bd; Kwpf;fg;gl;lJ> rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; 1918
,Wjpapy; cr;rupf;fg;gl;ld> 1920 Mk; Mz;L Nk khjk;
nrNtnu xg;ge;jj;ijj; njhlu;e;J gpupj;jhdpauhy; JUf;fpapd;
Jz;bf;fg;gl;lJ> ,e;jpahtpd; midj;Jg; gpupTfspYk; gue;j
tpNuhjg; Nghf;if cUthf;fpaJ.
••kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; MNyhridapd; Ngupy; myfhghj;jpy;
1920 [_d; 9 Mk; Njjp eilngw;w midj;J fl;rp khehl;bd;
$l;lzpAld; $l;lhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; ••1920 f;F Kd;G fhq;fpu]pd; Nehf;fk; murpayikg;G kw;Wk;
,uz;lhk; epiy
rl;lG+u;tkhd topKiwfshy; Ra Mr;rpahf;FtJjhFk;.
fhq;fpurpd; Gjpa Fwpf;Nfhs;> epahakw;w kw;Wk; m`pk;irahd
topKiwahy; ];tuh[; mile;jJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; ••,J ehL jOtpa mstpy; gutyhd kf;fs; ,af;fkhf ,Ue;jJ.
khztu;fspilNa gue;jstpyhd nfhe;jspg;G Vw;gl;lNghJ>
1921–22 Mk; Mz;L tuyhw;wpy; Kd;ndhUNghJk; ,y;yhj xU
,af;fj;ijf; fz;lJ.
••rpahup rthuhtpd; gLnfhiy rk;gtk; ele;jJ. ,e;j rk;gtj;jpy;
%thapuk; Ngu; Fk;gy; 22 NghyP];fhuu;fisf; nfhd;wdu; kw;Wk;
cj;ju gpuNjrj;jpy; Nfhuf;G+Uf;F mUfpy; cs;s rsup nrsuhtpy;
cs;s fhty; epiyaj;ij vupj;jdu;. fhe;jp kdr;Nrhu;tile;jhu;>
,jd; tpisthf mtu; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij Kwpj;jhu;.

••khu;\pay; rl;lk;: Fwpg;ghf gilnaLg;G my;yJ ngUk; NguopT
my;yJ Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrj;jpy; jw;fhypf mtru
eltbf;iffSf;F gjpy;> murhq;fj;jpd; rhjhuz Fbkf;fs;
rhu;Gfspd; Neub ,uhZt fl;Lg;ghl;il Rkj;Jjy; MFk;.
••ml;ôpaq;fs;: ,J kpfTk; Jd;khu;f;fkhd my;yJ nfhûkhd
nrayhFk;> cly; uPjpahd td;Kiw my;yJ fhak; njhlu;GilaJ
MFk;.
••`hu;ly;];: filfs; kw;Wk; mYtyfq;fis %LtJ xU vjpu;g;G
my;yJ Jauj;jpd; milahskhf Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. nusyl; FOtpd; gupe;Jiufis gl;baypLq;fs;
2. [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiyf;F toptFj;j fhuzq;fs; vit?
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;

1. xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; gw;wp tpupthf tptupf;fTk;.
2. nusyl; rl;lj;jpw;F vjpuhd ,af;fj;jpd; ngUk; mbia gQ;rhg;
kf;fs; ngw;wdu; mij gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;
10.8 NkYk; gbf;f

bu];l;.

re;jpuh> gpghd;. 1989. Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; nghUshjhu Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd;
,uz;lhk; epiy
Gj;jfq;fs;.
Fog;gq;fs; (1765–1857). fy;fj;jh: Ntu;y;l; gpu]; ypkpnll;. Fwpg;Gfs;
gpugy gpufhrd;.
gpshf;];thd;.

rl;l xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;
myF 11 rl;l xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;
mikg;G
Fwpg;Gfs; 11.0 mwpKfk;
11.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
11.2 Rauh[;au;fs;
tpilfs;
11.6 RUf;fk;
11.9 NkYk; gbf;f
11.0 mwpKfk;
Kjy; cyfg;Nghupd; NghJ> ,e;jpau;fs;> kj;jpa rf;jpfSf;F
vjpuhf gpupl;b\hu; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; $l;lhspfSld; xj;Jioj;J
nray;gl;lhu;fs;. ,jdhy;> Vuhskhd ,e;jpau;fs; capiu ,oe;jdu;.
NghUf;Fg; gpd; ,e;jpahtpw;F xU muRupik epiyia toq;Ftjw;fhf
jq;fs; Nfhupf;ifia gpupl;b\;fhuu;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;fs; vd;W
mtu;fs; ek;gpdhu;fs;.
Nghu; KbTf;F te;j gpd;du;> ];tuh[; kw;Wk; muRupik
me;j];jpw;Ff; fpilj;j Nfhupf;iff;F gjpyspj;j gpupl;b\;> 1919 Mk;
Mz;by; ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;ljpw;F> khd;Nlf; Nry;];Nghu;l;
rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; kw;nwhU rPu;jpUj;jq;fis
mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. Nghupy; gpupl;b\;fhuUld; Nghupl;l gpd;du; FWfpa
khw;wj;Jld; ,Ue;j ,e;jpau;fspd; mw;g Mirfis epiwNtw;w
rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; vJTk; nra;atpy;iy. Ra Ml;rp my;yJ Rauh[;aj;ij
tpl Fiwthd Kiwapy; vijAk; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;sj; jahuhf
,y;iy. kf;fs; rPw;wk;> ntWg;G> gpupl;b\hUf;F vjpuhd mjpUg;jp
Mfpait ehL KOtJk; td;Kiw kw;Wk; Mu;g;ghl;lq;fspd; tbtpy;
cUntLj;jJ. nfhe;jspg;ghd R+o;epiyia xLf;f> 1919 y; gpupl;b\;
murhq;fk; nusyl; rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpaJ> tof;F tprhuizapd;wp
rpiwapy; cs;s kf;fis ifJ nra;J fhtypy; itf;f muR
mjpfhuk; mspj;jJ. 1919 Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; 13 k; Njjp [hypad;thyh
ghf; J\;gpuNahfj;jpy; cr;rfl;l epiy Vw;gl;lJ. mjpy; mkpu;jru;>
nghw; Nfhapy; mUNf jpuz;l vjpu;ghsu;fs; kPJ n[duy; lau;
fz;%bj;jdkhd Jg;ghf;fp R+L elj;j cj;jutpl;lhu;. ,e;jpau;fSf;F
vjpuhf gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpd; kpfg;ngupa vjpu;g;G epiyf;F vjpuhf
ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; mikjpahf Mu;g;ghl;lk; elj;jpdhu;fs;. ,e;jpahtpy;
gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; kpf nfhûkhd gy nray;fis nra;jJ mjpy;
xd;W Mz;fs;> ngz;fs;> Foe;ijfs; cl;gl E}w;Wf;fzf;fhdtu;fis

nfhd;W Ftpj;jJ. ,jw;Fg; gjpyspj;J fhe;jp jiyikapy; ,e;jpa rl;l xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;
Njrpa fhq;fpu];> ehl;bd; midj;Jg; gFjpfspYk; kf;fs; ,af;fq;fis

mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. Ke;ija myfpy; xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; gw;wp
ehk; Ma;T nra;Js;Nshk;. ,e;j myFfspy;> ehq;fs; rl;l kWg;G
,af;fj;ij Ma;T nra;Nthk;. Fwpg;Gfs;
11.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
••rl;l kWg;G ,af;fij tpupthf Muha KbAk;.
••,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]py; Rauh[;[pa ,af;fj;ijg; gw;wp
tpthjpf;f KbAk;.
••,e;jpah kPjhd ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghupd; jhf;fj;ij tpsf;f
KbAk;.
11.2 Rauh[;au;fs;
,e;jpah KOtJk; Kjd;ik fhe;jpa ,af;fk; 1920 Kjy; 1922
tiu rl;l xj;Jioahik ,af;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. 1922 y; fhe;jpahy;
mjd; Mjuthsu;fspilNa td;Kiwfs; mjpfupj;J tUtij
fUj;jpy; nfhz;L ,e;j ,af;fk; tpyf;fpf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,af;fk;
epWj;jg;gl;l gpd;du; mtuJ njhz;lu;fs; tUq;fhy eltbf;if Nghf;F
Fwpj;J Nghuhl;lk; elj;jpdhu;fs;. C.R. jh];> Nkhjpyhy; NeU Nghd;w
jiytu;fs; Nghuhl;lj;ij kPz;Lk; njhlUk; tha;g;G ,y;yhjjhy;> xU
khw;W cj;jp Njit vd;W epidj;jhu;fs;. mNj rkak;> fhq;fpurhy;
epuhfupf;fg;gl;bUe;j ,ul;il Ml;rp jpl;lk; %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;l
mikr;rg; gjtpfis mtu;fs; Vw;f khl;lhu;fs;. ,e;jf; FO jk;ik
Rauh[;a fhq;fpu]; fl;rp vd;W mioj;jJ. mtu;fs; ngUk; fhe;jpa
,af;fj;jpw;fhd murhq;fj;jpd; jpl;lj;ij Kwpabf;Fk; Nehf;fj;ij
nfhz;bUe;jhu;fs;.
1923 tiu> xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd; njhlf;fj;jpy;
fhq;fpui] tpl;L ntspelg;G nra;j jhuhsthjpfspd; Mjpf;fNk
,e;j rigfspy; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpaJ. Rauh[;[pathjpfs;
Nju;jypy; Nghuhba NghJ ehL KOtJk; me;j Kw;Nghf;Ff; fl;rp
cWg;gpdu;fs; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;fs;. ,e;jpa murpd; rl;lk;> 1919>
Ntiy jtwptpl;lJ. ,jw;fhf 1928 Mk; Mz;by; irkd; fkp\id
epakpj;jJ> ,e;jpahtpd; rPu;jpUj;jq;fis NkYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba
jpl;lk; xd;iw cUthf;fpaJ.

1. ,uz;L Rauh[;a jiytu;fspd; ngau;fis Fwpg;gpLf.
2. Nju;jypy; Rauh[;athjpfshy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; ahu;?

rl;l xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;
rl;l kWg;G ,af;fj;jpd; nghWg;G mtUf;F toq;fg;gl;lTld;> fhe;jp
cNrha; ,u;tpd;f;F cg;G tupia xopg;gJ Fwpj;Jk;> ,uhZtr;
Fwpg;Gfs; nryit Fiwj;jy; kw;Wk; murpay; ifjpfis tpLtpj;jy; Nghd;w
nray;fSf;F mtUf;F nghWg;G toq;FkhW fbjnkhd;iw
vOjpdhu;. vdpDk;> ,u;tpd; gpuG ,e;jf; fbjj;jpw;F gjpyspf;ftpy;iy.
fhe;jpahy; gpupl;b\hUf;F vjpuhf rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk; ntbj;jjw;F
,J xU fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ. khu;r; 12> 1930 md;W fhe;jp ru;jhup
Mrpukj;jpypUe;J lhd;bapYs;s flYf;F 72 gpd;njhlu;gtu;fSld;
nrd;whu;. mtu;fis cw;rhfg;gLj;j> Cu;kf;fSk; mtu;fSld;
Nru;e;J nfhz;ldu;. fhe;jp mtu;fis fle;J ele;J nrd;w
NghJ> kf;fs; ,af;fj;jpw;F milahskhf> xU rhu;];fpapd; kPJ
Ew;fg;gl;l fl;Lf;fijia cUthf;fpdhu;fs;. Vg;uy; 6 k; Njjp> fhe;jp
fpz;b flypy; mile;j gpwF> cg;Gr; rl;lj;ij cilg;gjw;fhd
milahskhf flNyhuj;jpypUe;J rpy cg;G vLj;jhu;. cg;G kf;fSf;F
mbg;gil Njit kw;Wk; cg;G tup Vio kf;fSf;F vjpuhf ,Ue;jJ
vd;W mtu; ek;gpajhy; fhe;jp ,e;j rl;lj;ij cilf;f KbT nra;jhu;.
fhe;jpapdhy; <u;f;fg;gl;l kf;fs;> ehL KOtJk; cg;G cw;gj;jp nra;aj;
njhlq;fpdhu;fs;.
nkl;uh]pypUe;J kfhuh\;buh tiu tq;fhsk;> m];]hk; Kjy;
fuhr;rp tiu njhz;lu;fs; ftdkhf jpl;lkplypd; %yk; ,af;fj;jpw;F
ngupa mstpy; gzpaku;j;jg;gl;ldu;> tpiutpy; ,e;j jpl;lk; jP nghwp Nghy;
gutpaJ. Mjuthsu;fs; ng\htu; efupy; kpfg;ngupa Mu;g;ghl;lj;ij
Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. fhd; mg;Jy; f/ghu; fhd;> Ftha; fpj;khl;fu; Nghd;w
jiytu;fspd; nray;ghLfshy; ,e;jg; gFjp nra;jpfspy; ntspte;jJ.
gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; ,e;j ,af;fj;ijg; gw;wp vr;rupf;ifia njuptpf;f
[tù;yhy; NeU cs;spl;l jiytu;fis Vg;uy; 14k; Njjp ifJ
nra;jhu;fs;. NeUit ifJ nra;tij fz;bj;J nrd;id> fy;fj;jh>
fuhr;rp Mfpa gFjpfspy; Mu;g;ghl;lk; ntbj;jJ. me;j ,af;fj;jpw;F
,j;jifa gutyhd MjuT vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gltpy;iy vd;W fhydpa
murhq;fk; ngUk; vz;zpf;ifapdupd; vjpu;tpidahy; tpag;gile;jJ.
1930 Nk khjk; fhe;jpia fhty;Jiwapdu; ifJ nra;a KbT
nra;jhu;fs;. Mdhy; ,e;j Kbit jtpu;f;f ,af;fk; J}z;btpl;l
jPtpgj;jpy; mjpf vupnghUs; Nru;f;fg;gl;lJ. rl;l kWg;G ,af;fj;jpd;
kpf Kf;fpakhd mk;rk; ehl;bd; ,isQu;fspilNa> Fwpg;ghf
khztu;fs;> kw;Wk; ngz;fsplk; mjpf Mjuitg; ngw;wJ. ngz;fs;
jiyikapyhd FOf;fs; kJghdq;fisAk; ntspehl;Lg; nghUl;fisAk;
tpw;w filfspd; kPJ jhf;Fjy; elj;jpdhu;fs;. murhq;fk; ,tw;iw
epWj;jr; nrd;W Fbkf;fspd; FbAupikr; Rje;jpuq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;jf;
fl;lis gpwg;gpj;jJ. khfhzq;fspy; rl;l kWg;G mikg;GfSf;F jil
tpjpg;gJ vdTk; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ.
1930 [_d; khjk; fhq;fpu]; nraw;FOtpw;F jil tpjpf;fg;gl;L
mjd; jiytu; Nkhjpyhy; NeU ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhu;. Mf];l;

khjj;jpw;Fs;> cs;Shu; fhq;fpu]; FOf;fSf;Fk; jil tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. rl;l xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;
,e;j tptfhuq;fs; midj;Jk; rl;l kWg;G ,af;fj;jpd; xU

gFjpahfNt khwptpl;ld. mg;NghJ jhd; irkd; fkp\d; jdJ
mwpf;ifia ntspapl;lJ. xU fhyj;jpy; murhq;fk; mlf;FKiwapd;
rpd;dkhf khwp> Njrpa ,af;fjpy; mjd; cr;rf;fl;lj;ij mile;jJ. Fwpg;Gfs;
vjpu;ghu;g;GfSf;F khwhf> irkd; mwpf;if ,e;jpahtpw;F
muRupik me;j];J nfhLg;gJ gw;wp VJk; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. ,jd;
%yk; gy Njrpathj jiytu;fs; gpupl;b\; muRf;F vjpuhf Neubahf
jpUk;gpdu;fs;. mijj; njhlu;e;J> muRupik me;j];J toq;FtJ
Fwpj;J tpthjpf;f tl;l Nki[ khehl;bw;F it];uha;f;F miog;G
tpLj;jpUe;jJ. Nkhjpyhy; NeUTk;> [tù;yhy; NeUTk; gpupl;b\;
murhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l Nfhupf;ifia tpthjpf;f fhe;jpf;F miog;G
tpLj;jhu;fs;. Mdhy;> fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; fhq;fpu]; jiytu;fspilNa
ve;j khw;wKk; Vw;gltpy;iy. etk;gu; 1930 md;W yz;ldpy;> ,e;jpa
jiytu;fSf;Fk; gpupl;b\; muRf;Fk; ,ilNa Kjy; tl;lNkir khehL
eilngw;wJ. Mdhy; fhq;fpu]; jiytu;fs; $l;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J tpyfp
tpl;lhu;fs;. fhq;fpu]; jiytu;fs; ,y;yhjjhy;> ,e;jpau;fSf;Fk;
gpupl;b\; muRf;Fk; ,ilNa Ngr;Rthu;j;ij ,Uf;fhJ vd;W
czuKbe;jJ. mLj;j khehL Xuhz;L fopj;J jpl;lkplg;gl;bUe;jJ.
[dtup 25> 1931 md;W muR fhe;jpia tpLjiy nra;jJ. ve;j
epge;jidfisAk; tpjpf;fhky; fhq;fpu]; nraw;FO cWg;gpdu;fs;
midtUk; tpLtpf;fg;gl;ldu;. vdpDk;> mLj;j tl;lNki[ khehl;by;
fye;J nfhs;s it];uha; mspf;Fk; rYif Fwpj;J tpthjpf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W fhq;fpu]; jiytu;fs; Nfl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gl;ldu;. gy;NtW
fye;Jiuahly;fSf;F gpd;du;> it];uhAld; Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elj;Jk;
nghWg;G fhe;jpf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,uz;L thuq;fs; tiu fhe;jp> gpuG
,UtUf;Fk; ,ilNa tpthjq;fs; ele;J nfhz;bUe;jd. 1931 khu;r;
5k; Njjp fhe;jp-,u;tpd; cld;gbf;if ,Wjpahf ifnaOj;jplg;gl;lJ.
,e;j xg;ge;jj;jpd; epge;jidfs; gpd;tUkhW:
••td;Kiw mw;w Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F ifJ nra;ag;gl;l midj;J
kf;fisAk; cldbahf tpLjiy nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
••kf;fsplk; ,Ue;J tR+ypf;fg;gl;l mguhjj; njhif jpUk;g
nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
••gwpKjy; nra;ag;gl;l epyk; ,d;Dk; tpw;fg;gltpy;iy vd;why;
tptrhapfSf;F jpUg;gp mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
••,uh[pdhkh nra;jpUe;j murhq;f Copau;fs; nkd;ikahf
elj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
••flNyhu fpuhkq;fSf;F cg;G nra;a cupikia nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
••mikjpahd kw;Wk; Mf;fpNuh\khd kwpay; nra;a cupik
toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
xg;ge;jk; ifnaOj;jplg;gl;l gpwF rl;l kWg;G ,af;fj;ij
tpyf;fpf; nfhs;s fhq;fpu]; KbT nra;jJ. mLj;j tl;lNki[

rl;l xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; khehl;by; mjd; gq;Nfw;igAk; cWjp nra;jJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> gy
Njrpathjj; jiytu;fspd; jPu;g;gpd; gb> ,e;j xg;ge;jk; xU Aj;jj;ij>
jw;fhypfkhf epWj;Jtjhf kl;LNk ,Ue;jd . ,Ug;gpDk; kw;nwhU gpuptpd;
jiytu;fs; ,e;jj; jPu;T Njitaw;wJ vd;W $wpdhu;fs;. ,e;j fUj;J
Fwpg;Gfs; NtWghl;bd; fhuzkhf> nray;tPuu;fs; Gul;rpfu ,ufrpa r%fq;fspd;
tbtj;jpy; gy jPtpukhd eltbf;iffis Kd;ndLj;jhu;fs;.
khu;r; 1931 y; fuhr;rpapy; ele;j fhq;fpu]; $l;lj;jpy;> fhq;fpu];
kPz;Lk; G+u;zh ];tuh[{f;F miog;G tpLj;jJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,u;tpd;
kw;Wk; fhe;jpf;F ,ilNa cs;s xg;ge;jj;jpw;F mf;fl;rp Mjutspj;jJ.
fuhr;rpapy;> fhq;fpuR ,e;jpahtpd; murpayikg;gpd; fl;likg;igj;
jahupf;fj; njhlq;fpaJ> ,Ue;jhYk; me;j xg;ge;jk; ,e;jpahTf;F
Rje;jpuk; mspg;gijg; gw;wp vJTk; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. mbg;gil cupikfs;
kw;Wk; Njrpa nghUshjhuf; nfhs;if njhlu;ghd jPu;khdq;fs; ,e;j
mku;tpy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;j jPu;khdq;fs;> Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd;
tuyhw;wpy;> Rje;jpug; Ngr;Rupik> Rje;jpukhd gj;jpupiffs;> rq;f
Rje;jpuk; Nghd;w gpur;rpidfspy; ,e;jpa nghUz;ikfisg;gw;wp Kjy;
jlitahf NgrpaJ. kj tp\aq;fspy; eLepiy tfpj;jit> rl;lk;>
cyfshtpa taJte;Njhu; thf;Fupik> ,ytr kw;Wk; fl;lha Muk;gf;
fy;tp kw;Wk; ,ju gy mk;rq;fs; Nghd;wit ,e;j jPu;khdj;jpy;
cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s gpw tpjpfs; MFk;
Mf];l; 1931 ,uz;lhtJ tl;lNkir khehl;bw;fhf fhe;jp
yz;lDf;Fg; gazk; Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. ,jw;fpilapy; tpy;ypq;ld;> ,u;tpd;
gpuGtpw;F gjpyhf khw;wp mikf;fg;gl;lhu;. vdpDk;> ,e;j tl;l Nkir
khehl;by; ele;j tpthjq;fs;> ,e;jpahtpw;F rhjfkhf Nghftpy;iy.
1931 brk;gupy; yz;ldpy; ,Ue;J jpUk;gpa Gjpa it];uha; fhe;jpia
re;jpf;f kWj;Jtpl;lhu;. ,e;jpa kf;fspd; gpujpepjpfshf fhq;fpui]
mq;fPfupf;f gpupl;b\; muR kWj;jJ. NkYk;> [tù;yhy; NeUitf;
ifJ nra;jd; %yKk; tlfpof;F vy;iyg;Gw khfhzj;jpy; Flha;
fpl;kj;fhu; ,af;fj;jpd; Kd;dzpj; jiytuhf ,Ue;j mg;Jy;
f/ghu; fhid ifJ nra;tjd; %yk; murhq;fk; jdJ mlf;FKiw
topfSf;F jpUk;gpaJ.
vdNt> Gjpa it];uha;> fhe;jp cld; NkYk; ve;j Ngr;Rthu;j;ijAk;
elj;j kWj;Jtpl;ljhy; fhq;fpu]; rl;l kWg;G ,af;fj;ij kPz;Lk;
njhlq;f Ntz;ba R+o;epiy Vw;gl;lJ. [dtup 1932 y; fhe;jp ifJ
nra;ag;gl;lhu;. murhq;fk; kPz;Lk; kf;fspd; FbAupikfis Fiwj;jJ.
,jid njhlu;e;J cupa nrhj;Jf;fis toq;fp kf;fis fhtypy;
itf;Fk; cupikia muR ngw;W ,Ue;jJ. mj;jifa mjpfhuq;fis
nfhz;L> murhq;fk; fhq;fpurpd; midj;J Kf;fpa jiytu;fisAk;
rpiwapy; milj;jJ. ,ij itj;J> murhq;fj;jpd; eltbf;iffSf;F
vjpu;g;Gj; njuptpj;J nghJkf;fs; Mu;g;ghl;lq;fspy; <Lgl;ldu;;.
kJghd filfs;> ntspehl;L nghUl;fis tpw;Fk; filfspd; kPJk;
kwpay; nra;jdu;. ,Ug;gpDk;> murhq;fk; ,d;Dk; mjpf rf;jpAld;
ele;J nfhz;lJ. fhq;fpu]}f;F jil tpjpj;J> Vuhskhd kf;fs;
rpiwgpbf;fg;gl;lhu;fs;. NkYk; fhe;jpa Mrpukq;fisf; fhty;

Jiwapdu; Mf;fpukpj;jdu;. Mu;g;ghl;lf;fhuu;fs; jhf;fg;gl;ldu;> tup rl;l xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;
nrYj;j kWj;jtu;fs; rpiwapyilf;fg;gl;ldu;> mtu;fsJ nrhj;Jf;fs;

ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;j ,af;fk; ,uz;L Mz;Lfshf
njhlu;e;jJ. ,e;j ,af;fj;ij fhe;jp Vg;uy; 1934 md;W jpUk;gg;
ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. NkYk; mtuJ miog;Gf;F ehl;L kf;fSk; Fwpg;Gfs;
fPo;g;gbe;J nray;gl;lhu;fs;.

1939 y; it];uha;> ypypjht; gpuG ,e;jpah Nghupy; cs;sJ vd;W
xU mwptpg;ig itj;jhu;. ,J ,e;jpa rl;lkd;wj;ij MNyhrpf;fhky;
nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa muR rl;lk;> ghJfhg;G my;yJ ntspAwTj;
Jiw njhlu;ghd ve;j KbTk; vLf;Fk; Kd;du; epu;thff; FOtplk;
fye;jhNyhrpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;jg;gLfpwJ. vdpDk;> ,e;j
eltbf;if fhq;fpu]{f;Fk; K];ypk; yPf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwTfspy;
rPu;NfLfis Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
n[u;kdpapd; kPjhd NghUf;F yPf; KOikahd Mjuit
njuptpj;jJ. K];ypk;fspd; eyDf;fhf [pd;dh ,e;j eltbf;ifia
Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. 1940 y;> [pd;dhtpd; ciu Kjy; jlitahf xU
Rje;jpu K];ypk; muir Fwpg;gpl;lJ> xU Kf;fpakhd tuyhw;W
epfo;thFk;. ,J gpd;dhspy; yh$u; gpufldk; vd;W ngauplg;gl;lJ.
,e;j ciuapd; NghJ 'ghfp];jhd;' vd;w ngau; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
Nghupd; NghJ> mjd; cWg;gpdu;fs; vz;zpf;if 2>000>000 I fle;jjhy;
yPfpd; mjpfhuk; mjpfupj;jJ.
fhq;fpuRk; mjd; NghUk;

gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; `pl;yUld; Ngr;Rthu;j;ijia elj;j fhe;jp
mOj;jk; nfhLj;J te;jhu;. Mdhy; ,e;jf; nfhs;iff;F Vuhskhd
fhq;fpu]; cWg;gpdu;fs; MjuT njuptpf;ftpy;iy. Kf;fpakhf> NeU>
me;j rkaj;jpy; INuhg;ghtpypUe;J jpUk;gp te;jhu;> ghrprthjpfSf;F
vjpuhf gpupl;b\; muRf;F ,e;jpah MjuT nfhLf;Fk; vd;w ek;gpf;if
,Ue;jJ. vdpDk;> ,e;j tptfhuj;jpy; ,e;jpah jd;dpr;irahf KbntLf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zKk; mtUf;F Mjuthf ,Ue;jJ. NeUTf;F
fhq;fpu]; KO MjuT nfhLj;jJ> n[u;kdpAld; ,e;jpah Nghupy;
cs;sJ vd;w mwptpg;Gk; epuhfupf;fg;gl;lJ. vjpu;g;gpd; milahskhf
midj;J fhq;fpu]; cWg;gpdu;fSk; khepy murpd; gjtpfis uh[pdhkh
nra;jdu;. 1940 Mk; Mz;by;> fhq;fpu]; xU Kd;nkhopit Kd;itj;jJ.
,jd;gb> xU Njrpa murhq;fk; epWtg;gl;lhy; ,e;jpahtpy; kl;LNk
Aj;jk; Mjupf;Fk;. ,e;j Nfhupf;ifia it];uha; epuhfupj;jhu;. ,J
xU gpur;rhuj;jpd; Jtf;fj;jpw;F top tif nra;jJ. ,J fhq;fpu];
jiyikapy; rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk; vd;w gpur;rhuj;ij Muk;gpf;f
toptFj;jJ. ,e;j gpurhuj;jpd; NghJ fhq;fpu]; cWg;gpdu;fs; 1700
Ngu; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldu;. 1940 f;Fk; 1945 f;Fk; ,ilapy; fhq;fpurpy;
gy cWg;gpdu;fs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ljhy;> mjd; epiy kpfTk;

rl;l xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; gytPdkhfpaJ. mNj Neuj;jpy;> NkYk; gyk; nghUe;jpa> nry;thf;Fld;
,Ue;j K];ypk; yPf;if gpupl;b\; muR Mjupf;f Muk;gpj;jJ.
,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\; nfhs;ifapd; ghjpg;G

Fwpg;Gfs; rl;lk; xOq;if kPlg ; jw;fhf 30>000 f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l gpupl;b\; tPuu;fs;
,e;jpahTf;F mDg;gg;gl;ldu;. ,jd; tpisthf Mapuf;fzf;fhd
kf;fs; ,we;jhu;fs;. fhq;fpu]py; cs;s gy Kf;fpa cWg;gpdu;fs; ifJ
nra;ag;gl;lNjhL gpupl;b\; murhy; rpiwr;rhiyfspy; milf;fg;gl;lu;fs;.
NeUit tpLjiy nra;j gpupl;b\;fhuu;fs; kPzL ; k; mtiu ifJ nra;J>
1945 tiu rpiwapy; milj;jdu;. gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jhy; fhq;fpu];
rl;ltpNuhjkhd mikg;G vd;W mwptpf;fg;gl;L mjd; midj;J
epjpfSk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld. 1942 f;Fk; 1944 f;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy;
fhq;fpurpy; rpwg;ghd eltbf;if vJTk; eilngwtpy;iy.
,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghupd; NghJ Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh];
gpupl;b\hiu vjpu;j;jhu;. ,tu; fhe;jpapd; m`pk;ir cj;jpf;F vjpuhf
,Ue;j fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapy; Kd;dhs; cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;jhu;. Rje;jpuk;
miltjw;F Nghu;f;Fzkpf;f eilKiwia ek;gpapUe;j Kw;Nghf;F
$l;lzpia mtu; epWtpdhu;. Nghu; 1939 ,y; njhlq;fpaNghJ> Ngh];
mr;R rf;jpfis (n[u;kdp> ,j;jhyp kw;Wk; [g;ghd;) Mjupj;jhu;.
gpupl;b\; mtiu ifJ nra;jJ Mdhy; mtu;
rpiwapy; ,Ue;J jg;gpj;J eh[p n[u;kdpf;F nrd;whu;. mq;fpUe;J
n[u;kdpau;fshy; mtu; rpq;fg;G+Uf;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;lhu;.
rpq;fg;G+upy; ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;fshf ,e;jpa Nghu;f;
ifjpfis epakdk; nra;aj; njhlq;fpdhu;. gpd;du;> cWg;gpdu;
vz;zpf;if 20>000 jd;dhu;tyuhf mjpfupj;jJ. ,J gu;khtpypUe;J
,e;jpahit Mf;fpukpg;gijj; jLg;gjw;fhf [g;ghDld; Nghupl;lJ.
gpd;du; Ngh]; 1943 y; Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; ,ilf;fhy murhq;fj;ij
epWtpdhu;. 1945 y;> Ngh]; tpkhd tpgj;jpy; ,we;jhu;. mtuJ
kiwTf;Fg; gpwF ,e;jpahtpy; ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtj;jpw;fhd MjuT
tPo;r;rpaile;jJ. Aj;jk; Kbtile;j gpd;du;> mjd; jiytu;fs;
ifJnra;ag;gl;L> cg nraw;ghLfSf;fhf tprhuizf;F nfhz;L
tug;gl;lhu;fs;. gpd;du; mtu;fs; xU mguhj fhydpf;F mDg;gg;gl;lhu;fs;.
fhq;fpu]py; ,Ue;J vjpu;g;Gf;fs; te;jNghJ> gpupl;b\; murhq;fk;
mtu;fspd; jPu;g;ig khw;wpaJld;> mtu;fis ,uhZtj;jpypUe;J
tpul;babj;jJ. ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> [g;ghdpau;fSf;F vjpuhd Nghupy;
Nghuhba ,e;jpau;fspy; ngUe;njhifahd ,e;jpau;fs; Rje;jpu
Njrj;jpw;fhf Gjpa rpe;jidfSld; jpUk;gp nrd;whu;fs;.
,e;jf; fUj;Jf;fs; njd;fpof;F (Mrpahtpd;) gFjpfspy;
njhlq;fpa Njrpathj ,af;fq;fSf;F Nrit nra;fpd;wd.
murpay; tpisTfs;
Nghu; fhyj;jpy; fhq;fpurpd; ,Ug;G fpl;lj;jl;l KbTf;F te;jJ. Vnddpy;
mJ fpupg;]; tbtj;jpy; gpupl;b\; Kd;nkhopTfis epuhfupj;jJ. ,jdhy;

Vwf;Fiwa Aj;jk; KbTf;F te;jJ. kWGwk;> 1930 fspd; gpw;gFjpapy; rl;l xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;
,Ue;Nj K];ypk; yPff ; pd; cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupj;J

2 kpy;ypaid vl;baJ. Nghupd; NghJ gpupl;b\; muRf;F Mjuthd
nfhs;ifia filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba epu;gg ; e;jk; Vw;gl;lJ. 1945 Mk;
Mz;L eilngw;w khfhz rigj; Nju;jy;fspy; mjd; nry;thf;if Fwpg;Gfs;
mjpfupj;jJ. 1937 Nju;jy;fspy; mjd; 5 rjtpfpj ntw;wpf;F vjpuhf 90
rjtpfpj K];ypk; ,lq;fis ntd;wJ. fhq;fpurhy; ,dp ve;j yPfi ; fAk;
Gwf;fzpf;f Kbatpy;iy. jdJ epiyg;ghl;il gyg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l
gpd;du;> fhq;fpuRldhd ve;jnthU Ngr;Rthu;ji ; jAk; mNj kl;lj;jpy;
,Ue;jJ. NghUf;Fg; gpwF gpupl;b\;fhuu;fs; ,e;jpahit tpl;L ntspNaWthu;
vd;W yPf; kw;Wk; gpw ,e;jpa FOf;fs; vjpu;ghu;jj ; hu;fs;. vdpDk;> ,J
elf;fhj epiyapy;> eLj;ju tu;ff ; j;jpdUk; ,e;jpa ,uhZtjpdUk;
gpupl;b\hUf;F Mjutspf;f kWj;Jtpl;lhu;fs;.

3. fhe;jp-,u;tpd; xg;ge;jj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; tpjpfspy; xd;iw Fwpg;gpLf.
4. Flha; fpj;kj;fhu; ,af;fj;jpd; jiytu; ahu;?
5. Kw;Nghf;F $l;lzpia epWtpatu; ahu;?

1. C.R. jh];> Nkhjpyhy; NeU MfpNahu; ,uz;L rpwe;j Rauh[;a
jiytu;fs;.
2. Rauh[;[pathjpfs; Nju;jypy; jhuhsthjpfis Njhy;tp mila
nra;jhu;fs;.
3. fhe;jp-,u;tpd; xg;ge;jj;jpd; xU tpjp vd;ntd;why;> mfpk;ir
vjpu;g;G Nghuhl;lj;jpw;fhf ifJ nra;ag;gl;l kf;fs; midtUk;
cldbahf tpLjiy nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.
4. Flha; fpl;kl;fhupd; ,af;fj;jpd; jiytu; mg;Jy; f/gu; fhd;
Mthu;
5. Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; Kw;Nghf;F $l;lzpia mikj;jhu;.
11.6 RUf;fk;
••1920 Kjy; 1922 tiu ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; fhe;jpa ,af;fkhdJ
xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; MFk;.1922 y; fhe;jp jd; Mjuthsu;fspilNa
td;Kiw vOr;rpia fUj;jpy; nfhz;L ,e;j ,af;fk; tpyf;fpf;
nfhz;lhu;.
••,af;fk; epWj;jg;gl;l gpd;du; mtuJ njhz;lu;fs; tUq;fhy
eltbf;if Nghf;F Fwpj;J fpsu;r;rp nra;jhu;fs;. C.R. jh];>
Nkhjpyhy; NeU Nghd;w jiytu;fs; Nghuhl;lj;ij kPz;Lk;

rl;l xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; njhlUk; tha;g;G ,y;yhjjhy;> xU khw;W cj;jp Njit vd;W
epidj;jhu;fs;. me;j cj;jp FOtpw;F Eiothf ,Ue;jJ.
••1923 tiu> xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd; njhlf;fj;jpy;
fhq;fpui] tpl;L ntspelg;G nra;j jhuhsthjpfspd; Mjpf;fNk
Fwpg;Gfs; ,e;j rigfspy; kPJ Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpaJ. Rauh[;a thjpfs;
Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl;lNghJ ehL KOtJk; me;j jhuhsthjpfs;
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhu;fs;.
••1930 khu;r; 12 md;W fhe;jp> ru;jhup Mrpukj;jpypUe;J jz;bapy; cs;s
flYf;F 72 Mjuthsu;fSld; xU Cu;tyj;ij njhlq;fpdhu;.
kf;fs; Cu;kf;fs; midtUk; mtiu cw;rhfg;gLj;j topapy;
mtu;fSld; Nru;e;Jnfhz;lhu;fs;. fhe;jp mtu;fis fle;J
nrd;W nfhz;bUe;jNghJ> fpuhk kf;fs; jq;fs; ,af;fj;jpw;F
xU milahskhf> rhu;fpapd; kPJ E}ypioia nrYj;jpdu;.
••fhydpJt ,af;fj;jpw;F ,j;jifa gutyhd MjuT
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gltpy;iy vd;W murhq;fk; ngUk; vd;dpifapdupd;
vjpu;tpid Vw;gl;lij ghu;j;J tpag;gilj;jJ. 1930 Nk khjk;
fhe;jp fhty;Jiwapduhy; ifJ nra;a KbT nra;jhu;fs;.
••rl;l kWg;G ,af;fj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd mk;rk; ehl;bd;
,isQu;fspilNa> Fwpg;ghf khztu;fs;> kw;Wk; ngz;fs;
MfpNahupd; Mjuitg; ngw;wJ.
••1939 y; it];uha;> ypypjht; gpuG ,e;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jpy; MNyhrid
nra;ahky; ,e;jpah Nghupy; cs;sJ vd;W xU mwptpg;ig itj;jhu;.
••NeUtpw;F> fhq;fpu]hy; KOikahf MjuT nfhl;lg;gl;ljhy;>
n[u;kdpia ,e;jpah epuhfupj;jJ vd;W mwptpj;jhu;. vjpu;g;gpd;
milahskhf midj;J fhq;fpu]; cWg;gpdu;fSk; khepy
murpd; gjtpfis uh[pdhkh nra;jdu;.
••,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd; NghJ Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh];
gpupl;b\hiu vjpu;j;jhu;. mtu; fhe;jpapd; m`pk;ir
cj;jpf;F vjpuhf ,Ue;j fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; Kd;dhs;
cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;jhu;. Rje;jpuk; miltjw;F Nghu;f;Fzkpf;f
eilKiwia ek;gpapUe;j Kw;Nghf;F njhFjpia mtu; epWtpdhu;.
••fhq;fpurpd; ,Ug;G Nghu; Neuj;jpy; fpl;lj;jl;l Kbtpw;F te;jJ.
Vnddpy; mJ gpupl;b\; Kd;nkhopTfis fpupg;]; 'kp\d;"
tbtj;jpy; epuhfupj;jJ.

••,ul;il Ml;rp: ,J ,uz;L Rje;jpu mjpfhupfspd; (Fwpg;ghf
,e;jpah 1919–35y;) xU murhq;f mikg;G KiwahFk;.
••rl;l kWg;G: epahakw;wJ vd;W fUjg;gLk; rpy rl;lq;fSf;F
,zq;f kWg;gNj xU mikjpahd murpay; vjpu;g;G tbtk;
vd;W nghUs;gLk;.

••jPtputhjk;: ,J murpay; my;yJ r%f khw;wj;ijf; nfhz;L rl;l xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;
tUtjw;F jPtpu gpur;rhuj;ij gad;gLj;Jk; nfhs;if my;yJ

eltbf;ifia Fwpf;fpwJ.
11.8 jw;Nrhjid kw;Wk; gapw;rp tpdhf;fs; Fwpg;Gfs;

FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; KbT ngw;w gpwF Rauh[;athjpfspd;
cj;jp vd;dthf ,Ue;jJ?
2. fhe;jp-,u;tpd; xg;ge;jj;jpd; tpjpKiwfs; ahit?
3. fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; Rauh[;[pathjpfs; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;

1. rl;l kWg;G ,af;fj;ijg; gw;wp tpupthf tpthjpf;fTk;. mjd;
jhf;fq;fs; ahit?
2. ,e;jpa Njrpathjpfs; ,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd; ntbg;Gf;F
vjpu;g;G njuptpj;jij tptupf;fTk;.
3. ,e;jpah kPJ ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghupd; jhf;fj;ij Muha;f.
11.9 NkYk; gbf;f

bu];l;.
Gj;jfq;fs;.
gpugy gpufhrd;.
gpshf;];thd;.

gpuptpid kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk;
myF 12 gpuptpid kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk;
mikg;G
Fwpg;Gfs; 12.0 mwpKfk;
12.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
12.3.1 rpy MSikfs;
tpilfs;
12.5 RUf;fk;
12.8 NkYk; gbf;f
12.0 mwpKfk;
fpNul; gpupl;ld; Ner ehLfspd; xU gFjp vd;gjhy;> gpupl;b\; ,e;jpah
,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd;NghJ (1939–1945) ,uz;L kpy;ypaDf;Fk;
mjpfkhd jd;dhu;t tPuu;fis mDg;gpaJ. $Ljyhf> gy RNjr muRfs;
cld;gbf;if mjpfhuj;ij vjpu;jJ ; NerehLfspd; gpur;rhuj;jpw;F Mjuthf
ngupa ed;nfhilfis toq;fpd. cyfpd; midj;J %iyfspYk;
,e;jpau;fs; Nghuhbdhu;fs;; n[u;kdp kw;Wk; ,j;jhyp Mfpa ehLfspy;
Nuhk;kYf;F vjpuhfTk; kw;Wk; Mrpa gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; [g;ghdpau;fSf;F
vjpuhfTk; ,e;jpahit [g;ghdpau;fSf;F vjpuhf ghJfhj;J> Mf];l;
1945-y; [g;ghdpau;fs; ruzile;j NghJ rpq;fg;G+u; kw;Wk; `hq;fhq;
Nghd;w gpupl;b\; FbNaw;wj;ij tpLtpj;jJ. gpupl;b\; Nghu; Kaw;rpfSf;F
K];yk P ; fofk; Mjutspj;j NghjpYk;> gpupl;lDf;F cjt Ntz;Lk;
vd;W xg;Gf; nfhs;tjw;F Kd;Ng Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhf fhq;fpurpypUe;J
mjpfupj;J tUk; Nfhupf;if ,Ue;jJ. fpuPlk; kWf;fg;gl;lJ. Mf];l;
1942 md;W ,e;jpa murpay; fl;rp nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fj;ij
mwptpj;jNghJ> fl;rpj; jiytu;fs; rpiwapyilf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,e;jpag;
Gul;rpahsu;fspd; cjtpNahL ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l
,e;jpa rpiwf; ifjpfs; gilia [g;ghd; mikj;jJ.
1947 Mf];l; 15 md;W ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; ngw;wJ vd;whYk;>
ehL ,uz;lhf gpupf;fg;gl;L> xU Gjpa ehL ghfp];jhd; eilKiwf;F
te;jJ. gpuptpidf;F mbg;gilf; fhuzk; Kw;wpYk; murpay; rhu;e;jJ.
Ke;ija gpuptpy; tFg;Gthjk; vOe;jjw;fhd fhuzq;fis ehk;
Muha;fpNwhk;. Mdhy; 1857 fpsu;r;rp ,e;J-K];ypk; gpuptpidf; Fwpj;jJ
vd;W nghJthff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
gbg;gbahf> ,U r%fj;jpdUk; jq;fs; jdpj;Jtkhd kj
milahsq;fis ed;F mwpe;Js;sdu; kw;Wk; mjd; ,Wjp KbT
gpuptpidahFk;.

,e;j myfpy; Njrpathj Mu;tyu; xU jdpj;Jtkhd jpUg;gj;ij gpuptpid kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk;
vLj;Jf; nfhz;lij ePq;fs; mwpe;J nfhs;tPu;fs;. ,e;jpa murpay;

fl;rpAld; nghJ kf;fSk; Mq;fpNyau;fs; ,e;jpahit tpl;L ntspNaw
Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpdhu;fs;. ,Wjpahf Rje;jpuk; mile;j gpwF
,e;jpah gpsTgl;L ghfp];jhd; cUthdJ. Fwpg;Gfs;
12.1 Nehf;fq;fs;

••nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fj;jpd; jhf;fj;ij Muha KbAk;.
••Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; gpuptpidf;F toptFj;j rk;gtq;fis tptupf;f
KbAk;.

fpupg;]; kp\d; tPo;r;rpapd; gpd;du;> ,e;jpa Njrpa ,e;jpa murpay;
fl;rp mjd; epge;jidapy; fLikahf;fg;gl;L> gpupl;b\; murplkpUe;J
G+uz Rje;jpuk; Nfhup [_iy 1942 y; jPu;khdk; epiwNtw;wpaJ ,e;jj;
jPu;khdk;> muRf;F vjpuhf kpfg; ngupa mstpyhd xj;Jioahik
,af;fj;ijf; Kd;nkhope;jJ.
Mdhy;> Kf;fpa ,e;jpa murpay; fl;rp jiytuhd rf;utu;j;jp
uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup> gy cs;Shu; kw;Wk; tl;lhu mstpyhd
jiytu;fSld; Nru;e;J> nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fj;ij
xUq;fpizj;jhu;. [tù;yhy; NeU> nksyhdh Mrhj; MfpNahu;
fhe;jpapd; jPu;khdj;ij jaf;fj;Jld; Kd;itj;jdu;. kWGwk;> ru;jhu;
ty;ygha; gNly;> lhf;lu; uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; kw;Wk; lhf;lu; mDf;u`
ehuhaz; rpd;`h Nghd;w gy jiyrpwe;j jiytu;fs; mNrhf Nkj;jh>
n[ag;gpufh\; ehuhaz; Nghd;w rkju;kthjpfSlDk; ,ize;J
xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij gfpuq;fkhf Mjupj;jhu;fs;.
my;yhkh k\;upfp (f];fhu; nj`;upf; jiytu;) nts;isaNd
ntspNaW ,af;fj;jpy; Nru;tjw;F miof;fg;gl;lhu;. Mdhy;
ghf;fp];jhdpd; ,af;fk; kw;Wk; cUthf;fj;jpd; tpisT gw;wp mtu;
tpku;rdkhf ,Ue;jhu;; vdNt mj;jPu;khdj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy.
[_iy 28> 1942 md;W kTyhdh mGy; fyhk; Mrhj;> fhd; mg;Jy; f/ghu;
fhd;> kfhj;kh fhe;jp> uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup> [tù;yhy; NeU> uhN[e;jpu
gpurhj;> lhf;lu; gl;lhgp rPjhuhkpah kw;Wk; rhk;g%u;j;jp MfpNahUf;F
k\;upfp (nrd;id rl;lrig Kd;dhs; rghehafu;) nts;isaNd
ntspNaW ,af;fj;jpy; ,iztjw;F mtuJ fhuzq;fisf;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
gpd;du; gj;jpupiffspy; ntspte;j xU je;jp gj;jpupifapy; k\;upfp
$Wifapy;> ‘xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; rw;W Kd; Kjpu;r;rpailAk;
vd;gNj vdJ Neu;ikahd fUj;jhFk;. ,e;jpa murpay; fl;rp Kjypy;
kdg;G+u;tkhf> K];ypk; fofj;ij jj;Jthu;j;j ghf;fp];jhDf;F
ifFYf;fTk;> mjd; gpd;du; midj;J fl;rpfSk; ntspg;gilahf

gpuptpid kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk; ,e;jpahit tpl;L ntspNaw Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nfhupf;ifiaAk;
Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Mq;fpNyau; kWj;jhy; nkhj;j xj;Jioahik
,af;fj;ijAk; njhlq;fTk;’ vd;whu;.
jPu;khdj;ij vjpu;g;gjw;F gy jiytu;fs; ,Ue;jhYk;> Mf];l;
Fwpg;Gfs; 8> 1942 md;W mfpy ,e;jpa ,e;jpa murpay; fl;rp FOtpd; (AICC)
gk;gha; mku;tpy; nts;isaNd ntspNaW jPu;khdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
gk;gha;> Fthypah Fsj;jpy; eilngw;w mku;tpy; fhe;jp> ,e;jpau;fs;
nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fj;jpy; gq;F nfhz;L mfpk;ir top
xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; %yk; Rje;jpu ehlhf nray;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W
typAWj;jpdhu;. mtuJ miog;G ,e;jpau;fspilNa ngUk; Mjuitg;
ngw;Ws;sJ.
,e;jpahit tpl;L ntspNaWtjw;F vjpu;g;G

nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; kf;fspd; Mjuitg; ngw;Ws;s
epiyapy;> ,e;j ,af;fj;ij gy murpay; fl;rpfs; vjpu;f;fpd;wd.
,e;J kfhrig> ,e;jpa nghJTilik fl;rp Nghd;w fl;rpfs; ,e;j
,af;fj;ij vjpu;j;jNjhL fhq;fpu]{ld; Nguzpahfr; nry;ytpy;iy.
,e;jpa nghJTilik fl;rp ,af;fj;jpw;F vjpuhdjhf ,Ue;jhYk;>
njhopy;Jiw njhopyhsu;fSk; njhopw;rq;fq;fSk; ,af;fj;jpw;F
MjuT nfhLj;jhYk;> Nrhtpaj; xd;wpaj;Jld; $l;L Nru;e;J NghUf;F
Mjuthf ,Ue;jJ. ,J gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jhy; jilnra;ag;gl;lJ.
Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpy; jkJ Njhl;lq;fs; ,of;fg;gLk; vd mQ;rpa
gy;NtW rk];jhdq;fspd; vjpu;g;igAk; ,e;j ,af;fk; fz;lJ vdNt
mtu;fs; vjpu;f;fl;rpfSf;F epjp cjtp nra;jdu;.
gy;NtW K];ypk; jiytu;fSk; ,e;jpahit tpl;L
ntspNaWtjw;F vjpu;g;Gj; njuptpj;jdu;. Kfk;kJ myp [pd;dh kD>
gpupl;b\; uhZtj;jpy; gl;bayplg;gl;L MjuT njuptpj;j Vuhskhd
K];ypk;fis ghu;itahsu;fs; fz;ldu;. khfhz rl;lkd;wq;fspy;
MjuT fpilj;jJ> ,e;jpa murpay; fl;rp uh[pdhkh nra;jjhy;> rpe;J>
tq;fhsk; kw;Wk; tlNkw;F vy;iyia fl;Lg;gLj;jpaJ.
Mdhy; NjrpathjpfSf;F ru;tNjr MjuT FiwthfNt
,Ue;jJ. ,e;jpa Rje;jpu ,af;fj;jpw;F Nfhl;ghl;lstpy; mnkupf;fh
Mjutspj;J te;jhYk;> mJ gpupl;ldpd; $l;lhspahf ,Ue;jJ. ru;r;rpy;
gjtp tpyf Ntz;Lk; vd;W mr;RWj;jpaNghJ> mnkupf;fh mtUf;F
Mjutspj;jJ. Mdhy; NghUf;fhd gfpuq;f Mjuit tYg;gLj;Jk;
ghrhq;Fj;jdj;ij njhlu;e;jJ. ,e;j eltbf;if ,e;jpau;fSf;Fk;
gpupl;Brhu; kPJk; vupr;riy Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
cs;Su; nraw;ghL
xU Gwk; nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; Njrpa mstpy; vjpu;g;ig
vjpu;nfhz;bUe;jJ. mNj Neuj;jpy; me;j ,af;fk; tl;lhu mstpy;
ntw;wp ngw;wJ. mq;F cs;Shu;thrpfs; Vw;fdNt gpupl;b\hUf;F
vjpuhf fpsu;r;rp nra;aj; njhlq;fpapUe;jdu;.

rjhuh> jy;r;ru;> jk;yf;> kw;Wk; ,e;j kpl;dhG+u; gFjpfspy; cs;Shu; gpuptpid kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk;
kf;fs; jq;fs; ,izahd murhq;fq;fis epWtpapUe;jNghjpYk;> 1944

y; fhe;jpapd; jdpg;gl;l Ntz;LNfhSf;fpzq;f mit epWj;jg;gl;ld.
cj;jug;gpuNjrj;jpd; fpof;Fg; gFjpahd gy;ypahtpy; cs;Shu;
kf;fs; xU rpiwia cilj;J> ifJ nra;ag;gl;l ,e;jpa murpay; fl;rp Fwpg;Gfs;
jiytu;fis tpLtpj;J> jq;fs; RahjPd Ml;rpia epWtptpl;ldu;. xU
rpy thuq;fSf;F Kd;G> Mq;fpNyau;fs; jk;ik kPz;Lk; khtl;lj;jpy;
epWtpl KbAk;.
Nkw;F F[uhj;jpy;> nrsuh\;buh 'g`hu;tjpa;ah' (mjhtJ>
rl;lj;jpw;F ntspNa ele;jJ) ghuk;gupak; ,g;gpuhe;jpaj;jpy;
nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fj;jpd; nray;ghLfis Mjupj;jJ.
tq;fhsj;jpYk; ,Nj Nghy; Gjpa Nghu; tupfSf;Fk;> fl;lha muprp
Vw;Wkjpf;Fk; vjpuhd tptrhapfspd; mjpUg;jpahy; vupA+l;lg;gl;lJ.
1942 y; mjd; cr;rj;jpy; ,Ue;j ,e;j vjpu;g;G> 1943 vd;w ngUk;
gQ;rk; %yk; jilgl;L> ,af;fj;jpd; ,ilePf;fj;jpw;F toptFj;jJ.
,af;fj;ij xLf;Fjy;
,e;j ,af;fk; Kf;fpakhf ,e;jpa murpay; fl;rpia xw;Wikahf
itj;Jf; nfhs;s tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa-gu;kh vy;iyapy;
[g;ghdpa uhZtk; Kd;Ndwpf; nfhz;bUe;j Mq;fpNyau;fis ,J
NkYk; mr;RWj;jpaJ. ,e;j Nghuhl;lq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L>
gpupl;b\;fhuu;fs;> fl;rpapd; nraw;FO cWg;gpdu;fs;> Njrpa jiyikapd;
Kf;fpa cWg;gpdu;fSld; Nru;e;J fhe;jpia rpiwgpbj;jdu;. Mf];L
9 k; Njjp V.I.rp.rp. $l;lj;jpy; jiyik jhq;fpdhu; kw;Wk; nfhbia
Vw;wpr; nrd;whu;. mg;NghJ gpujk jiytu;fshd mUzh Mrhg; myp ifJ
nra;ag;gl;lhu;. gpd;du; ,e;jpa murpay; fl;rp jil nra;ag;gl;lNjhL>
,e;j fhuzj;jpw;fhd ntF[d mDjhgj;ij tYg;gLj;jpaJ> jiyik
,y;yhik> Mu;g;ghl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; ngupa mstpyhd Mu;g;ghl;lq;fSk;
ehnlq;fpYk; elj;jg;gl;ld. Mdhy; ,e;j Mu;g;ghl;lq;fs; midj;Jk;
mikjpahf ,Uf;ftpy;iy> gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; Fz;Lfs; ntbj;jd>
murhq;f fl;blq;fs; jPf;fpiu nra;ag;gl;ld> kpd;rhuk; kw;Wk; jfty;
njhlu;G ghijfs; Jz;bf;fg;gl;ld.
,e;j Mu;g;ghl;lq;fSf;F> gpupl;b\; kf;fs; ngUk; ifJfis
nra;tjd; %yk; gjpyspj;jdu;. ,jpy; 100>000 Ngu; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L
mguhjk; tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. Njitg;gl;lhy;> Mu;g;ghl;lf;fhuu;fis
Kw;WifaplTk;> Jg;ghf;fp R+L nra;aTk; tPuu;fs; cj;jutpl;ldu;.
,e;j Jg;ghf;fpr; R+l;by; gy E}W Ngu; nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;.
,jdhy; gy jiytu;fs; jiykiwthfptpl;ldu;. Mdhy; mtu;fs;
thndhypia xspgug;gTk; Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fs; tpepNahfpj;Jk; jq;fsJ
Nghuhl;lj;ijj; njhlu;e;jdu;. ,e;j R+o;epiyiag; ghu;f;ifapy;> fhe;jp
kw;Wk; njd;dhgpupf;fh my;yJ Vkdpy; gpw Kf;fpa jiytu;fisf;
ifg;gw;w gpupl;b\; $l xU fg;giy xJf;fp itj;jJ. Mdhy; mit
fpsu;r;rpiag; gw;wp vr;rupf;ifahf ,Ue;jjhy; ,d;Dk; jPtpukile;jd.

gpuptpid kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk; fle;j %d;whz;LfSf;F Nkyhf cyfk; KOtjpYk; ,Ue;J
,e;jpa murpay; fl;rp Jz;bf;fg;gl;lJ. fhe;jp jdJ kidtp f];J}upgh
fhe;jpia> mtuJ jdpg;gl;l nrayhsu; kfhNjt Njrha; MfpNahiu
kpff; FWfpa fhyj;jpw;Fs; ,oe;jhu;. ,j;jifa jdpg;gl;l ,og;Gf;fs;
Fwpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; mtrug;glhj cly;eyf; FiwghLfs; ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> fhe;jp
xU 21 ehs; cz;zhtpujk; Nkw;nfhz;lhu; kw;Wk; njhlu;r;rpahd
vjpu;g;igj; jLj;J epWj;jpdhu;. 1944 y; gpupl;b\hu; fhe;jp cly;eyj;ij
fzf;fpy; vLj;Jf; nfhz;L tpLtpj;jNghjpYk;> fhq;fpu]pd; tpLjiyia
Nfhup fhe;jp vjpu;g;igj; jf;f itj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;.
1944 Muk;g fhyj;jpy;> ,e;jpah ngUk;ghYk; mikjpahf ,Ue;jJ.
,e;jpa murpay; fl;rp jiyik ,d;dKk; milf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jJ.
,e;j ,af;fk; gy NjrpathjpfSf;F kd mOj;jj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jJ
vd;w xU czu;T [pd;dh kw;Wk; K];yPk; yPfpd; kPJ> fk;A+dp];Lfisg;
Nghd;w ,e;jpa murpay; fl;rp vjpupfs;> fhe;jpiaAk; ,e;jpa murpay;
fl;rpiaAk; tpku;rpj;J murpay; Mjhaj;ij ngw Kw;gl;ldu;.

1. nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fj;ij vjpu;f;Fk; murpay;
fl;rpfs;?
2. nts;isaNd ntspNaW jPu;khdk; vg;NghJ epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ?

gy murpay; epfo;Tfspd; tpisthf> ,e;jpahtpd; Rje;jpuj;ij
miltjw;F gy ngupa murpay; jiytu;fSk; $l;lhf Kaw;rp
nra;jhu;fs;.
Mf];l; rYif> 1940

,jw;fpilapy; Nk 1940-y; gpupl;ldpy; Ml;rp khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ. ,jpy;
tpd;];ld; ru;r;rpy; gpujkuhdhu; (1940–1945). gpuhd;rpd; tPo;r;rpahy;
fhq;fpu]pd; Nghf;if jw;fhypfkhf nkd;ikahff; nfhz;lJ. eh[p
Mf;fpukpg;ghy; gpupl;lDf;F cldb Mgj;J Vw;gl;lJ. [_iy 1> 1940
md;W fhe;jp vOjpdhu;> ‘gpupl;b\; moptpypUe;J ehq;fs; tpLjiy ngw
tpUk;gtpy;iy’. Nghu;f;fhy $l;lzpapypUe;J mr;RWj;Jk; jpUg;gj;ij
Nkw;nfhz;lNghJ> ,e;jpa murpay; fl;rp Aj;j Kaw;rpfSf;F
xj;Jiog;G toq;f Kd;te;jJ. Fiwe;jgl;rk; ,ilf;fhy Njrpa
murhq;fk; xd;W kj;jpa murpy; mikf;fg;gl;lhy;> ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk;
ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;w cupikapdhy; xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. Mf];l;
8> 1940 md;W> it];uhapd; mwpf;ifapd; gb> murhq;fj;jpd; gjpy;
te;jJ. ,J Mf];l; rYif vd;W mwpag;gl;lJ. ‘gy r%fq;fspd;’
gpujpepjpfsplk; fye;jhNyhrpf;f Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij mJ
Fwpg;gpl;lNjhL> ,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa tho;tpy; ngupa kw;Wk; gpupl;b\;
murhq;fk; ve;j murhq;f mikg;Gf;Fk; nghWg;Gf;fis ,lkhw;whJ

vd;W njspTgLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,J [pd;dhtpd; kj;jpa Nfhupf;iffspy; gpuptpid kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk;
xd;wpd; xg;Gjyhf ,Ue;jJ. Nghupd; ntbg;Gf;Fg; gpd;du; [pd;dh

,e;jpahtpd; K];yPk;fSf;fhd yPfpd; xNu Ngr;rhsuhf kl;Lkpy;yhky;>
fofk; vd;W fUjg;gLk; murpayikg;G khw;wq;fis uj;J nra;Ak;
mjpfhuKk; mtUf;F cz;L. Fwpg;Gfs;
,jw;fpilapy;> gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; el;G cld;ghl;bd; mbg;gilia
miltjw;F gpujpgypf;Fk; ,e;jpau;fspd; Kaw;rpfs; tuNtw;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpaJ. $Ljy; ,e;jpa cWg;gpdu;fis epakpf;fTk;
kw;Wk; xU MNyhridf; FOit epWTtjd; %yKk; kj;jpa epu;thff;
FOtpd; tpupthf;fj;jpw;F cldb tpisT toq;fg;gLk; vd;W mtu;fs;
ek;gpdu;. Nghu; MNyhrid fTd;rpy; gpupl;b\; ,e;jpah kw;Wk; ,e;jpa
muRfspd; gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;ljhf ek;gg;gLfpwJ. fle;j Mf];l;
khjk;> NjrpathjpfisAk;> fhe;jpiaAk; ,Wjpahf> xj;Jioahik>
rl;l kWg;G> xU jdpj;jd;ik Fiwe;j> Ntz;Lnkd;Nw gadw;wJ
vd;W Mf;fpaJ. ,e;jpa murpay; fl;rp jdJ jdpg;gl;l rj;jpahfpuf
Nghuhl;lj;ij njhlq;fpaJ. ePjpkd;w fhtypy; ,Ue;j Kjy; egu;>
G+jidj; jiytu; tpNdhgh ghNt Mthu;. mtiuj; njhlu;e;J
[tù;yhy; NeUTf;F etk;gu; khjk; 4 Mz;Lfs; fLq;fhty; jz;lid
tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ty;ygha; gl;Nly;> nksyhdh Mrhj; Nghd;w rpyUk;
,e;j rj;jpahf;fpufj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;ldu;.
1940 Mk; Mz;by; Rkhu; 20>000 fhq;fpu]hu; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldu;.
Mdhy;> ,e;j ,af;fk; 1941 ,iyAjpu; fhyj;jhy; Vw;gl;lJ. muR xU
rj;jpahf;fpufpia ifJ nra;atpy;iy vd;why;> mtd; my;yJ mts;
nray;jpwid kPz;Lk; jpUk;gr; nra;a KbahJ. fpuhkq;fSf;Fs;
Eioe;J nly;ypia Nehf;fp xU eilg;gazj;ij njhlq;f nra;a
Ntz;Lk; vd;W KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. jpy;yp rhNyh ,af;fk;
vd;W miof;fg;gLk; ,af;fj;jpd; njhlf;fj;ij ,J Fwpf;fpwJ.
gpupl;b\hUf;F vj;jifa fLikahd rq;flj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jf; $lhJ
vd;gJ ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.Mdhy; ntWkNd fhq;fpurpd; ,Ug;ig>
,e;jpau;fis fye;jhNyhrpf;fhky; elj;jg;gLk; xU NghUf;F vjpuhd
tpNuhjg; Nghf;if kl;LNk gjpT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,J xU ngUk;
xLf;FKiwf;F ypd;ypj;Nfhtt; tha;g;G nfhLf;ftpy;iy. mNj rkak;>
,e;j ,af;fKk; gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpw;F ,e;jpaf; Nfhupf;iffis
rkhjhdkhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;F NkYk; tha;g;gspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w
Nehf;fj;ijAk; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
gpg;utupapy;> rpahq; fha;-N\f;> ,e;jpahTf;F tUif je;jNghJ>
Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd ,e;jpahtpd; mgpyhi\fis gfpuq;fkhf
ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,it midj;Jk; xg;Gikapy; ,e;jpah rhu;G
FOf;fs;> Fwpg;ghf gpupl;ldpy; cs;s fpupg;];> ml;yP Nghd;w Nghu;
ke;jpuprigapd; njhopyhsu; FO cWg;gpdu;fSf;F jpwe;Jtplg;gl;lJ.
,e;j FOf;fs; khu;r; 1942 ,d; Kjy; thuj;jpy; Nghu; mikr;ruit
cld;gbf;iff;F xg;Gjy; mspj;j tiuT gpufldj;jpw;F cld;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;jptUfpd;wd. murpay; mikg;Gr; rl;l mikg;G
xd;W khfhz rl;lrigfspdhy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lJ. jdpg;gl;l

gpuptpid kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk; khfhzq;fs; mjpy; Nru;tjpy;iy> khepyq;fs; gpujpepjpfis epakpf;f
miof;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w cupikAk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. Njrpaf;
FOtpy; cs;s ,e;jpau;fspd; Kf;fpa gpupTfspd; jiytu;fis
cldbahf> gaDs;s tifapy; gq;Nfw;f mioj;j xU gq;Nfw;igf;
Fwpg;Gfs; fpupg;]; Kd;nkhopT nfhz;bUe;jJ. Mdhy;> ,e;jg; gpupT> Nghupd; NghJ
gpupl;Brhu; ,e;jpahtpw;F ghJfhg;G vd;w fl;Lg;ghl;ilAk;> jpiriaAk;
jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;jpaJ. ,e;j mwptpg;G
cldbahf ntspaplg;gltpy;iy. Mdhy;> ,e;jpa jiytu;fSld;
mjd; mbg;gilapy; Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elj;j khu;r; 23y; fpupg;]; ,e;jpah
nrd;whu;. fpupg;]; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa murpay; fl;rp jiytu;fSf;fpilNa
Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfs; Kwpe;jd. KO Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fk;> khepyq;fspYs;s
kf;fshy; murpayikg;Gr; rl;lkd;wj;jpy; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;ahky;
Ml;rpahsu;fspd; Ntl;ghsu;fshYk; vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhf ,e;jpahtpd;
gpuptpidf;F Vw;ghL nra;tjd; %yKk;> FbauRf; fl;rp epiyikf;fhd
tpjpKiwf;F vjpu;g;G njuptpj;jJ.
,e;jpahtpw;F gaDs;s mjpfhuj;ij cldbahf khw;w Ntz;Lk;
vd;w Nfhupf;ifia Vw;f kWj;Jtpl;lJ> gpupl;b\; murhq;fKk;>
,e;jpahtpd; ghJfhg;gpw;fhd nghWg;gpy; xU cz;ikahd gq;F toq;f
kWj;Jtpl;lJ. fhe;jp> nraw;FO Njjpapl;l Kd;nkhopit epuhfupf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;jpdhu;. Njhy;tpf;fhd fhuzk; fpupg;]; tiuT
mwptpg;Gf;F mg;ghy; nry;yf;$lhJ vd;W ,Ue;jJ. NkYk; ru;r;rpy;>
ntspAwTj;Jiw mikr;ru; (mk;up) itrpuha; (ypd;ypj;Nfh) kw;Wk; jsgjp
(tnty;) MfpNahu; fpupg;]; ntw;wp ngw tpUk;gtpy;iy kw;Wk; ,e;jpa
fUj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; Kaw;rpfSf;F njhlu;e;J JNuhfkpioj;jhu;.
fpupg;]; tpuf;jpaile;J> ,e;jpa kf;fis tpl;L ntspNawpdhu;.
fpupg;]; jpl;lk;
1941 brk;gupy; Ngu;s; JiwKfj;ij [g;ghd; jhf;fpa gpd;du;> [g;ghdpa
gilfspd; mLj;j ,yf;fhf ,e;jpah ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ njupa te;jJ.
Vg;uy; 1942 ,y;> gpupl;lDf;F ru; ];lh/Nghu;l; fpupg;]; ,e;jpah
mDg;gpdhu;. NghUf;Fg; gpd;du;> NguuR kw;Wk; fhkd;nty;j; ehLfis
tpl;L ntspNaWtjw;fhd cupikAld;> KO khfhzq;fSf;Fk; mtu;
xU tha;g;ig toq;fpdhu;.,e;jpahtpy; Nru tpUk;ghj ve;j khfhzKk;
RahjPd murhf khw;wg;glyhk; vd;W fpupg;]; gupe;Jiu nra;jhu;.
Nghu; ,e;jpahTf;F te;jNghJ (khu;r; 15> 1942 md;W rpq;fg;G+u;> khu;r;
8 md;W uq;$Dk;> khu;r; 23 md;W me;jkhd; jPTfSk; tPo;e;jJ)>
gpupl;b\hu; filrpahf ,e;jpahtpd; nghJkf;fs; fUj;ij ntd;nwLf;f
rpy iriffs; nra;a Ntz;ba fl;lhak; Vw;gl;lJ. brk;gu;
1941 y; th\pq;ldpy; ru;r;rpy; elj;jpa Ngr;Rthu;j;ijapy; ,e;jpa
murpay; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; vd;w jiyg;ig &];nty;l; vOg;gpdhu;. 2
[dtup md;W> rg;U kw;Wk; n[af;fu; Nghd;w ,e;jpa jhuhsthj
jiytu;fs; xU Njrpa murhq;fj;jpy; itrpuha; epu;thfpapd; cldb
MSik kw;Wk; tpupthf;fj;jpw;F Kiwapl;ldu;.

nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; gpuptpid kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk;
fpupg;]; ‘Kd;nkhopT NeU kw;Wk; fhq;fpurhy; epuhfupf;fg;gl;lJ. mjw;F

gjpyhf ,e;jpau;fs;> ,e;jpahtpy; KbntLf;Fk; mjpfhuk; nfhz;l
xU KOikahd Nfgpdl; murhq;fk; Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfhupdu;. kj;jpa
Fwpg;Gfs;
MSikAld; typikahd xd;Wgl;l ,e;jpahit cUthf;FtNj
fhq;fpurpd; Nehf;fj;Jf;F vjpuhdJ vd;W khfhzq;fspd; Rje;jpuk;
vd;w fUj;J ,Ue;jJ. ,e;j Nfhupf;iffis Mq;fpNya muR
epuhfupj;jJ. ,ijj; njhlu;e;J fhe;jpapd; mfpk;ir ‘nts;isaNd
ntspNaW’ gpur;rhuj;jpw;F MjuT mspf;f ,e;jpa murpay; fl;rp KbT
nra;jJ. ,e;j gpurhuk; Mf];l; 1942 y; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. cldb
tpisTld; Rje;jpukhdJ fhe;jpapd; Nfhupf;ifAk;> ,e;j Nfhupf;ifapy;
ntF[d td;Kiw my;yhj (rj;jpahfpufk;) xU ,af;fk; vd;w
mr;RWj;jYk; Mjupf;fg;gl;lJ. [g;ghDf;Fg; vjpuhfg; NghupLtjpy;
,Ue;j gilfis jtpu;j;J> ,e;jpahtpypUe;J Mq;fpNyau;fs;
ntspNawNtz;Lk; vd;gNj mtuJ Nfhupf;ifahf ,Ue;jJ. ,e;jpa
efuq;fs; mikjpahd Mu;g;ghl;lq;fSf;F rhl;rp nrhy;y Muk;gpj;jd.
gpd;du;> ,e;j Mu;g;ghl;lq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; td;Kiwahf khwpaJ.
,e;j ,af;fKk; gpupl;b\; gilfspd; tpepNahfpg;ig jLj;jJ. ,e;j
R+o;epiyfspYk;> Mq;fpNyau;fSf;F njhlu;e;J Fiwe;J tUk;
MjuTj; jsj;ijAk;> kfhj;kh fhe;jp Mq;fpNya Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf
,Wjpj; jhf;Fjiyj; njhLf;f KbntLj;jhu;. ,jdhy;> 1942 Mf];l;
khjk; gpugy nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; njhlq;fpaJ. ,af;fk;
ntbj;jjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
••gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd fhakile;j rpg;gha;fs; gu;kp]; NghupypUe;J
jpUk;gpaNghJ> mu;j;jkpy;yhj NghUf;F vjpuhf NfhgKk;
tpNuhjKk; ,Ue;jd.
••czT jhdpaq;fspd; tpiy cau;e;J nfhz;Nl te;jJ Vg;uy;
kw;Wk; Mf];l; 1942 f;F ,ilNa fpof;F khfhzj;jpy;
fpl;lj;jl;l 60-Gs;sp mjpfupj;jJ.
••muprp kw;Wk; cg;G gw;whf;Fiw ,Ue;jJ. gpupl;b\;> mnkupf;f
kw;Wk; M];jpNuypa tPuu;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ikapdu; ,e;jpau;fs;
kPJ jtwhf elj;jg;gl;ldu;; mtu;fspy; gyu; ,e;jpa ngz;fis
fw;gopj;jdu;.
••tq;fhsj;jpYk;> m];]hk; khepyj;jpYk; [g;ghdpau;fspd; jhf;Fjy;
mr;rk; fhuzkhf tq;fhsj;jpYk;> m];]hk; khepyj;jpYk; rhjhuz
kdpju;fspd; glFfs; gwpKjy; nra;ag;gl;L mopf;fg;gl;ld. fhe;jp
ùp[d; vOjpa fbjj;jpy;> ‘fpof;F tq;fj;jpy; cs;s kf;fis
,og;gJ> Kf;fpa cWg;Gfis ntl;LtJ Nghy ,Uf;fpwJ’ (3
Nk 1942)
••czT jhdpaq;fspd; neUf;fbapd; NghJ> ,e;jpa
re;ijfs; fWg;G re;ijahsu;fs; kw;Wk; ,yhgk; <l;Lgtu;fshy;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.,jdhy; Vio vspa kf;fSf;F Fwpg;ghf
fpof;F ,e;jpahtpy; ghjpg;G Vw;gl;lJ.

gpuptpid kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk; ••,e;j Nghu; rpy tzpfu;fs; kw;Wk; Kjyhspj;Jt
nry;te;ju;fshy; MdJ> Mdhy; 1942 Mk; Mz;bd; kj;jpa
fhyj;jpypUe;J kyhah kw;Wk; gu;khtpy; ngUk; gNdrh kw;Wk;
khu;thup]; ,og;Gf;fs; njhlq;fptpl;ld. ,e;jpa murpay; fl;rp
Fwpg;Gfs; nraw;FOtpd; Kjyhspj;Jt cWg;G mJ gw;wpa mwptpg;ig
vLj;jJ.
••njd;fpof;F Mrpa ehLfspy; [g;ghdpau;fspd; ntw;wpf; fij
INuhg;gpau;fs;> Fwpg;ghf gpupl;b\hupd; Nkd;ikiag; gw;wpf;
nfhz;lJ.
1942 Mk; Mz;bd; kj;jpapy;> ,e;jpahtpy; epiyik Fog;gk;
mile;jJ. nghJthf nghWikahf ,Ue;j fhe;jp $l nghWikapoe;J>
khWgl;l> Nghu;f;Fzkpf;f kdepiyapy; ,Ue;jhu;. mtu; Mq;fpNyau;fis
Nehf;fp ‘xOq;fhd xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l muh[fk; nry;y Ntz;Lk;>
mjd; tpisthf KOikahd mf;fpukKk; ,Ue;jhy;> ehd; mijf;
fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk;.’ vd;W mwpTWj;jpdhu;. [_iy eLg;gFjpapy;
,e;jpa murpay; fl;rp jiytu;fs; thu;jh $l;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;L
eltbf;if Fwpj;J tpthjpf;f cs;sdu;. Mf];l; 8> 1942 md;W
nts;isaNd ntspNaW jPu;khdk; gk;gha; $l;lj; njhlupy; (mfpy
,e;jpa murpay; fl;rp) epiwNtwpaJ. jiytu;fs; td;Kiw mw;w
topfspy; ntF[d Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F Mu;tj;Jld; miog;G tpLf;ftpy;iy.
mtuJ Gfo;ngw;w 'nra; my;yJ nrj;Jkb' ciuapy; fhe;jp> 'xt;nthU
,e;jpaDk; xU Rje;jpu kdpjdhf ,Ug;gjhff; fUJq;fs; vd;W $wpdhu;.
ntWkNd rpiw nry;tJ vd;gJ nra;ag;Nghtjpy;iy. [tù;yhy;
NeU> Gyhig Njrha;> uh[Nfhghyr;rhup MfpNahu; nts;isaNd
ntspNaW jPu;khdj;ij vjpu;j;jdu;. NeU vg;NghJk; Nghy> tupirahf
tpOe;J> nts;isaNd ntspNaW jPu;khdj;ij epiwNtw;wpdhu;.
••,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\; Ml;rp cldbahf KbTf;F te;jJ.
Mq;fpNyau;fs; ‘nts;isaNd ntspNaW’ vd;W njspthff;
$wg;gl;lJ.
••midj;J tif ghrprj;jpw;Fk;> Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpw;Fk; vjpuhf
jd;idf; fhj;Jf; nfhs;s ,e;jpah flikg;gl;Ls;sJ.
••xU ,ilf;fhy ,e;jpa murhq;fk; Kiwahd jPu;khdq;fis
jtpu> fhe;jp> fhthypah Nlq;f; ikjhdj;jpy; (gk;gha;) xU
Kiwrhuh topapy;> rKjhaj;jpd; gy;NtW gpupTfisr; re;jpj;J
NgrpaJ.
ookhztu;fSf;F: jpahfk; nra;a jahuhf ,Uq;fs;>
ek;gpf;ifAld; ,Uq;fs;> gbg;ig tpl;L ntspNaWq;fs;
ootptrhapfSf;F: [kPd;jhu;fs; muR rhu;gpy; ,Ue;jhy;> thlif
nrYj;j Ntz;lhk;
oogilapdUf;F: rf ehl;L kf;fs; kPJ Jg;ghf;fpr;R+L Ntz;lhk;
oomurhq;f Copau;fSf;F: uh[pdhkh nra;ahjPu;fs;> Mdhy;
murhq;fj;ij vjpu;g;Nghk;

oo,sturu;fSf;F: nghJkf;fis Mjupj;J cq;fs; kf;fspd; gpuptpid kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk;
,iwahz;ikia Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sq;fs;
oork];jhd kf;fSf;F: Ml;rpahsiu Mjupj;jhy; kl;LNk>
cq;fs; khepyj;ij ,e;jpa Njrj;jpd; xU gFjpahfNt
mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;Gfs;
muR KbT vLg;gjpy; fhy mtfhrk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;stpy;iy.
Mf];l; 1942 md;W ngUk;ghyhd jiytu;fis fhe;jp cl;gl ifJ
nra;jdu;. gpupl;b\hupd; jpBu; gha;r;ry; kf;fspilNa jd;dpr;irahd
vjpu;tpidia mspj;jJ. ,e;j ,af;fj;jpy;> Mq;fpNyau;fSf;F NtW
ve;j Nfhupf;iffisAk; Kd;itf;ftpy;iy.
Njrpaj;jiytu;fs; ,e;jpahit tpl;L ntspNaWkhW
Mq;fpNyau;fis rhjhuzkhff; Nfl;ldu;. ,Ug;gpDk;> fhydpj;Jt
murhq;fk; ,e;jpahit tpl;L ntspNaWtjw;fhd fhe;jpapd;
miog;gpw;F gjpyb nfhLj;jJ> mtiu kl;Lky;yhJ ,e;jpa murpay;
fl;rp nray;ghl;Lf; FOtpd; Vida midj;J nrayjpfhupfisAk;
ifJ nra;jJ .jiytu;fs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lij fz;L kf;fs;
Mj;jpuk; mile;jdu;; kf;fs; njUf;fspy; gfpuq;fkhf ntspNa te;J
vy;yh topapYk; fhydpj;Jt murhq;fj;jpd; kPJ jhf;Fjy; elj;jpdu;.
jiytu;fs; ve;j topiaAk; fhl;lhj epiyapy;> kf;fs; td;Kiw
Kiwfs;> jhf;Fjy;> nfhs;is kw;Wk; murhq;f nrhj;Jf;fis
mopj;jdu;. murhq;fk; mNj fLikahd eltbf;iffis vjpu;nfhz;lJ
kw;Wk; ntspg;gilahd Jg;ghf;fp R+l;by; kf;fs; fz;%bj;jdkhf
nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;. ngupa mstpyhd nfhiyfs; kw;Wk; ifJfs;
cjtpNahL> gpupl;b\; muR ,Wjpapy; me;j ,af;fj;ij mlf;f KbT
nra;jJ.
1943 ,Wjpapy;> ifJ nra;ag;gl;l kf;fs; vz;zpf;if
cj;jpNahfG+u;t Gs;sptpguq;fspd;gb 91>000 f;Fk; Nkyhf ,Ue;jJ.
kf;fis xLf;Ftjpy; mtu;fs; ntw;wp ngw;wNghJ gpupl;b\; murhq;fk;
,d;Dk; ePz;l fhyk; ,e;jpahit kPJ jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;s
KbahJ vd;gJ ngUfpa Kiwapy; ntspg;gilahfj; njupe;jJ.
19 Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J ehl;by; mtu;fs; cUthf;fpa MjuT mikg;G
cjtpAld; fhydpj;Jt murhq;fk; ehl;il Ml;rp nra;jJ.Njrpathj
jiytu;fshy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; njhlu;
Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F miog;G tpLf;ff; $ba tifapy; ,e;j mikg;G
mfw;wg;gl;lJ.
tptrhapfs;> njhopyhsu;fs;> kj;jpaju tu;f;fj;jpdu;>
gzf;fhuu;fs;> fhty; Jiw> uhZtk; cl;gl gy;NtW gpupTfisr;
Nru;e;j kf;fspd; MjuT ,y;yhky;> ehl;bd; kPJ fl;Lg;ghl;ilf;
nfhz;bUf;f KbahJ vd;gJ ntspg;gilahfj; njupe;jJ. ,e;j
czu;T epiyapy;> ,e;jpahtpypUe;J gbg;gbahf mikjpahd
Kiwapy; ntspNawj; jahuhtij Mq;fpNyau;fs; njhlq;fpdu;. 1944
njhlq;fp> midj;J ,e;jpa murpay; fl;rp jiytu;fSk; gbg;gbahf
rpiwapy; ,Ue;J tpLtpf;fg;gl;ldu;. Mq;fpNyau;fsplkpUe;J

gpuptpid kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk; mjpfhuj;ij ,e;jpa iffSf;F khw;Wk; eilKiwAk; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
,Wjpahf> 1947 Mf];l; khjk; ,e;jpah typikahd gpupl;b\;
Vfhjpgj;jpathjpfsplkpUe;J Rje;jpuk; ngw;wJ.
vdpDk; ,J KOikahd ntw;wp my;y. ,e;jpah> ghfp];jhd;
Fwpg;Gfs; Mfpa ,U khepyq;fSf;Fs; gpuptpid Vw;gl;ljd; %yk; kl;LNk ,e;j
ehL ngUk; ghjpg;ig re;jpj;jJ. gpuptpid kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk; vd;gJ
kpfg; ngupa mstpy; tFg;Gthj td;Kiwahy; Vw;gl;lJ. MfNt>
1947-k; Mz;L> Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd ePz;l ehs; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F ntw;wpfukhd
KbT vd;w tbtj;jpy; ntw;wp ngw;wjpy; xd;whf ,Ue;jhYk;> mJ
ehl;bd; xUikg;ghl;bw;fhd ngUk; Jd;gfukhd xd;whFk;.
ghfp];jhd; Njit
tFg;Gthj murpay; ,e;jpahtpy; xU Gjpa jpUg;gj;ij vLj;jJ. mJ
‘,U Njrf; Nfhl;ghL’ vd;w gutiyf; Fwpj;jJ. ,e;jpa murpay; fl;rp
,e;jpahtpy; xU Gjpa jpUg;gj;ij vLj;jJ. ,J ‘,U ehL Nfhl;ghl;bd;’
gug;Gjyhy; Fwpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Nfhl;ghL> kjj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
,e;jpah ,uz;L jdpj;jdp Njrq;fis nfhz;bUe;jJ vd;W $wpaJ:
,e;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; K];ypk;fs;. ‘,uz;L Njrpa Nfhl;ghL’ ,e;jpahtpd;
tuyhw;wpy; jtwhdJ vd;W fUjg;gl;lJ. ,ilf;fhyj;jpd;NghJ>
,e;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; K];ypk;fs; ,UtUk; xU nghJthd fyhr;rhuj;ijg;
gfpu;e;J nfhz;ldu;. ,UtUk; 1857 Mk; Mz;L vOr;rpapd;NghJ>
Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhf Nghuhbdhu;fs;. Njrpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ
,e;Jf;fSk; K];yPk;fSk; rkkhf xLf;fg;gl;ldu;. 1940 y; ghfp];jhd;
K];ypk; yPf; yh$u; $l;lj;njhlupy; Rje;jpu murhf Nfhug;gl;lJ. ,e;j
Nfhupf;ifapd; mbg;gilNa ,U ehl;L Nfhl;ghlhFk;. ,e;jpahtpy;
cs;s gy ,];yhkpau;fs; ,e;j Nfhupf;ifia Mjupf;ftpy;iy.
,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtj;jpd; gq;F (INA)

,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtk; (INA) 1942 ,y; Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]hy;
epWtg;gl;lJ. ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghupd; NghJ (1939–1945) ,e;jpa
kz;zpypUe;J fhydpj;Jt rf;jpfis J}f;fpnawptjw;fhd Nehf;fj;Jld;
mtu;fs; mr;R mjpfhuq;fSld; Nru;eJ ; nfhz;lhu;fs;. INA MdJ ‘Mrhj;
`pz;l; /g];’ vdTk; $wg;gl;lJ. 1941 k; Mz;L kyhahtpy; [g;ghdpa
gilfs; gpupl;bi\ Njhw;fbj;jd. ,e;j rk;gtk; njd;fpof;F Mrpahtpy;
trpf;Fk; ,e;jpa kf;fis cw;rhfg;gLj;jpaJ. ,e;jpau;fs; xd;whf
te;J njd;fpof;F MrpahtpypUe;J gy rq;fq;fis xUq;fpizj;jdu;.
mg;gbg;gl;l xU mikg;gpd; jiytuhf gpupjk; rpq; ,Ue;jhu;. [g;ghdpa
mjpfhupahd Nk[u; G[p`huh cld; mtu;> ifg;gw;wg;gl;l ,e;jpa
rpg;gha;fis cs;slf;fpa xU ,e;jpa ,uhZtj;ij mikf;f
Nkhfd; rpq;fplk; Nfhupdhu;. Muk;gj;jpy; jaf;fk; fhl;bdhYk;> Nkhfd;
rpq; mtUf;F mbgzpe;j Rkhu; 40>000 ,e;jpa tPuu;fis> G[p`huh
xg;gilj;jhu;. ,J INA cUthtjw;F top tFj;jJ. rpq;fg;G+u;> gpg;utup
1942 ,y; [g;ghdpau;fsplk; ruzile;jJ. mg;NghJ [g;ghdpy; trpj;J
te;j Gul;rpfu Nghuhsp uh\; gp`hup Ngh]; [g;ghdpy; trpf;Fk; Rje;jpu

,e;jpau; vd;w xU rq;fj;ij Vw;ghL nra;jhu;. 1942 [_d; 15 md;W gpuptpid kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk;
ghq;fhq;fpy; xU khehL eilngw;wJ. mq;F xU Njrpa ,e;jpa ,uhZtk;

mikf;fg;gLk; vd;W KbntLf;fg;gl;lJ. xU Ie;J cWg;gpdu; FO
mikf;fg;gl;L> uh\; gp`hup Ngh]; mjd; jiytuhf Mf;fg;gl;lhu;.
INA cUthf;fk; Kiwahf mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. Fwpg;Gfs;
,jw;fpilapy; [dtup 17 md;W 1941 Rgh\; Ngh]; fy;fj;jhtpypUe;J
Gwg;gl;L Mg;fhdp];jhd; topahf n[u;kdp te;jile;jhu;. ngu;ypd;>
Gyk;ngau;e;J> n[u;kdpf;F MjuT nfhLj;J te;j ,e;jpah murhq;fj;ij
mtu; xUq;fpizj;jhu;. NubNah ngu;ypd; jdJ Nehf;fq;fisAk;
Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk; xspgug;g Muk;gpj;j mtu; [g;ghDld; njhlu;ig
Vw;gLj;jpdhu;. Ngh];> mlhy;/g; `pl;yUld; njhlu;G nfhz;L
te;jhu;. mtu; Kd;dhs; cjtpia ePl;bdhu;. ,J ,e;jpahtpy; ngUk;
cw;rhfj;ij vOg;gpaJ. n[u;kdpapy; cs;s ,e;jpau;fs; mtUf;F
~Nejh[p| vd;w gl;lj;ij mspj;J>'n[a;-`pe;j;' vd;w Kof;fk; ,e;j
Neuj;jpy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. [_d; 1943 y; Ngh]; Nlhf;fpNahtpw;F
te;J Nru;e;jhu;. [g;ghdpag; gpujk ke;jpupahf ,Ue;j `pNjfp NlhN[h
(1941–44) cld; ,ize;J nfhz;lhu;. [g;ghd; ,e;jpahtpw;fhd jq;fs;
cjtpiaAk; tpupthf;fpaJ. [_iy 2> 1943 md;W rpq;fg;G+upy;
Ngh];i]r; re;jpf;f xU ngupa $l;lk; $baJ. [_iy 4 k; Njjp
uh\; gp`hup Ngh]; gjtp tpyfpdhu;> Ngh]; fpof;F Mrpahtpy; ,e;jpa
Rje;jpu ,af;fj;jpd; jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. Mf];L 25 md;W
Ngh]; I.vd;.V jiyikapidf; nfhz;lhu;; 1943 mf;Nlhgu; 21 md;W>
Mrhj; `pe;j; ,ilf;fhy murhq;fk; mikf;fg;gLtJ gw;wpAk;> gpupl;ld;
kw;Wk; mnkupf;fh kPJ 23 k; Njjp mwptpf;fg;gl;l Nghu; gw;wpAk;
mwptpj;jJ.
INA jiyikafk; mg;NghJ uq;$Df;F khwptpl;lJ> Ngh];
kw;Wk; mtuJ gilg;gpupT 1944 ,y; uq;$d; te;J Nru;e;jdu;.
,e;jpa ifjpfis xU gilg;gpupthf ngupajhf itj;jpUf;f
KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ mJ xU ,e;jpauhy; fl;lisaplg;gl;L> eltbf;if
$l;Lj; jpl;lgb njhlu;e;jJ. ,jdpilNa> Nju;T nra;ag;gl;l ,lq;fspy;
jdp gpupTfshf ,e;jpau;fs; Nghuhl Ntz;ba epiyapy; ,Ue;jdu;.
,e;j Nkhjy;fs;> muf;fd; gs;sj;jhf;F> fyhk; kw;Wk; rPdhtpd;
kiyNky; cs;s `f;fh ikak;> Yrha; Fd;Wfspd; fpof;Nf cs;s
fy;thd; gs;sj;jhf;fpy; elf;f ,Ue;jJ. ,jw;fhf> Rgh\; gil>
%d;W gl;lhsq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. fylhd; tq;fpfSf;fpilapy;
Kd;dzp tfpj;j Kjy; tPuu; ghNyl;Nlh kw;Wk; ^y;l;ik Mfpatw;iw
ifg;gw;wpdhu;. ^y;l;kapypUe;J 64 fpNyhkPl;lu; J}uj;jpypUe;j gpupl;b\;
vy;iyg; gFjpahd nksjf; xU rpy ehl;fSf;Fg; gpwF gl;lhsj;jpdhy;
ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
tpiutpNyNa uhZtk; MAjk; kw;Wk; ntbFz;Lfs; Mfpatw;iwf;
nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf> gy rpg;gha;fs; gl;lhsj;ij
tpl;L ntspNawp> ,lJrhupfs; RNu[;khy; vd;w fl;lisahy;
fl;lisaplg;gl;ldu;.

gpuptpid kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk; ,jw;fpilapy; ,U NtW gl;lhypad;> `f;fh-fy;gd; vy;iyapy;
nghWg;Ngw;wJ. kzpg;G+upy; ,k;ghy; vd;w ,lj;jpy; Vw;gl;l tPo;r;rpahy;>
ehfhyhe;jpy; cs;s Nfh`pkh ,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtk; gjtp tfpf;Fk;
vd;W gpd;du; KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,J gpuk;kGj;jpuhit fle;J gpd;du;
Fwpg;Gfs; tq;fhsj;jpy; Eioa mDkjpg;gjhf ,Ue;jJ. ,jw;fpilapy; fhe;jpAk;
Mrhj; gilg; gpupTk; ,k;ghy; Nehf;fp Kd;Ndwpdu;. khu;r; 21y;> gpupl;ldplkpUe;J
tpLtpf;fg;gl;l ,e;jpa Ml;rp epytiufs;> Nejh[p %yk; mikf;fg;gLk;
,ilf;fhy Rje;jpukhd murpd; fPo; epu;tfpf;fg;gLk; vd;W [g;ghd;
gpujku; mwptpj;jhu;.
czTg; gw;whf;FiwAk; kw;Wk; ntbnghUl;fs; Nghd;w
gy;NtW mghaq;fs; ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> I.vd;.V ,e;jpahtpy; 241
fp.kP. cs;Ns ,Ue;jJ. [g;ghd; gpujku; mwptpj;j rpy ehl;fSf;Fg;
gpwF> mnkupf;fu;fSk; gpupl;lDk; [g;ghDf;Fs; Eiotjw;F $l;L
eltbf;iffis vLj;jdu;. ,jdhy;> ,e;jpah jdJ Mjuit
jpUk;gg; ngw Ntz;ba fl;lhak; Vw;gl;lJ. ,jd; tpisthf I.vd;.V
gpd;thq;FtNjhL Ner ehLfs; gu;khit kPz;Lk; ifg;gw;wpaNghJ>
mJ ruzila epu;g;ge;jpf;fg;gl;lJ. mg;NghJjhd; rf;utu;j;jp
,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup mfpy ,e;jpa K];yPk; fofk; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa Njrpa
murpay; fl;rp ,ilNa murpay; Kl;Lf;fl;ilf;F jPu;T fhz Kd;te;jhu;.
,e;j Kd;nkhopT rp. uh[Nfhghyhr;rhupapd; R+j;jpuk; (my;yJ rp.Mu;
R+j;jpuk; my;yJ uh[h[p R+j;jpuk;) gpupj;jhdpau;fsplkpUe;J ,e;jpa
Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd;G toq;fg;gl;lJ. vdpDk;> mfpy ,e;jpa K];yPk;
fofj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nfhupf;iff;F xg;Gf;nfhLj;jjhf fhe;jp thjpl;lhu;.
,e;j fofk; jdJ yh$u; jPu;khdj;ij Jwf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W fhe;jp
tpUk;gpdhu;. mJ ,U ehl;L Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; ,Ue;jJ vd;W
mtu; thjpl;lhu;. kWGwk;> Kfk;kJ myp [pd;dh> fhe;jp fofj;jpd;
Nfhupf;ifia Vw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; ,e;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; K];ypk;fs;
,uz;L Rje;jpu ehLfs; vd;W Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W fUj;J
njuptpj;jdu;.
Ntty; jpl;lk; kw;Wk; rpk;yh khehL (1945)

fhe;jp-[pd;dh ,ilapyhd Ngr;Rthu;j;ij Njhy;tpaile;jij
mLj;J> ,e;jpahtpd; Gjpa it];uha;> ypd;ypj;Nfh gpuG> Gjpa
Kaw;rp murhq;fj;jhy; mDg;gpitf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ijf;
nfhz;bUe;jhu;. 1945 [_d; 14 Mk; Njjp ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr;
rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ,e;jpahtpy; Gjpa murpayikg;G khw;wq;fs; nra;a Gjpa
Kd;nkhopTfs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld. ,U fl;rpfspd; gpujpepjpfisAk;
xNu Nkirapy; nfhz;L tUtjw;fhf [_d; 25> 1945 md;W rpk;yhtpy;
xU khehL Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;bUe;jJ. Kd;itj;Js;s Kd;nkhopTfs;
rkurg; Nghf;Ff;F cl;gl;l mNjNtis> Vidatu;fSf;F
jpUg;jpapy;yhj> Mj;jpu%l;Lk; tifapy; ep&gpf;fg;gl;ld. itrpuhia
nghWj;jtiuapy;> itrpuha; kw;Wk; gpupl;ldpd; jsgjpahd jiyikj;
jsgjp jtpu epiwNtw;Wf; FOthdJ KOikahf ,e;jpahitr;
Nru;e;jJ.

it];uhapd; rpwg;G mjpfhuq;fs; cj;jpNahfG+u;tkhf gpuptpid kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk;
Fiwe;JtplhJ> Mdhy; mit ‘epahakw;w’ Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl

khl;lhJ vd;W KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,e;j jpl;lq;fspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;>
,ay;ghfNt Xustpw;F gpuptpid nra;ag;gl;l Kd;nkhopTfspd;
jd;ikfSk; Nkir khehl;by; itf;fg;gl;ld. vdNt> ,U FOf;fSk;> Fwpg;Gfs;
,e;Jf;fSk; K];ypk;fSk;> rigapy; rkkhd gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
,Uf;Fk; vd;W KbT nra;jdu;. NtWtpjkhff; $wpdhy;> gpupl;b\;
nfhs;ifapd; Kjy; Kiwahf cj;jpNahfG+u;t gpufldk; %yk;
tFg;Gthj mbg;gilapy; rkhjhdj;jpw;fhd K];yPk; yPf;fpd; Nfhupf;if
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. rpk;yh khehl;il Vw;gLj;Jjy; fhd;fpuPl; Ntty;
jpl;lj;jpw;fhd KbT MFk;.
rpk;yh khehL ek;gpf;ifAld; xU Fwpg;ig njhlq;fpaJ. fhe;jp
Ntty; jpl;lj;ij Neu;ikAld; ek;gpdhu;. mJ ehl;bd; Rje;jpuj;jpw;F
toptFf;Fk; vd;whu;. ,Ug;gpDk;> [pd;dh ‘KOikahf xj;Jiof;f
kWj;Jtpl;lhu;’ gpd;du; Nttyhy; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. K];yPk; yPf;fpd;
jiytu; khehl;ilf; Fiwkjpg;gpw;F cl;gLj;jp> mjd; tpjpKiwfSf;F
xg;Gf; nfhs;Sk; tiu mJ njhlUk; vd;Wk; mtu; czu;e;jhu;. ,e;j
Nfhupf;iffspy; xd;W> yPf;fpw;Fr; nrhe;jkpy;yhj K];ypk;fs; epu;thff;
FOtpy; epakpf;fg;gl khl;lhu;fs;. vdpDk;> mg;Nghija fhq;fpu];
jiytuhd mg;Jy; fyhk; Mrhj;> mj;jifa Nfhupf;ifia cWjpahf
vjpu;j;jhu;. K];yPk; yPf;fpd; Nfhupf;iffis Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjd; %yk;
fl;rp K];ypk; kf;fis Vkhw;Wk; vd;W mtu; czu;e;jhu;.
,Ug;gpDk;> [pd;dh xg;Gjy; ,y;yhky; Kd;Ndhf;fp nry;y
kWj;j Ntty; kWj;Jtpl;lhu;. [pd;dh xj;Jiof;f kWj;jNghJ> khehL
Njhy;tpaile;jjhf it];uha; mwptpj;jhu;. tutpUf;Fk; gy khjq;fSf;F>
K];ypk; yPf; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l nghJthd Nfhupf;iffSf;F xg;Gjy;
nfhLf;f kWj;Jtpl;lJ. vdNt> Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; tFg;Gthj
tz;zq;fs; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. gpupl;b\;fhuu;fs; jkJ gpbapy;
,e;jpahit tpLtpj;Jf; nfhs;sj; jahuhdhu;fs; vd;gJ ,g;NghJ
njspthfpaNghJk;> ,e;jpah xU xd;Wgl;l kjr;rhu;gw;w murhf>
kj mbg;gilapy; xU gpuptpid Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpatu;fSf;F
,ilNa Nkhjy; vOe;jJ.
Nfgpndl; J}Jf;FOtpd; jpl;lk; (1946)

gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;J ,e;jpa jiyikf;F mjpfhuk; gupkhw;wk;
nra;tJ Fwpj;J tpthjpj;J jpl;lkpl Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj> 1946 vd;w
gpupl;b\; mikr;ruit jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. fhkd;nty;j;
ehLfspd; nlhkpdpad; me;j];jpy; ,e;jpahtpw;F Rje;jpuk; mspg;gJ
,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,q;fpyhe;jpd; gpujk ke;jpupahf ,Ue;j upr;ru;l;
ml;yPapd; Kidg;gpy; ,e;j ,af;fk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy;
,e;jpahTf;fhd ntspAwTr; nrayu; ngj;tpf; yhud;]; gpuG> tu;j;jf
thupaj;jpd; jiytu; ru; ];lh/Nghu;l; fpupg;];> flw;gil Kjd;ikj;
jsgjp V. tp. mnyf;rhz;lu; MfpNahu; ,lk; ngw;wpUe;jdu;. ,e;jpahtpd;
it];uhahf ,Ue;j Ntty; gpuG ,jpy; gq;Nfw;ftpy;iy.

gpuptpid kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk; gpd;dzp
1945 y; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; eilngw;w nghJj; Nju;jypd; NghJ> ml;ya P pd;
mjpfhuj;jpd; fPo; njhopw; fl;rp> gpupl;b\; goikthj murpay;thjp
kw;Wk; uh[;tu;kd;> tpd;nrd;l; ru;rr
; py; MfpNahupd; fPo; goikthjpfis
Fwpg;Gfs;
Kwpabj;jJ. gpd;du;> ,e;jpahit tpl;L ntspNaw gpupl;ld; KbT
nra;Js;sjhf jfty; mwpe;j Ntty; gpuG yz;lDf;F tutiof;fg;gl;lhu;.
tpiutpNyNa> 1945–46 y; khfhz rl;lkd;wj;jpYk;> kj;jpa
rl;lkd;wj;jpYk; nghJj; Nju;jy;fs; elj;jg;gl;ld. ,e;j Nju;jy;fspy;
fhq;fpu];> kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jpy; 57 ,lq;fspy; ntd;wJ> K];ypk; yPf;
K];yPk;fSf;F xJf;fg;gl;l Kg;gJ ,lq;fis vy;yhk; ifg;gw;wpaJ.
1937 y; fhq;fpu]; fl;rp khfhzq;fspy; 714 ,lq;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
,J 1946 y; 923 ,lq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpaJ.
kWGwk;> 1937 y; K];ypk; yPf; 492 y; K];yPk; xJf;fPl;by; 109
,lq;fis kl;LNk Mf;fpukpf;f Kbe;jJ; vdpDk; 1946 y; ,J 425
,lq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpaJ. ehl;bd; Rje;jpuj;ij Kbe;jtiu tpiuthf
ngw VJthf> Nfgpdl; mikr;ru;fspd; rpwg;Gj; jiytuhf ,Ue;j gpupl;b\;
Nfgpdl; J}Jf;FO 1946 khu;r; 24 md;W ,e;jpahtpw;F te;jJ. ,e;jpa
khepyq;fspd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gpujpepjpfs; kw;Wk; gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahtpd;
gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;l Kf;fpakhd gpur;rpidfis tpthjpg;gjw;fhf
,e;j ,af;fk; Vwj;jho Ie;J thuq;fshf ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;jJ.
5 Nk 1946 md;W rpk;yhtpy; xU khehL eilngw;wJ. mjpy;
fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; K];ypk; yPf; jiytu;fs; xd;W $b fye;Jiuahbdu;:
••khfhzq;fis xUq;fpizj;jy;
••$l;lhl;rp xd;wpaj;jpd; jd;ik
••xU murpayikg;ig cUthf;Fk; ,ae;jpuj;ij mikj;jy;
vdpDk;> fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; yPf;fpw;F ,ilNa cs;s nghUj;jkw;w
jd;ik fhuzkhf ,e;j khehL %lg;gl;lJ. Nk 16> 1946 md;W
,af;fk; jq;fs; gupe;JiufSld;, Nfgpdl; J}Jf;FO jpl;lk; gpugykhf
mwpag;gLk; xU mwpf;ifia ntspapl;lJ. jpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd
mk;rq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. rk];jhdq;fSk; gpupl;B\; ,e;jpahTk; mlq;fpa xU $l;likg;G
mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mJ ghJfhg;G> ntspAwT tptfhuq;fs;
kw;Wk; jfty; njhlu;Gfis ifahs Ntz;Lk;.
2. $l;likg;G xU epu;thfj;JiwAk; rl;lkd;wj;ijAk; nfhz;bUf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
3. gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahtpd; khfhzq;fs; xd;wpag; ghlq;fisj; jtpu
midj;J vQ;rpa mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; midj;Jg; ghlq;fisAk;
xg;gilf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4. A+dpaDf;F ruzile;jtu;fs; jtpu midj;Jg; gzpfSk; RNjr
muRfspd; fPo; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

5. khfhzq;fspy; FOf;fs; (Jiz $l;lhl;rp) mikf;f Rje;jpuk; gpuptpid kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
6.
xd;wpaj;jpd; murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpy; xU epjp xJf;fPL
nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. mjd; rl;l kd;wj;jpd; ngUk;ghd;ik thf;F
%yk; ve;j xU khfhzj;jpw;Fk; gj;jhz;LfSf;Fg; gpd;du; Fwpg;Gfs;
murpayikg;gpd; epge;jidfis kW guprPyid nra;a
mDkjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
7.
rkPgj;jpy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l khfhz rl;lkd;wq;fspd;
mbg;gilapy; xU murpayikg;G rig mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
xt;nthU khfhzj;jpw;Fk;, mjd; kf;fs; njhifapy; tpfpjhr;rhu
mstpy; nkhj;j ,lq;fis xJf;fPL nra;tjd; %yk; Nguit
mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Nju;jy;fs; xU tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jt
Kiwapy; xw;iw khw;wj;jf;f thf;nfLg;gpd; %yk; elj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
8. ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; tFf;fg;gl;L tUk; Ntisapy;
ehl;bd; epu;thfj;ij Kd;ndLf;f Ntz;Lk;. xU ,ilf;fhy
murhq;fKk; mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; ,jpy; Kf;fpa murpay;
fl;rpfspd; MjuTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Neub nray; ehs;

16 Mf];l; 1946 y; jdp K];yPk; khepyj;ij ntd;nwLg;gjw;fhf
ehnlq;fpYk; 'Neub nray; ehshf' fUjg;gLnkd yPf; KbT
nra;jJ. ,e;j gjl;lkhd epiyikapy;> kj;jpa murpy; ,ilf;fhy
murhq;fk; mikf;f fhq;fpui] miof;Fk; it];uha; vLj;j Kbit
vuprhuhaj;ijf; nfhz;L vupj;jdu;. fy;fj;jhtpy; Mf];l; 16> 1946
md;W yPf; nghJ Mu;g;ghl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; NtiyepWj;jq;fSf;F Vw;ghL
nra;jpUe;jJ. ,ijnahl;b efuk; KOtJk; Nkhjy;fSk;> fytuq;fSk;
Vw;gl;ld. njhlu;e;J ehd;F ehl;fSf;F me;jf; Fk;gypd; MNtrk;
njhlu;e;jJ. mjd; gpwF ,ay;G epiy gbg;gbahf kPz;Lk; epytpaJ.
fofj; jiytu; vr;.v];. R`;utu;jp jiyikapyhd tq;fhs murhq;fk;>
Mf];l; 16 md;W nghJ tpLKiw vd;W mwptpj;jpUe;jJ. ,J
tp\aq;fis Nkhrkhf;fp tpl;lJ. NkYk; epiyik Kw;wpYk;
fl;Lg;ghl;il kPwp tUk; tiu ,uhZtj;ij miof;ftpy;iy.
ml;yp]; mwptpg;G
Kl;Lf;fl;ilfis cilf;f fLikahf VjhtJ nra;a Ntz;Lk;
vd;gJ njspthf ,Ue;jJ. 1948 Mk; Mz;L gpg;utup 20 Mk; Njjpad;W
my;yhky;> ,e;jpahtpd; nghWg;ghd ,e;jpa iffs; vd;w mjpfhuj;ij
khw;WtNj murhq;fj;jpd; jpl;ltl;lkhd Nehf;fk; MFk;. ,e;j tuyhw;W
mwptpg;G midtiuAk; Mr;rupaj;jpy; Mo;j;jpaJ. gpupl;b\; ehL xU
tUlj;jpw;Fk; Fiwthd ehLfspypUe;J ntspNaw Ntz;Lk; vd;W
mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa kf;fs; jq;fs; Kuz;ghLfis jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. 1948 Mk; Mz;L gpg;utup khjk; 20 Mk; Njjp> gpupl;b\;

gpuptpid kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J gpupe;J 30 [_d; 1948 f;Fs; tpyfp tpLthu; vd;Wk;>
kTz;l;Ngl;lDf;F gjpyhf ,Ug;ghu; vd;Wk; mwptpj;jhu;.
gpupl;b\; muRfs; kw;Wk; RNjr muRfspd; eyd;fisg; nghWj;j
tiuapy; mjpfhuj;ij gupkhw;Wtjpy; FiwTgLk;> Mdhy; mit
Fwpg;Gfs; gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahtpy; ve;jnthU murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; khw;wg;glhJ.
murpayikg;Gr; rl;lkd;wk; KOikahf gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ngw;wpUe;jhy;>
mjpfhuj;ij xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;F khw;Wk;
vd;W ,e;j tptfhuk; ntspg;gilahf ,Ue;jJ. xU fhyf;nfLit
rupnra;jy; ,U jug;gpdUk; xU cld;gbf;iff;F tuf; $Lk; vd;W
ek;gg;gl;lJ. gQ;rhgpy; K];yPk; yPf; rptpy; xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij
njhlq;fpaJ. ,J gQ;rhg; Kjy; ke;jpup khypf; fpjhu; àj; fhdpd;
mikr;rufj;jpd; tPo;r;rpf;F toptFj;jJ.
[pd;dhtpd; ntw;wpiaf; fz;L> K];yPk; ngUk;ghd;ikAld;
khfhzq;fspd; kPJ fl;Lg;ghl;ilg; ngw xU %u;f;fkhd Kaw;rpia
Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. fy;fj;jh> mrhk;> gQ;rhg; kw;Wk; tlNkw;F vy;iyg;Gw
khfhzj;jpy; fytuk; ntbj;jJ. Gjpa it];uha; 22 khu;r; 1947 md;W
,e;jpahit mile;jJ. mtu; mwpTiufSld; te;jpUe;jhu;> xd;Wgl;L
,e;jpahtpw;F ciof;f Ntz;Lk;; Mdhy;> gy;NtW fl;rpfs; kw;Wk;
r%fq;fisr; Nru;e;j jiytu;fSldhd $l;lq;fs;> gpuptpidia
jtpu;f;f KbahjJ vd;W mtiu ek;gpdu;; ehl;bd; rpijit rpyu;
tpUk;gpdu;. 'vdJ capuw;w clyhy;' ,e;jpah gpsTgLk; vd;W
fhe;jp mwptpj;jhu;. ghfp];jhd; cUthf;fj;ij mg;Jy;fyhk; Mrhj;
fLikahf vjpu;j;jhu;. K];yPk;fSf;F nrhe;j khepyk; Ntz;Lk; vd;W
[pd;dh gpbthjkhf ,Ue;jhu;:
kTz;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk;
gpuptpidapd; mtrpak; Fwpj;J fhq;fpu]; jiytu;fis> kTz;l;Ngl;ld;
,g;NghJ ek;Gk;gbahf mikj;jhu;. ,uz;L vjpnujpu; tupfisg;
gad;gLj;jpdhu;. xU Gwk;> ‘,g;nghOJ xg;Gf; nfhz;lhy;> rpijj;j
ghf;fp];jhd; gpd;du; jpUk;gp tu Ntz;Lk;’ vd;W mtu; mwptpj;jhu;.
kWGwj;jpy;> ,e;jpahtpd; ,uz;L tpUg;gkw;w ,wf;iffs; ntl;lg;gl;ld
vd;why;> xU tYthd kw;Wk; xd;Wgl;l ikak; ,jd; tpisthf
,Uf;Fk; vd;W mtu; cWjpaspj;jhu;. ,e;j ,uz;lhtJ thjk;
Vw;fdNt cs;Jiw ke;jpup ru;jhu; gNlYld; Kiwapl;lJ> mtu;
Vw;fdNt ehl;bd; cs;ehl;L ghJfhg;G fUj;jpy; nfhz;Ls;shu;. gz;bl;
[tù;yhy; NeUtpd; Ml;rpia vjpu;j;J kTz;l;Ngl;ld; mtuJ
[dehaf cs;Szu;Tf;F miog;G tpLj;jhu;. ve;j r%fKk; xU
Njrj;ijr; Nru epu;g;ge;jpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W it];uha; $wpdhu;.
,g;NghJ> fhe;jpAld; Ngr Neuk; fpilj;jJ. filrpahf kpfg;ngupa
Kaw;rpapy;> [pd;dh xU gpupf;f Kbahj ,e;jpahtpd; jiytuhdhu;.
K];ypk; jiytu; KO mikr;ruitiaj; jhNk Nju;e;njLf;f KbAk;.
Mdhy; ,ilf;fhy murhq;fj;jpy; mtu;fspd; Nrhf mDgtq;fspd;
gpd;du;> gNly; kw;Wk; NeU MfpNahu; [pd;dhtpd; jiyg;Gfspd;
kPJ jq;fis ntspg;gLj;j tpUk;gtpy;iy. ,Wjpapy;> fhe;jp $l

kdJUfpdhu;. ml;yP ,e;j jpl;lj;ij 3 Mk; Njjp kf;fs; kd;wj;jpy; gpuptpid kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk;
mwptpj;jhu;. [_d; 1947> ‘[_d; 3k; Njjp jpl;lk;’ vd;W njupa te;jJ.
murhq;fj;jpd; jpl;lk; my;yJ kTz;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk; gpupl;b\; Kjy;
,e;jpa iffSf;F ,lkhw;wk; nra;ag;gLk; Kiw> Fwpg;ghf K];ypk;
ngUk;ghd;ik khfhzq;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; jq;fpapUf;Fk; my;yJ ‘Gjpa Fwpg;Gfs;
epWtdk;’ ghfp];jhd; cs;sJ. rpe;J kw;Wk; gYrp];jhdpy;> khfhz
rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fshy; Neubahd KbT vLf;fg;gLk;. tq;fhsk;>
gQ;rhg; Mfpa rl;lkd;wq;fs; ,uz;L Nju;Tfis elj;j Ntz;Lk;;
Kjyhtjhf> ngUk;ghd;ikahdtu;fs; ghfp];jhidr; Nru;tjh>
mg;gbahdhy;> khfhzq;fs; K];yPk; kw;Wk; K];ypk; my;yhj
gFjpfSf;Fs; gFf;fg;gl Ntz;Lkh vd;W KbT vLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
tlNkw;F vy;iyg;Gw khfhzq;fspy; kf;fs; tpUg;gj;ij epu;zapg;gjw;F
rpwg;G Vw;ghLfs; nra;ag;gl;ld> NkYk; m];]hkpy; cs;s K];ypk;
ngUk;ghd;ik khtl;lj;jpYk; ,Ue;jd. gpuptpid tpUg;gg;gl;lhy;
vy;iy fkp\d; mikf;fg;gLk;.
,e;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rig njhlu;e;J nray;gLk; Mdhy; xU
ghfp];jhdpd; gFjpfshfg; Nju;T nra;ag;gl;l gFjpfSf;F jdpj;jdp
rl;lkd;wk; $l;lg;gLk;. khfhz Nju;Tfs; vjpu;ghu;j;jgb nrd;wd.
ngYrp];jhd;> rpe;J kw;Wk; tl Nkw;F vy;iyg;gFjp ghfp];jhDf;fhf
tpUg;gk; nfhz;bUe;jd. gQ;rhGk; tq;fhsKk; ,ul;ilg; gfpu;Tf;F
KbT nra;jd-khfhzq;fs; ,e;jpahit tpl;L ntspNawpd> Mdhy;
K];ypky;yhj gFjpfshd jha; ehLfspd; gFjpfshfNt ,Uf;Fk;.
rpy;n`l; ghfp];jhdpd; fpof;Fg; gFjpapy; NrUk;.
gQ;rhg; kw;Wk; tq;fhsj;jpd; K];ypk; kw;Wk; K];ypk; my;yhj
gFjpfSf;fpilNa vy;iy jhz;Lk; tiu vy;iyg;Gw Mizf;FOf;fs;
mikf;fg;gl;ld. ,uz;L jPu;g;ghaq;fspd; Mq;fpyj; jiytu; rhu; rpupy;
uhl;fpg;> ,Wjpapy; mtUf;F tpUJ toq;f Nfl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gl;lhu;.
epyk; kl;Lky;y ,e;jpahtpd; epjp> nghUs; nrhj;Jf;fisAk; gpupj;Jf;
nfhLf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. Gjpa ehLfs; xt;nthd;Wk; jdJ nrhe;j
rptpy; NritfisAk; MAjg; gilfisf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
kTz;l;Ngl;ld; gpuG fzprkhd ‘gilnaLg;G kw;Wk; mDg;Gjy;’
Mfpatw;iw fhz;gpj;jhu;. fhyf;nfL fhyhtjpahFk; Kd;Ng gpw
rpf;fy;fSf;F jPu;itf; nfhz;L te;jhu;.
1947 vd;w ,e;jpa Rje;jpur; rl;lk;> [_d; 3 Mk; jpl;lj;jpw;F
rl;lg;G+u;t tpisit mspj;jJ. ,e;j kNrhjh gpupl;b\; ehlhSkd;wj;jpy;
1947 [_iy 4k; Njjp mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mJ rl;ljpUj;jk; VJkpd;wp
tpiuthfTk;> 18 [_iy 1947 md;W mur xg;GjiyAk; ngw;wJ.
,e;jpah jdJ Rje;jpuj;ij ntd;wpUe;jJ. Mdhy; tpiy gpuptpidf;F
te;jJ. fuhr;rpapy; 1947 Mf];l; 14 k; Njjp ghfp];jhdpd; Nlhkpdpad;
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. Mf];l; 15> 1947 md;W es;sputpy; 12 kzpNeuk;
jhf;fpaNghJ> ,e;jpah Rje;jpukhfpaJ. NeU> jdJ Gfo;ngw;w ‘l;u];l’;
tpjpapd; %yk; Njrkhf ,Ug;gjhf mwptpj;jhu;. Mf];l; 15> 1947 md;W
fhiy> kTy;lN ; gld; gpuG ftu;du; n[duypd; jiytuhf gjtpNaw;whu;.
Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; gpujkuhf [tù;yhy; NeUit mtu;

gpuptpid kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk; gjtpg;gpukhzk; nra;J itj;jhu;. Mf];l; 15> 1947 Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk;
gpuptpid vd;w ,ul;il ajhu;jj; j;ij ntspg;gLj;jpaJ. yl;rf;fzf;fhd
mfjpfs;> jq;fs; Kd;Ndhu;fspd; epyq;fis tpl;L ntspNaWkhW
fl;lhag;gLj;jpdu;. ,uz;L Gjpa khepyq;fSf;Fs; CLUtp te;jdu;.
Fwpg;Gfs; Njrpa ntw;wpapd; jUzj;jpy; ,Ue;j ,e;j Jauj;jpd; rpd;dk; fhe;jp[papd;
ehw;ngUk; cUtkhf ,Ue;jJ—td;Kiwapy;yhj> cz;ik> md;G>
ijupak; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa kf;fSf;F kdg;gf;Ftk; nfhLj;jtu;. Njrpa
re;Njh\j;jpw;F kj;jpapy;> tq;fhsj;jpd; ntWf;fj;jf;f epyj;jpy; mtu;
Rw;Wg;gazk; nra;J te;jhu;. mg;NghJ $l> mu;jj ; kw;w tFg;Gthj
gLnfhiyapd; %yk; Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd tpiyiaf; nfhLf;f Ntz;ba
kf;fSf;F MWjy; $w Kad;whu;.
,e;jpa Rje;jpu rl;lk;> 1947

,e;jpa Rje;jpu rl;lk; ,e;jpa muRfspy; gpupl;b\; mjpfhuk;
Mf];l; 1947 md;W jhd; ,of;Fk; vd;W mwptpj;jJ. ,e;jpah
my;yJ ghfp];jhDld; ,iztjw;F khepyq;fs; mDkjpf;fg;gl;ld.
me;j Njjpf;F Kd;> ngUk;ghyhd khepyq;fs;> me;j fUT+yj;jpy;
ifnaOj;jpl;ld ,e;jpahtpw;F ,zq;Ftjw;F mtu;fs; rk;kjpj;jdu;.
Mdhy; rpy khepyq;fs; khwpd R+o;epiyapy;> mtu;fsJ Rje;jpuj;ij
mwptpf;f cupik ngw;wpUe;jd.
Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; gpuptpid

gpupl;b\;> fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; yPf;Ffs; ,ilNa fle;j ,uz;lhz;Lfhy
Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rpapd; Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfs; eilg;ngw;wJ. ,it ngUfpa
Kiwapy; tFg;Gthj td;KiwAld; Nru;e;J> Rje;jpukhf cr;rf;fl;lj;ij
mile;jd> gpuptpidAlDk;> gutyhfTk;> cs;Shu;> Mdhy; kpfTk;
Nghu;f;Fzkpf;f kw;Wk; If;fpag;gl;l ntF[d eltbf;iffSf;F
INA tpLjiy ,af;fKk; 1945-1946y; Mu;.I.vd; fyfKk; Nru;e;J>
tq;fhsj;jpy; Njgfh vOr;rp> jpUthq;$upy; cs;s Gd;dg;uh ntayhu;
kw;Wk; i`juhghj;jpy; cs;s njYq;fhdh tptrhapfs; MAjNke;jpa
fpsu;r;rpapy; <Lgl;lhu;fs;.
,ijj;jtpu ehL KOtJk; gy Nghuhl;lq;fs;> NtiyepWj;jq;fs;>
Mu;g;ghl;lq;fs; ele;jd. ,t;tpjk; cUthf;fg;gl;l ntF[d mOj;jk;
gpupl;b\; nfhs;ifapy; jPu;f;fkhd khw;wj;ij nfhz;LtUtjpy;
cjtpaJ. cyfstpy;> ,e;jpahtpYk; mNj Nghy; xl;Lnkhj;j Gwepiy
epiyikapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wk; kw;nwhU Kf;fpakhd tsu;r;rpahf
,Ue;jJ. Mf];l; 1945 y; `pNuh\pkh Fz;LtPr;Rf;Fg; gpd;du;
n[u;kdp mopf;fg;gl;L [g;ghd; ruzile;jJ. rkj;Jtkhd jiyik
my;yJ gq;Nfw;G vd;w r%f uPjpahd jPtpu Ml;rpfs; fpof;F INuhg;gh
KOtJk; Njhd;wpf; nfhz;bUe;jd. gpuhd;rpYk; ,j;jhypapYk; $l
mt;thW nra;tJNghy; Njhd;wpaJ. rPdg; Gul;rp Kd;ndLj;Jr; nrd;W
nfhz;bUe;jJ. njw;F-fpof;F Mrpah topahf tpal;ehk;> kw;Wk;
gpnuQ;R kw;Wk; lr;R fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpia kPl;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpfis
vjpu;j;J xU kfj;jhd Vfhjpgj;jpa vjpu;g;G mq;F ,Ue;jJ. xU Nghu;

Nrhu;Tw;w ,uhZtKk; kf;fisAk;> xU ehrkhd nghUshjhuj;ijAk; gpuptpid kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk;
nfhz;L> gpupl;ld; gpd;thq;fpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;; me;j ciog;gpd; ntw;wp

,e;j eilKiwia Xustpw;F tpiuTg;gLj;jpaJ.
,e;j gpuptpy; fPo;f;fz;l Kiwapy; nray;gl Ntz;Lk;. tq;fNjrk;
kw;Wk; gQ;rhgpd; rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; xU ngUk;ghd;ik Fwpg;Gfs;
gpuptpidia Mjupf;f KbT nra;jpUe;jhy; ,e;j gpuptpy; fPo;f;fz;l
Kiwapy; nray;gl Ntz;Lk;. rpe;J kw;Wk; gYrp];jhd; ve;j
murpay; rl;lkd;wj;jpy; NruNtz;Lk; vd;gij jPu;khdpf;Fk;.
NWFP ,y;> mJ ghf;fp];jhdpy; NrUkh my;yJ ,y;iyah vd;gij
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd thf;nfLg;G ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. K];yPk;fsJ
ngUk;ghd;ik khtl;lkhd rpy;n`j;> fpof;F tq;fhsj;jpy; NrUkh
my;yJ m];]hkpy; ePbg;gjh vd;gJ Fwpj;Jk; thf;nfLg;G %yk;
KbntLf;fg;gl;lJ. gpupl;b\; ghuhSkd;wk; 1947 Mk; Mz;bd;
Kbtpy; mjpfhuj;ij gupkhwpf;nfhs;Sk; rl;lj;ij ,aw;Wk;. ,e;j
murpay; epu;za rigapd; ,Wjp KbT> fhkd;nty;j; mikg;gpy; jq;f
Ntz;Lkh my;yJ ,y;iyah vd;gJ Fwpj;J vt;tpj ghugl;rKk;
,y;yhky; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
K];ypk; yPf; ,j;jpl;lj;ij fhq;fpu]; xU thuj;jpw;Fs;
Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. mg;Jy;fyhk; Mrhj; $Wifapy;> ,e;j jpl;lj;ij
Vw;f fhq;fpuRf;F ve;j khw;Wf; fUj;Jk; ,y;iy. muh[fj;ijAk;>
Fog;gj;ijAk; Nehf;fpa ,Oit Nghf;if ifJ nra;tJ kpfTk;
Kf;fpakhFk;. Mrhj;> Mdhy; jpl;lj;ij Vw;f Ntz;Lk;.
Fiwe;j jPik Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Fbkfd;fs; nfhiy
nra;tij tpl gpuptpid vd;gJ rpwg;ghf ,Ue;jJ. ,g;NghJtiu
,e;jpah gpuptpidia vjpu;j;J te;j fhe;jp> jPu;khdj;ij Mjupj;jhu;.
gzp kfj;jhdjhf ,Ue;jJ> Mdhy; Neuk; ,aq;fpf;nfhz;bUe;jJ.
gQ;rhg; kw;Wk; ngq;fhy; ,U vy;iyf; fkp\d;fshy; ru; rpupy;
uhl;f;sp/g; ,UtUf;Fk; jiytuhf gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. fpof;F tq;fhsk;>
Nkw;F gQ;rhg;> rpe;J kw;Wk; gYrp];jhd; Mfpait ghf;fp];jhidj;
Nju;e;njLj;jd Nkw;F tq;fhsk; kw;Wk; fpof;F gQ;rhg; ,e;jpahTf;Fj;
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ld. rpy;`_j; mjd; ghf;fp];jhDld; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ.
NWFP ,y;> mg;Jy; fhgu; fhd; kw;Wk; rptg;G rl;ilfs; xU RahjPd
gf;`;Nlhdp];jhd; Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfhupdhu;. ,J Vw;Wf;nfhs;s
Kbahjjhf ,Ue;jJ. rptg;Gr; gl;ilfs;> ghfp];jhDld; ,iztjw;F
Mjuthf nrd;w> ,e;j thf;nfLg;gpYk; gq;Nfw;ftpy;iy.
12.3.1 rpy MSikfs;

Rje;jpu Nghuhl;lj;jpy; njhlu;Gila rpy egu;fis ,g;NghJ RUf;fkhfg;
ghu;f;fyhk;.
kfhj;kh fhe;jp
kfhj;kh fhe;jp ek; ehl;bd; xU ngupa jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;. ,tu; 1869
mf;Nlhgu; 2Mk; Njjp gpwe;jhu;. mtu; ngau; Nkhfd;jh]; fuk;re;j; fhe;jp.

gpuptpid kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk; mtu; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ghu;f;F miof;fg;gl;lhu;. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ,Ue;J
jpUk;gpa gpd;du;> ,e;jpahtpy; jdJ rl;l eilKiwia njhlq;fpdhu;.
NfhfNytpd; miog;gpd; Ngupy; mtu; njd; Mg;gpupf;fhtpw;F nrd;whu;.
mq;F murhq;fk; ,e;jpau;fis ngUk; ghugl;rq;fSf;F Mshf;fpaNjhL
Fwpg;Gfs; 20k; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;g gFjpapy; kpfTk; mtkhdfukhd rpfpr;irf;F
cl;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mtu; rj;jpak;> mfpk;ir kw;Wk; kdpjdpd;
fz;zpak; Mfpatw;wpy; Kjd;ikahsuhf ,Ue;J njd;dhg;gpupf;fhtpy;
Gfo; ngw;whu;. 1914 y; ,e;jpah jpUk;gpa mtu;> vQ;rpa Mz;Lfis
jdJ jha;ehl;Lf;fhf mu;g;gzpj;jhu;. Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhfg; Nghuhl
KbntLj;jhu;. ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; fhe;jpa Afk;
(1920–1948) vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. cyf tuyhw;wpy; Kjy; jlitahf
xU Gdpju; murpay;thjp> xU ehl;il rhu;e;J thOk; yl;rf;fzf;fhd
kf;fis> td;Kiw my;yhj> xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;> xj;Jioahik
Nghd;w njhopy;El;gq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;j fw;Wj; je;J te;jhu;.
1942 y; fhe;jp> ,e;jpahit tpl;L ntspNaWkhW Mq;fpNyau;fis
mioj;jhu;. mjw;fhf NghuhLkhW kf;fs; Nfl;Lf;nfhs;sg;gl;ldu;.
gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahit tpl;L Ie;J Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF> KOikahd
Rje;jpuj;ij toq;f Kbe;jJ (Mf];l; 1947). 1948 [dtup 30 md;W
fhe;jp xU ,e;J Njrpathjp ehJuhk; fhl;N] mtu;fshy; Rl;Lf;
nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;.
[tù;yhy; NeU
kfhj;kh fhe;jpaplk; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; ,Wjpf; fl;lq;fs; jhd;
NeU xU Kf;fpakhd Rje;jpu Nghuhspahf ,Ue;jhu;. tpLjiyf;Fg;
gpwF> ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; gpujkuhf [tù;yhy;> Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd;Gk;>
gpd;Gk; ,e;jpa murpaypy; ikag; gpuKfu;fspy; xUtuhf ,Ue;jhu;.
Rje;jpu Kd;dzp jiytUk;> kpjthj Nkhjpyhy; NeUTk;> [tù;yhy;
NeU kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; Ju;gj;jpd; fPo; ,e;jpa Rje;jpu ,af;fj;jpd;
xU jiyrpwe;j jiytuhf cUntLj;jhu;. mjd; ];jhgdj;jpypUe;J
,e;jpahtpw;F xU RahjPdkhd gpujkuhf gzpahw;wpdhu; 1947 y; mtu;
1964-y; ,wf;Fk; tiu Njrj;ij gpd;gw;wpdu;. mtu; etPd ,e;jpa
Njrpa-murpd; rpw;gp vd;W fUjg;gLfpwhu;: xU ,iwahz;ik> rkj;Jt>
kjr;rhu;gw;w> [dehaf FbauR jiytuhf ,Ue;jhu;.
Nkhjpyhy; NeU
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; Muk;g Mz;Lfspy; Nkhjpyhy; NeU xU
Kf;fpa eguhf ,Ue;jhu;. xU kpjthjp> mtu; ,uz;L Kiw fhq;fpu];
jiytuhf> 1919–1920 kw;Wk; 1928–1929 ,Ue;jhu;. mtu; ];tuh[; gpuptpy;
Nru;e;jhu;> gpupl;b\; epjpAjtp MjuT rigfspy; Eioa Kad;whu;.
KfkJ myp [pd;dh

Kfk;kJ myp [pd;dh ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPuuhd K];ypk;
yPfpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jtu;. Rje;jpu ghfp];jhdpd; Kjy; gpujkuhf
mtu; njhlu;e;jhu;. jdJ murpay; tho;tpd; Muk;g fhyq;fspy;>

,e;jpahtpw;F Rje;jpuk; nfhz;LtUtjw;F fhq;fpu]; fl;rpf;Fs; gpuptpid kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk;
gzpahw;wpf; nfhz;bUe;j ,e;J-K];ypk; xw;Wikapd; rpd;dkhf [pd;dh

,Ue;J te;jhu;. ,Ug;gpDk;> fhq;fpurhy; Vkhw;wg;gl;l gpd;du;> mtu;
K];yPk; yPf;fpy; ,ize;jhu; NkYk; ghfp];jhdpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd
MjuthsuhfTk; Mdhu;. Fwpg;Gfs;
rp. uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup
rp. u[Nfhghyhr;rhup xU Kf;fpa Rje;jpu Nghuhspahf ,Ue;jhu;>
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;jhu;> ,e;jpahtpd;
filrp ftu;du; n[duyhfg; gzpahw;wpdhu;. Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy;
,Ue;j Mz;Lfspy;> KfkJ myp [pd;dh kw;Wk; K];ypk; yPf;
Mfpa ,Ujug;GlDk; eilg;ngw;w Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfSf;F mtu; MjuT
je;jhu;. gpd;du; mJ rp. Mu;. nfhs;if Kiw vd;W mwpag;gl;ljw;F
Kd;nkhope;jhu;. Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpwF> njd; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J
xU Kf;fpa murpay;thjpahf khwpa mtu;> goikthj ];thld;uh
fl;rpia epWtp [tù;yhy; NeUtpd; fLikahd tpku;rfu; Mdhu;.

3. fpupg;]; jpl;lk; Vd; NeU kw;Wk; fhq;fpu]hy; epuhfupf;fg;gl;lJ?
4. gpupl;b\; mikr;ruitg; gzpapd; Nehf;fk; vd;d?
5. ,e;jpa Rje;jpur; rl;lk; vd;dnty;yhk; mwptpj;jJ?

1. nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; kf;fspd; Mjuitg; ngw;Ws;s
epiyapy;> ,e;j ,af;fj;ij gy murpay; fl;rpfs; vjpu;j;jJ.
,e;J kfhrgh kw;Wk; ,e;jpa rkj;Jt fl;rp Nghd;w fl;rpfs;
,e;j ,af;fj;ij vjpu;j;J fhq;fpuRld; ,ize;J Nguzpahfr;
nry;ytpy;iy.
2. jPu;khdj;ij vjpu;j;J gy jiytu;fs; ,Ue;jhYk;> Mf];L 8> 1942
md;W mfpy ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; fkpl;bapd; (AICC ) nts;isaNd
ntspNaW jPu;khdk; gk;gha; mku;tpy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
3. fpupg;]; Kd;nkhopT NeU kw;Wk; fhq;fpurhy; epuhfupf;fg;gl;lJ.
khwhf> ,e;jpahtpy; KbntLf;Fk; mjpfhuk; nfhz;l xU
KOikahd mikr;ruitia ,e;jpau;fs; nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
fhq;fpu]pd; Nehf;fk; kj;jpa MSikAld; typikahd xd;Wgl;l
,e;jpahit cUthf;FtNj mjw;F vjpuhf
khfhzq;fspy; Rje;jpuk; gw;wpa fUj;J ,Ue;jJ.
4.
gpupl;b\; ke;jpup rigapy; ,Ue;J ,e;jpa jiyikf;F
mjpfhuk; mspg;gJ gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;> jpl;lkplTk; ,e;jpah
1946 vd;w gpupl;b\; Nfgpdl; jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ.

gpuptpid kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk; fhkd;nty;j; ehLfspd; jiyikapd; fPo;> ,e;jpahtpw;F Rje;jpuk;
mspg;gJ ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
5. ,e;jpa Rje;jpu rl;lk; ,e;jpa muRfspy; gpupl;b\; m
jpfhuk; Mf];l;
1947 md;W jhd; ,of;Fk; vd;W mwptpj;jJ. ,e;jpah my;yJ
Fwpg;Gfs; ghfp];jhDld; ,iztjw;F khepyq;fs; mDkjpf;fg;gl;ld.
12.5 RUf;fk;
••fpupg;]; jpl;lj;jpd; tPo;r;rpf;Fg; gpd;du;> ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];
mjd; epge;jidapy; fLikahf;fg;gl;L> gpupl;b\; murplkpUe;J
G+uz Rje;jpuk; Nfhup [_iy 1942 y; jPu;khdj;ij epiwNtw;wpaJ.
,e;jj; jPu;khdk;> muRf;F vjpuhf kpfg; ngupa mstpyhd
xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;ij Kd;nkhope;jJ.
••nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; kf;fspd; Mjuitg;
ngw;Ws;s epiyapy;> ,e;j ,af;fj;ij gy murpay; fl;rpfs;
vjpu;j;jd. ,e;J kfhrig> ,e;jpa rkj;Jt fl;rp Nghd;w fl;rpfs;
,e;j ,af;fj;ij vjpu;j;jNjhL fhq;fpuRld; Nguzpahfr;
nry;ytpy;iy.
••xU Gwk; nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; Njrpa mstpy;
vjpu;g;ig vjpu;nfhz;bUe;jJ. mNj Neuj;jpy; me;j ,af;fk;
tl;lhu mstpy; ntw;wp ngw;wJ. mq;F cs;Shu;thrpfs; Vw;fdNt
gpupl;b\hUf;F vjpuhf fpsu;r;rp nra;aj; njhlq;fpapUe;jdu;.
••,e;j ,af;fk; Kf;fpakhf fhq;fpu]; fl;rpia xw;Wikahf
itj;Jf; nfhs;s tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpah-gu;kh
vy;iyia xl;ba [g;ghdpa uhZtk; Vw;fdNt khWgl;l
epiyapy; ,Ue;j Mq;fpNyau;fis ,J NkYk; fytug;gLj;jpaJ.
,e;j Nghuhl;lq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L> gpupl;b\;fhuu;fs;>
fl;rpapd; nraw;FO cWg;gpdu;fs;> Njrpa jiyikapd; Kf;fpa
cWg;gpdu;fSld; Nru;e;J fhe;jpia rpiwgpbj;jdu;.
••brk;gu; 1941 y; [g;ghd; Ngu;s; JiwKfj;ijg; jhf;fpa gpd;du;>
[g;ghdpa gilfspd; mLj;j ,yf;fhf ,e;jpah ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ
njupa te;jJ. gpupl;ld; nrd;l; rhu; ];l/Nghu;L fpupg;]; 1942
Vg;uypy;> ,e;jpahtpw;F mDg;gpdhu;. NghUf;Fg; gpd;> NguuR
kw;Wk; nghJtsik ehLfis tpl;L ntspNaw cupik nfhz;l
KO murhl;rp epiyf;F mtu; midj;J khfhzq;fSf;Fk;
xU tha;g;ig toq;fpdhu;. ,e;jpahTld; Nru tpUk;ghj ve;j
khepyKk; xU Rje;jpu murhf khw KbAk; vd;W fpupg;];
,af;fj;jhy; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ.
••fpupg;]; Kd;nkhopT NeU kw;Wk; fhq;fpurhy; epuhfupf;fg;gl;lJ
mjw;Fg; gjpyhf> ,e;jpahtpy; KbntLf;Fk; mjpfhuk; nfhz;l
xU KOikahd mikr;ruitg; gj;jpuk; ,e;jpau;fsplk; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W NfhupaJ. kj;jpa khfhzj;Jld; xU tYthd
kw;Wk; xd;Wgl;l ,e;jpahit cUthf;f fhq;fpu]pd; Nehf;fj;jpw;F

vjpuhf khfhzq;fspd; Rje;jpuk; gw;wpa fUj;J ,Ue;jJ. ,e;j gpuptpid kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk;
Nfhupf;iffis Mq;fpNya muR epuhfupj;jJ. ,ijj; njhlu;e;J

fhe;jpapd; mfpk;ir ‘nts;isaNd ntspNaW’ gpur;rhuj;jpw;F
MjuT mspf;f fhq;fpu]; KbT nra;jJ.
••,e;jpah kw;Wk; ghfp];jhd; ,af;fj;jpd; murpay; Fwpg;Gfs;
gpur;ridfis fUj;jpy; nfhz;L fhe;jp-[pd;dh Ngr;Rthu;j;ij
kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhf ,Ue;jJ. ,e;J-K];ypk; NtWghLfSf;F
jPu;T fhz Ntz;Lk; vd;w nghJ kf;fspd; Ntz;LNfhSf;F
gjpyspf;Fk; tifapy; ,U ngUk; jiytu;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
Ngr;Rthu;j;ij Muk;gkhdJ.
••murhq;fj;jpd; jpl;lk; my;yJ kTz;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk;
gpupl;b\huplkpUe;J ,e;jpa iffSf;F mjpfhuk; gwpkhw;wk;
nra;ag;gLk; topKiw Fwpj;Jk;> Fwpg;ghf K];ypk;-ngUk;ghd;ik
khfhzq;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ug;ghu;fs; my;yJ ‘Gjpa
epWtdkhf’ ghf;fp];jhid Nju;T nra;thu;fs; vd;gNj MFk;.
••,e;jpa Rje;jpu rl;lk; ,e;jpa muRfspy; gpupl;b\;
mjpfhuk; Mf];l;15> 1947 md;W jhd; ,of;Fk; vd;W mwptpj;jJ.
khepyq;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; my;yJ ghfp];jhdpy; Nru
mDkjpf;fg;gl;ld.

••rp. Mu;. nfhs;if Kiw: fhq;fpuRf;Fk; K];ypk; yPf;Fk; ,ilNa
jPu;T fhz rp. uh[Nfhghyhr;rhup mwpKfg;gLj;jpa nfhs;if
KiwahFk;.
••jPu;khdk;: ,J xU rl;lkpaw;Wk; mikg;G> FO my;yJ gpw
Kiwahd $l;lk; Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l
fUj;J my;yJ Nehf;fj;jpd; Kiwahd ntspg;ghL MFk;.
••Vfhjpgj;jpak;: ,J xU ehl;bd; mjpfhuj;ijAk;
nry;thf;ifAk; ,uh[je;jpu my;yJ ,uhZt typik %yk;
tpupTgLj;Jk; nfhs;ifahFk;.
••fkp\d;: xU Fwpg;gpl;l nray;ghl;ilf; nfhz;L mjpfhuG+u;tkhf
tR+ypf;fg;gLk; xU FOitNa ,J Fwpf;fpwJ.
••ghrprk;: mJ xU ru;thjpfhu> Njrpathj tyJrhup murhq;f
kw;Wk; r%f mikg;G Kiwia Fwpf;fpwJ.

FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. f;upg;]; J}JFO gw;wp xU Fwpg;G vOJf.
2. ,e;jpahtpd; gpuptpidapd; NghJ ml;yPapd; mwptpg;G kw;Wk;
kTz;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lj;jpd; gq;F vd;d?

gpuptpid kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk; 3. fhe;jp-[pd;dh Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vd;d (1944)?
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;

1. nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Ma;f.
Fwpg;Gfs; mJ Vd; mlf;FKiw nra;ag;gl;lJ?
2. 1947 y; ,e;jpag; gpuptpidf;F toptFj;j epfo;Tfis tpthjpf;f.
3. mikr;ruitg; gzp jpl;lj;ij tpupthf MuhaTk;.
12.8 NkYk; gbf;f

bu];l;.
Gj;jfq;fs;.
gpugy gpufhrd;.
gpshf;];thd;.
kf;uh-`py;
fy;tp.

myF 13 Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo;
Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo;
r%f> nghUshjhu kw;Wk;
rka epiyikfs;
r%f> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; rka
epiyikfs; Fwpg;Gfs;
mikg;G
13.0 mwpKfk;
13.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
13.2 Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo; r%f> kj rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;: kf;fspd;
r%f> kj epiyikfs;
tpilfs;
13.5 RUf;fk;
13.8 NkYk; gbf;f
13.0 mwpKfk;
,e;jpah gz;ila fhyq;fspypUe;J tu;jj ; fk; kw;Wk; tYthd tptrhag;
nghUshjhuj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ehfupfj;jpd; ikakhf
nfhz;Ls;sd. ,e;j kfj;jhd nry;tk;> gy;yhapuk; Mz;Lfshf
,g;gFjpia Nehf;fp gilnaLj;J te;j gilnaLg;ghsu;fspd; nghwhikf;F
fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ. mtu;fspy; rpyu; kq;Nfhypau;fs;> kj;jpa Mrpau;fs;>
mNugpau;fs; kw;Wk; Fwpg;ghf gpupl;b\;fhuu;fs;.
gpupl;B\; Ml;rpapy; nghUshjhu jhf;fk; gue;jstpy; ,Ue;jJ.
nghUshjhuk; rPuope;J Nghdjhy; gpupl;b\; tUiff;F Kd;Ng>
,e;jpahtpd; nghUshjhuk;> cyfg; nghUshjhuj;jpy; 25 rjtpfpjj;ij
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpaJ. mtu;fs; Gwg;gLk; Neuj;jpy; 1947-y; ,J
2-rjtPjkhf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk;> jw;NghJs;s Ml;rpahsu;fs; kw;Wk; muru;fis
<u;fF; k; tifapy; gy;NtW nghUl;fisAk; NritfisAk; gad;gLj;jp
,e;jpahtpy; jkJ nghUshjhu Ntu;fis mikj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. ,uz;L
gj;J Mz;L fhy fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpia gy;NtW topfspy; ghjpj;jJ.
gpupl;b\;, tu;jj
; fk; kw;Wk; tzpfj;ij cWjp nra;jJ. ngUk;ghYk;, gpupl;b\;
fg;gy;fs; ,e;jpahtpd; Vw;Wkjp kw;Wk; ,wf;Fkjpfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
fhg;Gtupfs; kw;Wk; gpw Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs; gpupl;b\; murhq;fq;fshy;
epu;zapf;fg;gl;ld. gpupl;b\;fhuu;fs; Vwf;Fiwa vy;yh tifahd tzpf
fl;Lg;ghl;ilAk; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. ,t;tpjk; ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd;
tUifahy; ,e;jpa njhopw;rhiyfspd; xl;Lnkhj;j mikg;Gk; khwpaJ.
xt;nthU njhopw;JiwapYk; mjw;nfd nrhe;j tuyhW cs;sJ.
tq;fhsj;jpy; rzy; njhopy; epWtg;gl;l mNj Neuj;jpy; gUj;jp

Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo; njhopw;Jiwapd; m];jpthuk; Nkw;F ,e;jpahtpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
rka epiyikfs; njhlf;fj;jpy; njhopw;rhiyfs; ,e;jpau;fshy; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jg;gl;ld.
Mdhy;, fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpapy; mjpfhuk; gpupl;b\pd; iffSf;F khwpaJ.
,e;jpahtpd; nkhj;j tpw;gid epytuKk; khw;wg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpy;
Fwpg;Gfs; ,Ue;J fr;rhg; nghUl;fis Vw;Wkjp nra;J ,e;jpa re;ijapy; cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fis ,wf;Fkjp nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ jhd;
fhydpj;Jt murpd; jw;Nghija Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,J ,e;jpag;
nghUshjhuj;ijAk;> ,e;jpa $ypj; njhopyhsu;fisAk; kpfg; ngUk;
mstpy; Ruz;baJ. ,e;jpa re;ijAk; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ngUk; fl;likg;G
khWjiyf; fz;lJ.
gpupl;b\pd; ntw;wp ,e;jpahtpy; xU jPu;khdkhd kw;Wk; Mokhd
jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; KO fhyg;gFjpapYk;
(1757–1947)> ,e;jpa nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; murpaypd; ve;jnthU
mk;rKk; rpwg;ghf khwtpy;iy my;yJ Nkhrkilatpy;iy. Muk;gfhy
Njrpathjpfshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l nry;tf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; tbfhy;
nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; murpay; tpisTfs; ,uz;ilAk; nfhz;lJ.
1919 kw;Wk; 1935 Mk; Mz;bd; ,e;jpa murpd; rl;lk;> neLQ;rhiyapy;
Kd;dzp ,uz;L iky;fw;fs; vd;W KO nghWg;Gila murhq;fj;jhy;
fUjg;gl;lJ. r%f> kj rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; mbg;gilapy;> ,e;jpa r%f
rPu;jpUj;jthjpfspd; Mjuthy; gy rPu;jpUj;jq;fis gpupl;b\;fhuu;fs;
Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. r%f> kj rPu;jpUj;jq;fis tpthjpg;gjd; %yk; ehk;
,e;j myif njhlq;FNthk;.
13.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
,e;j myif ePq;fs; gbj;J Kbj;j gpd;G, cq;fshy;;
••gpupl;b\; fhyj;jpd; fPo; r%f kw;Wk; kj rPu;jpUj;jq;fisg; gw;wp
tpthjpf;f KbAk;.
••gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,e;jpahtpy; nghUshjhu khw;wq;fis
tpsf;f KbAk;.
••,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; nghUshjhu jhf;fj;ij Muha
KbAk;.
13.2 Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo; r%f> kj rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;:

kf;fspd; r%f> kj epiyikfs;
,e;jpah 19-Mk; E}w;whz;by;> r%f-kj vOr;rpia fz;lJ. gy
E}w;whz;Lfshf kj vz;zq;fs; kw;Wk; r%f khehLfshy;
tbtikf;fg;gl;l ,e;J kjk; Gjpa Nahridfs; kw;Wk; Gjpa
rpe;jidfSf;F toptFj;jJ. ,J ,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;fj;jpa jhf;fj;jpd;
tpisthf ,Ue;jJ. ,jd; tpisthf> kjj;jpYk; ghuk;gupa
ek;gpf;iffspYk; fz;%bj;jdkhf gpd;gw;wg;gl;l fLikahd rlq;Ffs;
kf;fspd; kPJ jq;fs; nry;thf;if ,oe;J tpl;ld. Nkw;Fyfpd; njhlu;ig
,e;J kdk; r%f jPikfSf;Fj; jpwe;jJ. kw;Wk; ,af;fj;jpy; gy r%f

rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld. gy;NtW ghuk;gupa ek;gpf;iffs; Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo;
kw;Wk; eilKiwfs; mg;Gwg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. Gjpa gof;f tof;fq;fs;> rka epiyikfs;
eilKiwfs;> epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPLfs; Vw;fg;gl;ld.
Nkw;fj;jpa rpe;jidfs; kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuj;jpd; fPo; te;j
,e;jpau;fs;> Foe;ij jpUkzk; Nghd;w> jw;NghJs;s r%f jPikfs; Fwpg;Gfs;
gw;wp mwpe;J nfhz;lhu;fs;. tpjit kWkzk; kw;Wk; gpw rhjp jpUkzk;>
,ilapyhd rhjp czT> ngz;fis jdpikg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; jPz;lhik
Mfpatw;wpw;F vjpuhd jhgq;fis nfhz;bUe;jdu;. ,e;j tpopg;Gzu;T
ghuk;gupa ek;gpf;iffSf;F vjpuhd fpsu;r;rpia topelj;jpaJ. mJ
r%fj;jpd; r%f> kj kw;Wk; murpay; Nfhl;ghLfspy; rPu;jpUj;jq;fis
Nehf;fp Kjy; gbahFk;. ,J uh[h uhk; Nkhfd; uha; Kjy; kfhj;kh
fhe;jp tiu gy;NtW r%fr; rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fs; njhlq;fg;gl
toptFj;jJ. uhk; Nkhfd; uhapd; gpuk;k rkh[k;> jahde;j ru];tjpapd;
Mu;ah rkh[k;> tpNtfhde;jh uhkfpU\;zh jpl;lk;> md;dp ngrz;l;
jj;Jt rq;fk;> fhe;jp ru;Nthjah ,af;fk; kw;Wk; jPz;lhikf;F vjpuhd
rz;il> kw;Wk; gy ,af;fq;fs; Mfpait r%f jPikfis xopf;f
cjtpaJ kl;Lky;yhky;> etPd kjpg;Gfs; gw;wp kf;fSf;F mwpitAk;
mspf;fpd;wd.
gpuk;k rkh[k;
uh[h uhk; Nkhfd; uha; xU kj> r%f kw;Wk; fy;tp rPu;jpUj;jthjp
Mthu;. mtu; ghuk;gupa ,e;J fyhr;rhuj;ij rthy; nra;jhu; kw;Wk;
gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,e;jpa rKjhaj;jpw;fhd Kd;Ndw;wj;ij
Rl;bf;fhl;bdhu;. mtu; ‘etPd ,e;jpahtpd; je;ij’ vd miof;fg;gLfpwhu;.
mtu; 1828-Mk; Mz;by; gpuk;Nkh]; rghitj; Njhw;Wtpj;jhu;. mtu;
tq;fhs kWkyu;r;rpapd; NghJ ,e;jpahtpd; nry;thf;F kpf;f ,e;jpa
rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fj;ijr; Nru;e;j gpuk;Nkh rkh[j;ij cUthf;fpdhu;.
mtUila nry;thf;F kjk;> murpay;> nghJ epu;thfk; kw;Wk; fy;tp
Mfpa Jiwfspy; ntspg;gilahf ,Ue;jJ. mtUila nry;thf;F
kjk;> murpay;> nghJ epu;thfk; kw;Wk; fy;tp Mfpa Jiwfspy;
ntspg;gilahf ,Ue;jJ. ,e;J ,Wjpr; rlq;F eilKiwapd; %yk;>
jdJ fztupd; ,Wjpr; rlq;Ff;fhf tpjitg; gof;fj;ij xopj;Jf;fl;Lk;
Kaw;rpfspy; mtu; mwpag;gl;lhu;.
uha; uhjpfh&upy;> tq;fhsj;jpy;> uhjp gpuhkz rhjpapy; gpwe;jhu;.
mtuJ FLk;g gpd;dzp kj NtWghL fhl;baJ. mtuJ je;ij uhfdhjd;
uha; xU it\;ztr; FLk;gj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;. mtuJ jhahu; jupdpNjtp
xU rhy;t FLk;gj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;. me;j Neuj;jpy; it\;ztthjpfs;
nghJthf rhy;tidj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;stpy;iy vd;gJ
mrhjhuzkhdjhfNt ,Ue;jJ. ,t;thwhf> mtuJ ngw;Nwhu; mtiu
mwpQuhf> rh];jpupahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpdhu;. mNj rkak;>
kjr;rhu;gw;w nghJ epu;thfpahf ,Ue;j Yf;fpfSld; xU njhopiy
mu;g;gzpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W mtu; tpUk;gpdhu;.
etPd ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; uhk; Nkhfd; uha; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fk;
cgepljj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Ntjhe;jg; gs;spapd; ed;ndwpfs; kw;Wk;

Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo; Nfhl;ghLfspd; kWkyu;r;rp gw;wpaJ. mtu; flTspd; xw;Wikia
rka epiyikfs; Nghjpj;jhu;. Ntj rh];jpuq;fis Mq;fpyj;jpw;F nkhopngau;j;jhu;.
fy;fj;jh ru;thjpfhu rKjhaj;ij epWtpa ,iz gpuk;k rkh[k;
epWtp> rjpia vjpu;j;J gpur;rhuk; nra;jJ. mtu; ,e;jpa kuGfspy;
Fwpg;Gfs; Nkw;fj;jpa fyhr;rhuk; xUq;fpizf;f Kw;gl;lhu;. mtu; ,e;jpahtpy;
fy;tp Kiwikia etPdkakhf;f gs;spfis epWtpdhu;.
gpuk;k rkh[k; vd;gJ gpuk;k kjj;jpd; rKjhaf; $WfshFk;.
,J tq;fhsj;jpy; fpufzk; Vw;gl;l gpd;du; Mjp ju;ku; vd;w Kiwapy;
,d;W filg;gpbf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J kpfTk; nry;thf;F kpf;f kjk;
rhu;e;j ,af;fq;fspy; xd;whFk;. ,J> 1859-y; jl;tNghbdp rgh, mjd;
mzpfspy; ,Ue;J ntspNawpaJ. ,J 1830-y; nfhy;fj;jhtpy;> uhk;
Nkhfd; uha;> Jthufhehj; jh$u; MfpNahupd; fhyj;jpy; epytpa
gpuk;kr;rupak; (Fwpg;ghf Fypd; eilKiwfs;) Kw cUthf;fk;
ngw;W> gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; tq;fhs kWkyu;r;rp njhlq;fpaJ.
midj;J kj> r%f kw;Wk; ,e;J rKjhaj;jpd; fy;tp Kd;Ndw;wq;fspd;
Kd;NdhbahFk;. gpuk;k rkh[k; eP&w;Wfs; gpuk;Nkh]paj;jpypUe;J>
gq;fshNj\py; xU jdpj;Jtkhd kjkhf rl;lj;jhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gLk;.
,e;jpahtpd; tpRthrq;fs; kpf rkPgj;jpy;> uhk; Nkhfd; uhapd; rPu;jpUj;j
Md;kPf ,e;J kjk; (1830 Myku nja;tj;jpy; cs;slq;fpaJ) kw;Wk;
&l; n`g;Nuapf;-,];yhkpa ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; eilKiw Mfpatw;iw
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ. 1860-Mk; Mz;by; N`ke;jehj;
jh$upd; gpuk;Nkh m];jhd; (eilKiwapy;) ntspaplg;gl;l gpwF>
gpuk;Nkhrpaj;ij Kiwahf tpthfuj;J nra;j ,e;J kjk;> Kjd;
Kjyhf gpuk;k rkh[; 1861-Mk; Mz;by; yh`_upy; gz;bl; Nehgpd;
re;jpu uhahy; epWtg;gl;lJ.
gpuk;k rkh[j;jpd; Nfhl;ghLfs;

gpuk;k rkh[j;jpd; midj;J ufq;fSf;Fk;> fpisfs; Fwpj;Jk; gpd;tUk;
Nfhl;ghLfs; nghJthdit:
••ve;j xU NtjKk;
••Xu; mjpfhukhf ek;gpf;if nfhs;stpy;iy.
••mtjhuq;fspy; ek;gpf;if ,y;iy.
••gy;yhapuf; nfhs;if kw;Wk; rpiy topghL fz;ldk;.
••fu;kk;> kWgpwtp Mfpa jj;Jtq;fspy; ek;gpf;if ,y;iy.
gpuk;k rkh[k; gw;wpa Nfhl;ghLfs;

,e;j Nfhl;ghLfs; ,d;W gpuk;Nkhtpd; ngUk;ghd;ikapy; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd:
••flTs; kPJ: vg;NghJk; vy;iyaw;w xw;iwg; gpwohj> mfe;jd;ik
nfhz;l> cs;Siw E}yhrpupaUk;> ,Ug;Gk; Kd;NrtfDk; cz;L.
vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; vy;yhtw;wpYk;> neUg;gpYk;> jz;zPupYk;>
kpfr; rpwpa MiyfspYk;> kpFe;j Mw;wypdhYk; ntspg;gLfpwtu;.

••,Ug;gJ: ,J xU jdpj;jd;ikapypUe;J cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ. Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo;
md;ghd xw;Wikiaf;(jpUk;g) nfhz;bUg;gJ xd;Wjhd;. rka epiyikfs;
••Ez;zwpT rhu;e;j jd;ik: Neu;ikahd nray;fs; Fog;gq;fSf;F

vjpuhf kl;LNk Ml;rp nra;fpd;wd. J}a kdrhl;rpapd; mwpT
(cs;s xspapy;) vd;gJ rpd;dk; my;yJ ,ilepiy ,y;yhj Fwpg;Gfs;
xU (cr;r) Ml;rpahsu;.
••md;G kPJ: midj;J gilg;Gfs; kw;Wk; kdpju;fis kjpf;f
Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy;, mtw;iw tzq;Ftjpy;iy (topghL) kl;LNk
jdpj;jd;kia Nerpf;f KbAk;.
gpuk;k rkh[j;jpd; gpupTfs;

uh[h uhk; Nkhfd; uha; kiwTf;Fg; gpwF> kj> rlq;Ffs; kw;Wk;
gpuhkzdpd; mZFKiw gw;wpa jPtpukhd NtWghLfs; r%fg;
gpur;rpidfSf;F> NjNge;jpuehj; jh$u; kw;Wk; Nfr`g; re;jpu nrd;
MfpNahupilNa Njhd;wpait, (1857 ,y; rkh[j;jpy; Nru;ej ; tu;).
,jd; tpisthf> 1866-Mk; Mz;by;> gpuk;k rkh[k; tpiutpy; ,uz;L
FOf;fshfg; gpupe;jJ. gioa goikthjpfs; NjNge;jpuehj; kw;Wk;
NfRg; re;jpuhtpd; jiyikapy; ,sk; rPuj ; pUj;jthjpfis mzptFj;Jr;
nrd;wdu;. ,uz;L Nghl;bahsu;fshd Mjp gpuk;k rkh[k; (NjNge;jpuehj;
jiyikapyhd) kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpd; gpuk;k rkh[k; (NfRg; re;jpuhtpd;
cj;NtfKk;) jiyikapy; te;jJ. ,e;jpahtpd; gpuk;k rkh[k; mjd;
Md;kf P kw;Wk; r%f rPuj
; pUj;jq;fis epiwNtw;wj; njhlq;fpaJ. FWfpa
fhyj;jpw;Fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ntw;wpia mile;jJ.rkh[k; ,g;NghJ
r%f rPuj ; pUj;jq;fis ,d;Dk; jPtpukhd kw;Wk; tpupthd jpl;lkhf
Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. ngz; tpLjiy> ngz; fy;tp> rhjp NtWghLfis
xl;Lnkhj;jkhf xopj;jy; kPJ mjpf mOj;jj;ij mspj;jJ. ,jd;
,U Kf;fpa rhjidfs;> 1870-y; ,e;jpa rPuj ; pUj;j rq;fk; cUthdJk;>
1872 vd;w ,e;jpa jpUkzr; rl;lk; ,aw;wpaJk; MFk;. [hjp ,dj;
jpUkzq;fis mq;ff P upf;FkhW nra;jJ. gf;jpapd; fyit (jPtpukhd
gf;jp czu;T) kw;Wk; gpuk;kthjk; Mfpait kf;fSf;F kpfTk;
nkd;ikahdit> czu;rr ; p G+u;tkhdit kw;Wk; ftu;rr; pfukhditahFk;.
NfRGtpd; fPo; gpuk;k ,af;fj;jpd; Jbg;ghd Kd;Ndw;wk;
,Ue;jNghjpYk;> 1878 Nk khjk; xU ,uz;lhtJ fyfk; vd;W
rkh[k; ,Ue;jJ. NfRg; re;jpu nrd;dpd; Mjuthsu;fs; FO mtiu
NrJud; g;u`;Nkh rkh[j;ij epWTtjw;fhf tdhe;jpuj;jpy; nfhz;L
nrd;wJ. ,e;j Gjpa mzpapd; epWtdu;fs; Njthyaj;jpy; xU
[dehaf murpayikg;ig mwpKfg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfhupf;if
itj;jdu;. ,jid NfRg; re;jpuh kw;Wk; mtuJ Mjuthsu;fs;
xg;Gf; nfhs;stpy;iy. ,e;jpahtpd; gpuk;k rkh[j;jpd; mzpfspy;
gpuptpidia nghWj;jtiuapy; ,U NtW fhuzpfSk; NfRgpd;
Mjp\h Nfhl;ghlhf ,Ue;jd (nja;tPf fl;lis). 1872-Mk; Mz;L
,e;jpa jpUkz rl;lj;ij kPwpajhf $r; gPfhu; ,sturUld; NfRg;
kfs; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lhu;. %j;j nlNuh[pad; rpgpr;re;jpu
Njt; jiyikapyhd rj;ud; gpuk;k rkh[k;> rptehj; rh];jpup> Mde;j

Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo; Nkhfd; Ngh]; kw;Wk; Jthufhehj; fq;fhyp Nghd;w fhyj;jpd;
rka epiyikfs; jpwikahd ,isQu;fs; rpyiu cs;slf;fpajhf ,Ue;jJ. mtu;fs;
midtUk; [dehafj;jpd; ngUk; Mjuthsu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;.
mtu;fsJ Gjpa mikg;gpw;F ru;tNjr taJ te;Njhu; thf;Fupikia
Fwpg;Gfs; mbg;gilahf nfhz;l KO [dehaf murpayikg;ig cldbahf
,aw;wpdu;. ,e;jpa fofk; (1878)> ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; Mfpatw;wpd;
nray;ghLfspy; gyu; Kidg;Gld; gq;F nfhz;ldu;.
uh[h uhk; Nkhfd; uha; r%f kj rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;
1830-y; uhk; Nkhfd; uha;> tq;fhsj;jpd; fly; JiwKfkhd Nf[;up

JiwKfj;jpy; ,Ue;J If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; gazk; nra;jhu;. mg;NghJ
uha;> ,uz;lhk; nkhfyhag; Nguuru; mf;gupd; J}Jtuhf ,Ue;jhu;.
mtu;> ,e;jpahtpd; eyDf;fhd gpupl;b\; muir Vw;Wf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> rjp tof;ifj; jil nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W fu;j;ju;
ngdh];bf; tpjpj;jij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F ‘uh[h’ vd;w gl;lj;ij
mtUf;F toq;fpdhu;. uha; gpuhd;i]g; ghu;itapl;lhu;. uha; nrhj;Jupik
cupikfis ngz;fSf;F Nfhupdhu;.
uha; murpay; gpd;Gyk; ,e;J kjj;jpd; r%f> kj rPu;jpUj;jq;fSf;F
jhf;fk; nrYj;jpaJ. mtu; vOjpaJ: ‘,e;Jf;fspd; jw;Nghija
mikg;G mtu;fspd; murpay; eyd;fis Nkk;gLj;Jtjpy; ed;F
mwpag;gltpy;iy. mtu;fsJ kjj;jpy;> Fiwe;jgl;rk; mtu;fspd;
murpay; Mjhaj;jpw;Fk;> r%f trjpf;Fkhf> rpy khw;wq;fs; eilngw
Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ mtrpak;|. gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;Jld; gzpGupAk; uhk;
Nkhfd; uha;> Nkw;fj;jpa ghuk;gupaq;fspd; ek;gfj;jd;ikiaf; fUj;jpy;
nfhz;L ,e;J ghuk;gupaq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; kupahijf;Fupajhf ,y;iy
vd;W epidj;jhu;;. ,J mtuJ kj rPu;jpUj;jq;fis ghjpj;jJ. ,e;J
kjj;ij rPu;Fiyf;Fk; %lek;gpf;if eilKiwfs; mjd; Mizfspd;
J}a Mtpf;F vJTk; nra;atpy;iy vd;gij ep&gpg;gjd; %yk;, ,e;J
kuGfs; jdJ INuhg;gpa mwpQu;fsplk; rl;lg;G+u;tkhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;>
mtu; tpUk;gpdhu;. %lek;gpf;if> rhjp ,Wf;fk;> gyjhu kzk; kw;Wk;
Foe;ijj; jpUkzk; Mfpait mlq;Fk; vd;w %l ek;gpf;iffisg;
gw;wp uhk; Nkhfd; uha; Ml;Nrgpj;jhu;. ,e;j eilKiwfs; ngUk;ghYk;
gpupl;b\; mjpfhupfs; ,e;jpahtpd; kPJ jhu;kPf Nkd;ikiaf; $wpd
vd;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; MFk;. kjj;jpd; uhk; Nkhfd; uha; fUj;Jfs;>
etPd cyfpy; ,e;Jkjj;ij rl;lG+u;tkhf;Ftjd; %yk;> kdpjhgpkhd
eilKiwfis fpwp];jtf; Nfhl;ghLfisg; gpd;gw;Wtjd; %yk;
epahakhd kw;Wk; ntWk; rKjhaj;ij cUthf;f Kide;jJ.
gpup];lypy; tlfpof;fpy; 1833 nrg;lk;gu; 27 md;W xU fpuhkkhf
,Ue;j ];Nlgps;ldpy; uha; ,we;jhu;.
uh[h uhk; Nkhfd; uha;: fy;tpj;Jiw
r%f rPu;jpUj;jq;fSf;F fy;tp ,d;wpaikahjJ vd;W uha; ek;gpdhu;.

1817-y; Nltpl; `Nu cld; ,ize;J fy;fj;jhtpy; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}upia

mikj;jhu;. 1822-y; uha; Mq;fpNyh-,e;J gs;spia epWtpdhu;. ehd;F Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo;
Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF Ntjhe;jk; fy;Y}upiag; gpd;gw;wp> xNu khjpupahd rka epiyikfs;
Nfhl;ghLfspd; Nghjidfis ~etPd Nkw;fj;jpa ghlj;jpl;lk;| cld;
,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;jpdhu;. Ntjhe;j
fy;Y}up> Nkw;fj;jpa kw;Wk; ,e;jpa fw;wy; ghlg;gpuptpd; xU njhFg;ghf Fwpg;Gfs;
ghlnewpf;F Kd;te;jJ. 1830 Mk; Mz;by;> mnyf;rhz;lu; lg; nghJ
rig epWtdj;ij epWTtjpy; mtUf;F cjtpdhu;. mtUf;F gpuk;k
rghtpy; xJf;fg;gl;l ,lj;ijAk; khztu;fspd; Kjy; njhFjpiaAk;
ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jJ. ehl;by; xU etPd fy;tp Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;j
Mjuthf uhk; Nkhfd; ,Ue;jhu;. ,e;jpaf; fy;tpapy; Nkw;fj;jpa fy;tp
fw;wiy uha; Mjupj;jhu;. ,e;jpahtpy; RNjr> rk];fpUj fy;tp Kiw
njhlu Ntz;Lk; vd;W thjpl;ltu;fspd; fUj;Jfis mtu; vjpu;j;jhu;.
mtUila ghu;itapy;> rk];fpUj fy;tp Kiw ,UspypUe;J
ehl;ilf; fhf;Fk;. Mq;fpyk;> mwptpay;> Nkw;fj;jpa kUj;Jtk; kw;Wk;
njhopy;El;gj;ij Ma;Tf;F mtu; gupe;Jiuj;Js;shu;. uha; Mq;fpy>
`pe;jp> ghurPf kw;Wk; tq;fhs nkhopfspy; gj;jpupiffis ntspapl;lhu;.
uha; Mq;fpy> `pe;jp> ghurPf kw;Wk; tq;fhs nkhopfspy;
gj;jpupiffis ntspapl;lhu;. 1821-y; mtu; gpuNkhdpfs; ,jiog;
Mq;fpyj;jpy; ntspapl;lhu;. mtu; ntspapl;l xU Fwpg;gplj;jFe;j
,jo;> 1821-,y; ntspte;j rk;gj; fKjp MFk;. 1822-,y;> uhk; Nkhfd;
ghurPf nkhopapy; kpuhj;-cy;-mf;giu ntspapl;lhu;.
rpy gpur;rpidfs; ntspte;j gpd;du;> gpuk;Nkhdpf;fy; ,jOk; epd;W
tpl tpy;iy. thuhe;j gj;jpupifahd rk;gj; fKjp gj;jpupif Rje;jpuk;>
,e;jpau;fis cau; gjtpfspy; Nru;gg ; J> ePjpj;Jiw epu;thfj;jpypUe;J
gpupj;njLg;G Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ. 1830 [dtupapy; rk;gj; fKjp
,U thuq;fshf khwpaJ kw;Wk; Kg;gj;jp %d;W Mz;Lfs; njhlu;eJ ;
ePbj;jJ.
1823 gj;jpupif fl;lisia mwpKfg;gLj;jpajw;F vjpuhf
jdJ Nghuhl;lj;ij gjpT nra;AkhW mtu; gj;jpupifia ntspapl;lhu;.
Nguitapy; MSeu; ehaf cupkk; ve;j gj;jpupif ntspaplg;gl
Ntz;Lnkd fl;lisaplg;gl;lJ. Mq;fpy epWtdk; gj;jpupiffis
jzpf;if nra;j NghJ> 1829 kw;Wk; 1830-Mk; Mz;Lfspy; uhk; Nkhfd;
KiwNa ,uz;L epidTr; rpd;dq;fis vOjpdhu;.
rjp tof;Ff;F uhk; Nkhfd; fLk; vjpu;g;G njuptpj;jhu;.
Mdhy;, xU ntspehl;L murpay; mjpfhuj;jhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lk;
eilKiwapy; xopf;fg;gLtjw;F mtu; rpwpJ jaf;fk; fhl;bdhu;.,e;j
kdpj Neakw;w gof;fj;ij fy;tpapd; %yk; Jilj;njwpa Ntz;Lk;
vd;gNj mtuJ topKiw. uha; mij vjpu;j;J mjd; Nehf;fj;ij
miltij Nehf;fp ,iltplhky; thjpl;lhu;. xU ntspehl;L
mjpfhupfspd; rl;lk; rl;lg;G+u;tkhf eilKiwapy; ,Ug;gjhf mtu;
mwpe;jpUe;jhu;. mJ cz;ikapy; ngq;fShupy; NtW ,lj;jpw;Fr;
nrd;wJ. Mdhy;> xU tYthd> mwpT G+u;tkhd nghJf; fUj;ij
eilKiwf;F vjpuhf cUthf;fpdhy;> mJ Kw;wpYk; Jilj;njwpag;gl
KbAk;.

Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo; uhk; Nkhfd; jdJ ehl;L kf;fSf;F cUt topghl;ilf;
rka epiyikfs; iftplTk;> xU cz;ikahd flTis topglTk; miog;G tpLj;jhu;.
Md;khf;fspd; ,lg;ngau;r;rp kw;Wk; G+kpapy; Njhd;wpa flTspd;
mtjhuj;ij mtu; ek;gtpy;iy. rjp tof;Ff;fhd kj mDkjp Fwpj;J
Fwpg;Gfs; uhk; Nkhfd; Nfs;tp vOg;gpdhu;. Foe;ijj; jpUkzj;ij vjpu;j;j mtu;>
tpjitfspd; kWkzj;jpw;Fk;> kdpjd; kw;Wk; ngz;fspd; rk
cupikfSf;Fk; Nfs;tp vOg;gpdhu;. ,j;jifa fhuzq;fshy;>
,e;J kjKk;> ehl;bd; gz;ila tuyhWk; ,e;j r%fj; jPikfs;
njhlu;tij epahag;gLj;jtpy;iy vd;W mtu; epiy ehl;bdhu;. uhk;
Nkhfd; tk;rhtspapdu; Mrhupaj;Jt Kiwikia vjpu;j;jhu;. mtuJ
topfhl;Ljypd; fPo;> gpuk;Nkh rkh[k; ,e;j fUj;Jf;fis gug;gpdhu;.
mjd; cWg;gpdu;fs; mtw;iw eilKiwg;gLj;j Kad;wdu;.
,e;J kjj;jpd; Mjhu ,yf;fpaq;fs; rpytw;iw tq;fhs
nkhopapy; uhk; Nkhfd; nkhopngau;j;jhu;. mg;NghjpUe;J> ,e;Jf;fspd;
Gdpj E}y;fs; Mrhupa tu;f;fj;jpd; ,ufrpakhff; fhj;J epw;fpd;wd.
mtu; ,e;J gz;bju;fshy; fLikahf tpku;rpj;jhu;.
<];tu; re;jpu tpj;ahrhfupd; rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fk;

<];tu; re;jpu tpj;ahrhfu; rk];fpUj nkhopia fw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd
xU Gjpa El;gj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;. NkYk;, gy njhlu;r;rpahd
rk];fpUj mwpQu;fSf;Fg; nghWg;ghsuhf ,Ue;jhu;.ngq;fhyp nkhopf;Fk;
,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk; mtu; kpFe;j gq;fspg;ig mspj;jhu;. tpj;ahrhfu;
fy;tp kw;Wk; r%f rPu;jpUj;jthjp Mthu;. rk];fpUjf; fy;Y}upia
gpuhkzu; my;yhjtu;fs; vd;W J}f;fp vwpgtu;fs; vd;Wk; Mq;fpyf;
fy;tpia nrk;nkhop mwpQu;fSf;Fj; je;J tpl;ldu;. gs;spfspd; muR
Ma;thsuhf ,Ue;j NghJ> Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ngz;fs;
20 khjpupg; gs;spfSf;F gjpyhf 35 gs;spfis epWtpdhu;. mtu;
ngz;fSf;F cau; fy;tp tof;FiuQuhf ,Ue;jtu;.
gpuk;Nkh $l ,y;iy vd;whYk;> <];tu; re;jpuh> uhk; Nkhfdpd;
rKjhaj; jPikfSf;F vjpuhfTk;> r%f xLf;fg;gl;ltu;fspd;
eyDf;fhfTk; rpwe;j kuGfis kPz;Lk; njhlu;e;jhu;. tpj;ahrhfu;>
Foe;ijj; jpUkzk; kw;Wk; gyjhu kzj;jpw;F vjpuhf Fuy;
vOg;gpdhu;. Mdhy;> mtuJ kpfTk; kwf;f Kbahj epiyg;ghL tYthd
goikthj vjpu;g;gpd; gy;tiffspy; tpjitapd; kWkyu;r;rpf;fhd
mtuJ ijupakhd thjkhFk;. tq;fhs ghu;itahsu;> ,sk; tq;fpapd;
CJFoyhf> tpjit kWthf;FjYf;fhf thjpl;bUe;jhYk;, ,e;j
tpthjj;ij Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j xU fhuzpahf tpj;ahrhfupd;
ijupakhd thjk; ,Ue;jJ. muR Kjypy; ,e;j tp\aj;jpy; ve;j
rl;lj;ijAk; Muk;gpf;f tpUk;ghtpl;lhYk;> 1856-y; ,e;J tpjit kWkz
rl;lj;ij ,aw;Wtjw;F tpj;ahrhfu; ntw;wpfukhf KbntLj;jhu;.
Mupa rkh[k;: xU kWkyu;r;rp ,af;fk;

Mupa rkh[k; ,af;fk; Nkw;fj;jpa nry;thf;fpd; tpisTf;F
vjpu;tpidahf mike;jJ. mJ tbtj;jpy; GJg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;,

cs;slf;fj;jpy; ,y;iy. ,af;fj;jpd; epWtdu; ];thkp jahde;j; Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo;
Nkw;fj;jpa fUj;Jfis epuhfupj;J, Mupau;fspd; gz;ila kjj;ij rka epiyikfs;
GJg;gpf;f Kad;whu;.
jahde;jhtpd; fUj;J ,e;jpahit kj uPjpahfTk;> r%f uPjpahfTk;>
Njrpa mstpYk;> xU tu;f;fkw;w> rhjpaw;w rKjhaj;ijAk;> me;epa Fwpg;Gfs;
Ml;rpapypUe;J Rje;jpukhd ,e;jpahitAk; nfhz;l nghJ ,e;jpahit
kjkhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjahFk;. ,e;J kjj;jpd; cz;ikahd %yg;
tpijia ,e;jpahtpd; ‘ghiw fhyk;’ vd;W Ntjq;fs; fUjpdu;.
‘Ntjq;fis jpUk;gpg; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;;’ vd;gJ mtuJ Fwpf;Nfhs;.
Ntjq;fis gw;wp jd; tpsf;f ciu epfo;j;jpdhu;. gpw;fhy ,e;J
kj E}y;fspd; mjpfhuj;ij Guhzq;fisg; NghyNt mtu; fUjpdhu;.
mtu;fs; Fiwe;j kdpju;fspd; Ntiy, rpiy topghl;bd; jPa
gof;fq;fs;> ,e;J kjj;jpy; cs;s gpw %lek;gpf;iffs; Mfpait
gw;wpAk; mtu; tptupj;jhu;. jahde;j; rpiy topghl;il fz;bj;J>
nja;tj; jiyapy; xw;Wikia Nghjpj;jhu;. Ntjq;fs; mDkjpf;fhj
tifapy; mtu; jPz;lhik kw;Wk; rhjpj;jd;ikia mile;jhu;. mtu;
tpjit kWkzk; kw;Wk; rKjhaj;jpy; ngz;fSf;F cau;e;j epiyf;F
thjpl;lhu;. mtuJ Gfo; ngw;w gilg;G rjaj;j gpufh\pd; (cz;ik
ntspg;ghL) mtuJ fUj;Jf;fs; ntspaplg;gl;ld. gpuk;k rkh[ kw;Wk;
jpNah];rpf;fy; rKjhak; Mq;fpyk; fy;tpahsu;fspd; caujpfhupfSf;F
kl;LNk Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jpUe;jhYk;> jahde;jpd; nra;jp ,e;jpahtpd;
kf;fSf;F ,Ue;jJ. gQ;rhg;> cj;jpug; gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; uh[];jhd;
Mfpatw;wpy; ,e;j ,af;fkhdJ gpugykhdJ.
Mupa rkh[k; epfo;r;rpfs;

••fy;tp: rk];fpUj ,yf;fpak; gw;wpa mwpit GJg;gpf;fj;
jahde;jh tpUk;gpdhu;. ,e;jpa fyhr;rhuk; kw;Wk; ehfuPfj;jpd;
mbg;gilapy; ,e;jpa ,sk; kdq;fis gbf;f itf;f KbAk;
vd;W FUFyj;ij ,af;f Mupa rkh[k; nghWg;ghf;fpdhu;. ,e;j
,isQu;fs; cau;e;j xOf;ff; Fzj;jpd; kjpg;ig fw;gpf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W mtu; tpUk;gpdhu;. mit Cl;lkspf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> ehl;Lg;gw;W kw;w midj;jpw;Fk; Nkyhf ,Ue;j
R+o;epiyapy; tsu;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. FUFyq;fs; Ntj Ma;T
kw;Wk; Muha;r;rpfspd; ikaq;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. r%f
jPikfSf;F vjpuhf Mupa rkh[k; vOr;rp ngw Ntz;Lk;.
••r%f rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;: ,e;J rKjhaj;jpy; ,j;jifa kWkyu;r;rpia
vjpu;g;gjw;F fl;Lg;ghlhdJ fl;lhakhf ,Ue;jJ vd;W jahde;j;
czu;e;jhu;. ,e;J rKjhaj;ij rpijj;jpUe;j> Foe;ij jpUkzk;
my;yJ rhjpa Kiw kw;Wk; gpw jPikfisf; fLikaha;
vjpu;j;J epw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Mupa rkh[thjpfspd; gq;if mtu;
fl;lhakhf;fpdhu;. fhyj;jpd; Nghf;if fUj;jpy; nfhz;L> kj
Nghjfu;fs; kw;Wk; gpw kjq;fspd; Gj;jfq;fspy; Njitaw;wij
mk;gyg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W Mupa rkh[thjpfspy; jahde;jh
Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhu;. ,e;J kj NghjidfisAk;> jj;Jtq;fisAk;

Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo; fz;bj;J tpku;rpj;jjpy; ,Ue;J jaf;fk; fhl;bdu;. jahde;j;jpd;
rka epiyikfs; %yk;> ,e;J kjj;ij kdk; te;J kPz;Lk; mutizj;Jr; nry;y
tpUk;Ggthu;fs;. mt;thW nra;a jil tpjpf;ff;$lhJ vd;W
gpur;rhuk; nra;jhu;.
Fwpg;Gfs; •• [dehaf murpayikg;G: jahde;j ; >; Mupa rkh[k; murpayikg;Gr;
rl;lj;jpy;> me;j ehl;fspd; rka mikg;GfSf;F njupahj tifapy;>
Nju;jy; Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;. Mupa rkh[k; [dehaf topapy;
xOq;fikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W mtu; vLj;Jiuj;jhu;. jq;fs; mYtyf
epu;thfpfs; jq;fs; cWg;gpdu;fshfj; Nju;en; jLf;fg;gl;ltu;fshfTk;>
guk;giu my;yJ epakd cWg;gpdu;fNsh ,y;iy vd;gijAk; Mupa
rkh[thjpfs; fhz Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
••murpay; rPuj
; pUj;jq;fs;: murpay; fsj;jpy;> RNjrp ,af;fj;ijg;
Nghjpj;J gpur;rhuk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. Ra muir NfhUtnjDk;
mtu;fSf;F mJ fl;lhaj; Njit vd;gij Mupa rkh[thjpfSf;F
jahde;j; njuptpj;jhu;. mjpfhuk; gutyhf;fk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
murhq;fj;jpd; kPJ xU p; Ug;gk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpdhu;.
,e;jpahtpy; murpay;> r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu vOr;rpf;F
Mupa rkh[; nghWg;ghspahf ,Ue;jhu;. gy rkfhyj;jtu;fs; kPJ ,J
Mokhd nry;thf;F ,Ue;jJ. Njrpa jiytu;fSs; ngUk;ghyhNdhu;
Mupa rkh[pd; Nfhl;ghLfis kpf neUf;fkhfg; gbj;jtu;fs;. ,jpy;
nry;thf;F nrYj;jpatu;fspy; yhyh ù; jahy;> ù fpU\;z
yhy;> fpU\;z yhy;> fpU\;z tu;kh> Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy>
kfhj;kh fhe;jp kw;Wk; utPe;jpuehj; jh$u; Nghd;w egu;fsplkpUe;J
Mupa rkh[j;jpd; nry;thf;F njspthfpwJ. tl-Nkw;F ,e;jpahtpy;>
Mupa rkh[j;jpd; jhf;fk; mjd; tsu;r;rpapd; Muk;gf; fl;lq;fspy; $l
czug;gl;lJ.
Mupa rkh[j;jpd; NtiyAk;> gq;fspg;Gk; fhuzkhf, gz;ila
,e;jpa kfpikfs; Gj;Japu; ngw;W> ,e;jpahtpd; ,sk; Mz;fs; kw;Wk;
ngz;fs; fy;tp fw;gjw;fhf FUFyf; fl;likg;G xd;W mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;J rKjhak; kPjhd fpwpj;jtj;jpd; nry;thf;Ff;F vjpuhf Mupa
rkh[k; xU Nrhjidahf nray;gl;lJ.
uhkfpU\;zh FO
,e;j ,af;fkhdJ tq;fhsj;jpy; ];uP. uhkfpU\;z guk;`k;rhthy;
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. uhkfpU\;zu; vspikahd fpuhkj;J G+rhup. ,Ug;gpDk;>
xl;Lnkhj;j kj;jpa ju tu;f;fKk;> Nkw;fj;jpa fy;tp fw;w tq;fhs
r%fKk; mtiu jkJ Njrpa jiytuhf;fpaJ. Nf`t; re;jpu nrd;>
gq;fpk; re;jpu rhl;lu;[p (ehtyhrpupau;) kw;Wk; fpup\; re;jpu Nfh\;
Nghd;w kdpju;fs; mtiu xU kfhd; vd;W fUjpdu;. Mq;fpyf;
fUj;Jf;fshy; njhlg;glhj kf;fs; kj;jpapy; ,Ue;j uhkfpU\;zh>
xU KO jiyKiwf;Fk; cj;Ntfk; mspf;Fk; tifapy; epd;wpUe;jhu;.
,e;jpa kf;fspd; Njrpa tpopg;Gzu;r;rpAk; ,uhkfpU\;zuhy;
<u;f;fg;gl;l ,af;fj;jpy; ntspg;ghl;il fz;lJ. kj cz;ikia

my;yJ flTspd; <Nlw;wj;ij mtu; NjLifapy;> kW mtjhuk;> Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo;
jpahdk;> gf;jp Mfpa ghuk;gupa topfspy; rka ,ul;rpg;ig mtu; rka epiyikfs;
Nfhupdhu;. K];yPk;fs;> fpwp];jtu;fs; cl;gl kw;w kj ek;gpf;iffSld;
tho;e;jtu;. flTs; kw;Wk; ,ul;rpg;Gf;F gy rhiyfs; cs;sd vd;Wk;>
kdpj Fyj;jpw;F Nrit vd;gJ flTSf;F kl;LNk Nrit vd;Wk;> Fwpg;Gfs;
kdpjd; flTspd; cUtkhf ,Ue;jhu; vd;Wk; mtu; typAWj;jpdhu;.
mtuJ kfh rPluhd Rthkp tpNtfhde;ju; mtu;fs;> kfhd; ,we;j
gpwF jdJ Nghjidfis gpur;rhuk; nra;a uhkfpU\;z FOit
(1897) epWtpdhu;. ,e;j Fwpf;Nfhs; Nkw;fj;jpa ehfupfj;jpd; nghUs;
Kjy; thjj; jhf;fq;fspypUe;J ,e;jpau;fis ghJfhf;Fk; Nehf;fj;ij
nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,J rpiy topghl;L Kiw kw;Wk; gf;jp thj topghl;L
KiwiaAk; cs;slf;fpaJ. ,J ,e;J kjk; GJg;gpf;fg;gl;ljd;
%ykhf cyfpd; Md;kPf ntw;wpia ,yf;fhff; nfhz;lJ.
,e;j ,af;fk; ehl;bd; gy;NtW gFjpfspy; gy
fpisfis nfhz;lJ. gs;spfs;> kUj;Jtkidfs; kw;Wk; kUe;jfq;fs;>
fhg;gfq;fs; kw;Wk; E}yfq;fis jpwe;J itj;J r%f eyg; gzpfis
Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpwJ. Mdhy;, r%f ed;ik my;yJ r%f Nritapy;>
jdpg;gl;l ,ul;rpg;ig ,af;fj;ij typAWj;jtpy;iy.
tpNtfhde;jupd;> gzpia KOikahf Njrpa Nritapd;
fhuzkhf mu;g;gzpj;jhu;. ehl;bd; gy;NtW gFjpfspYk; r%f Nrit
kw;Wk; kj xOf;fk; rhu;e;j tPLfis epWtpdhu;. ,e;j Mizahy; gapw;rp>
xOf;fk; Mfpa fhyf;fl;lq;fs; %yk; nry;y Ntz;ba Jwtpfs;> me;j
tupirapy; mDkjpf;fg;gLtjw;F Kd;> mtu;fis gad;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;ldu;. Nrth Mrpukq;fs; ehL KOtJk; tsu;e;Js;sd. ,uhkfpU\;z
J}Jf;FO kw;w r%f> kj ,af;fq;fspypUe;J NtWgl;bUe;jJ. mJ
Ntjhe;jj;jpd; mk;rj;jpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jJ. tpNtfhde;ju;>
,e;J kjj;ijg; gw;wp tpsf;fk; je;J> mij cyfshtpa me;j];Jf;F
cau;j;jpdhu;.
tpNtfhde;jupd; cs;shu;e;j ehl;Lg;gw;W ,e;jpah KOtJk;
Njrpa ,af;fj;jpw;F xU Gjpa epwj;ij mspj;jJ. md;dpngrz;l;
mtiu xU ‘Nghu;tPuu;-Jwtp’ vd;W tu;zpj;jhu;. mtuJ fhyj;jpd;
murpay; rpe;jidahy; mtu; Mo;e;j nry;thf;Fld; ,Ue;jhu;.
tpNtfhde;ju; ,e;jpahtpd; Gjpa tpopg;Gzu;Tf;F ngUkstpy; gq;fspj;J
te;jhu;.
,iwapay; ,af;fk;
jj;Jtk; (fpNuf;f jj;JtQhdk; [jpNah]; nghUs; nja;tk; Nrhgpah
nghUs; Qhdk;]; ’nja;tPf Qhdk;’) vd;gJ> Fwpg;ghf nja;tPfj;jpd;
gz;G kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jk; capupdq;fs; kw;Wk; ,aw;ifapd;
ku;kq;fs; njhlu;ghd Neub mwpit Cf my;yJ Gydha;T nra;Ak;
xU mikg;G vd;W tiuaWf;fyhk;. xU jdpegUf;F njspTgLj;Jk;>
,ul;rpg;ig toq;ff;$ba mwpT my;yJ Qhdj;ij kiwj;J itg;gJ
Nghd;w vNrhnlup]pak; vd;Dk; ngupa xOf;fj;jpd; xU gFjpahf

Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo; my;yJ jj;Jtkhf fUjg;gLfpwJ. xU jj;JtQhdp gpugQ;rj;jpd;
rka epiyikfs; ku;kq;fisg; gw;wpAk;> gpugQ;rk; kdpju;fisAk; thdpayhsu;fisAk;
gpizf;Fk; fhuzpfisAk; gw;wp mwpa tpUk;Gfpwhu;. ,t;Tyfk;>
tho;f;if> kdpj Neak; (,Wjpapay;) Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpa
Fwpg;Gfs; epj;jpaj;ijAk; kdpj Fyj;jpd; %yj;ijAk; Muha;e;J ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
,e;j Ma;T gpugQ;rj;jpd; Nehf;fj;jpw;Fk; Mjhuj;jpw;Fk; (mz;l
gpwg;gpay;) xU mwpthu;e;j fz;Lgpbg;Gf;F toptFf;fpwJ. ,aw;ifapd;
gbkkhd> xU nja;ttpay;> my;yJ ftpj;Jt tpsf;fq;fs;> kyu;fs;>
kiof;$f;fs; %yk; Muhag;gLfpwJ. xU Fwpg;gpl;l fl;Lf;fij my;yJ
ntspg;gLj;jy; Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l xU gpuk;kQhd
tpsf;fj; njhopy;El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;. ,e;j ntspg;ghL
FwpaPl;L Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gpupj;njLf;f khWk; rpe;jid kw;Wk; ,e;j
ku;kq;fs; Kw;wpYk; Gupe;J mwpit njhlu gad;gLj;JfpwJ.
,iwapay; rKjhak; xU mikg;ghf epWtg;gl;lJ. 1875>
Md;kPf fUj;Jf;fis tsu;g;gjw;fhd> cz;ikia NjLfpwJ.
,e;epfo;r;rpg;Nghf;Ff;F ,iwapay; vd;W ngau;. mry; mikg;G
gy gpupTfSf;Fk; khw;wq;fspYk; (2011) gy gpd;Njhd;wy;fspYk;
tpise;Js;sJ. ,d;W> ,iwapay; vd;gJ jj;Jtj;jpd; xU RWRWg;ghd
gs;sp MFk;. gy;NtW gpupTfshfg; ngw;w gpd;du;> gpw ,iwapay;>
jj;Jt> kj gs;spfis Cf;Ftpj;jJ.
,iwapay; r%fj;jpd; tuyhW

,iwapay; rKjhaj;ij mikf;Fk; Nahrid Kjypy; epA+ahu;f; efupy;
1875 nrg;lk;gu; 8 md;W jpl;lkplg;gl;lJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;j rKjhak;
etk;gu; 1875-y; n`ypdh gpsthl;];fp> n`d;wp ];By; xy;fhl;> tpy;ypak;
f;thd; [l;[; kw;Wk; gyuhy; cj;jpNahf G+u;tkhff; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
,e;j rKjhaj;jpd; mbg;gil Fwpf;Nfhs; ‘kiwe;jik> fghyhtpd;
Ma;T kw;Wk; njspTgLj;jy;’ MFk;. rpy Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF> My;fhl;
kw;Wk; g;shthl;];fp ,e;jpahTf;F te;jhu;. nrd;id ru;tNjr efukhd
milahu; vd;w ,lj;jpy; jdJ ru;tNjr jiyikafj;ij epWtpdhu;.
fpof;fpd; kjq;fisg; gw;wpa Ma;T mtu;fSf;Fk; Mu;tkhf ,Ue;jJ.
vdNt, mtu;fs; rq;fj;jpd; jpl;lj;jpy; Nru;f;fg;gl;ldu;. rKjhaj;jpd;
Nehf;fq;fis tsu;g;gjw;F gy gapw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. mt;thW
cUthf;fg;gl;l Nehf;fq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
••,dk;> ek;gpf;if> ghYwT> rhjp my;yJ epwj;jpd;
mbg;gilapy; ghFghL ,y;yhky;, kdpj Fyj;jpd; cyfshtpa
rNfhjuj;Jtj;jpd; cl;fUit cUthf;Fjy;.
••xg;GNehf;F rkak;> jj;Jtk; kw;Wk; mwptpaiy Cf;Ftpj;jy;.
••,aw;if kw;Wk; kiwf;fg;gl;l kdpjdpd; gykw;w rl;lq;fis
gw;wp tprhuiz.
••r%fk; my;yhj gpuptpidaw;w cliyg; Nghy fl;likf;fg;
gl;Ls;sJ. jj;Jttpay; rq;fj;jpd; murpayikg;G kw;Wk; tpjpfs;
gpd;tUkhW:

••,iwapay; rKjhak; my;yhj gpuptpdUf;F kw;Wk; ve;j Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo;
cWjpahd ek;gpf;if> tpRthrk; my;yJ mjd; cWg;gpduhf rka epiyikfs;
jFjp ngWk; ek;gpf;if Njitg;gLfpwJ.
••vdpDk;> cWg;gpduhfr; nry;Yk; vtUk;> mjd; cWg;gpduhfp
tpl;lhy;> kdpj Fyj;jpd; cyfshtpa rNfhjuj;Jtj;jpd; Fwpg;Gfs;
cl;fUit cUthf;Fk; Kaw;rpfSf;F mDjhgk; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j r%fj;jpd; kPjhd ,e;jf; fUj;J> ,iwapay;
r%fj;jpd; nghJf;FOit> 23 brk;gu; 1924 md;W epiwNtw;wpaJ
vd;w jPuk; hdj;jpy; kPzL
; k; tFf;fg;gl;lJ.
rKjhaj;jpd; Kjd;ikahd Nfhl;ghlhf> r%fk; tsu;j;jJ.
mJ gpugQ;r msTNfhypd; kPJ epfo;e;Js;s midj;J ,Ug;Gf;Fk;
mwpthu;e;j gupzhkj;jpd; xU rpf;fyhd jj;JtkhFk;. gpugQ;rj;jpd;
mwpag;gl;l kw;Wk; mwpag;glhj mk;rq;fs; ,uz;L> cly; kw;Wk;
cly; my;yhj mk;rq;fs; ,jpy; mlq;fpapUe;jJ. mtw;wpd; msT
my;yJ Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vJthf ,Ue;jhYk;, mjd; cWg;Gf; $Wfs;
midj;Jk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ld. vydh gpsthj;];fp fiy Ntiy gw;wpa
ufrpaf; Nfhl;ghL> 1888-,y; ,e;j Nfhl;ghl;il gug;gpaJ. ,e;jg;
ghu;itapy;> G+kpapd; kdpj Fyj;jpd; gupzhk tsu;r;rp (kw;Wk; mijAk;
jhz;b) ngupa gpugQ;r gupzhkj;jpd; xU gFjpahfNt ,Ue;jJ. xU
kiwf;fg;gl;l Md;kPf gbepiy ,e;j gupzhkj;ij epu;tfpf;fpwJ. ,e;j
gbepiy Guhjd Qhdj;jpd; v[khdu;fs; vd;Wk; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Nkk;gl;l Md;kPf kdpju;fs; ,e;j gbepiy Nky; cs;sdu;. ,iwapay;
rKjhak; gpsthj;];fpahy; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. kdpjFyj;ij
topelj;Jk; ,e;j kiwKfkhd tupirKiwapd; gy Kaw;rpfspy;
xd;whFk;. kdpj Fyk; mjd; ,Wjpahd> kWf;f Kbahj gupzhkf;
Fwpf;Nfhis Nehf;fp topelj;jpr; nrd;W nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,J xU
jdpj;jpwd;, edT kw;Wk; gupzhk tsu;r;rpg; gbKiw Mfpatw;wpy;
rhjid gilj;Js;sJ. ,e;j Kaw;rpfs; ntw;wp ngw (,iwapay;
r%fk; Nghd;w) xU cyf cs;fl;likg;G Njitg;gLfpwJ. ,Wjpahf>
gy kfhj;khtpd; cWg;gpdu;fs;> ,e;j r%fj;ij vOr;rpA+l;Lk; tifapy;
Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;fs; vd;gJ xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
,iwapay; rKjhaj;jpy; gpupTfs;

1891-Mk; Mz;by;> n`ydh gpsthl;];fp ,we;j gpd;> rq;fj;jpd;
jiytu;fs; Muk;gj;jpNyNa xj;Jiof;fj; njhlq;fpd. vdpDk;> ,e;j
ey;ypzf;fk; FWfpa trg;gl;lJ. 1895-y; My;fhl; kw;Wk; md;dpngrz;l;
MfpNahUld; ePjpgjp Kwpj;Jf; nfhz;L> mtu;fs; ,UtiuAk;
kfhj;khtpd; fbjq;fs; %yk; Fw;wk; toq;fpdhu;. rKjhaj;jpd; kpfg;
ngupa mnkupf;fg; gpupT mtiu vLj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. mjd; jiytu;fs;>
My;fhl; kw;Wk; ngrz;l; MfpNahu; ,e;jpahtpy; jiyrpwe;j
,iwapay; rKjhak; milahu; vd;w Ngupay; ,d;dKk; ,Uf;fpwJ.
ePjpgjpapd; mikg;ghdJ ,uz;L gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. xd;W,
Nfj;uPd; bq;yp jiyikapyhdJ. kw;nwhd;W, ePjpgjp nrayu; vu;nd];l;
nlk;gps; ù;Nfhtpy; jiyikapy; ,Ue;jJ. ù;Nfhtpd; gpupT

Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,g;NghJ ,y;iy. ,Ug;gpDk;> bq;fNs gpupT ,g;NghJ ‘,iwapay;
rka epiyikfs; r%fj;jpd; ru;tNjr jiyikafk;> grNldh> fypNghu;dpah’ vd;W
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. kw;nwhU gpupT> 1909-y; bq;fpsp gpuptpypUe;J gpupe;J>
,iwapay; my;yJ ULT-,d; If;fpa ,Ug;gplk; xd;iw cUthf;fpaJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; 1902-y;> n[u;kd;/M];jpupad;> ,iwapay; rKjhaj;jpd;
gpupT mjd; nghJr; nrayhsuhf UNlhy;g; ];ildiu epakpj;jJ.
mtu; Nkw;F Nehf;fp rha;e;jhu;. ,e;j mikg;ig mjd; milahW
jiyikapypUe;J Kw;wpYk; khWgl;ljhf khw;wpdhu;. md;dpngrz;l;
kw;Wk; ru;tNjr jiyikapd; gpw cWg;gpdu;fSld; jPtpu ,iwapay;
Nkhjy;fSf;Fg;gpd; n[u;kd; gpupT eilKiwf;F te;jJ. ,e;j Nkhjy;fs;
,NaRtpd; Md;kPf Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wp ,Ue;jd. ngUk;ghyhd
n[u;kd; kw;Wk; M];jpupa cWg;gpdu;fs;, 1913-y; %yr; rKjhaj;jpy;
,Ue;J> kdpj rKjhaj;ij mikj;jhu;. gpd;du;, fpisfs; gy
ehLfspy; ,d;Dk; nray;gl;L tUfpd;wd. cyfk; KOtJk; ,d;W
mnkupf;fh> fdlh cs;spl;l ehLfspYk; nray;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
‘cyf Mrpupau;’
1889-Mk; Mz;by; gpsthl;];fp Vw;fdNt ,Ue;jtu;fSf;fhd kw;nwhU
Fwpf;Nfhis mspj;jhu;. kdpj Neaj;jpw;F ~cyf Mrpupau;| vd;w
xd;iw cUthf;fNt ,e;j r%fk; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ vd mtu;
gfpuq;f gpufldk; nra;jhu;. kdpj ,dk; ,e;j cyf Mrpupaiu
Nehf;fp jhd; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W mtu; $wpdhu;. ~cyf Mrpupau;|
vd;w ,iwapay; Nfhl;ghL> G+kpapy; mt;tg;NghJ Njhd;wpa> kdpj
Fyj;jpd; gupzhkj;ij ,af;Ftjw;F> xU El;gkhd Md;kPf mikg;G
(ikjPah) xU ntspg;ghlhd mk;rk;. etPd kdpju;fs; Gupe;J nfhs;s>
xU rpwe;j topapy; kdpj Fyj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd cjTk;
mwpit vspikg;gLj;Jtjhf ,e;j Md;kPf mikg;G cs;sJ.
1907-y; ngrz;l; ,r;rq;fj;jpd; [dhjpgjpahf gjtpNaw;w NghJ> ~20-k;
E}w;whz;bd; filrpg; gFjp| vd;W mtu; fzpj;jij tpl tpiutpy;
cyf Mrpupau; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk; vd;W mtu; ek;gpdhu;.
[pl;L fpU\;z%u;j;jp
rhu;y]; ntg;];lu; yPl;gPl;lu;> ikj;Nuia ~cyf Mrpupauhf| cldbahfj;
Njhw;wkspf;Fk; vd;W vjpu;ghu;j;j egu;fspy; xUtu; Mthu;. yPl;gPl;lu;>
xU nry;thf;F kpf;f jj;Jtthjp kw;Wk; kiwE}y;thjp. 1909-,y;
mtu; xU tsupsk; gUt ,e;jpag; igadhd [pl;L fpU\;z%u;j;jpapd;
FWf;Nf te;jhu;. mtu;> ~cyf Mrpupau;| vd;w ntspapl cjTk;
rhjdj;jpw;fhf, tUq;fhy Nghl;bahsuhf ,Ue;jhu;. rpy khjq;fSf;F
Kd;> fpU\;z%u;j;jp FLk;gk; ,e;jpahtpd; milahupYs;s gFjpapy;
jj;Jt rq;fj;jpd; jiyikafj;jpw;F khw;wg;gl;lJ. mtu; ypy;Yf;F
te;j gpwF> me;j rKjhak; fpU\;z%u;j;jpapd; fPo; te;jJ. mtu;
ntspr;rj;jpw;F te;j gpwF> rKjhak; mijf; fpU\;z%u;j;jpaplk;
vLj;Jf; nfhz;lJld;> mtu; jdJ gzpf;fhf mtiu jahu; nra;a
tpupTgLj;jpdhu;. Mdhy;> 1925-Mk; Mz;by;> fpU\;z%u;j;jp milahW

kw;Wk; gy jPz;lg;glhj rKjhaj;jpy; cs;s gy jj;JtQhdpfs; Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo;
MfpNahuhy; mtUf;F xJf;fg;gl;l Nghf;fpy; ,Ue;J tpyfpr; nry;y rka epiyikfs;
Muk;gpj;jhu;. tpz;kPd; tupir vd;gJ xU cyfshtpa rKjhakhf
,Ue;jJ. ,J ikj;Nuahtpd; tUiff;fhf cyfk; jahupf;f jj;JtQhd
rq;fj;jpd; jiyikahy; epWtg;gl;lJ. ‘cyf MrpupaUf;fhf’ Fwpg;Gfs;
mtuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l ‘thfdk;’ vd;w gq;ifAk; mtu; epuhfupj;jhu;.
,Wjpahf> rKjhaj;jpd; jdpj;jdp cWg;gpdu;fs; ,d;dKk; mtUila
ez;gu;fshfNt ,Ue;jhYk; $l> mtu; jj;Jt rq;f rKjhaj;jpy; ,Ue;J
tpyfpdhu;. jdJ tho;ehspy; kPjKs;s gFjp mtiu xU RahjPdkhd
Ngr;rhsuhf cynfq;fpYk; gazk; nra;tjpy; nrytpl;lJ. Md;kPfk;>
jj;Jtk;> cstpay; Nghd;w ghlq;fspy; mtu; jdJ rpe;jidfs; vd;w
jdpj;jd;ikf;F ed;F mwpag;gl;lhu;.
ru;r;ir kw;Wk; ,dthj ek;gpf;iffs;

n`nydh gpsthl;];fpapd; fUj;Jg;gb> kdpj Fyj;jpd; gupzhk tsu;r;rp
vd;gJ Ntu; ,dq;fs; vdg;gLk; gy epiyfis cs;slf;fpapUe;jJ.
Mupau;fs; Ie;jhk; Ntu; ,dj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;fs; (VO Ngu;). vdpDk;>
Ntu; ,dq;fs; ,dthjpfisf; nfhz;lit my;y. mit, kdpj
Fyj;jpd; gupzhk epiyfs; MFk;. mLj;jLj;j Ntu; ,dk; xt;nthd;Wk;
Ke;ija xd;iw tpl mjpf tsu;r;rp ngw;Ws;sJ. ehd;fhk; Ntu; ,dk;
fhyj;jpy;> ml;yhz;b]pd; Ke;ija fl;l gupzhkj;jpw;F ikakhf
,Ue;jJ vd;gij gpstj;];fp Nghjidfs; Rl;bf; fhl;baJ. me;j
Neuj;jpy;> Mupa Ntu; ,dk; gupzhk tsu;r;rpapy; ,d;Dk; xU
gb Kd;NdwpaJ. filrpahf> Md;kPf MwhtJ Ntu; ,dk; mij
mlf;fpaJ.
khDltpay;> r%ftpay; kw;Wk; gpw gPlq;fs; xU xg;Gik kw;Wk;
tuk;Gf;Fl;gl;l Kiwapy; ,dk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. gpstl;];fp
%yk; ve;j egUk; my;yJ FOTk; cau;e;jtu; vd;W fUjg;gltpy;iy.
xt;nthU kdpjDf;Fk; nghJthd Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; tpjp Mfpatw;wpd;
Nahrid kw;Wk; cyfshtpa rNfhjuj;Jtj;jpd; nfhs;if> jj;JtQhd
rKjhaj;jpd; Kjy; nghUs; vd g;shthf;];fp Cf;Ftpj;jhu;. kj
rfpg;Gj;jd;ik kw;Wk; <LghL Mfpait mtuhy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
mtu; nrhd;dhu;> ~jj;JtQhdpfs;> Ntjhfkj;jpy; cs;s mNj epj;jpa
rj;jpaq;fis fz;Lgpbj;J kw;w kf;fSila Gdpj E}y;fisg;
NghyNt iggpis kjpf;fpwhu;fs;, N[d;-mnt];jh> jpupgplhf;f];
Nghd;wit.| $Ljyhf> M];jpupa/n[u;kdpa jPtpu Njrpathjp> ifNlh
Nthd; gl;bay; kw;Wk; mtuJ Mjuthsu;fs;> gpd;du; gpsthl;];fpapd;
kiwe;j jj;Jtj;jpd; ghfq;fis Nju;e;njLj;J> Njrpathjk;
kw;Wk; ghrprj;jpd; fUj;Jf;fSld; fye;jdu;. ,e;j rpe;jid Kiw
mupatif vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. xU rpy Muha;r;rpahsu;fs;>
gpuk;kQhd njhlu;ig fz;lwpe;Js;sdu;. Kjd;ikahf ~,dj;Jt
gupzhkj;jpd; mwpTrhu; Kd;dhs; epiyg;ghLfisr; rhu;e;Js;sJ| vd;W
$wpAs;sJ. ,Ue;jNghjpYk; gpstl;];fp $w;wpd;gb, jpwTNfhyhfg;
NgRifapy;> r%fk; vd;gJ jj;Jthu;j;j mbg;gilapy; my;yJ

Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo; eilKiw mbg;gilapy; rNfhjuj;Jtj;jpd; fUj;ij gug;Gtjw;F>
rka epiyikfs; tpQ;Qhd mikg;ghf ,Uf;fpwJ.
njhlu;Gila jdpegu;fs; kw;Wk; epWtdq;fs;

Fwpg;Gfs; fs;su;fs; rq;fk;> jj;Jtq;fs;> jiytu;fs;> fpisfs; my;yJ
re;jjpapdu; rpy Neuq;fspy; my;yJ gpw Gs;spfspy; njhlu;Gila gpw
mikg;Gfs; gpd;tUkhW:
••mf;dp Nahfh
••Mde;j fy;Y}up
••kdpj ,d mwpT
••Myp]; nga;yp
••Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd ghyk;
••ntw;wp Gfo; nfhz;l cyfshtpa Myak;
••N[k;]; frpd;];
••`hypNrhd;> fypNghu;dpah
••`f; lTbq;
••vd;Dila nray;ghL
••md;dh fpq;];Nghu;l;
••fj;Njhypf;f jpUr;rig
••Nuh]p FWf;F Nfhtpypd; Miz
••vyprngj; fpNsu; egp
••ePyfz;l ];uP uhk;
••N[hu;[; vQ;[y; yptufh up[p
••jj;Jt epWtdk;
••ru;tNjr gq;F
••Mupa rkh[j;jpd; jj;Jt r%fk;
••rNfhjuu; XII (vl;tu;l; Mu;ju; tpy;rd;)
,ju rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fs;

,e;jpahtpy; NtW rpy rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; ,af;fq;fs; gw;wp tpthjpf;fyhk;.
,sk; tq;fhs ,af;fk;: ,J Mq;fpNyh-,e;jpad;> n`d;wp
tptpad; nlNuh]pNahthy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy;
Njrpa ftpQuhf fUjg;gl;lJ. mtu; 1826-,y; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}upapy;
(fy;fj;jh) Mrpupauhf Mdhu;. mtuJ rPlu;fs; nlNuh]pad;fs; vd
mwpag;gl;ldu;. gpuk;k rkh[thjpfisg; Nghyd;wp> nlNuhrpau;fs; jq;fs;
mZFKiwapy; jPtpukhf ,Ue;jdu;.
uhDkha; K\;bahad;: ghu;rp]; kj;jpapy; r%f-kj rPu;jpUj;jj;jpw;fhd
xU rq;fk; 1851-y; gk;ghapy; jhjhgha; eNuht;[p> ghu;LQ;rp ehNuh[p>

K. R. fhkh kw;Wk; v];. v];. tq;fhspfs; mtu;fshy; epWtg;gl;lJ. Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo;
Foe;ijj; jpUkzk; Nghd;w r%f eilKiwfis mtu;fs; vjpu;j;jdu;. rka epiyikfs;
,e;jpahtpy; ghu;]p rKjhaj;jpy; N[hjplk; kw;Wk; goikthjj;ij
ek;gpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. F[uhj;jpy; ntspaplg;gl;l u];l; Nfhg;lu;
(cz;ik NgRgtu;) jhjhgha; nesNuh[pahy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ,J Fwpg;Gfs;
rq;fj;jpd; CJFoyhf ,Ue;jJ.
rpq; rgh
,J 1873-Mk; Mz;L mk;upj;];lhupy; cs;s jhf;$u; rpq; rhe;j;thypah
kw;Wk; fpahdp fpad; rpq; MfpNahuhy; epWtg;gl;lJ. ,J gpd;tUk;
Fwpf;Nfhs;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ:
••rPf;fpa r%fj;jpy; Nkw;fj;jpa fy;tp mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLjy;.
••fpwp];jtu; kw;Wk; ,e;J kjk; kWkyu;r;rpapd; kjr;rhu;gw;w
nraw;ghLfis vjpu;g;gjw;F,
••gQ;rhg; KOtJk; fy;rh gs;spfs; kw;Wk; fy;Y}upfis jpwg;gjw;F
mfhyp ,af;fk;> rpq; rghtpd; xU nray;jpl;lkhf ,Ue;jJ.
gpuhu;j;jid rkh[;
rkfhy r%f kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu mikg;G KiwfSf;Fk; kj
ek;gpf;iffSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwTfis gpuhu;j;jdh rkh[;
tpku;rduPjpahf Ma;T nra;J gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jhy; Vw;nfdNt
Jtf;fg;gl;l murpay; khw;wq;fSld; xg;gpLifapy; r%f
rPu;jpUj;jq;fSf;F Kd;Dupik mspj;jhu;. mtu;fspd; tpupthd rPu;jpUj;j
,af;fk; gy Rthu];akhd jfty;fis toptFj;jJ> Nkw;fj;jpa
ehLfspy; fyhr;rhu khw;wk; kw;Wk; r%f rPu;jpUj;j jpl;lq;fs;>
ngz;fs; kw;Wk; jho;e;j tFg;G Kd;Ndw;wk;> rhjp mikg;G> Foe;ij
jpUkzk;> ngz;fSf;F fy;tp tha;g;Gfs; kw;Wk; tpjitfs; kWtho;T
Nghd;wtw;wpw;F toptFf;fpwJ. mjd; ntw;wpia ru; uhkfpU\;zh
Nfhghy; gz;lhu;fu;> gpugy rk];fpUj mwpQu;>ml;kuk; ghz;ûq;>
ehuhaz; re;jtu;fu; kw;Wk; ePjp k`hNjt; Nfhtpe;jh uzNl MfpNahuhy;
topelj;jg;gl;lJ. rPu;jpUj;jthjp KO kdpjidAk; rkhspf;f Kaw;rpf;f
Ntz;Lk;. xU Gwj;jpy; kl;Lk; rPu;jpUj;jk; nfhz;L tu $lhJ vd;W
uhdNl typAWj;jpdhu;. uhdNlapd; fUj;Jg;gb, ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s r%f
capupdk; Gwf;fzpf;fg;glhky;> tYf;fl;lhakhf mlf;fp itf;fg;gl
Kbahj xU tsu;r;rpiaf; fhl;LfpwJ. rhjp kw;Wk; jPz;lhik
Kw;wpYkhf mopg;gij kfhuh\;b tpj;jhy; uhk;[p \pz;Nl ntd;whu;.
mtu; Kjy; kdr;Nrhu;T nfhz;l tFg;Gfis epWtpdhu;.
tq;fhsj;jpd; ,iz gpuk;k rkh[j;Jld; xg;gpLtjd; %yk;
gFj;jwpT my;yJ jj;Jt ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; r%f rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd;
,yl;rpaq;fs;> gpuhu;j;jhd rkh[; (jPTfs;) ehkNjt;> Jfhuhk; kw;Wk;
uhk;jh]; (rpth[papd; FU) Nghd;w kuhj;jpa Gdpju;fspd; ngUk; kj
ghuk;gupaj;ij gpd;gw;Wgitahf ,Ue;jd. gz;ila Ntj E}y;fs;
cl;gl gy cyf kjq;fis g;uk;k rkh[; epWtdu; Ma;T nra;jhu;>

Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo; gpd;du; mJ nja;tPfkhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. gpuhu;j;jd
rka epiyikfs; rkh[pd; Mjuthsu;fs; jq;fis mu;g;gzpj;jtu;fshf ,Ue;jNghjpYk;
Ntjhf;fis nja;tPfkhf my;yJ jtWjyhff; fUjtpy;iy.mtu;fs;
jq;fSila cj;Ntfj;ij ,e;J kj E}y;fspy; ,Ue;J <u;j;jhu;fs;.
Fwpg;Gfs; gioa kuhj;jp ftpQu;fspd; ghRuq;fis mtu;fs; gpuhu;j;jidapy;
gad;gLj;jpdu;.mtu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; njw;F kfhuh\;buhtpd;
gjpd;%d;whk; E}w;whz;bd; it\;zt gf;jp ,af;fj;jpd; tpj;jyrh];
gFjpapd; gf;jp ftpijfis kPz;Lk; fhzyhk;. Kfyhau;fSf;F
vjpuhd ,af;fj;Jf;F kuhj;jpa ftpQu;fs; Cf;fk; je;jpUe;jdu;. Mdhy;
kj mf;fiwfSf;F mg;ghw;gl;L> gpuhj;jd rkh[j;jpd; Kjd;ikahd
ftdk; r%f> fyhr;rhu rPu;jpUj;jq;fspy; ,Ue;jJ.
gpuhu;j;jid rkh[pd; Nfhl;ghLfs;

gpuhu;j;jd rkh[; ghk;Ngapy; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ. ,J gpuk;k rkh[j;jhy;
mjd; nfhs;iffspy; kpjkhd kw;Wk; jPtpukhdjhf ,Ue;jJ. nja;tPf
topghL Kjd; Kjypy; r%f rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;> rhjp> tpjit kWkzk;> ngz;
fy;tp> Foe;ij jpUkzj;ij xopj;jy; Nghd;witahFk;. Rje;jpukhd
,af;f ,af;fj;jpw;fhd cWjpahd ek;gpf;iffs; kw;Wk; ,iwapay;
rpe;jidfs; mtrpakw;wit vd gy cWg;gpdu;fs; fUJfpd;wdu;.
VidNahu; ,iwapay; kw;Wk; gf;jpg; Gj;jfq;fis jahupj;Js;sdu;.
gz;ila ,e;J E}y;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUe;jhYk;>
Ntjq;fspd; cj;Ntfj;ijAk;> ,lk;ngau;jy; gw;wpa ek;gpf;ifiaAk;
mtu;fs; mspj;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;. rkh[; gpd;tUkhW jdJ ek;gpf;ifia
tiuaWf;fpwJ:
••flTs; ,e;j gpugQ;rj;jpd; cUthf;fpatu;. mtu; xNu nka;f;
flTs;m ; tiuj; jtpu NtW flTs; ,y;iy. mtu; epj;jpakhdtu;>
Mtpf;Fupatu;> vy;iyaw;wtu;> rfy ew;fpupiafisAk;> rfy kfpiki-
aAk;> rfytpjkhd re;Njh\j;ijAk;> ,uz;lhk; jiytiuAk;>
ru;tty;yikAs;stUk;> ru;tty;ytUk;> ,uf;fKs;stUk;>
gupRj;jthd;fs;> ghtpfSila ,ul;rfUk; my;yhjtu; Mthu;.
••mtuJ topghL kl;LNk ,e;j cyfpy; kfpo;r;rpia Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
••mtUf;F md;Gk;> gagf;jpAk;> mtd; kPJ gpuj;jpNafkhd
ek;gpf;if itj;J njhOJk;> ,e;j czu;TfSld; Md;kPf
uPjpahf mtu; ghLfpwhu;.
••topghL> glq;fs; >gpw cUthf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fs;> gpuhu;j;jid
xU cz;ikahd nja;tPf Kiwapy; ,y;iy.
••Njtd; jd;idj; jhNd mtjhug;gLj;j khl;lhd;> flTshy;
Neubahf ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lNjh> my;yJ Kw;wpYk; mwpthd
Gj;jfkhfNth ,y;iy.
••midtUk; mtUila gps;isfs;;. vdNt> mtu;fs;
xUtiunahUtu; NtWgLj;jpg; ghu;f;fhky;> rNfhjuu;fshf
ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

••xU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tpj;jpahrj;jpy; ,e;jf; Nfhl;ghL gpuk;k Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo;
rkh[k; Nghd;Nw ,Ue;jJ. gpuju;z rkh[k;> tpjyhtpd; gf;jp rka epiyikfs;
ftpijfis> Fwpg;ghf Jf;fhuj;jpd; kPJ topghL nra;J tUfpwJ.
gpuhu;j;jid rkh[; tuyhW Fwpg;Gfs;

,uz;L ,ufrpa rKjhaq;fs; gpuhjhdh rkh[pw;F Kd; ,Ue;jd.
Fg;j rghitg; gw;wp ekf;F njupahJ. Fg;ju; rigfis gw;wpj;
njupe;J nfhz;Nlhk;. ,ijj; njhlu;e;J 1849-y; uhku; ghyfpU\;z
n[a;fu; mtu;fshy; epWtg;gl;l guk`k;]h rgh njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
cWg;gpdu;fs; nuhl;b RLgtiuAk;> ,];yhkpau; nfhz;L te;j
jz;zPiuAk; mUe;j Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ,e;j rkh[k; Nkw;F ,e;jpahtpy;
GNd> mfkjhghj;> uj;dfpup kw;Wk; gpw ,lq;fspy; Rkhu; Mapuk;
cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. goikthj vjpu;g;G> 1860-y; Mtzq;fs;
jpUlg;gl;L> cWg;gpdu;fspd; ngau;fs; gfpug;gl;ld. ,J gutyhd
gPjpia Vw;gLj;jpaJ. rpy cWg;gpdu;fs; fpwp];jtj;jpw;F kjk;
khwpa Ntisapy; Vidatu;fs; jkJ ek;gpf;iff; Fwpj;J cWjpahf
,Ue;jdu;. 1867-y; gk;ghapy; gpuhjd rkh[j;ij epWTtjw;fhf mtu;fs;
kj ek;gpf;iffis elj;jpdhu;fs;. ,e;j epWtd cWg;gpdu;fs;
,e;jpahtpy; fy;tp fw;wtu;fs; jiytu;fspd; 1835-Mk; Mz;by; tpy;rd;
fy;Y}upia epWtpa lhf;lu; tpy;rd; xU jdpg;gl;l ez;guhd lhf;lu; mj;khu;
ghz;ûq; (1823–1898) cld; ,ize;Js;shu;. ,e;j kdpju;fSf;F gpuk;k
rkh[; xU Kf;fpakhd Njhw;wj;ij mspj;jJ. 1864-Mk; Mz;by; NfRg;
rhe;Nju; nrd; gk;ghapy; ,Ue;jhu;. 1872-y; gpujhg; re;jpuh> gpuhu;j;jdh
rkh[pd; miog;gpd; Ngupy; kw;nwhU gpuk;Nkh nra;jhu;. gpuhu;j;jd rkh[;
gpuk;k rkh[pd; fpisahf khw;Wtjw;fhf mtuJ tp[aj;jpd; NghJ
xU jpl;lk; jahupf;fg;gl;lJ. gk;ghapy; vjpnuhypf;ff;$ba tq;fpapd;
gpuhNkh]py; gpsTfis Rl;bf;fhl;bajd; %yk; k`hNjNah udNlthy;
,J jLf;fg;gl;lJ> mNj Neuj;jpy; lhf;lu; gz;lu;fu;> NfRg; re;jpu
nrd;dpd; jPtputhjj;ijAk; fpwp];jt rhu;igAk; xg;Gf; nfhs;stpy;iy.
,NjNghy;> 1874-y; jahepjp ru];tjp gk;ghapy; te;j NghJ> mtuJ
tpupTiufspy; ngUk; mf;fiw ,Ue;jJ. mLj;j Mz;by; mtu;
ghk;Ngapy; Mu;ah rkh[; epWtg;gl;lJ. MapDk;> Ntjq;fspy; ,Ue;j
mtuJ fUj;Jf;fs; gpuhu;j;jdh rkhi[ epWj;jptpl;ld. vdNt,
gpuhjd rkh[k; xU Rje;jpukhd rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fkhf njhlu;e;jJ.
gk;ghapy;> Kf;fpa MSikfspd; mDruizapy;> ,J kpf Kf;fpakhd
xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l ,af;fkhFk;.
gpuk;k rkh[k; vd;w Kiwapy; rkag; gug;ghsu;fspd; FOf;fs;
,Ue;jjpy;iy vd;W gpuhjd rkh[k; czu;j;jpaJ. XupU rkag;
gpur;rhuu;fs; kl;LNk me;j ,af;fj;jpy; tpupthf gutpd. Mdhy;>
,e;j rkh[j;jpd; jd;ik njd;dpe;jpahtpy;> Fwpg;ghf Me;jpuh kw;Wk;
jkpo;ehl;by;> ,j;jifa epWtdq;fs; midj;jpYk; gpugykhdtu; vd;W
gpuhjd rkh[k; ghuhl;bAs;sJ.
rkh[k;> kj ,yf;fpak;> RNghj gj;jpupfh> ,uTg; gs;spfs;>
xU ngz;fs; rq;fk; vd ,sk; rq;fk;> mQ;ry; top mDg;Gk; gzp

Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo; Nghd;wtw;iw nfhz;Ls;sd. ,J khztu;fs; rNfhjuj;Jtj;Jld;
rka epiyikfs; njhlu;GilaJ> mdhij ,y;yk;> r%f rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fk; kw;Wk;
jho;j;jg;gl;l tFg;gpdupd; gzp Mfpatw;wpd; mikg;G rk;ge;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
xt;Nthu; Mz;Lk; mfpy ,e;jpa jPthj Kaw;rpia nfhz;Ls;sJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; khehl;by; gpuk;k rkh[k;> gpuhjd rkh[k; Mfpa ,U jug;gpdUk;
fye;J nfhs;fpd;wdu;.
gpuhu;j;jid rkh[; eilKiwapy; rpiy topghl;il vjpu;j;jhYk;>
kj rk;ge;jkhd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ,y;yhjtu;fshf ,Ug;gpDk;
cWg;gpdu;fs; ,e;J rkaj;jpd; gz;biffis gpd;gw;Wfpwhu;fs;.
vdNt> rkh[; cWg;gpdu;fs; jq;fs; tPLfspy; rpiy topghl;il
filg;gpbf;f KbAk; kw;Wk; rhjp mikg;G xU gFjpahf ,Uf;f
KbAk;. ,J gpuhu;j;jd rkh[;> ,e;J vjpu;g;igf; nfhz;Ls;sJ vd;W
$wg;gLfpwJ. ,af;fj;jpw;Fs; cs;s Mjuthsu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy;
cj;jpNahfG+u;t Gs;sptptuq;fs; vJTk; ,y;iy. mit Nkw;F kw;Wk;
njw;F ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,];yhkpa rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fs;

rpy ,];yhkpa rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fs; fPNo tpthjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd:
1. mypfhu; ,af;fk;
mypfu; ,af;fk; ,e;jpahtpy; K];ypk; r%f kj ,af;fkhf
,Ue;jJ. iraJ mfkJ fhd; jiyikapy; eilngw;wJ. iraJ
mfkJ fhd; nly;ypapy; xU kjpg;Gkpf;f FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jhu; kw;Wk;
Kfyha ePjpkd;wj;jpy; mtuJ Foe;ij gUtj;ij fopj;jhu;.mtu;
goikahd Kiwg;gb mNugpa kw;Wk; ghurPf nkhopfisg; gbj;jhu;>
NkYk; \h tsp cy;yhtpd; NtiyfisAk; Ma;T nra;jhu;. mtu;
ve;j rkaf; fy;tpiaAk; ngwtpy;iy vd;whYk;> mtu; cykhit
tpl xU murpayikg;ghsuhf my;yJ murhq;f mjpfhupAld; kpfTk;
jdpj;Jtkhdtu; vd;gij ep&gpj;jhu;. ,];yhkpa rkaj;jpy; tUq;fhy
,];yhkpau;fs;> Fwpg;ghf ,e;jpahtpy; trpf;Fk; ,];yhkpau;fspd;
tUq;fhyq;fspy; jq;fpAs;sdu; vd;W iraj; mfkJ fhd; ek;gpdhu;.
mtu; jdJ vOj;Jf;fSld; kw;wtu;fis <u;j;jhu;> jdJ fUj;Jf;fis
gug;Gtjw;F gy;NtW nghJ kd;wq;fis epWtpdhu;. mtu; ,];yhkpa
r%fj;jpd; xU Kf;fpa jiytuhf cUthdhu;.
iraJ mfkJ fhd; ,];yhkpau;fspd; rr;ruTfis ek;gpdhu;>
,];yhkpa R+oypy; Mq;fpy mwptpd; $Wfis gug;gpa fy;tp
,e;jpahtpy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j rq;flj;ij jPu;f;Fk; Nehf;fj;Jld;>
,];yhkpau;fSf;F Kiwahf fy;tp fw;gpf;f $ba xU fy;tpepWtdj;ij
jpwf;f mtu; jpl;lkpl;lhu;. mtu; 1875 [_dpy; mypfhu; efupy; cs;s
Kfkjd; Mq;fpNyh Xupaz;ly; fy;Y}upia epWtpdhu;. ,J 1890 ,y;
mypfhu; ,];yhkpa gy;fiyf;fofk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. iraJ mfkJ
fhdpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; fy;tp epWtdj;ij epWtpa gpd;dhy;> Mq;fpy
murhq;fj;Jld; ,ize;J gzpahw;wTk;> ,];yhkpa r%fj;ij
ghJfhf;fTk;> Neu;ikahdtu;fs;> nghJkf;fs; cw;rhfkspf;Fk;
jiytu;fis toq;FtjhFk;.

mypfu; ,af;fk; cz;ikapy; ,];yhkpaj;ij J}a;ikahf;Ftjw;F Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo;
xU fy;tp ,af;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. mJ Ke;ija Kaw;rpfSld; xU rka epiyikfs;
$u;ikahd ,];yhkpaj;ij J}a;ikahf;fp mjd; fle;jfhy kfpikf;F
jpUk;GjyhFk;. ,e;j ,af;fj;jpd; ghu;it Ml;rp nra;Ak; xU epu;thf
tFg;ig cUthf;FtJ> gpupl;b\; cy;yhkh kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jtij Fwpg;Gfs;
tpl Ntz;Lk 1850 fspd; %yk;> iraj; m`;kj; fhd; fy;tpf;fhf
tYthd ghzpia tsu;j;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. INuhg;gpa ePjp kd;wk; cl;gl
gy;NtW ghlq;fisg; gw;wpa Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;lNghJ> ru; iraj;
Nkw;fj;jpa ghzp fy;tpapd; mD$yq;fis czu Muk;gpj;jhu;> ,J
,e;jpah KOtJk; Gjpjhf epWtg;gl;l fy;Y}upfspy; toq;fg;gl;lJ.;
gf;jp kpFe;j ,];yhkpa ,Ue;jNghJk;> ru; iraJ tpku;rpj;jhu;
kuGtopf; Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk; kj goikthjk;> ngUk;ghyhd ,e;jpa
,];yhkpau;fs; Mq;fpNyaupd; nry;thf;Ff;fhf re;Njfg;gl;L ,Ue;jJ.
,];yhkpa r%fq;fspd; vjpu;fhyj;ijg; gw;wp mtu; ftiynfhz;lhu;.
Kfyha gpuGf;fspd; ru; iraJ> ,];yhkpa fyhr;rhuj;jpd; kpfr;rpwe;j
kuGfspy; tsu;f;fg;gl;L> ,e;jpah KOtJk; ,];yhkpa murpay;
mjpfhuk; njhlu;e;J tPo;r;rpaile;J tUtij mwpe;jpUe;jhu;. gpupl;b\;
kw;Wk; ,];yhkpau;fSf;F ,ilapy; 1857-,d; fpsu;r;rp (Rje;jpug; Nghu;)
Kd; kw;Wk; mjw;F gpd;Dk; Vw;gl;l tpNuhjkhdJ gy jiyKiwfshf
,e;jpah KOtJk; ,];yhkpa r%fq;fis tYg;gLj;j mr;RWj;jpaJ.
mtu; gpupl;b\; mjpfhupfSld; xj;Jiog;ig Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf jdJ
gzpia jPtpug;gLj;jpdhu;. ,e;jpa ,];yhkpau;fspilNa Nguurpd;
tpRthrj;ij Cf;Ftpj;jhu;. ,];yhkpau;fspd; capu;tho;tpw;fhf ru;
iraJ 1859-Mk; Mz;by; Kghuhghtpy; etPd kjuhrhit epWtpdhu;;.
,J tpQ;Qhd fy;tpia toq;Ftjw;fhd kj ghlrhiyfspy;
xd;whFk;.
,];yhkpau; kPjhd jq;fs; cWjpia tYtpof;fr; nra;ahky;
,];yhkpau;fspilNa Nkw;fj;jpa fy;tpia gug;Gtjpy; mypfhu; ,af;fk;
ntw;wp ngw;wJ. ,];yhkpa rKjhaj;jpy; r%fr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fis
mwpKfg;gLj;JtJ jhd; ,e;j ,uz;lhtJ gzpahf ,Ue;jJ.
mypfu; ,af;fk; xU jdpj;Jtkhd r%f kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu r%fkhf>
etPdthjj;jpd; topapy; ,];yhkpa r%fj;ij gupzkpj;Jf; nfhs;s
tif nra;jJ. mypfhu; ,af;fk; Fu;Mdpd; tpsf;fj;ij mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;lJ. ,];yhk; kw;Wk; jhuhska gz;ghl;il fyf;Fk; Kaw;rp
cs;sJ. mypfhu; ,af;fj;jhy; <u;f;fg;gl;l ghk;Ng> gQ;rhg;> i`juhghj;
kw;Wk; gpw ,lq;fspy; gy Kw;Nghf;fhd ,af;fq;fs; te;jd.
2. th`hgp ,af;fk;
,J Nu gNuyp (1786–1831) vd;w iraj; mfkJ mtu;fshy;
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. th`hgp ,af;fk;> mbg;gilapy; ,e;jpahtpy;
njhlq;fg;gl;l> mNugpah kw;Wk; \h typAy;yh`; Nghjidfspd;
nry;thf;fpd; fPo; xU Gj;Japu; ,af;fk; cs;sJ. ,e;j ,af;fj;jpd;
Nehf;fk; ,];yhkpaj;ij J}a;ikg;gLj;Jjy;> jhu;-cy;-`huhig
jhu;-cy;-,];yhkhf khw;Wjy; vd;gjhFk;. ,e;j ,af;fk;

Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,];yhkpaj;jpy; midj;J khw;wq;fisAk; GJikfisAk; fz;ldk;
rka epiyikfs; nra;jJ. ,];yhkpaj;jpd; cz;ikahd Mtpf;F jpUk;GtJ
r%f-murpay; xLf;FKiwia mfw;w xNu top vd;W ,af;fk; fz;lJ.
tl Nkw;F vy;iyapy; rpj;jhdh jiyikafk; cs;sJ. 1857-Mk;
Fwpg;Gfs; Mz;L fpsu;rr ; papy;> t`hgp]; gpupl;b\; czu;Tfis gug;Gtjpy; xU
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gq;iff; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. 1863–65-f;F ,ilg;gl;l fhy
,ilntspapy;> t`hgp ,af;fj;jpd; midj;J Kf;fpa jiytu;fSk;
ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldu;. ,e;j ,af;fj;jpd; kpfTk; kupahijf;Fupa
jiytuhd> ,];yhk;G+iu Nru;ej ; ,g;uh`pk; kz;ly; uh[; kfhy; tof;F
tprhuiz (1870) md;W uh[; \h`p vd;w ,lj;jpy; ,af;fj;jpw;fhf
jz;bf;fg;gl;lNjhL> MAs; jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;L> me;jpad;fSf;F
mDg;gg;gl;lhu;. ,Ug;gpDk; mtu; 1878-Mk; Mz;by; yhu;l; ypl;ld;
mtu;fshy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. t`hgpau;fs; gpupl;b\; vjpu;gG
; czu;Tfis
gug;gpdhYk;> ,uhZt eltbf;iffspy; mtu;fs; rupahd gq;fspg;ig
nfhLf;ftpy;iy vd;gJ tuyhw;whrpupau;fs; fUj;jhFk.;

1. ve;j Mz;by; gpuk;k rkh[k; ,U FOf;fshf gpupe;jJ?
2. uhk; Nkhfd; uha; ntspapl;l Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gj;jpupifapd; ngau;
vd;d?
3. tpjit kWtho;T rl;lk; vg;NghJ epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ?
4. ve;j Mz;by; fs;su;fs; rq;fk; epWtg;gl;lJ?
5. K`k;kjd; Mq;fpNyh-Xupaz;ly; fy;Y}up vg;NghJ epWtg;gl;lJ?

gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; nghUshjhu jhf;fk; gpd;tUkhW:
••tptrhaj;ij tu;j;jfkakhf;Fjy;: Gjpa Kiwapd; fPo;>
tptrhakhdJ re;ijf;F cw;gj;jp nra;J> Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; topfis
rPuhd Kiwapy; Nkk;gLj;jp> tu;j;jf %yjdj;jpd; nraw;ghLfis
tpupTgLj;JfpwJ. gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; mjpfgl;r gz tuit
epiwNtw;Wk; Nehf;Fld; mtu; ,t;thW nra;jhu;. Kjd;ikahf
epytup kpfTk; cau;thf epu;zapf;fg;gl;bUe;j khepyj;jpw;F
epytup nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk; tptrhapfSf;F rpwg;ghd
gapu;fis tsu;f;f toptFj;jJ.,t;thwhf> fpuhkq;fs; NjhWk;
cs;s xU tptrha gapuhd gUj;jp> rzy;> NfhJik> fUk;G>
vz;nza;-tpijfs;> mTup> mgpd; Nghd;w gapu;r;nra;if Nghd;w
tptrhag; gapu; rhFgbf;fhf> fpuhkq;fspy; cs;s ,df;FOf;fs;
kl;LNk KOikahf gad;gLj;jg;gl;L te;jd. NkYk;,
tu;j;jfkakhf;fy; tptrhap jdJ jahupg;Gfspd; tpw;gidia
eLj;juu; kPJ> mjhtJ> tzpfu; kPJ itj;jpUe;jhu;. tzpfu;>
mtuJ cau;e;j nghUshjhu epiyg;ghl;bd; %yk; tptrhapf-
spd; tWikia KOikahfg; gad;gLj;jpdhu;.Vio tptrhap

nghUshjhu ,Ug;G ,y;yhj epiyapy;> murpd; tUthiaf; Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo;
vjpu;nfhs;sTk;> NkYk; mWtil Neuj;jpy; jdJ cw;gj;jpg; rka epiyikfs;
nghUis eLj;ju kdpjDf;F tpw;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ,e;j
guptu;j;jid> mtu; fhj;jpUf;f KbAkh vd;why; tptrhapfSf;F
kpff; Fiwthd njhifia mtu; itj;jpUg;ghu;. ,t;tpjk; Fwpg;Gfs;
eLj;jutu;f;fk; ,yhgj;jpy; ngUk; gq;if <l;baJ.
••fpuhkg;Gw fld;fspd; tsu;r;rp: gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,e;jpa
tptrha fldhspapd; Kw;Nghf;fhd mjpfupg;G ,Ue;jJ. ,J
jrhg;jj;jpy; ,Ue;J gj;jhz;L tiu tPo;r;rpaile;jJ. 1880-
k; Mz;L fpuhkg;Gwf; fld;ghL> mj;jifa xU tbtpay;
tpfpjj;jpy; cau;e;jJ> epyk; thq;Fk; tFg;Gfspy; %d;wpy; xU
gFjp MokhfTk;> gpupf;fKbahj flDf;fhfTk;> Fiwe;jgl;rk;
rkkhd tpfpjKk; fldhf cs;sd> Mdhy; jq;fis kPl;Fk;
rf;jpf;F mg;ghy; ,y;iy. fpuhkg;Gw tsu;r;rpf;F kpf Kf;fpa
fhuzq;fspy; xd;W 75 rjtpfpjj;jpw;F Nkyhd tptrhapfs;
epyj;jpypUe;J Fiwe;j gl;r tho;thjhuj;ijf; <l;l Kbatpy;iy
vd;gjhFk;.
Gjpa Kiwapd; fPo; epyk; tpw;gidnra;af;$ba nghUshf khwpaJ.
tptrhap jdJ epyj;ij mlkhdk; thq;fNth my;yJ tpw;fNth
Rje;jpuj;ij nfhLf;Fk;NghJ> fldhspapd; epyj;ij ifg;gw;w
tptrhapfspd; Rje;jpuj;ij nfhLj;jhu;. Gjpa
nghUshjhu R+oy;fspdhy; tWik epiyikfspy;> mjpf epyq;fs;
mtUf;Ff; fldhf khw;Wtjw;F gzk; mDg;gg;gl;ld. ,e;jpa
tptrhapfspd; ghupastpyhd mgfupg;G> fhzhky;Nghd
epyg;gpuGj;Jtj;jpd; gue;j tsu;r;rpf;F toptFj;jJ.
fpuhkg;Gw fld;Rik vd;w epiyik kpfTk; Nkhrkhf ,Ue;jJ.
me;j khfhzk; epWtdj;jpd; Ml;rpf;F fPo; te;j gpd;du;> kyghu;
gFjpapy; cs;s nkhg;yhf;fs;> gy jrhg;jq;fs; fpsu;r;rpf;F
,l;Lr; nrd;wJ.
••tptrhapfspd; tWik: 19-Mk; E}w;whz;by; tWikf;Fk;
tptrhaj;jpd; rPuopTf;Fk; topte;jjhy;, cau; tUtha; Nfhupf;if
Nguoptpw;F toptFj;jJ. ,J tptrhapfSf;F gzj;ij fldhspapd;
gpbapypUe;J tpo itj;jJ. tptrhap gzj;ij nrYj;j Kbatpy;iy
vd;why;> mtuJ epyk; tpw;fg;gLk;. fld; toq;Fgtu;fs;> tpahgh-
upfs;> gzf;fhu tptrhapfs; kw;Wk; gpw gzf;fhu tFg;GfSf;Fs;
Eioe;jdu;. tsu;eJ ; tUk; tzpfkakhf;fy;> tptrhapfis
Ruz;Ltjw;Fk; gzj;ij fld; thq;FgtUf;Fk; cjtpaJ.
tptrhapfs; mWtilf;Fg; gpwF jdJ tpis epyq;fis tpw;f
epu;gg
; e;jpf;fg;gl;lhu;. vt;tsT tpiy nfhLf;f KbANkh me;j
Neuj;jpy;> muR [kPdj ; hupd; Nfhupf;iffisAk; gzj;jiliaAk;
mtu; re;jpf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. tptrhaj;jpd; kPJ kf;fs;njhif
mOj;jk; mjpfupj;jjhy;> ngupJk; vil mjpfupj;jjhy; Nkw;fz;l
fhuzpfspy; Nru;ff
; g;gl;lJ. Ntshz;ikapy; Fiwe;j kfR+y;
fpilg;gjd; tpisthf tptrhak; Nkhrkhfp> tptrhaj;jpd; mjpf

Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo; msT epytup Njitg;gLfpwJ. epy tUthapd; tsu;rr ; p> mjpfupj;J
rka epiyikfs; tUk; fld;Rik> gapu;rn ; ra;if Mfpatw;iw Fiwj;jy; Nghd;w
gzpfs; njhlq;fpd. xU fhyj;jpy; tptrhak; cyfk; KOtJk;
etPdkakhf;fg;gl;L te;jJ. ,e;jpa tptrhak; njhopy;El;g uPjpahf
Fwpg;Gfs; Njf;f epiyapy; ,Ue;jJ. NkYk;> gQ;rj;jpd; jhf;fk; mjpfupj;jJ.
twl;rp my;yJ nts;sg; ngUf;F Vw;gLk; Nghnjy;yhk; gy Nfhb
kf;fs; ,we;jdu;.
••ghuk;gupa nghUshjhuj;jpd; ,ilA+W kw;Wk; fiyQu;fspd;
rupT kw;Wk; iftpidQu;fs;: ghuk;gupa iftpidj; njhopiyg;
gw;wpAk;> fiyg; nghUs;fspd; cw;gj;jp gw;wpAk; ftiy
nfhz;bUe;j epiyapy;> ,e;jpah Vw;fdNt cyfpd; gpw
ehLfis tpl Kd;Ndwp ,Ue;jJ. 18-Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu
,e;jpahtpd; nghUshjhu epiyik xg;gPl;lstpy; Nkk;gl;ljhfTk;>
,e;jpa cw;gj;jp Kiwfs; kw;Wk; njhopy;Jiw tzpf
mikg;gpd; cyfpd; NtW ve;jg; gFjpapYk; ,Ug;gtu;fNshL
xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;f;f KbAk;. E}w;G kw;Wk; nerT kw;Wk; gpw
iftpidg; nghUl;fs; kpy;ypad; fzf;fhd Mz;fSf;Fk;
ngz;fSf;Fk; Ntiy tha;g;gpid toq;fpapUe;jJ. ,e;j
iftpidg;nghUl;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; xU Jbg;ghd
nghUshjhuj;ij toq;fpd. Mdhy;, fpof;fpe;jpa
epWtdj;jpd; nfhs;iffs; ntspehl;Lr; re;ijfis Nghyy;yhky;
cs;ehl;L tof;fq;fisAk;> Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; jPu;itAk; nfhz;l xU
mikg;G Kiwapd; %yk; cs;ehl;L re;ijfisAk; gwpnfhLj;jJ.
NkYk;> md;dpa cw;gj;jp ngUksT ,wf;Fkjpahy; ,e;jpaj;
jahupg;Gfspd; tpw;gidapy; xU nrq;Fj;jhd rupT Vw;gl;lJ.
Gjpa njhopw;rhiyfs; jdJ ,lj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhs;s Kbahj
epiyapy;> ghuk;gupaj; njhopy;fs; rupe;J tUtJ ehl;bd;
nghUshjhu tho;f;ifia Nkhrkhf;fpaJ. ,jdhy;,
yl;rf;fzf;fhd njhopyhsu;fs; Ntiy ,oe;jdu;.
,e;jj; njhopyhsu;fs; tptrhaj;jpd; kPJ kw;w Ntiy
tha;g;Gfspy; tpOe;jdu;. ntspehl;L Ml;rpahsu;fs; ,e;jpahit
xU Njhl;lkhf itj;J gpupl;b\; fg;gy;fspy; Kftu;fs; %yk;
mDg;gpitf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ghu;j;jhu;fs;. gpupl;b\; njhopy;
jpwdpYk;> %yjdj;jpYk;> gpupl;b\; tu;j;jfu;fspd; rhu;ghf>
,e;jpahtpYk; gpw ,lq;fspYk; cs;s gpupl;b\; epWtdq;fSf;F
kPz;Lk; Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
cs;ehl;L njhopw;rhiyfs; tPo;r;rpf;fhd kw;nwhU fhuzk;>
,e;jpa cw;gj;jpahsu;fspd; re;ij jilfs; kw;Wk; kpf cau;e;j
fhg;Gtupfs; %yk; gbg;gbahff; FWfp> ,e;jpa re;ijfs; gpupl;b\;
cw;gj;jpg; nghUl;fis mjpf mstpy; tpupTgLj;jpd.
••Nghl;b gak;: kw;nwhU fhuzk; ,e;jpaj; njhopy;fs; vjpu;nfhz;l
Nghl;bahFk;. Mq;fpNyau; tUiff;F Kd;> ,e;jj; njhopy;fspy;
Nghl;b Fwpj;j mr;rk; Vw;gltpy;iy. vdNt> ,e;jpahtpy; cw;gj;jp
njhopy;El;gj;ij njhlu; mbg;gilapy; juk; cau;j;Jjy;

vd;gJ> INuhg;ghtpy; ,e;jpa jahupg;Gfisg; Nghl;bj;jd;ikia Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo;
Fiwthf cs;sJ NghyhFk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf ,e;jpahtpy; rka epiyikfs;
njhopy;kakhf;fy; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jJ.
••tptrha tho;f;ifapy; khw;wq;fs;: tptrhapfspd; epiy
gy fhuzpfshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. Kjyhtjhf> NghUf;F Fwpg;Gfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;l kf;fs; kj;jpapy; mikjpahd epiyikfs;
Vw;gl;L> ,aw;if tsj;ijf; nfhz;l epiyahd kf;fs;
njhif mjpfupj;jpUe;jJ. ,J gpupl;b\; cw;gj;jpahsu;fspd;
,wf;Fkjpahy; tpise;j Fbirj; njhopy;fis mopg;gjd; %yk;>
epyj;jpd; mOj;jj;ij mjpfupf;f toptFj;jJ. epy cilikapd;
ruhrup msT Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. ,uz;lhtjhf> tUtha;
Kiwikfs; tptrhapfis ngupJk; mOj;jpd. %d;whtjhf>
rl;l ePjpkd;wq;fs; epWTjy;> jfty; gupkhw;wj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wk;>
gpupl;b\; nghUl;fs; mjpfupj;jy; Nghd;wit fpuhkg;Gwg;
gFjpfspy; jiyaPL nra;tij gbg;gbahf mjpfg;gLj;jpaJ.
,e;j epfu KbTfs; gbg;gbahf nghUshjhu jd;dpiwT
fhuzkhf> fpuhkj;jpYs;s Kjpatu;fsplk; ,Ue;J murpd;
Kftu;fs; tiu gbg;gbahf mjpfhu khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
mtu;fs; gbg;gbahf fpuhkg;Gw tho;f;ifapd; jPtpu r%f
nghUshjhu khw;wj;jpw;F ,l;Lr; nrd;wJ.
••fpuhk r%fq;fspd; rpijTk; ,e;jpa eLj;ju
tu;f;fj;jpd; Njhw;wKk;: ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpNyau;fshy;
epWtg;gl;l epytup Kiw> tptrha kf;fs; gy E}w;whz;Lfshf
tho;e;j me;j gz;ila r%f fl;likg;ig cilj;njwpa
toptFj;jJ. fpuhkg;Gw rKjhaj;jpd; ntt;NtW $WghLfisg;
gpizj;jpUe;j r%fg; gpizg;Gfs; Kwpe;jpUe;jd.
xj;Jiof;Fk; Nghl;bf;F khw;wg;gl;lJ. fpuhkj;jpd; $l;L tho;f;if>
jdpkdpj thjj;jpw;F top mspj;jJ. tptrha cw;gj;jpahdJ> fpuhk
kf;fspd; NjitfSf;F gjpyhf> ntspr; re;ijfspd; NjitfSf;F
Vw;g gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. ntspehl;L ,wf;Fkjpf;F fpuhkq;fs;
cs;sjhy;> fpuhk iftpidf; fyd;fs;> njhopw;rhiyfSf;F
nfhba ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
••ntspehl;L %yjd tsu;r;rpAk;> ,e;jpahtpy; etPd
njhopy;fspd; vOr;rp: fhytupirg;gb> ,z;bNfh>
Njapiy kw;Wk; fhgp Njhl;lj; njhopy;fs; ,e;jpahtpy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLgit MFk;. mtu;fs; gpuj;jpNafkhf INuhg;gpa
cupikj;Jtj;jpy; ,Ue;jdu;. etPd ,ae;jpu ,af;fq;fis Kw;wpYk;
ek;gpapUf;ftpy;iy. ,e;jpahtpy; etPd ve;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk;
1850-,d; gUj;jp [Tsp> rzy;> epyf;fup Ruq;f
njhopw;rhiyfs; Mfpatw;wpd; EioT ,e;jpahtpy;
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;tpU Gyq;fSk; Kjd;ikahf INuhg;gpa
%yjdj;ijg; ghJfhg;git. ,e;j Nghf;F xU rhu;G kw;Wk;
tsu;r;rpailahj fhydpj;Jt nghUshjhuj;ij Nehf;fpr; nrd;W
nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\; %yjd KjyPLfspd;

Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo; jdpg;ngUk; nghUis uapy;Nt cs;slf;fpapUe;jJ. Mdhy;
rka epiyikfs; mjd; ngUk;gFjp Mgj;jpy; jdpahu; KjyPl;bd; %yk;
,e;jpa tup nrYj;Jgtu;fs; cs;sdu;. uapy;Nt fUtpfspd;
ngUk;gFjp ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ,Ue;J ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;L> Rkhu;
Fwpg;Gfs; 90 rjtPjk; Nkyhd uapy;Nt gjtpfspy; Mq;fpNyau;fshy;
Msg;gl;ld. uapy;Nt %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;l tUkhdj;jpd;
fzprkhd gFjp Njhl;lq;fspy;> Ruq;fq;fspy;> tq;fp> fhg;gPL>
fg;gy;> rzy; Miyfs;> Kjypatw;wpy; kw;w njhopy;Jiw
KjyPLfs; ntspNaw;wg;gl;ld. 1914-f;F Kd;du; ,e;jpahtpy;
gpupl;b\; %yjd KjyPLfspy; fpl;lj;jl;l 97% muR jpl;lq;fs;
(,uapy;Nt> rhiyg; Nghf;Ftuj;J Nghd;wit)> Njhl;lj; njhopy;
(B> fhgp> ug;gu; Nghd;wit) gzpfs; KbTw;wij Nehf;fp
jpUg;gptplg;gl;Ls;sjhf kjpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. (tq;fpfs;>
fhg;gPl;L epWtdq;fs; Nghd;wit). ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s
ntspehl;L tq;fpfs; nkhj;j tq;fp itg;Gj;
njhifapy; Vwf;Fiwa ehd;fpy; %d;W gq;Ffis
nfhz;bUe;jd. gy gd;dhl;L epWtdq;fs; jq;fs; Jiz
epWtdq;fis ,e;jpahtpy; nray;gLj;jp> ,e;jpa
nghUshjhuj;jpd; xt;nthU JiwapYk; CLUtpd.
,t;thwhf> gpupl;b\; epjp %yjdj;jpd; Kd;Ndhf;fhd fl;Lg;ghL>
,e;jpahtpy; jilaw;w njhopy;Jiw tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; nghJthd
nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpia nfhz;bUe;jJ. xU
epfo;r;rpf;fhf ,e;jpa Njrpathj ,af;fk; ehl;bd; tpiuthd
njhopy;Jiw tsu;r;rp> ,e;jpa kf;fspd; ngsjpf> r%f>
gz;ghl;L Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd gpupl;b\; epjp %yjdj;jpd;
mZFKiw kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpd; nghUshjhuf; nfhs;iffs;
gw;wp kpfTk; tpku;rpf;fg;gl;lJ.
••,e;jpahtpd; tu;j;jf fl;likg;gpy; khw;wk;: ,e;jpahtpy;
gpupl;b\; tzpfk; tpupthf;fg;gLtJ ,e;jpa tu;j;jfj;jpw;Fk;
njhopw;rhiyf;Fk; ,ilA+whf kl;Lky;y> ,e;jpahtpd; tu;j;jf
fl;likg;ig jPtpukhf khw;wpaJ. gpupl;b\; ,wf;Fkjpia
,ytrkhf my;yJ fldhspfSf;fhd fl;lzkhf ,e;jpah Vw;Wf;
nfhs;s Ntz;ba fl;lhak; Vw;gl;lJ> mNj Neuj;jpy; ,q;fpyhe;jpy;
mjpfkhd ,wf;Fkjp tupfSf;F ,e;jpa jahupg;Gfis njhlu;e;J
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ. 18-k; E}w;whz;bd; Kjy; ghjpapy; cyfpd;
gpujhd cw;gj;jpahsuhfTk;> Vw;WkjpahsuhfTk; ,e;jpah>
mLj;j E}w;whz;by; ntspAwT cw;gj;jp epWtdq;fspd; kpfg;
ngupa Efu;Nthu;> gUj;jp [Tsp Kf;fpa nghUl;fshf ,wf;Fkjp
nra;ag;gl;lJ. gl;L kw;Wk; fk;gsp Jzpfs;> ,ae;jpuq;fs;>
cNyhf cw;gj;jp Mfpait ,e;jpahtpw;Fs; ,wf;Fkjp
nra;Ak; rpy ruf;Ffshf ,Ue;jd. (,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l
nghUl;fSld; ,e;jpaj; njhopiy mopj;jJ). iftpidQu;fspd;
tUkhdj;ij ,oe;J> ciog;Gf;fhd Ntiy tha;g;Gfs; FWfpd.
kWGwk;> gUj;jp> gl;L> czT jhdpaq;fs;> mgpd;> mTup> rzy;

Mfpait mlq;fpa Vw;Wkjpfs;> jdJ tptrha cgupepyj;ijf; Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo;
fz;lNjhL> fr;rhg; nghUs;fspd; tpiyfis cau;j;jpaJ. rka epiyikfs;
vjpu;fhy tptrhag; gw;whf;FiwAk; gQ;rKk; mjw;F mbj;jsk;
Nghl;lJ. mJ mLj;j 100 Mz;Lfspy; ehl;il jq;fs; gpbapy;
itj;Js;sJ. Fwpg;Gfs;

6. fpuhkg;Gwf; fld;jd;ik tsu;tjw;F kpf Kf;fpakhd fhuzk;
vJ?
7. epytup Kiwapd; tpisT ahJ?

1. 1866-y; gpuk;k rkh[k; ,U FOf;fshfg; gpupe;jJ.
2. uhk; Nkhfd; uha; xU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gj;jpupif rk;gj; fKb
MFk;.
3. ,e;J tpjit kWkz rl;lk; 1856-y; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
4. 1875-y; ,iwapay; rKjhak; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
5. K`kjd; Mq;fpNyh Xupaz;ly; fy;Y}up [_d; 1875-y; epWtg;gl;lJ.
6. fpuhkg;Gw fld;jd;ik tsu;tjw;F Kf;fpaf; fhuzq;fspy;
xd;W 75 rjtpfpj Fbahdtu;fs; epyj;jpypUe;J Fiwe;jgl;r
tho;thjhuj;ij <l;l Kbatpy;iy.
7. ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpNyau;fshy; epWtg;gl;l epytup Kiw> tptrha
kf;fs; gy E}w;whz;Lfshf r%f fl;likg;ig cilj;njwpa
toptFj;jJ.
13.5 RUf;fk;
••Jtu;fehj; jh$u; cld; uh[h uhk; Nkhfd; uha; 1828-y; gpuk;k
rkh[k;> tq;fhsj;jpy; nry;thf;F kpf;f ,e;jpa r%f kj
rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fk; kWkyu;r;rpAld; ,izj;Js;sJ.
••1866-y; gpuk;k rkh[k; ,uz;L FOf;fshfg; gpupe;jJ.
••rjp tof;Ff;F uhk; Nkhfd; fLk; vjpu;g;G njuptpj;jhu;.
••,];thu; re;jpu tpj;ahrhfupd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f nray;ghL>
ijupakhd Ngr;rhy; tpjit kWkzj;ij nfhz;L te;jhu;.
••1856-y; ,e;J tpjit kWkz rl;lj;ij epiwNtw;w fhydpa
muir tpj;ahrhfu; ntw;wpfukhf rk;kjpf;f itj;jhu;.
••Mupa rkh[k; ,af;fk; Nkw;fj;jpa nry;thf;fpd; tpisTf;F
vjpu;tpidahf mike;jJ. ,J tbtj;jpy; kWkyu;r;rp
nfhz;Ls;sJ Mdhy; cs;slf;fj;jpy; ,y;iy.

Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo; ••Mupa rkh[ ,af;fj;jpd; epWtdu; Rthkp jahde;j;> Nkw;fj;jpa
rka epiyikfs; fUj;Jfis epuhfupj;J Mupau;fspd; gz;ila kjj;ij GJg;gpf;f
Kad;wJ.
••Mupa rkh[ nghWg;ghsuhf> ,e;jpahtpy; murpay;> r%f kw;Wk;
Fwpg;Gfs; nghUshjhu kWrPuikg;G cs;sJ.
••Rthkp tpNtfhde;ju;> uhkfpU\;z guk`k;rdpd; ,we;j gpwF>
uhkfpU\;zh FOtpy; (1897) jdJ Nghjidfis tpsk;gug;gLj;jpdhu;.
••1875-Mk; Mz;by;> Md;kPff; Nfhl;ghLfis tsu;j;J>
rj;jpaj;ijj; NjLtjw;fhf> jj;JtQhd r%fk; xU mikg;ghf
epWtg;gl;lJ.
••gpuhu;j;jd rkh[ rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fk; Nkw;fj;jpa ,e;jpahtpy;
fyhr;rhu khw;wk; kw;Wk; r%f rPu;jpUj;j jpl;lq;fs;> Nghd;w ngz;fs;
kw;Wk; jho;e;j tFg;Gfs; Kd;Ndw;wk;> rhjp mikg;G> Foe;ij
jpUkzk; kw;Wk; Foe;ijj; jPu;g;ig mfw;WtJ>ngz;fSf;F
tpjitfs; kWtho;T Nghd;wit cs;sd.
••,e;jpahtpy; ,];yhkpau;fSf;fhd mypfu; ,af;fk;> iraJ
mfkJ fhd; jiyikapy; eilngw;wJ.
••iraJ mfkJ fhd;> K`kkjd; Xupaz;ly; fy;Y}upia
1875-Mk; Mz;L [_d; khjk; epWtpdhu;> gpd;du; mypfu; fy;Y}up>
1890-y; mypfhu; ,];yhkpa gy;fiyf;fofkhf tsu;e;jJ.
••,];yhkpau;fs; kj;jpapy; Nkw;fj;jpa fy;tpiag; gug;Gtjpy;
mypfhu; ,af;fk; ntw;wp ngw;wJ. ,];yhkpa rKjhaj;jpy;
r%fr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;JtJ ,uz;lhtJ gzpahf
,Ue;jJ.
••th`hgp ,af;fk;> ,e;jpahtpy; njhlq;fg;gl;l> mNugpah kw;Wk;
\h typAy;yh`; Nghjidfspd; nry;thf;fpd; fPo; Gj;Japu;
,af;fk; ngw;wJ.
••th`hgp ,af;fj;jpd; Nehf;fk; ,];yhkpaj;ij
J}a;ikg;gLj;Jjy; MFk;. jhu;-cy;-ù;ghit> jhu;-cy;-,];yhkhf
khw;Wjy; vd;gjhFk;.
••Muk;gj;jpy; ,e;jpah xU jd;dpiwT ehlhf ,Ue;jJ. midj;J
,aw;if kw;Wk; tptrha tsq;fspYk; mJ gzf;fhuu;fshf
,Ue;jJ> Mdhy; ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\; ,wq;fpaNghJ xU
tYthd Nguuir cUthf;fpaJ.
••Mq;fpNyau;fs; ,uz;L E}w;whz;Lfshf Ml;rp nra;J ehl;bd;
nghUshjhu mikg;gpy; kfj;jhd khw;wq;fis nfhz;L te;jdu;.

••rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fs;: rpy Fwpg;gpl;l gFjpfspy; rpy mtrpakhd
rPu;jpUj;jq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;j Kaw;rp nra;Ak; ,af;fq;fs;
cs;sd.

••Ntiyg;ghL: ,J jahupg;G nra;Ak; jpwd; my;yJ Ntiy nra;Ak; Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo;
jpwid Fwpf;fpwJ. rka epiyikfs;
••xg;ge;jj; njhopyhsu;: mtu;fs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F

Ntiy nra;a> ifnahg;gkpl my;yJ fl;lha xg;ge;jj;jpd;
%yk; fl;Lg;ghlw;w ciog;G > mikg;gpy; cs;s Copau;fis Fwpg;Gfs;
Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;fs;.

FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. uhkfpU\;zh FO gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.

2. gpd;tUgtw;wpy; rpW Fwpg;ig vOJf:
••,sk; tq;fhs ,af;fk;
••u`Dkha; Kbahad;
••rpq; rgh
3. gpuhjhdh rkh[pd; tuyhw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.
ePz;l gjpy; Nfs;tpfs;

1. gpuk;k kw;Wk; Mupa rkh[ ,af;fj;jpy; fl;Liuia vOJf.
2. ,iwapay; rKjhaj;ijg; gw;wp tpthjpf;fTk;:
(a) ,iwapay; r%fk; kw;Wk; mjd; jj;Jtj;jpd; tuyhw;iw
tiuaW.
(b) r%fj;jpy; cs;s gpupTfis tptup.
(c) cyf Mrpupau; fUj;ij tptup.
3. ,];yhkpa rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fis tptupf;f.
4. gpupl;b\huhy; nfhz;L tug;gl;l nghUshjhu khw;wq;fis tptup.
13.8 NkYk; gbf;f

bu];l;.
Gj;jfq;fs;.

Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo; Njrha;> A.R. 2008. ,e;jpa Njrpathjj;jpd; r%f gpd;dzp. Kk;ig:
rka epiyikfs; gpugy gpufhrd;.
gpshf;];thd;.
Fwpg;Gfs;

myF 14 gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp
gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp
tsu;r;rp
tsu;r;rp
Fwpg;Gfs;
mikg;G
14.0 Kd;Diu
14.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
14.2 fy;tp Nkk;ghL
tpilfs;
14.5 RUf;fk;
14.8 NkYk; gbf;f
14.0 Kd;Diu
Muk;gj;jpy; fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk;> ,e;jpau;fSf;F fy;tp mspg;gJ
jdJ flik vd;W epidf;ftpy;iy. gioa fy;tp Kiwia njhlu
mDkjpj;jJ. midtUf;fhfTk; jpwf;fg;gl;bUe;j gj;\htpy; fpuhkg;Gw
rKjhaj;jpd; Njitfis G+u;j;jp nra;Ak; tifapy; xU rpwg;G tif
fy;tp fw;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. kuh]htpd; K];ypk;fs; fye;J nfhz;ldu;.
cau;fy;tp Kjd;ikahf cau;rhjpapdUf;F kl;LNk mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;j fy;tpKiw ,Wjpapy; Mq;fpNyau;fshy; khw;wg;gl;lJ. Mq;fpy
nkhop njupe;j ,e;jpa vOj;jhsu;fs; Njit vd;gjw;fhfNt Nkiyehl;L
fy;tpia gug;g muR eltbf;if vLf;f njhlq;fpaJ.
Mdhy;> Nkw;fj;jpa fy;tpKiw> Mq;fpNyau;fshy; fw;gid
nra;J $l ghu;f;fKbahj tifapy; ,e;jpa rKjhaj;jpy; jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpapUf;fpwJ. [hd; nyhf;> n[nukp nge;jk;> Mlk; ];kpj;> thy;Nlu;
Nghd;w jj;Jt thjpfspd; Nfhl;ghLfs; ,e;jpa kNdhghtq;fisf;
fw;gid nra;J> Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; [dehafk; gw;wpa
fUj;Jf;fs; Mfpatw;iw nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,j;jifa fUj;Jf;fis
mk;gyg;gLj;jpajd; tpisthf> ,e;jpau;fs; khw;wj;jpw;fhd Njitia
czu;e;ju;fs;.
19k; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpy; Njhd;wpa r%f kw;Wk; kj
rPu;jpUj;jj;jpw;fhd Njit Nkw;fj;jpa fy;tp kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuj;jpw;F xU
gpujpgypg;ghf ,Ue;jJ. Nkw;F ehLfshy; fy;tp fw;w ,e;jpau;fSldhd
,e;jpahtpd; njhlu;G r%fj;jpd; rPu;jpUj;jk; ehl;bDila midj;J
Rw;W tsu;r;rpfSf;Fk; xU Kd;epge;jid vd;gij czu;fpwJ.
uh[h uhk; Nkhfd; uha;> ,N\hu; re;jpu tpj;ahrhfu; Nghd;w gbj;j
,e;jpau;fs; r%f jPq;Ffis xopf;f jpl;lkpl;L nray;gl;lhu;fs;.

gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp ftu;du; n[duy; tpy;ypak; ngd;bq;f; gpuG fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpy;
tsu;r;rp
r%fr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; Vw;gl;l njhlq;fpaJ.
14.1 Nehf;fq;fs;
Fwpg;Gfs;
••,e;jpa rKjhak; Fwpj;J etPd fy;tpapd; jhf;fj;ij tpthjpf;f
KbAk;.
••Gjpa Ez;zwpTs;stu;fs; Njhd;Wtjpy; etPdf; fy;tpapd;
gq;fpid tpsf;f KbAk;.
••gpupl;b\; fhyj;jpy; cs;Shu; murhq;fj;jpd; ntspg;ghL Fwpj;J
tpthjpf;f KbAk;.
14.2 fy;tp Nkk;ghL

gz;ila ,e;jpahtpd; fy;tp Kiw tha;nkhop fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk;
fw;wy; E}y;fspd; topfhl;bia ,jaj;jpy; nghjpe;Js;sJ. ,e;j Kiw
goq;fhyf; fw;wiy> jiyKiw jiyKiwahfg; gupkhw;wk; nra;tjd;
%yk;> mJ ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfs; tbtpy; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gLtjw;F
Kd;G tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ. khztu; jd; tPl;bypUe;Njh> xU Mrpupaupd;
tPl;bypUe;Njh> my;yJ Gfo; ngw;w cztfj;Jld; mike;j
,y;yj;jpNyh jq;fpapUe;j FUFy Kiwapy; fy;tp fw;wJ gz;ila
,e;jpatpd; fy;tp Kiwapd; kpf Kf;fpakhd mk;rq;fspy; xd;whFk;.
khztu; jdJ njhlf;f tpohtpw;F gpwF Mrpupaupd; Nkw;ghu;itapd; fPo;
tho Muk;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,e;J rh];jpuq;fs; rpghupR nra;fpd;wJ.
Neu;ikahd Fztpay;Gila MrpupaUld; Neub> jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk;
njhlu;r;rpahd njhlu;ig ,aw;ifahfNt rpWtajpy;> ,sik gUtj;jpy;
kw;Wk; tise;J nfhLf;Fk; fhyj;jpNyNa mtu;fs; kPJ ngUk;
jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,e;j fw;wy; ikaq;fspy; Md;kPf tistpd;
ciufshf mwpag;gl;ld. Kfyhau;fs;> ghurPfu;fs;> JUf;fpau;fs;
MfpNahupd; gilnaLg;gpw;Fg; gpwF> ,e;jg; ngUkf;fspd; gz;ghL>
fw;gpj;jy; Mfpad ,e;jpa tbtpyhd fw;wy; kPJ ngUk; jhf;fj;ij
nfhz;bUe;jJ. K];yPk; Foe;ijfSf;F ,];yhkpaf; fw;wiy
fw;gpf;f K];yPk;fs; kjuh]u;fis epWdhu;fs;. fhydpahjpf;fjpw;F
Kd; ,e;jpahtpy; ,uz;L Kf;fpa gs;spfs; ,Ue;jd:
••fy;tpapd; Ntj tbtk;
••kjuhrj;jpy; fy;tp
••fhydpj;Jt mikg;gpy; fy;tp
Muk;gf; fl;lj;jpypUe;J ,e;jpahtpy; fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpd;
epiyik kpfTk; Mgj;jhf ,Ue;jJ. ,e;j epWtdk; Vw;fdNt
cs;s mikg;Gfspd; njhlu;r;rpapy; eilKiwf;Nfw;w epiyg;ghl;il
vLj;jJ. fpof;F ,e;jpa fk;gdpapd; Muk;gf; nfhs;ifahdJ ,e;jpa
r%f tp\aq;fspy; jiyaplhky; ,Ue;jJ. 18k; E}w;whz;bd; filrp

,Ugjhz;LfSf;Fk;> gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;Uz;bd; Kjy; jrhg;jj;jpw;Fk;> gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp
tsu;r;rp
epWtdj;jpd; mjpfhupfs; mjd; Gjpa Nkyhjpf;fj;jpd; G+u;tPf
fyhr;rhuj;ij Nehf;fpa rkur nfhs;ifia gpd;gw;wpr; nra;jdu;.
Mdhy;> tq;fhsj;jpy; fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk; Ml;rp njhlq;fpa
fhyk; KjNy> ,e;jpau;fis fy;tp fw;f itg;gjpy; mjpfhupfs; mjpf Fwpg;Gfs;
mf;fiw vLj;Jf; nfhz;lu;fs;. vdNt> me;jf; nfhs;if gpd;gw;wj;
Kad;w %d;W ,yf;Ffs; gpd;tUkhW:
••jq;fs; nrhe;j fyhr;rhuj;jpy; ,e;jpau;fis Cf;Ftpj;jy;
••,e;jpahtpd; mwpit Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
••murhq;fj;jpy; jkJ mwpitg; gad;gLj;Jjy;
fPio ehl;L kuG

Ke;ija gpupl;b\; epu;thfpfspy; xUtu;> kuG rhu;e;j ,e;jpaf;
fyhr;rhuj;jpw;F kjpg;gspj;J> thud; N`];bq;]; fPio ehl;L kuG vd;w
nfhs;ifapy; jd;id ntspg;gLj;jp nfhz;lhu;. ,e;jpa ehfupfj;jpy;
<u;f;fg;gl;l gy fy;tpahsu;fshy;> fPio ehl;L kuG trjp ngw;wJ. Mrpa
mwpit Nkk;gLj;Jtjd; fhuzkhf> epWtdj;jpd; Nritia mwpQu;fs;
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdu;. Kd;du; Fwpg;gpl;lgb> Mrpa rKjhak; fy;fj;jhtpy;
Gjpjhf ePjpgjp tpy;ypak; N[hd;]; mtu;fshy; epWtg;gl;lJ.
tq;fhs cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tpiuthd ,e;jpa-INuhg;gpa
nkhopfspd; nghJthd Njhw;wk; gw;wpa jdJ Gfo;ngw;w
Ma;twpf;ifia N[hd;]; Kd;ndLj;Js;shu;. rpy epWtd mjpfhupfs;>
me;j epWtdk; jdJ ghlq;fspy; ntw;wp ngw Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;W thjpl;ldu;. ,g;gFjpapy; Ke;ija Ml;rpahsu;fis cs;Shu;
fw;wYf;F Mjutpy;iy. ,jd; tpisthf fhrd;thyp]; gpuGtpdhy;
1791-y; thuzhrpapy; fhrp rk];fpUj fy;Y}up epWtg;gl;lJ. thud;
N`];bq;]; epWtdk; xU ngupa Nguurpd; thuprhff; fUjg;gl;lJ.
NkYk; rhk;uh[;[paj;jpw;F nghUj;jkhd ghj;jpukhf cs;Shu; fw;wypd;
MjuT fpilj;jJ. rk];fpUj kw;Wk; ghurPf nkhopfspy; Ntjq;fisg;
gbg;gjd; %yk; ,e;jpa fyhr;rhuj;ijg; gw;wp mwpAk; Kaw;rp Vw;gl;lJ.
NkYk; Ml;rp epiyfspy; me;j mwpitg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
Kaw;rpAk; Vw;gl;lJ.
1781 Mk; Mz;by;> `];j;q;];> muG kw;Wk; ghurPf nkhopfs;>
,];yhkpa rl;lk; Mfpatw;iw Ma;T nra;tjw;fhf fy;fj;jhtpy;
kju]h mypah vd;w xU epWtdj;ij epWtpdhu;. rpy epWtd
mjpfhupfs; jpwikahd epu;thfpfshf khw Kaw;rp nra;jhu;fs;.
,e;jpa nkhopfspd; fyhr;rhuq;fs; kw;Wk; mwpTk; ,e;j Kaw;rpf;F
cjtpaij mtu; czu;e;jhu;. mJ 1800-y; fy;fj;jhtpy; tpy;ypak;
Nfhl;il vd;w fy;Y}upia mg;Nghija ftu;du; n[duy; nty;ny];yp
gpuGtpd; jiyikapy; epWtj; toptif nra;jJ. gpd;dhspy;>
etPd ,e;jpa nkhopfspd; tsu;r;rpf;Fk;> tq;fhs kWkyu;r;rpf;Fk;>
,f;fy;Y}up Kf;fpag; gq;fhw;wp te;jJ. ,e;jpahtpy; epue;ju epWtdq;fis
tsu;g;gjw;fhf xU mbg;gil Kd;epge;jidahf>,Uf;Fk; kf;fs;njhif>

gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp mtu;fspd; r%f gof;ftof;fq;fs; kw;Wk; FwpaPLfs; gw;wpa mwpT
tsu;r;rp
MFk;. jhk]; Ku;Nuh kw;Wk; khd;];Lthl; vy;gpd;];Nlhd; Nghd;w gy
Kf;fpa epWtd mjpfhupfs;> fPio ehl;L kughy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lu;fs;.
,e;jpahtpd; vjpu;ghu;g;GfSf;F ,e;jpa murpd; epWtdk; gjpyspf;f
Fwpg;Gfs; Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ij mtu;fs; Mjupj;jhu;fs;. 1820 Mk; Mz;by;
fy;tp nfhs;ifapy; fPo;j;jpir ehLfs; nkhopfisf; fw;wtu;fspd;
jj;Jtk; epytpaJ. 1821 Mk; Mz;by; G+dhtpy; G+dh rk];fpUj
fy;Y}up epWtg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; 1824 ,y; fy;fj;jh rk];fpUjf;
fy;Y}up epWtg;gl;lJ. N`];bq;]pd; nfhs;ifahdJ> jq;fs; nrhe;j
topfspy; ntw;wpngWtjw;Fk;> vjpu;g;Gzu;it vjpu;g;gjw;Fk;> Muk;gfhy
epu;thfpfspd; fUj;jpay; Kd;Dupikfs;> mtu;fspd; murpay; eilKiw
Mfpatw;iw ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;fs;.
tpNjtij thjk;
tpNjtij thjk; 18 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ,Ue;j xU
rPu;jpUj;j fpwp];Jt ,af;fkhFk;. itjPf jpUr;rgj;Jf;F Kuzhf
mike;j ,e;j ,af;fk;> epWtg;gl;l jpUr;rigapd; kuGfis tpl>
jdpg;gl;l mDgtq;fs;> ew;nra;jp gw;wpa jdpg;gl;l thrpg;G Mfpatw;iw
typAWj;jpaJ. rpy fpup];Jt kp\dupfs; ~rpije;j ,e;jpa rKjhaj;ij
mikjpahf| rPu;jpUj;j Kaw;rpf;ifapy;> RtpNr\fu;fs; ntspg;gilahf
~,e;jpa ehfuPfkw;w epiyf;F| tpNuhjkhf ,Ue;jhu;fs; NkYk; mtu;fs;
~,e;jpahit ehfuPfg;gLj;j| tpUk;gpdu;fs;.
tpNjtij thjj;jpd; nry;thf;Fkpf;f cWg;gpdu;fs; tpy;ngu;g;];>
gpl;> rhu;y]; fpuhz;l;> ,af;Feu;fspd; jiytu; kw;Wk; mtUila kfd;
xU mikr;ruit mikr;ruhf ,Ue;jhu;. mtu;fs; fpwp];Jt Nkw;if
fpof;fpw;F mioj;J> ~,e;jpah R+upaDf;F xU kiyahf jd;id
rPu;jpUj;j Ntz;Lk;| vd;W thjpl;lhu;fs;. gpupl;ldpd; khngUk; ehfupf
Fwpf;NfhSf;Fs; ,e;jpahit cs;thq;fNtz;Lk; vd;w nfhs;ifia
rhu;y]; fpuhz;l; gug;gpdu;. ,e;j mZFKiw nkf;fhNy gupe;Jiuf;Fk;
jhuhsthjj;Jld; xUq;fpiznfhz;lJ.
,e;jpahtpy; ehfupfj;jpd; ,e;j jj;Jtj;ij gpupl;B\; fpof;fpe;jpa
epWtdk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ. ,jd;%yk; ,e;jpahtpy; jq;fs; Kbf;fg;gl;l
jahupg;GfSf;fhd re;ijfs; ,Uf;f KbfpwJ. ehfuPfj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;
nray;Kiw> nghUs; nropg;gpw;F toptFf;Fk; vd;w fUj;ij rhyp];
fpuhz;l;Lk; Mjupj;jhu;. 18 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapYk; 19 Mk;
E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpYk;> ~Kd;Ndw;wk;| vd;w Nahrid ehfupf
toptifapd; xU gFjpahf khwpaJ. nrhj;Jfspy; ke;jpuj; njhLif>
epyj;jpy; %yjdj;ijAk; re;ijAk; cUthf;Fk; vd;gjhy;> mjd;
Kd;Ndw;wk; Fwpj;j xU gFjpahfNt> mg;Nghija ftu;du; n[duy;
fhud;thyp];> tq;fhsj;jpy; epue;ju jPu;itg; GFj;jpdhu;.
1833 Mk; Mz;bd; rhrd rl;lj;jpd; %yk; tpy;ypak; ngd;bq;f;
,e;jpahtpd; MSeu; n[duy; tpy;ypak; MdNghJ> Nkw;fj;jpa
fy;tp Kiw %yk; ,e;jpau;fs; ehfupfkakhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;

vd;W jhuhs kdg;ghd;ikAila kf;Nfhyha; gupe;Jiu nra;jhu;. gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp
tsu;r;rp
nkf;fhNyapd; eltbf;iff;F Mjutspj;j Mq;fpypfp];l;Lfs;
typAWj;jpf; nfhz;l fPio ehlfSf;F ,ilNa gioa fy;tp Kiw
njhlUk; vd;w xU tpthjk; vOe;jJ. ,Wjpahf rPu;jpUj;jthjp
uh[h uhk; Nkhfd; uha; MfpNahupd; xj;Jiog;Gld; Nkw;fj;jpa Fwpg;Gfs;
fy;tpKiw mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
gandwpKiw
gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; eLg;gFjp
tiu> gandwpKiw rpe;jidg; gs;spahf Mq;fpNya murpay;
rpe;jidia NkNyhq;f nra;jJ. gpuhd;rp]; `l;]d;> `pA+k;>
n`y;Ntil];> GNuhfpju;fs; tpy;ypak; ghy;yp kw;Wk; ngfhupah
MfpNahu; gandwpKiwapd; Muk;gfhy gpur;rhufhuu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;.
,Ug;gpDk;> nge;jk; ,e;j Nfhl;ghl;by; jpl;lkpl;l> rPu;jpUj;jj;jpw;fhd
vz;zw;w Kd;nkhopTfspd; mbg;gilapy; mtw;iw gpugykhdjhf
khw;wpdhu;.,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; rpwe;j jj;Jtthjpahd ngu;l;uz;l;
u];]y; ngd;`hk; jFjpf; nfhs;ifapy; Nfhl;ghL ,y;iy. vd;whYk;
gy eilKiw rpf;fy;fSf;F mJ jPtpukhd gad;ghl;by; ,Ue;jd
vd;gij Rl;bf;fhl;bdhu;.
nge;jkpd; neUq;fpa ez;gu; N[k;]; kpy;> me;j fhyj;jpd; kpfg;
ngupa nghUshjhu ty;Ydu;fs; ,Utiu mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;> mtu;fs;
khy;j]; kw;Wk; Nltpl; upr;ru;Nlh MfpNahuhy;> nrt;tpay; nghUspay;
gw;wpa gy;NtW fUj;Jfis mwpe;J nfhs;s Kbe;jJ. ,e;j
rpe;jidahsu;fs; jq;fis ~jj;Jt mwpthspfs;| vd;W mioj;jdu;fs;.
,tu;fsJ Nehf;fk; ,q;fpyhe;ij etPd> jhuhs [dehaf>
murpayikg;G> kjr;rhu;gw;w mikg;ig re;ij murhf khw;WtNj
MFk;. gandwpKiw vd;w nrhw;nwhlu;> jj;Jt uPjpahd jPtputhjf;
nfhs;if> jdpkdpj thjk;> jiyaplhf; nfhs;if kw;Wk; epu;thf
epfpyj;Jtk; Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; ,ilkhw;wkpd;wp gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
kdpj ,dj;jpd; > ,e;j nfhs;if kfpo;r;rpiaj; Njbj;je;jJ> me;j
,d;gk; kl;LNk ey;yitahFk;> kpfg; ngupa vz;zpf;ifNa kpfg; ngupa
kfpo;r;rpia cUthf;fpaJ vd;gJjhd; ,e;j cf;jpapd; Kjd;ikahd
mDkhdq;fshf ,Ue;jJ. gaDilik rpe;jidahsu;fs; fpNuf;f
rpe;jidahsu;fspd; fUj;Jfis kPz;Lk; typAWj;jpdu;. nge;jk;
kfpo;r;rpahd typ Nfhl;ghl;bw;F tpQ;Qhd mZFKiw xd;iw
toq;fpaNjhL> khepy> eyd;Gup eltbf;iffspd; nfhs;iffSf;Fk;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. jz;lid kw;Wk; rl;l rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd;
kPJ kdpj ,ay;G nfhs;iffs; cstpay; fz;Nzhl;lj;ij toq;fpaJ.
mwnewp kw;Wk; rl;lj;jpl;lq;fs; vd;w Nfhl;ghLfis
mwpKfg;gLj;Jifapy;> nge;jk; jdJ gad;ghl;Lg; Nfhl;ghl;ilj;
jdJ E}ypy; GFj;jpdhu;. mtUila nfhs;ifapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;>
~kpfr; rpwe;j vz;zpf;ifapd; kpFe;j kfpo;r;rpia| mspf;Fk; tiu
kl;LNk ,e;j murhq;fk; gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJjhd;. nge;jk;
xU KOikahd gad;kpf;f rl;l tpjpfis cUthf;f tpUk;gpdhu;>

gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp mjw;F ~gNdhkpad;| vd;W ngaiu itj;jhu;. gy rl;l kw;Wk;
tsu;r;rp
r%f rPu;jpUj;jq;fis Kd;itj;jhu;. rl;l newp mbg;gilapy; xU
mbg;gil jhu;kPf newpia mtu; mikj;jhu;. rupahd nray; my;yJ
nfhs;if vd;gJ ~kpfg; ngupa vz;zpf;ifapyhd kf;fSf;F kpfg;
Fwpg;Gfs; ngupa ed;ikia Vw;gLj;Jk;| (mjhtJ kpfg; ngupa typikahd
Nfhl;ghL my;yJ gad;ghl;L Nfhl;ghL) vd;W mtu; typAWj;jpdhu;.
ve;j xU eltbf;ifapd; jhu;kPf me;j];ijAk; kjpg;gPL nra;Ak; xU
eilKiwapd; fzpg;ig n`Nlhdpf; my;yJ /ngypf;/gpf; fhy;Fyi]
Kd;nkhope;jhu;. mtuJ gad;kpf;f jj;Jtj;ij mtUila khztu;
N[hd; ];^tu;l; kpy; %yk; jpUj;jpf; nfhz;L tpupTgLj;jg;gl;lhu;.
murpd; nfhs;if Nehf;fq;fspy; jhuhs fUj;JUitg; ngw;Ws;s
kpy;yp ~nge;jkprk;| vd;w Kjd;ik cWg;gpduhf khw;wg;gl;lu;.
nge;jk; 12 typfisAk; 14 ,d;gq;fisAk; tifg;gLj;jp ,Ue;jhu;.
ve;j xU eltbf;ifapd; ~kfpo;r;rp fhuzpiaAk;| Nrhjpg;gjw;fhf
~ghuhl;L Ez;fld;| xd;iw mtu; Kd;itj;jhu;. ,e;j mstPLfis
gad;gLj;jp> jz;lid kw;Wk; mjd; gad;ghL xU r%fj;jpw;F NkYk;
kfpo;r;rpia my;yJ mjpf typia cUthf;Fk; vd;W fUj;Jf;fis
Kd; itf;fpwhu;. NkYk; jPa Fw;wk; nra;tjw;F jz;lid xU
fhuzkhf MfptpLfpwjh vd;gij kjpg;gpLtjw;F rl;lkd;w
cWg;gpdu;fis mtu; miof;fpwhu;. nge;jk; Njitaw;w rl;lq;fSk;
jz;lidfSk; ,Wjpapy; Gjpa> NkYk; mghafukhd Fw;wq;fis
mspf;f KbAk; vd;W thjpl;Ls;shu;.
,aw;if kdpjFyj;ij typ kw;Wk; ,d;gk; Mfpa ,uz;L
,iwahz;ik nfhz;l MSikapd;fo P ; itj;Js;sJ> vd;W nge;jk;
thjpl;lhu;. ehk; vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Rl;bf;fhl;lTk;> ehk; vd;d
nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij jPuk ; hdpf;fTk; mtu;fs; kl;LNk. xUGwk;> tyJ
kw;Wk; jtwhd jutupir> kWGwk;> rq;fpypj; njhlu; kw;Wk; tpisTthd
rl;lk;. ,d;gk; miljy;> typia jtpu;jj ; y; Mfpait kdpj elj;ijapd;
ce;Jrf;jpiaj; J}z;LtJ kl;Lky;y; tho;fi ; fapy; tpOkpaq;fspd;
juj;ijAk; epu;zapg;gjhFk;. nge;jkpd; $w;Wg;gb> xU jdpegupd; xOf;ff;
$w;Wf;Fg; nghUe;Jk;> rkkhd tpirAld; nghUe;JfpwJ. muirg;
nghWj;jtiuapy; murpd; eltbf;if ed;whf cs;sJ vd;gij mtu;
Rl;bf;fhl;bdu;. mJ kfpo;rr ; pia mjpfupj;J> mjid cs;slf;fpa
jdpegu;fspd; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd kf;fspd; typia Fiwj;J.
,e;j msTNfhy; %yk; midj;J nraiyAk; jPuk ; hdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mtu; fUj;Jg;gb> muR kpfg; ngupa mstpy; ed;ikia tsu;ff ; pwJ
vd;why; mJ ey;yJ> ,y;iynad;why; mJ NkhrkhdJ. nge;jk;-I
nghWj;jtiuapy;> kpfg;ngupa vz;zpf;ifapyhd kpfg;ngupa kfpo;rr ; p
kl;LNk rupahd kw;Wk; jtwhd eltbf;if MFk;. vdNt nge;jkpd;
gad;Kiw jdpj;Jtk; [dehafj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ.
,e;j gazKiw ehfupfk;> tpNjtij thjj;ij ,e;jpahtpy;
NkYk; Kd;Ndw;Wk; vd;w Nehf;fj;ijAk; ek;gpdhu;fs;. mtu;fs;
jPtputhjpfSk; kdpjhgpkhdthjpfSk;> gFj;jwptpd; kPJ gykhd
ek;gpf;if nfhz;bUe;jhu;fs;.

1817y; N[k;]; kpy; vOjpa ,e;jpa tuyhW vd;w E}y;> gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp
tsu;r;rp
fpof;fpe;jpaf; epWtdj;jpd; Copau;fshy; tpupthf thrpf;fg;gl;lJ
vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,e;jpa tuyhW kw;Wk; ehfupfk; gw;wpa
Ma;Tf;F tFg;Gthj mZFKiwfspd; tpijfis ,Ltjd; %yk;
,e;jr; rKjhak; ,e;jpa r%fj;jpw;F ngUk; jPq;F tpistpj;jJ. Fwpg;Gfs;
midj;J ,e;jpaj; JiwfisAk; jdpj;jdp jiytu;fSld;
cUthf;fpa ly;`Trpapd; fUj;Jfspd; kPJ gandwpKiwj; jj;Jtk;
jhf;fk; nrYj;jpaJ. gandwpKiw rKjhaj;jpw;F ey;yJ vd;w
jhu;kPf newpKiwiag; gupe;Jiuj;J> gaDs;s mwpit tsu;j;jdu;.
,e;jpau;fSf;F ,j;jifa gaDs;s topKiw> epWtdj;jpd; tsu;e;J
tUk; mjpfhuj;Jtj;jpw;F kpfTk; cfe;jjhFk;.
kpy;ypd; fUj;Jg;gb> Mrpa kf;fs; mjpf mstpy; mwpT+l;lg;gLthu;fs;
kw;Wk; kfpo;r;rpahf ,Ug;ghu;fs;. kpy;iyg; nghWj;jtiu> INuhg;gpa
gof;f tof;fq;fs;> fiyfs; kw;Wk; epWtdq;fs; Mfpait
gandwpKiw Kd;Ndhf;fpy; ,Ue;J kjpg;gplg;gLk; NghJ kpfTk;
fr;rpjkhf cs;sd. INuhg;gh kw;Wk; cyfk; KOtjpYk;>
gandwpKiw jhuhsthjf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; jhu;kPf kw;Wk; murpay;
yl;rpaq;fSk; eilKiwfSk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lhy;> cyf
kfpo;r;rpia tpioT nra;a KbAk;.
1819 y; fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdk; epu;thfg; gzpia Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
Kd;Ng INuhg;gpa Qhd cgNjrj;ij ,e;jpahTf;F nfhz;L tUtJjhd;>
kpy;ypd; cldb Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. 1813 Mk; Mz;by;> ,e;jpau;fs;
Gj;jprhypj;jdkhf ,Uf;f KbahJ vd;w $w;iw kWghu;it fl;Liu
xd;wpy; kpy;ypd; fz;bj;jhu;. xU khw;wj;ij cUthf;Fk; tifapy;
fzf;fplg;gLtJ vJthf ,Ue;jhYk;> vy;yhNk khwhjit. ,e;jpau;fs;
INuhg;gpau;fSld; tpupthd njhlu;G nfhz;bUe;jhy;> mit jtpu;f;f
Kbahky; INuhg;gpau;fsplkpUe;J mtu;fspd; r%f Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F
fzprkhd rhjfkhd jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; vd;W kpy; fUjpdhu;.
INuhg;gpau;fs; cld; Nru;e;J nray;gLtjd; %yk; ,e;jpau;fs;
milaf;$ba Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd; msT Kfyhau;fs; nfhz;Lte;jij
tpl Fiwthf ,Uf;fhJ vd;W kpy;ypd; ek;gpdhu;. INuhg;gpau;fSldhd
clYwT Kfkjpau;fs; NghyNt mNj epiy ehfuPfj;jpy;jhd;
xU kdpjUldhd clYwitf; fhl;bYk; Fiwe;j mstpyhd
tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jk;.
,e;jpahtpy;> nkhfyhyau;fs; Ml;rpf;F Kd;du;> ,e;jpau;fspd;
jdpg;gl;l Kd;Ndw;wKk;> r%f Kd;Ndw;wKk; ,e;Jkjj;jpy; mtu;fspd;
%lek;gpf;iffSld; Fd;wpapUe;jJ. ,e;jpahtpd; Qhd cgNjrk;
INuhg;gpa ehfupfj;ij> INuhg;gpau;fsplkpUe;J mjpf Qhdj;ij ngw;w
kw;w Mrpa kf;fspd; ~thapy;fSf;F| mUNf nfhz;LtUk; vd;W
ek;gpdhu;.
Mq;fpNyau;fs; kw;Wk; fPo;j;jpirthzu;fs; INuhg;gpa kw;Wk;
Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpa Foe;ijfspd; fy;tpf;fhf fy;fj;jh> kjuh];> gk;gha;
Mfpa gFjpfspy; elj;jg;gLk; njhz;L gs;spfs; %yk; gjpndl;lhk;
E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpyf; fy;tp mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp kpy;ypd; fUj;Jg;gb> cau; kl;lj;jpy; cs;s kf;fs;> xg;gPl;lstpy;
tsu;r;rp
fPo;kl;l kf;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F cjTtJ tpUk;gj;jf;fJ.
Rje;jpu rk];jhdq;fs; Mq;fpNyau;fshy; epu;tfpf;fg;gl;lhYk;>
RahjPd khepyq;fspy; ,e;jpau;fSf;F ed;ikaspg;gjhf ,Ue;j
Fwpg;Gfs; NghjpYk;> mtu;fs; kPJ Mq;fpNya epWtdq;fspd; jhf;FjYf;F
vjpu;g;G njuptpj;jdu;. epWtdk; ,e;j gs;spfis gy;NtW topfspy;
Mjupj;jJ> Mdhy; 1813 tiu RNjr kf;fspd; fy;tpf;F Neubahf
nghWg;Ngw;ftpy;iy. rkag; gpur;rhufu;fs; Nkw;fj;jpa fy;tpia
gutyhf;Fk; Ntiy nra;jhu;fs;. G+u;tPf nkhopfSk;> cs;ehl;L mwpTk;
gpd;jq;fpait vd;W fUjpdhu;fs;. Nkw;fj;jpa fy;tpKiw> Rarhu;G
epiyf;F toptFf;Fk; vd;W rkag; gpur;rhuf;fhuu;fs; ek;gpdu;. Fwpg;ghf
nruhk;G+u; rkag; gpur;rhufu;fs; Nkw;fj;jpa fy;tpia gug;g kpfTk;
Mu;tkhf ,Ue;jdu;;. fy;fj;jhtpw;F mUNf ,Ue;j mtu;fsJ FbNaw;wk;>
lhf;lu; tpy;ypak; Nfup> thu;L kw;Wk; N[h\;th khu;\;kd; Mfpa %d;W
ruzhyakhf khwpaJ. mtu;fs; rpWtu;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fs; ,UtUk;
gs;spfis elj;jp> xU mr;R gj;jpupf;if kw;Wk; cs;Shu; nkhopfspy;
iggpis nkhopngau;f;fTk; Muk;gpj;jhu;fs;. Mdhy; 1813-f;F Kd;du;
mj;jifa rka gpur;rhufu;fspd; eltbf;iffspd; vz;zpf;if kpfr;
Fiwthf ,Ue;jJ.
tl;lhu kw;Wk; ghuk;gupa nkhopfis ed;F mwpe;j ,e;jpau;fs;>
Muk;gj;jpy; fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp epu;thfj; NjitfSf;fhf
Njitg;gl;ldu;. ePjpj;Jiwapy; rk];fpUjk;> muG my;yJ ghurPf
nkhop nfhz;l ,e;jpau;fs;> Mq;fpy ePjpgjpfisf; fzf;fPl;lhsu;fs;
Nghy; mkuTk;> ,e;J my;yJ K];ypk; rl;lj;ij rk];fpUj> ghurPf
my;yJ mNugpa Gj;jfq;fspy; ,Ue;J ntspNaw;wTk; Njitg;gl;ld.
ghurPf kw;Wk; tl;lhu Ngr;R nkhop gw;wpa mwpTk; ,e;jpa murpd;
Ml;rpahsu;fSldhd fbjj;jpw;fhd murpay; Jiwapy; kjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
tUtha;Jiw kw;Wk; tu;j;jf Jiwfspy; cs;s fpsu;r;rpahsu;fs;
gzpahsu;fspd; Fiwe;j kjpg;gPl;Lk; Kf;fpak;> Vndd;why; mtu;fs;
tl;lhu Ngr;R nkhop gw;wpa mwpitg; nghWj;j tiuapy;> gbf;fhj
ntF[dq;fSld; Neub njhlu;Gfis nfhz;bUe;jdu;. vdpDk;>
epWtdj;jpd; nfhs;iffspy; gbg;gbahd khw;wk; Vw;gl;L> epWtdj;jpd;
Nritfspy; cau; juj;jpy;> Mq;fpyj;ijg; gw;wpa mwpTk;> tl;lhu Ngr;R
nkhop mwpTj;jYk; gpw;fhyj;jpy; jtpu;f;f Kbahjjhf fUjg;gl;lJ.
1813 Mk; Mz;by;>rhrdr; rl;lk; (1813) ,yf;fpaj;jpd; kWkyu;r;rp kw;Wk;
Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fhd 1>00>000 Mz;L tUlhe;jpu nrytpy; toq;fpaNghJ>
1813 Mk; Mz;by; ,e;jpahtpd; fy;tp tsu;r;rpia Nehf;fp ,af;Feu;fs;
ePjpkd;wk; kw;Wk; fw;wwpe;j ,e;jpa kf;fis Cf;fg;gLj;Jjy;>
gpupl;b\; vy;iyg; gFjpfspy; thOk; kf;fspilNa mwptpay; gw;wpa
mwpit tsu;g;gjw;fhd mwpKfKk;> Cf;Ftpg;Gk; MFk;. Mdhy;>
,e;jpau;fSf;F toq;f Ntz;ba fy;tpapd; jd;ikia ,e;j KbT
cldbahf KbT nra;atpy;iy. ,e;jpahtpy; mjpfhu G+u;tkhd
rpe;jidapy;> Xupay;thj rpe;jidfs; ,d;dKk; rf;jptha;e;jjhfNt
,Ue;jd. mNj Neuj;jpy;> ftu;du; n[duYk;> 1806 f;Fk; 1813 f;Fk;

,ilNa rkPgj;jpy; ele;j xU epkpl Kbtpy; mtUf;F tYthd MjuT gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp
tsu;r;rp
fpilj;jJ. nghJ mwpTf; FOtpd; Gjpa nghJf; FO> ,e;jpa ghuk;gupa
,yf;fpaq;fs; kw;Wk; mwptpay;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf;
Fwpg;gpLtjw;Nf ,e;j cl;gpupit mu;j;jg;gLj;jpd. mtu;fs; Muk;gpj;j
jpl;lk; fy;fj;jhtpy; rk];fpUj fy;Y}up epWtg; gl;lJ. NkYk; Fwpg;Gfs;
,uz;L fpof;fj;jpa fy;Y}upfs; Mf;uh kw;Wk; nly;ypapy; ,Ue;jd.
Mq;fpynkhop kw;Wk; Nkw;fj;jpa ,yf;fpaq;fis Mjupj;J mstplg;gl;l
gpujhd fhuzp> Gjpjhf ntspte;j ,e;jpa mwpT[Ptpfspd; Mjuitg;
ngw;Ws;s epWtdj;jpd; fy;tpf; nfhs;ifahFk;. Mq;fpyf;fy;tp %yk;
,e;jpahtpd; etPdkakhf;fy; nray;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;W ,e;j mwpT
[Ptpfs; Nkw;fj;jpa fy;tpapd; xU tpisnghUshf ,Ue;jdu;. NkYk;>
,e;j ,e;jpau;fs; jq;fs; tho;thjhuj;ij rk;ghjpf;f cjTk; fy;tp
Kiwia tpUk;gpdhu;fs;.
fy;fj;jh> nkl;uh];> gdhu]; rk];fpUj fy;Y}upia
tYg;gLj;Jk; murpd; Nahridia fz;bj;J uh[h uhk; Nkhfd;
uha; Mu;g;ghl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;ldu;. rk];fpUj fy;tpia 1823 Mk;
Mz;by; ,iwtd; mk;ù;];l; vOjpdhu;. mtu; vOjpa fbjj;jpy;
rk];fpUj fy;tp> ',isQu;fspd; kdjpy; ,yf;fz Ez;ZapupfNshL
xg;gpLtjw;Fk;> tho;f;ifapd; kNdhjj;Jt NtWghLfNshLk;>
mtw;wpd; nrhe;jf;fhuu;fsplNkh my;yJ rKjhaj;jpNyh eilKiw
uPjpapyhd gad;ghL eilKiwapy; ,y;iy vd;W $wpdhu;. vdNt>
,uz;L Mapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;du; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l khztu;fs;>
Cf Mz;fshy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;ljpy; ,Ue;J tPzhd kw;Wk;
ntw;W cg cwTfisf; $Ljyhf Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;fs;. etPd
tpQ;Qhdf; fw;wypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij typAWj;jp mtu; vOjpajhtJ:
~rk];fpUj fy;tp Kiwik> gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;ifahf
,Ue;jpUe;jhy;> ehl;il ,Uspy; itj;jpUf;f rk];fpUj fy;tpKiw
rpwe;jjhf ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy;> G+u;tPf kf;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wk; murpd;
Nehf;fk; vd;gjhy;> ,J NkYk; jhuhs kw;Wk; Qhdkhd topKiw>
fzpjk;> ,aw;if jj;Jtk;> Ntjpapay;> clw;$W Nghd;w gpw
gaDs;s tpQ;Qhdq;fis Nkk;gLj;jg; gad;gLfpwJ. ,jd; gadhf
Mq;fpyj;ijAk;> fPo;j;jpir nkhopfisg; gw;wpAk; Ma;it Cf;Ftpf;f
muR xg;Gf;nfhz;lJ.|
1817 y; tq;fhsp mwpT[Ptpfs; mikj;j fy;fj;jh ,e;Jf; fy;Y}
upf;F xU khdpak; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,J Kf;fpakhf Mq;fpy nkhopapy;>
Nkw;fj;jpa khDltpay; kw;Wk; mwptpaiy Ma;T nra;a typAWj;jpaJ.
fy;fj;jh> nly;yp kw;Wk; Mf;uhtpy; xU %d;W rk];fpUj fy;Y}upfis
muR mikj;jJ.NkYk;> INuhg;gpa mwptpay; gilg;Gfis fPo;j;jpir
nkhopfSf;Fs; nkhopngau;g;gjw;fhf epjp xJf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
,e;jpahtpy; fy;tpf; nfhs;if Fwpj;J thjhba ,uz;L
vjpnujpu; FOf;fs; ,Ue;jd. vr;.b. fpof;fj;jpa ,yf;fpaq;fSf;fhd
Cf;Ftpg;ig toq;Ftjw;fhd nfhs;ifia gpupd;nrg; Mjupj;jJ>
Mq;fpythjpfs; Mq;fpyj;ij xU mwpT Clfkhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;s
Mjupj;jdu;. 1828 Mk; Mz;by; ftu;du; n[duyhf gpupl;b\; tuyhw;whsu;

gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp kw;Wk; murpay;thjpAkhd jhk]; ghgpq;ld; nkf;fhNy 1834 ,y;
tsu;r;rp
jdJ kd;wj;jpd; rl;l cWg;gpduhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.,ijaLj;J>
cldbahf nghJ mwpTg; nghJf; FO jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. 1835
Mk; Mz;L gpg;utup 2 k; Njjp> mtu; jdJ Gfo;ngw;w ~,e;jpaf; fy;tp
Fwpg;Gfs; gw;wpa gpukhzf; Fwpg;G| ntspapl;lhu;. N[k;]; kpy;ypd; jiyikapy;
,Ue;j gadhspfisAk; epWtdj;jpd; nfhs;iffis tbtikg;gjpy;
fzprkhd gq;if Mw;wj; njhlq;fpapUe;j Mq;fpNyau;fspd;
fz;Nzhl;lj;ijAk; nkf;fhNy Mjupj;jhu;.
fPo;j;jpir fw;wYf;fhd KO mtkjpg;G> nkf;fhNyapd; epkplk;> ~xU
rpwe;j INuhg;gpa E}yfj;jpd; xU myF ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; mNugpahtpw;Fk;
KO G+u;tPf ,yf;fpaq;fs; kjpg;Gilait| vd;W typAWj;jpdhu;. mtu;
,e;jpau;fSf;F INuhg;gpa ,yf;fpak;> mwptpay; Mfpa nkhopfspy;
Mq;fpynkhop %yk; fy;tp fw;gjw;F MjuT nfhLj;jhu;. mj;jifa xU
fy;tp> ‘ekf;Fk;> ehk; Msf;$ba yl;rf;fzf;fhNdhUf;fpilNaahd
xU tu;f;fk;> ,uj;jk; kw;Wk; epwj;jpYk; ,e;jpa kf;fs; xNu tu;f;fk;.
Mdhy; Ritapy; Mq;fpyk;> xOf;fq;fs;> mwpTj;jpwd;fs; Mfpatw;wpy;
Mq;fpyj;ij cUthf;Fk;’ vd;W thjpl;lhu;. ngz;bd;f; cldbahf
nkf;fhNyapd; Kd;nkhopTfis khu;r; 7> 1835 ,y; epiwNtw;wpdhu;. Mq;fpy
nkhopapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; gw;wp nkf;fhNy vOjpdhu;: ,e;j nkhop>
midj;J Gj;jp[Ptpj Njrq;fisAk; cUthf;fp> 90 jiyKiwfspd;
Nghf;fpy; ifaspj;Js;s gue;j mwpthu;e;j nry;tq;fs; midj;ijAk;
mZf jahuhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpyk; vd;gJ MSk;
tu;f;fj;jpdhy; Ngrg;gLfpd;w nkhop MFk;. muR ,lq;fspy; cs;s cau;
tu;f;fj;jpduhy; ,J Ngrg;gLfpwJ. fpof;fpYs;s fly; gFjpapd; topahf
thzpfk; eilngWtjw;fhd tha;g;ghdJ mjpfk; ,Ue;jJ. INuhg;gpa
kWkyu;r;rp kw;Wk; u\;ahtpd; tof;F Mfpatw;wpd; cjhuzq;fis
nkf;fhNy Nkw;Nfhspl;L fhl;bAs;shu;. rkPgj;jpy; mwpahikAk;
kw;Wk; fhl;Lkpuhz;bahf ,Ue;j ehLfspy; ,Ue;j> fiy kw;Wk;
tpQ;Qhdq;fis J}a;ikg;gLj;jp> mjd; %yk;> mwpit J}a;ikahf
nra;a xl;Lnkhj;j r%fj;jpd; kdjpw;F nfhLf;fg;gl;l ngUk; J}
z;LjYf;fhd mwptpid mtu; Nkk;gLj;jpdhu;. NtW thu;j;ijfspy;
$Wtjhdhy;> epWtdj;jpd; epu;thfj;jpy; fPo;kl;l njhz;lu;fis
epug;Gtjw;fhf ~gpuTd; Mq;fpNyau;fis| cw;gj;jp nra;a Kw;gl;lhu;.
NtW thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhdhy;> epWtdj;jpd; epu;thfj;jpy; cs;s
fPo;kl;l njhz;lu;fis epug;Gtjw;fhf ~Mq;fpNyau;fs;| mjpfk; Mf;f
mtu; Kaw;rp nra;jhu;.
tpy;ypak; ngd;bq; gpuG 7 khu;r; 1835 vd;w jPu;khdj;jpd; %yk;>
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; epWtdj;jpd; murhq;fj;jpd; Nehf;fk; INuhg;gpa
,yf;fpakhdJ mwptpaYf;F Cf;fkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w
nkf;fhNytpd; fz;Nzhl;lj;ij mtu; mwpe;J nfhz;lhu;. Mq;fpy
nkhop kw;Wk; mjw;fhd vjpu;fhyj;Jf;F Njitahd midj;J
epjpfisAk; mtu; nrytpl Kaw;rpj;jhu;. ghurPf nkhopia
cj;jpNahfG+u;t nkhopahf khw;wp> Mq;fpyj;ij mwpTr; nrhy;yhfg;
gad;gLj;Jjy;> Mq;fpyk; NgRk; ,e;jpau;fis Mrpupau;fshf

gapw;Wtpj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iw ngd;bq; Mjutspj;jhu;. mtu; eyg; gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp
tsu;r;rp
gad;rhu; Nahridahy; <u;f;fg;gl;L gaDs;s fw;wy; Njitapdhy;
rupnra;ag;gl;lJ. nkf;fhNytpd; fPo;> Mapuf;fzf;fhd njhlf;fepiy
kw;Wk; cau;epiyg; gs;spfs; jpwe;jpUe;jhYk;> mit nghJthf
midj;Jk; Mz; khztu;fSf;fhf ,Ue;jd. fy;fj;jh gk;ghapYk;> Fwpg;Gfs;
nrd;id khfhzj;jpYk; cs;s gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;> 1857 Mk; Mz;L
vOr;rpf;F Kd;G epWtg;gl;ld. 1890 ,y;> Rkhu; 60>000 ,e;jpau;fs;>
Kf;fpakhf jhuhsf; fiyfs; my;yJ rl;lj;ijf; nfhz;L
te;Js;sdu;. %d;wpy; xU gq;fpdu; nghJ epu;thfj;jpy; Eioe;jdu;.
kw;nwhUtu; %d;whtJ tf;fPy;fs; Mdhu;fs;. ,jd; tpisT kpfTk;
ed;whfg; gbj;j njhopy;Kiw muR mjpfhutu;f;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. 1830
fspd; Muk;gj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpy; fy;tpf; nfhs;ifia tFg;gJ vd;w
fl;Lg;ghl;il Mq;fpNya thjpfs; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. 1835 ,e;jpaf;
fy;tpapy; jhk]; ghgpq;ld; nkf;fhNytpd; epkp\j;jpy; gy gad; rhu;e;j
fUj;Jf;fs; ,Ue;jd. mLj;j E}w;whz;Lf;Fs; ,e;jpahtpy; fy;tpf;
nfhs;ifia ed;F jhf;fg; Nghtjhf me;j epkplk; ,Ue;jJ. vdpDk;
gpd;du; mJ ngUk; gpur;ridfis fpsg;gpaJ.
gj;jpupiffspd; tsu;r;rp
19k; E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpahtpy; ,jopaypd; tsu;r;rp gy r%f
elg;Gfspy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jJ. etPd Mq;fpyf; fy;tpKiw
NkiyehLfspy; ,Ue;J Gjpa rpe;jidfis nfhz;L te;jJ. ,J
rKjhaj;jpy; gbj;j eLj;ju tu;f;fj;jpd; xU Gjpa gpupit cUthf;fj;
Jtq;fp> gj;jpupiffs; ,e;j gbj;j gpupTfspd; gpujpepjpahf tsu;e;jJ.
gj;jpupifr; nra;jp> gbj;j tFg;Gf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdjhf ,Ue;jJ. gbj;j
tu;f;fKk; rPu;jpUj;j eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;ljhy;> r%f kj rPu;jpUj;j
,af;fq;fshy; ngupJk; jhf;fg;gl;ldu;. mJkl;Lky;yhky;> jPtpukhd
rka gpur;rhuKk;> cs;ehl;L kj eilKiwfs; gw;wpa tpku;rdq;fSk;
,e;jpau;fis gy;NtW gj;jpupiffspd; neLtupirfis vjpu;j;Nj
nray;gl Cf;Ftpj;jJ. vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhf> tq;fhs nkhop
,jopaypd; MNuhf;fpakhd tsu;r;rpahdJ ehl;bd; gpw gFjpfspy;
mjd; nry;thf;if mjpfupf;f nra;jJ.
,e;j jhf;fq;fs; midj;Jk; gj;jpupiffspd; tsu;r;rpapy; Neubj;
jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpd. gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahtpd; %d;W khfhzj;jpYk;
,e;jpa rKjhaj;jpy; gbj;j gpuptpduhy; epWtg;gl;l Muk;gfhy
gj;jpupiffs; ,ijg; gpujpgypf;fpd;wd. ,jopay; Jiwapy; ,j;jifa
Muk;g Kaw;rpfs; gue;j mstpy; ,uz;L Kf;fpa Nghf;Ffis
gpujpgypj;jd.
••Kjyhtjhf> Gjpa Nkw;fj;jpa mwpT kw;Wk; jhuhska
kjpg;gPLfspd; ntspr;rj;jpy; Muk;gfhy gj;jpupiffs; ,e;J
rKjhak; gw;wpa xU tpthjj;ij Muk;gpj;jJ . mjd; kj
eilKiwfs; gioa kuGfs;> mtw;wpy; cs;shu;e;j jPikfs;
Mfpatw;iw nfhz;L ,Ue;jJ. rpy gj;jpupiffs; gioa
ghuk;gupa Kiwfis rPu;jpUj;jTk; MNyhrid $wpdu;. ,e;j Gjpa

gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp rpe;jidfs; rKjhaj;jpd; kughu;e;j gpuptpypUe;J fz;ldj;jpw;F
tsu;r;rp
cs;shdJ. Nkw;Fyfpd; jhuhsthj kjpg;gPLfspd; nry;thf;fpy;
tsu;e;JtUk; kj;jpaju tu;f;fj;jpduhy; njhlq;fg;gl;l rPu;jpUj;j
Kaw;rpfis mtu;fs; vjpu;nfhs;s Muk;gpj;jhu;fs;. Mdhy;
Fwpg;Gfs; jPtpukhd rPu;jpUj;j gpur;rhuk; mjd; gj;jpupiffspypUe;J mjpf
ftdj;ij <u;j;jJ.
••,uz;lhtjhf> fl;Lg;ghlw;w rka rPu;jpUj;j eltbf;iffSk;> ,e;J
kuGfisg; gw;wpa tpku;rdq;fSk; nghJ kf;fspd; czu;Tfis
mila Kaw;rp nra;atpy;iy. ,e;j kjf; fUj;JNtWghL>
,U FOf;fSf;fpilNa cs;s ,iwapay; thjk; Mfpait
gj;jpupiffspd; gFjpfspy; cs;s ntspg;ghlhdJ fz;lwpg;gl;lJ.
,e;j ,uz;L gue;j gj;jpupiffSk; nrd;id khfhzj;jpy; cs;s
gj;jpupiffspd; tsu;r;rpapy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpd. ,e;jpaUf;Fr;
nrhe;jkhd Mq;fpyg; gj;jpupifr; nra;jp 1844 ,y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
fpwp];Jt rkathjpfs; ntspapl;l ,jo;fspy; ,e;J kj eilKiwfs;
Fwpj;J ,ilA+W ,y;yhj rka gug;Gfshf ,Ue;jjhy; tpku;rdq;fs;
,e;jpahtpw;F nrhe;jkhd Mq;fpyg; gj;jpupiffspy; ngupajhf
,Ue;jJ. ,e;j gj;jpupiffs; fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf nghJf;
fUj;ijg; ngUf;fTk;> rka gug;G eltbf;iffis tpku;rpg;gjd; %yk;
gpupl;B\;fspd; vjpu;g;G czu;it cUthf;fTk; Kad;whu;fs;.
ntu;yhu; gpu]; mNj Neuj;jpy; mjd; njhlf;fq;fs; nra;jhu;.
tq;fhsg; kuhj;jp> F[uhj;jp gj;jpupifAld; xg;gpLifapy; njYq;F
gj;jpupiffspd; tsu;r;rp nkJthfNt ,Ue;jJ. uhk; Nkhfd; uha;
,uz;L gj;jpupiffis ntspapl;lhu;. rk;ghj;-nfsKjp ngq;fhyp kw;Wk;
ghurPf nkhopapy; kpuhJy; mf;gu; MfpNahu; r%f rPu;jpUj;jj;jpw;fhf
,e;j tof;if gpur;rhuk; nra;J te;jdu;. jhjh gha; ehNuh[p> u];j;
Nfhu;ghu; kw;Wk; ,thu; re;jpu tpj;ahrhfu; MfpNahu; 1890 y; N\
hk; gpufhi\ njhlq;fpdu;.1851 y; F[uhj;jp khjkpUKiw> jhjhgha;
ehNuh[p mtu;fshy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa r%f rPu;jpUj;jthjp vd;w
Mq;fpy thu ,jo;> r%f rPu;jpUj;jq;fis gug;Gtjw;fhf gk;ghapy;
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ilk;]; Mg; ,e;jpah 1861 y; njhlq;fpaJ 1865
y; Kd;Ndhb; 1865 y; nkl;uh]; nkapy;> 1875 y; ];Nll;Nkd;. ,e;j
gj;jpupiffs; nghJthf gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;iffSf;F
Mjutspj;jd.
kw;w gj;jpupiffs; 1868 y; tq;fhsj;jpy; njhlq;fpa mk;upj;
g[hu; gj;jpupf;if 1878 y; nkl;uh]py; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. 19Mk; E}
w;whz;bd; ,WjpapNyNa ,e;jpa nkhopfspYk;> Mq;fpyj;jpYk; Rkhu;
500 nra;jpj;jhs;fs; kw;Wk; ,jo;fs; ehl;bd; gy;NtW gFjpfspy;
njhlq;fpd.
Mq;fpy ehspjo; tsu;r;rp

,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; gj;jpupifapd; tUif Nkw;F tq;fhs jiyefu;
nfhy;fj;jhtpy; epfo;e;jJ. N[k;]; mf];bd; `pf;nfa;> nfhy;fj;jhtpy;

cs;s Kjy; ,e;jpa Mq;fpy ehspjo;> ngq;fhy; nf[l; my;yJ gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp
tsu;r;rp
fy;fj;jh nghJ tpsk;guk;> 1780 [dtupapy; njhlq;fg;gl;lNghNj
,e;jpa gj;jpupiffspd; je;ijahf fUjg;gLfpwhu;.
,e;j Kjy; mr;rbj;j nra;jpj;jhs; thu ntspaPlhf ,Ue;jJ.
1789 y; gk;ghapypUe;J te;j Kjy; nra;jpj;jhshd ghk;Ng nùhy;L Fwpg;Gfs;
gj;jpupif> 1791 ,y; gk;gha; $upauhy; ntspte;jJ. gpd;du; 1792
Mk; Mz;L gk;gha; gj;jpupifAld; gk;gha; murpjo; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;j nra;jpj;jhs;fs; gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; cs;s gFjpfs; gw;wpa
nra;jpfis vLj;Jr; nry;fpd;wd.
[dhjpgjp gjtpapy; ,Ue;j Ke;ija %d;W Mq;fpy
,jo;fshd jp Nel;bt; ru;FNylu;; (1844)> f;nu];n]z;l; (1844) kw;Wk;
jp iurpq; rd; (1857) Mfpait njYq;fpw;F nrhe;jkhdit.
rkag;gug;ghsu;fSf;F vjpuhf Nghuhl yf;];kpeuR>
ehuhazRthkp ehALthy; cUthf;fg;gl;l jp Nebt; ru;FNylu; vd;w
ehspjo; thq;fp> jp f;nunrd;l; vd kWngaupl;lhu;. ,e;j mwpf;if
rkag;gug;ghsu; Clf thfdkhf ,Ue;j gjpNtl;il vLj;jJ.
jp f;nurz;l;-d; Kjy; Mrpupauhd jpU. `hu;yp> xU Kd;dhs; ,uhZt
kdpju; Mthu;. ,e;j ,jopd; Kjy; efy; mf;Nlhgu; 2> 1844 md;W
ntspahdJ. kw;w gj;jpupiffSf;F toq;fpa rYiffis murhq;fk;
epuhfupj;jJ> mjd; Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj me;jf; fbdkhd rpukq;fis
vjpu;nfhz;lJ. Mu;Nkdpa njUtpy; cs;s yf;];kpeuR ,e;J
gj;jpupifapy; ,Ue;J jp fpnunrz;l; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. Muk;gj;jpy;> Gjd;
kw;Wk; rdpf;fpoikfspy; ntspaplg;gl;l xU thu ,jo;> $Ljyhf xU
rpwg;G miu jhs; gjpg;G jtpu jpq;fl;fpoik khiy ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
khjt uht;> rjhrpth gps;is> Nr\a;ah rh];jpup kw;Wk; uhk Iaq;fhu;
Nghd;w Kd;dzp egu;fs; tof;fkhd gq;fspg;ghsu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;.
1785 y; nkl;uh]; $upau; thu ,jo; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. 1840 Mk;
Mz;L ,e;J Njrgf;ju; vd;gij ùp\;re;jpu Kfu;[p njhlq;fpdhu;.
1862 y; ,e;jpad; kpuu; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ. Muk;gj;jpy; Mrpupauhd
NjNte;jpuehj; jh$u;> Nfrtr;re;jpu nrd; kw;Wk; eNue;jpuehj; nrd;
MfpNahiu gpd;njhlu;eJ ; te;jhu;. 1861 Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gu; 28 md;W
ghk;Ng ilk;]>; ghk;Ng ];lhz;lu;l>; ghk;Ng $upau; kw;Wk; j nlypfpuhg;
Mfpait xd;whf ,ize;J> jp ilk;]; M/g; ,e;jpah cUthf;fpd.
mjd; Mrpupau; uhgu;l; iel; Mthu;. Muk;gj;jpy; mJ khjhe;jpukhf
,Ue;jJ> Mdhy; gpe;ijaJ thukhf khw;wg;gl;lJ. 1875 ,y; ,uhgu;l;
iel; ];Nll;]N ; kd; njhlq;fpdhu;. 1890 Mk; Mz;by;> ];Nll;]N ; kd;
kw;Wk; gpuz;l; Mg; ,e;jpah ,izf;fg;gl;L> ];Nll;]N ; kd; Mf
khwpaJ. 1865 y; Kd;Ndhb myfhghj;jpy; ,Ue;J njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
nrg;lk;gu; 20> 1878 md;W> `pe;J [p. Rg;ud P pak; ma;au; vd;gtuhy;
kjuh]; gj;jpupifapy; thu ,johf njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;> F];Uq;fu;
mjd; Mrpupauhf ,Ue;j NghJ> 1883 y; thuk; Kk;Kiwahf khwpaJ.
1889 Mk; Mz;by; jpdrup nra;ag;gl;lJ. rpy Mq;fpy gj;jpupiffs;
gpd;tUkhW:

gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp 1. ilk;]; M/g; ,e;jpah
tsu;r;rp
ilk;]; Mg; ,e;jpah gk;gha; ilk;];> [u;dy; M/ fhku;]; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;L> xt;nthU rdp kw;Wk; Gjd;fpoikAk; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.J.E.
gpnud;dd; Mrpupau; Mthu; 11 epWtdq;fspy; gpupl;b\; rpz;bNfl;
Fwpg;Gfs; cupikahsu;fisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ. rPu;jpUj;jj; jiytuhd R.N.D.
Ntyhy;fu; mtu;fshy; miuthu gjpg;ghf njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ,J
1850 y; xU ehshe;jk; Mf ,Ue;jJ. kw;w fhfpjq;fis ,izg;gij
mLj;J ilk;]; Mg; ,e;jpah vd;W ngau; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.
,e;j ,izg;G> ‘19-k; E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpa ,jopaypd; kpfTk;
vOr;rpA+l;Lk; Gs;sptptuq;fspy; xd;W’ vd;W uhgu;l; iel; My;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. 1988–94 Mk; Mz;by;> gpugy gj;jpupifahsUk;
ilk;]; Mg; ,e;jpah gj;jpupifapd; MrpupaUkhd jpyPg; gl;nfsd;fu;
$Wifapy; —‘jd;Dila (iel;) jPtpukhf thrpf;fgl;l gjpg;Giufs;
%yk;> iel;> ,e;jpahtpy; gpugykhd cupikfs; vd;w xU xyp mikg;G
gw;wp gpur;rhuk; nra;jNjhL ,uapy; tiyaikg;ig tpupTgLj;jTk;>
gk;ghapd; FbePu; tpepNahfj;ij Nkk;gLj;jTk;> rhiyfs; mikf;fTk;
kw;Wk; ghrd trjpfisAk; Vw;gLj;j ngUk; KjyPLfis ehbdhu;.’
gl;nfsd;fu; (Njhw;wk; ,jo; etk;gu; 2012). ‘mtu; njhlu;e;J gpupl;b\;
mjpfhupfisAk; mtu;fs; mDgtpj;j rYiffisAk; gw;wp fz;bj;jhu;.
,e;jpau;fspd; kPJ mtu;fs; nfhz;bUe;j Nkhrkhd vz;zq;fs;
fhuzkhfTk;> ,e;jpahtpd; kpff; Fiwe;j tWikiag; Nghf;Ftjw;fhd
kjpg;ig mopg;gjw;Fk; mtu; fz;bj;jhu;. NkYk; Mq;fpNyh-,e;jpa
gj;jpupiffisg; Nghyd;wp> 1857 vd;w khngUk; vOr;rpf;F mtu;
mDjhgg;gl;lhu;. mNj Neuj;jpy; mtu; capu;fisAk; nrhj;Jf;fisAk;
ngupa mstpy; mopj;jpUf;fpwhu;.’
19Mk; E}w;whz;by; TOI Rkhu; 800 Copau;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
,e;jpahtpYk; INuhg;ghtpYk; ,J Goq;fpaJ. 1892 y; mjd; Mrpupau;
T.J ngd;dl; vd;gtu; F.M Nfhy;Nkd; cld; $l;L Nru;e;J nfhz;lhu;.
,jd; tpisthf $l;Lg; gq;F epWtdkhd ngd;dl;> Nfhy;kd; & Nfh
ypkpnll; (BCCL) cUthdJ.
2. ];Nll;];Nkd;:
,e;j ];Nll;];Nkd;> ,uz;L nra;jpj;jhs;fspd; Neub topj;Njhd;wy;
Mthu;. jp ,q;fpyp\;Nkd; kw;Wk; jp g;uz;l; M/g; ,e;jpah fy;fj;jhtpNyNa
ntspapl;ldu;. (,g;NghJ nfhy;fj;jh). jp ,q;fpyp\;Nkd; 1811 y; uhgu;l;
iel; My; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. mtu; Kd;dhs; ilk;]; M/g; ,e;jpahtpd;
Kjd;ik epWtdu; kw;Wk; njhFg;ghsu; Mthu;. iel;> ];Nll;];Nkd;
kw;Wk; Gjpa g;uz;l; Mg; ,e;jpah it>1875 [dtup 15 md;W> epWtpdhu;.
mJ gpd;du; jw;Nghija ngaiu Vw;wJ.
3. Ne\dy; nùhy;l;
Ne\dy; nùhy;l; gj;jpupif nrg;lk;gu; 1938 md;W yf;Ndhtpy;
[tù;yhy; NeUthy; epWtg;gl;lJ. me;j VL mjd; jiyaq;fj;ijg;

gw;wpf; nfhz;lJ. ~Rje;jpuk; Mgj;jpy; cs;sJ> cq;fs; midj;J gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp
tsu;r;rp
gyj;NjhLk; mij ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;| ,J Nfypr;rpj;jpuj;jpypUe;J>
g;uz;l;Nghu;l;y; cs;s Nfg;upay; vd;gtuhy; vLf;fg;gl;lJ. [tù;yhy;
NeU nra;jpj;jhspd; Muk;g Mrpupauhf ,Ue;jtu;. mtu; gpujkuhf
epakpf;fg;gLk;tiu nùhy;l; ,af;Fdu; thupaj;jpd; jiytuhf Fwpg;Gfs;
,Ue;jhu;. 1938y; K. uhkh uht; gj;jpupifapd; Kjy; Mrpupauhf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. Mf];l; 1942 md;W nts;isaNd ntspNaW
jPu;khdj;ij njhlu;e;J> gpupl;b\; uh[; ,e;jpa gj;jpupifahsu;fisj;
Jz;bj;jNjhL> 1942 kw;Wk; 1945 Mk; Mz;LfSf;F ,ilapy; me;jg;
gj;jpupif %lg;gl;lJ.
4. igdpau;
1865 y; myfhghj;jpy; ,e;j igdpau; [hu;[; Mnyd;> ,q;fpyp\;Nkd;
vd;gtuhy; epWtg;gl;lJ. 1865 Kjy; 1869 tiu kw;Wk; mjd; gpd;du;
jpdKk; thuj;jpw;F %d;W Kiw nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. 1866 y;> xU
,izg;gpy;> igdpau; mQ;rypd;> ~48 fhy; gq;F msT gf;fq;fs;|
ngUk;ghYk; tpsk;guq;fshy; Nru;f;fg;gl;lJ. 1872 y; My;gpul; rpd;ndl;
gj;jpupifapd; Mrpupauhf Mdhu;. gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahtpy; ngUk;
nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;jf; $ba xUtUf;F nra;jpj;jhs; khwpaij
Nkw;ghu;itapl;lhu;. 1874 y; thuhe;jpu igdpau; mQ;ry;> igdpau; mQ;ry;
kw;Wk; ,e;jpah thuhe;jpu nra;jpfs; vd khwp> rpWfij kw;Wk; gaz
vOj;Jf;fis rpwg;gpf;fj; njhlq;fpaJ. Mrpupau; Uj;ahu;l; fpg;spq;
(1865–1936)> jdJ 20 fspd; Muk;g fhyj;jpy; myfhghj;jpy; cs;s
nra;jpj;jhs; mYtyfj;jpy; etk;gu; 1887 Kjy; khu;r; 1889 tiu cjtp
Mrpupauhf gzpahw;wpdhu;. [_iy 1933-y;> igdpau; mQ;ry; kw;Wk;
,e;jpa thuhe;jpu nra;jp ntspaPl;ilj; njhlq;fpa fhyj;jpy;> igdpau;
xU Ml;rpf;FOtplk; tpw;fg;gl;L> cj;jug; gpuNjrj;ij myfhghj;jpy;
,Ue;J yf;Ndh Nehf;fp efu;j;jpaJ.
5. ,e;J
1878 Mk; Mz;by;> `pe;J gj;jpupf;if> xU khjj;jpw;F MW egu;fshy;
njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. 1883 Mk; Mz;by; `pe;J gj;jpupif thu ,jo;fshf
(jpq;fs;> Gjd; kw;Wk; nts;spf;fpoik khiy) ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
`pe;J gj;jpupf;iffs; murhq;f eltbf;iffis Mjupj;jd kw;Wk;
INC mku;TfSf;F gue;j ghJfhg;G mspj;jd. 1889 ,ypUe;J> `pe;J
gj;jpupif jpdrup ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
gj;jpupiffspd; tsu;r;rp tpisTfs;

,e;jpau;fspd; Njrpa czu;it tbtikg;gjpy; gj;jpupiffSk;>
,yf;fpaq;fSk; Kf;fpag; gq;fhw;wpdu;. me;ehl;fspy; gj;jpupiffSk;
Njrpathjpfspd; murhq;f Nritapd; Fwpf;NfhSld; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.
murpay; czu;it J}z;LtJ> fhydpa Ml;rpia mk;gyg;gLj;JtJ>
murhq;fj;jpd; epahakw;w> jPik gaf;Fk; nfhs;iffis vjpu;g;gjd;

gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp %yk; kf;fSf;F tpRthrj;ijg; Nghjpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w xNu
tsu;r;rp
Fwpf;NfhSld; nra;jpj;jhs;fs; ntspaplg;gl;ld.
Fwpg;ghf> jp ,e;jpad; kpuu;> jp gk;gha; rkhr;rhu;> kw;Wk; jp
`pe;J gl;upNahl;> jp mk;upjh g[hu; gl;upfh> jp `pe;J> jp Nfrup> jp
Fwpg;Gfs; ngq;fhyp> jp {ùpahuh Nghd;w gj;jpupiffspd; gq;F. ngq;fhyp gg;ypf;
xgpdpad;> jp uP]; kw;Wk; uhnal;> jp rhk;guhfh\;> jp Ryhg; rkhr;rhu;> jp
`plhtb> jp ,e;Jg;gpufh\;> jp RNjrpkpj;ud;> jp ml;tfl; Mg; yf;Ndh>
jp nùhy;L M/g; gPfhu; Mfpait cz;ikapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.
1875 y; ,e;jpahtpy; nra;jpj;jhs;fspd; tsu;r;rp kpf mjpfkhf ,Ue;jJ.
,J vz;zpf;ifapy; 475 Mf cau;e;jJ. ,e;j nra;jpj;jhs;fs;>
,e;jpa kf;fspilNa xw;Wikahf ,Uf;f Ntz;bajd; mtrpak;
Fwpj;Jk;> me;epa Efj;jplkpUe;J tpLjiy vd;w jq;fs; Fwpf;Nfhis
miltjw;Fk; xU FuYld; nray;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w tpopg;Gzu;it
Vw;gLj;jpdu;.
gpgd; re;jpuh> 1870 Kjy; 1918 tiuapyhd fhyfl;lj;jpy;> rf;jptha;ej; >
mr;rkw;w Njrpathjpfspd; fPo; rf;jp tha;ej ; gj;jpupiffs; ntspg;gl;ld.
gj;jpupiffspd; nry;thf;F mjd; fy;tpawpT ngw;w re;jhjhuu;fSf;F
mg;ghw;gl;lJ. mtu;fsJ nry;thf;F efuq;fs; kw;Wk; ngupa efuq;fSf;F
kl;Lk; kl;Lg;gltpy;iy. ,e;j khWjy;fs; midj;Jk; ,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa
tpopg;Gzu;tpd; ntspg;ghL> NkYk; mjd; tsu;rr ; pf;F gq;fspj;jd. ,e;jpa
gj;jpupiffs; fhydpa Ml;rp njhlu;ghf kf;fs; fUj;ij cUthf;f
cjtpd. murpay; vjpu;gG ; f;fs;> Njrpathj Nghuhl;lj;ij Cf;Ftpg;gJ
Nghd;w mikg;Gf;Fk; ,J cjtpahf ,Ue;jJ. gpupl;b\; epu;thfpfspd;
tQ;rfj;ij mk;gyg;gLj;Jtij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;l nra;jpj;jhs;fs;
Mq;fpyj;jpYk;> ntu;dpau;fSk;> mNj Neuj;jpy; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Rje;jpuk;>
rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; [dehafk; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis gutyhff; nfhz;L
te;jdu;. mJ Rje;jpuj;ij miltJ vd;w vz;zj;jpw;F Gjpa epwj;ij
je;jJ. ,jdhy; ,e;jpahtpy; gj;jpupiffs; Kd;ndg;NghJk; ,y;yhj
mstpw;F tsu;rr ; p ngw;W> 1875 y;> Vwj;jho 478 gj;jpupiffs; Njrj;jpy;
ntspaplg;gl;ld. Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; fhuzj;ij epiyehl;Ltjw;F
xU gj;jpupifNah nra;jpj;jhNsh jahupf;ftpy;iy vd;W ,e;jpahtpy;
xU khfhzk; $l ,y;iy.
ftpijfs;> ehty;fs;> ghly;fs;> Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fs; Nghd;w
Njrpa ,yf;fpaq;fs; Njrpathj czu;Tfis J}z;Ltjhf ,Ue;jd.
mf;fhyj;jpd; Kf;fpa Njrpathj vOj;jhsu;fs; rpyu;: gq;fpk; re;jpu
rl;lu;[p> tq;fhs nkhopapy; utPe;jpuehj; jh$u;; mrhj;jpa> yf;\;kpehj;
ng]gu;th; kuhj;jpapy; tp\;Z rh];jpup rpk;Nrfu;; Rg;ukzpa ghujp
jkpopy;; gujNtL ùp\; re;jpuh kw;Wk; gpNuk; re;j; `pe;jp kw;Wk;
my;jh/g; `_ird; myp> nkhfk;kJ \pg;yp ehdp kw;Wk; Kfk;kJ
,f;ghy; MfpNahu; cUJ nkhopapy; Ngrpdu;. mtu;fs; midtUNk
kdpj Neaj;jpd; jd;ik> rkj;Jtk;> jdp kdpju;fspd; Rje;jpuk;
Mfpatw;iw typAWj;jpdu;.
gj;jpupiffSk; ,jo;fSk; fUj;Jf;fisAk; gpur;rpidfisAk;
gfpu;e;Jnfhs;Sk; tha;g;Gf;fis mspj;jd. mNjNghy; ehty;> ehlfk;>

rpWfij> ftpij> ghly;> eldk;> ehlfk;> fiy kw;Wk; rpdpkh Nghd;w gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp
tsu;r;rp
fhl;rpfis gug;gTk; fhydpa Ml;rpf;F vjpu;g;ig ntspg;gLj;jTk;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mtu;fs; kf;fspd; nkhopapy; Ngrpdhu;fs;.
mtu;fspd; md;whl tho;f;ifapd;> ,d;gq;fs; kw;Wk; Jauq;fis
ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ. nra;jpj;jhs;fs; kw;Wk; ,jo;fSld;> jd;dk;gpf;if> Fwpg;Gfs;
Ra kupahij> tpopg;Gzu;T kw;Wk; ehl;Lg;gw;W Mfpa czu;Tfis
cUthf;fp mjd;%yk; Njrpa czu;T czu;it tsu;j;jdu;. ,e;j
vOj;jhsu;fspy; uh[h uhk; Nkhfd; uha;> <];tu; re;jpu tpj;ahrhfu;>
ghf;fpk; re;jpuh> M.G. uhdNl kw;Wk; gyu; jq;fs; ,yf;fpag; gilg;Gfspy;
kf;fspilNa Njrg;gw;W> Njrpa czu;it tsu;j;jdu;.
,e;jpa gj;jpupiffs; kf;fs; fUj;ij jpul;LtjpYk;> murpay;
,af;fq;fis xOq;FgLj;JtjpYk;> nghJ mgpg;gpuhaq;fis vjpu;j;Jg;
NghupLtjpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gq;if tfpj;jNjhL> Njrpathjj;ijAk;
Cf;Ftpj;jJ. 1916 y; md;dp ngrz;l; kw;Wk; ghy fq;fhju jpyfu; epWtpa
N`hk; &y; yPf;> mr;R Clfq;fis gpur;rhu thfdkhf gad;gLj;jpaJ.
~nkl;uh]; ];lhz;lu;L| vd;W Muk;gpj;J mJ ~epA+ ,e;jpah| vd
ngau;khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. Njrk; kw;Wk; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; gw;wpa
nra;jpfSld; Gjpa ,e;jpah KO gf;f ghjpg;GiufSld; te;jJ.
Kjy; cyfg; Nghupd; fhuzkhf gj;jpupf;if njhopw;Jiwapy;
gpd;dilT Vw;gl;lJ. vdNt mr;Rf; fl;lzk;> nra;jpj;jhspd; nryit
mjpfg;gLj;jpd. ,jd; tpisthf re;jhjhuu;fspd; vz;zpf;if Fiwe;J
tpl;lJ.
1915 Mk; Mz;by;> fhe;jp njd;dhg;gpupf;fhtpypUe;J jpUk;gp te;j
gpwF F[uhj;jpy; ~aq; ,e;jpah| kw;Wk; ~Net;[pad;| vd;w gj;jpupf;ifapid
njhlq;fpdhu;. mtuJ vOj;J eil vspikahdjhfTk; njspthdjhfTk;
,Ue;jjhy;> ,e;jpau;fspilNa xw;Wik kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk; gw;wpa
fUj;Jf;fis mtu; gug;g cjtpaJ. fhe;jpapd; rPlu;fs; ,e;jpahtpy;
kw;w nkhopfspy; mNj gj;jpupiffisj; njhlq;fpdu;. fhe;jp tWik>
ngz;fs; cupikfs;> jPz;lhik KbTf;F te;jNjhL kl;Lky;yhky;>
ntspg;gilahf NgRtjw;F tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F cjtpaJ.
1919 Mk; Mz;by; gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; nusyl; rl;lj;ij
mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. md;dp ngrz;l; gj;jpupifapy; mtuJ vOj;J %yk;
Nghuhbdhu;. 1920 Mk; Mz;by;> md;dp Njrpa gy;fiyf;fofj;ijj;
njhlq;fpdhu; kw;Wk; njhopw;gbg;G ghlnewpahf gj;jpupif
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L gpd;du; epA+ ,e;jpahtpy; gbf;Fk; khztu;fSf;F
cjtpdhu;. ,t;thW mtu; |,e;jpa tpLjiyia gug;Gk; xsp| kw;Wk;
~,jo;fspd; Kd;Ndhb| vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwhu;.
1930 Mk; Mz;by;> jz;b cg;G rj;jpahfpufk; gj;jpupiffshy;
gue;j tpsk;guk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. 1938 Mk; Mz;by;> ,e;jpa Njrpa
fhq;fpu]; (INC) Njrpa gpufldk; gj;jpupif njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. mJ
KOikahf INC eltbf;iffSf;F Mjutspj;jJ. 1941 Mk; Mz;by;
jkpo; nra;jpj;jhs; jpdj;jd;W ~jpd je;jp| kJiu Kjy; gjpg;NghL
Mjpj;jdhuhy; epWtg;gl;lJ.

gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp ,e;jpa gj;jpupif tsu;e;jJ> kf;fSila Njrpa edit
tsu;r;rp
fpsu;e;njOtjpy; xU Kf;fpa gq;iff; nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,U thuhe;ju
gj;jpupf;ifahd Nfrup kw;Wk; kuhj;jh Mfpait ghy fq;fhju;
jpyf;fhy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. gpupl;b\; murhq;fk; mt;tg;NghJ tsu;e;J
Fwpg;Gfs; tUk; ,e;jpa gj;jpupif kPJ jzpf;if nra;tjw;F gy rl;lq;fis
,aw;wpaJ. mlf;FKiw ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> kf;fs; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpw;fhd
Njitia vOr;rpf;nfhs;Sk; ghj;jpuj;ij Njrpathjj;jpd; tsu;r;rpapy;
xU fUtpahf khw;wpaJ. gj;jpupiffs; fl;Lg;gLj;j gpupl;b\;
murhq;fj;jhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l rpy eltbf;iffs; gpd;tUkhW:
nty;ny];yp gpuGtpd; jzpf;ifr; rl;lk; 1799: xt;nthU gj;jpupif
mr;Rg;nghwp> Mrpupau; kw;Wk; cupikahsu; ngau;fis mr;rpl
Ntz;Lk;. ve;jnthU jftiyAk; mr;rpLtjw;F Kd;> mJ jzpf;if
nrayhsuplk; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. N`];bq;]hy; ,e;jr; rl;lk;
mfw;wg;gl;lJ.
[hd; Mlk;]pd; cupkk; toq;Fk; xOq;FKiw rl;lk; 1823:
xt;nthU ntspaPl;lhsUk; murhq;fj;jplk; ,Ue;J cupkk; ngw
Ntz;Lk;> jtW nra;jtu;fs; 400 &gha; mguhjk; nrYj;JtNjhL>
gj;jpupiffs; murhq;fj;jhy; epWj;jg;gLk;. cupkj;ij uj;J nra;a
muRf;F cupik cs;sJ. rhu;y;]; nkl;fhg; ,r;rl;lj;ij xopj;jhu;.
ntu;dhFyu; gj;jpupif rl;lk; IX 1878: ntu;dhFyu; gjpg;gfk;
gpupl;b\; Ml;rpia Fiw $wpAs;sJ. vdNt gpupl;b\; murhq;fk;
ntd;rpFyu; gj;jpupifapdhy; fLikahf te;jJ. rkhjhdk; kw;Wk;
ghJfhg;G mr;RWj;jyhd vijAk; gpuRupf;f Ntz;lhk; vd;w
cWjpg;ghl;il toq;Fk; tifapy; nra;jpj;jhspd; ntspaPl;lhsiu
Nfl;f ePjpgjpfs; mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;sdu;. ve;j xU ru;r;irf;F
ePjpgjpapd; KbNt ,WjpahdJ. ,e;j rl;lk; Mq;fpy gj;jpupiffSf;F
nghUe;jhJ. 1882 y; upg;gd; gpuGthy; ,r;rl;lk; xopf;fg;gl;lJ.
gj;jpupf;ifr; rl;lk; 1908: gj;jpupiffspd; nrhj;Jf;fis gwpKjy;
nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; ePjpgjp trk; ,Ue;jJ. ,e;j gwpKjy;f;F vjpuhf 15
ehl;fSf;Fs; cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F Nky;KiwaPL nra;ayhk;. ,e;jr;
rl;lj;jpd; fPo; 7 gj;jpupf;iffis gyu; ,oe;jdu;.
gj;jpupif xOq;FKiw rl;lk; 1942: gj;jpupifahsu;fs; gjpT
fl;lhakhf;fg;gl;lJ. cs;ehl;L njhe;juTfs; gw;wpa nra;jpfspy;
tuk;Gfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;ld. rjpj;jpl;l nray;fs; gw;wpa nra;jp jil
nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,ilA+Wfs; gw;wpa nra;jpf;F toq;fg;gLk; jiyg;Gfs;
kw;Wk; ,ilntspfspy; tuk;Gfs; cs;sd. muR jd;dpr;irahd
jzpf;if kPJ mjpfhuj;ij nfhz;bUe;jJ.
Gjpa rpe;jidahsu;fs; kw;Wk; mjd; njhFg;gpd; ntspg;ghL

19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ghuk;gupa fyhr;rhuj;jpd; gpd;jq;fpa
$WghLfSf;F vjpuhd xU fyhr;rhu fUj;jpay; Nghuhl;lk;
xUGwKk;> Ntfkhd Nkyhjpf;fk; nfhz;l fhydpj;Jt fyhr;rhuk;
kw;Wk; gpw fUj;jpay;fisAk; fz;lJ. INuhg;ghtpd; mDgtq;fisg;

NghyNt ,e;jpahtpd; kWkyu;r;rp AfKk; gy fhykhf ,Ue;J te;jJ. gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp
tsu;r;rp
,J ,e;jpahtpd; r%f kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu Jiwapd; gy gFjpfspy;
khw;wq;fisf; fz;l xU fl;lkhFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpNyau;fs;
fhydpahjpf;fk; nra;a gy topfs; ,Ue;jd. gpupl;b\hupd; nry;tk;
kw;Wk; ehl;bd; fyhr;rhuj;ij mopg;gjd; fhuzkhf> gy gd;Kfg; Fwpg;Gfs;
gFjpfspYk;> fy;tp> nkhop kw;Wk; r%f fl;likg;Gfs; Mfpatw;wpy;
kpfTk; ntspg;gilahd khw;wq;fs; mjpfupj;Js;sd. Mq;fpy nkhop
mwpKfj;jhy; kWkyu;r;rp kw;Wk; tsu;r;rpAld; epiwa nra;ag;gl;lJ.
kWkyu;r;rp fhyj;Jf;F toptFj;j Kf;fpa jhf;fq;fs;:
••fpwpj;jt rka gug;ghsupd; nry;thf;F
••Mq;fpy nkhop
••Nkw;fj;jpa rpe;jidfs; kw;Wk; tho;f;if Kiwfs;
Nkw;F ehLfspd; rpe;jid kw;Wk; jj;Jtq;fspd; nry;thf;F
,e;jpahtpd; gilg;ghw;wiy xU ehl;bw;Fk; kf;fs;njhifahfTk;
Vw;fdNt ,aq;f itf;Fk; rhj;jpaj;ij tpopg;G+l;Ltjpy; ngUk;
gq;iff; nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,e;jpah jdJ tskhd Md;kPftsj;ijAk;
gz;ghl;ilAk; nfhz;L E}w;Wf; fzf;fhd Mz;LfSf;Fk; Nkyhd
ntspehl;Lg; gilnaLg;gpd; fhuzkhf rw;Nw rPuopTf;F te;jJ.
,e;j kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyk; xLf;fg;gl;l ,e;jpa Md;khtpw;F xU
kWkyu;r;rpiaf; fz;lJ. xt;nthU jdpkdpjDf;Fk; xU gilg;G
czu;T cz;L. gy;NtW r%ff; R+o;epiyfs; fhuzkhf> xU ehL
my;yJ fyhr;rhuk; $l;lhf vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLk;NghJ> ntspapypUe;J
fLikahd mlf;FKiw ngwg;gLk; NghJ tpopj;njOj KbAk;.
,e;jpahitg; nghWj;j tiu ,J Jy;ypakhf ele;jJ. gpupl;b\;
Ml;rp ,e;jpahtpd; gilg;G jpwikfspy; xU ngupa kWkyu;r;rpia
ngWtjw;fhf xU Cf;fkhfTk;> ,Ue;jJ. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd;
,e;jpa kWkyu;r;rpf;F toptFj;j fhuzq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fhuzkhf murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f> gz;ghl;L
Jiwfspy; Nkw;fj;jpa cyfpypUe;J fUj;Jf;fs; te;jd.
••,e;jpa kw;Wk; INuhg;gpa mwpQu;fs; kw;Wk; rpe;jidahsu;fshd
Nkf;]; Ky;yu;> ru; tpy;ypak; N[hd;];> uh[h uhkNkhfd; uha;>
gfthd; yhy; ,e;jpu[pj;> R.G. gz;lhu;fu; kw;Wk; M.G. uhdNl
MfpNahu; ,e;jpahtpd; fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; Md;kPf tsu;r;rpapd;
tpopg;Gzu;it Vw;gLj;jpr; nrd;wdu;.
••gq;fpk; re;jpuh> Nfrt; re;jpu nrd;> kJRjd; jj; Nghd;w mwpQu;fs;
kw;Wk; vOj;jhsu;fsplkpUe;J ngUk; etPd ,yf;fpak; ,e;jpahtpd;
kuGtop kw;Wk; tuyhw;iw xU gilg;ghf khw;wpaikf;f Gjpa
topfSf;F toptFj;jJ. ,J ,e;jpahtpy; kdpj czu;tpd;
ngUk; tpopg;Gzu;Tf;F ,l;Lr; nrd;wJ.
••fpwp];jtj;ij gug;Gtjw;F jq;fs; gzpapy; cs;s> jq;fs;
Fwpf;NfhSila fpwp];Jt rka gug;ghsu;fs;> tq;fnkhop>
kuhj;jp> jkpo; kw;Wk; njYq;F Nghd;w gpuhe;jpa nkhopfSf;Fs;

gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp Vuhskhd INuhg;gpa ,yf;fpaq;fs; kw;Wk; kj vOj;Jf;fis
tsu;r;rp
nkhopngau;f;f cjtpd.
,J ,e;jpa kf;fis Fwpg;ghf rKjhaj;jpy; eyptile;j
gpupitr; Nru;e;jtu;fis> mtu;fspd; epiy Fwpj;J mwpe;J nfhz;lJ.
Fwpg;Gfs; rhjp> tFg;G vJthf ,Ue;jhYk; midj;J kdpj Neak; rkj;Jtk;
vd;w nra;jpia gug;Gtjpy; rka gug;G thjpfs; kpfTk; nghWg;Gld;
,Ue;jhu;fs;. ,e;jpar; r%fj;ijg; gpsf;Fk; gpw r%fj; jPikfisAk;
mtu;fs; jhf;fpdu;.
rPu;jpUj;jthjpfs;> Gj;Japu;thsu;fs;> Njrpathjpfs; kw;Wk; gbj;j

kj;jpaju tu;f;fj;jpdu; MfpNahupd; vOr;rp
Mq;fpyf; fy;tpAk;> rpj;jhe;jKk; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fk; fhuzkhf 19Mk;
E}w;whz;by; Vw;wj;jho;T khw;wj;ij ,e;jpa rKjhak; fz;lJ. Gjpa
rpe;jidahsu;fs; rPu;jpUj;jthjpfs;> rka Mjuthsu;> Njrpathjpfs;
kw;Wk; gbj;j eLj;ju tu;f;fj;jpdu; tbtj;jpy; ,Ue;jdu;.
1. rPu;jpUj;jthjpfspd; Njhw;wk;
rPu;jpUj;jthjpfs; gbg;gbahd rPu;jpUj;jj;ij gupe;Jiuf;Fk; kf;fNs
,ij xopf;f Gul;rpia Vw;gLj;Jfpwhu;fs;. mtu;fs; gbg;gbahd
rPu;jpUj;jq;fis Mjupf;fpwhu;fs; my;yJ Kd;Ndw;Wfpwhu;fs;.
,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;B\; gilnaLg;Gk;> mjd; tpisthf fhydpa
fyhr;rhuKk;> rpj;jhe;jq;fSk; ,e;jpahtpd; ghuk;gupa gz;ghL kw;Wk;
epWtdq;fspd; typik kw;Wk; gytPdq;fisg; gw;wp xU jtpu;f;f
Kbahj tifapy; cs;Nehf;fj;jpw;F ,l;Lr; nrd;wd. Mdhy;> r%f>
kj tho;f;if rPu;jpUj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ nghJthd ek;gpf;if.
,e;j NjLjypy; cs;s r%fj; jsk; nghJthf kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyk;
vd;W miof;fg;gltpy;iy. Gjpjhfj; Njhd;wptUk; kj;jpaju tu;f;fKk;
ghuk;gupaKk; Nkiyehl;L gbj;j rpe;jidahsu;fSk; jhd; ,Ue;jdu;.
jdpAupik> rkj;Jtk;> Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; kdpj cupikfs;
kWrPuikg;G> rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fk; kw;Wk; INuhg;ghtpy; ele;j gy;NtW
Gul;rpfs; Nghd;wit ,e;jpahtpy; Gjpa fUj;Jf;fis nfhz;L te;jJ.
,e;j fUj;Jf;fs; ekJ rKjhaj;jpd; rpy gpupTfSf;F Ntz;LNfhs;
tpLj;jJ. ehl;by; gy;NtW gFjpfspy; gy rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fSf;F
,l;Lr; nrd;wJ. ,e;j ,af;fq;fspd; Kd;dzpapy; uh[h uhk; Nkhfd;
uha;> ru; iraJ mfkJ fhd;> mUzh Mrhg; myp kw;Wk; gz;bj
uhkhgha; Nghd;w rPu;jpUj;jthjpfs; ,Ue;jdu;.
,e;j vz;zw;w jdpegu;fs;> rPu;jpUj;j rKjhaq;fs; kw;Wk; kj
mikg;Gfshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Kaw;rpfs; jhf;fj;ij czu;e;jd
kw;Wk; ,J Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; kpfTk; ntspg;gilahf ,Ue;jJ.
ngz;fs; rpwe;j fy;tp tha;g;Gfis ngw;W> jq;fs; tPLfSf;F ntspapy;
njhopy; kw;Wk; nghJ Ntiytha;g;Gfis ngw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;. ,e;jpa
Njrpa ,uhZtj;jpd; jsgjp yf;\;kp nrfhy;> (INA)> rNuh[pdp ehAL>
md;dp ngrz;l;> mUzh Mrhg; myp kw;Wk; gyu; Rje;jpu Nghuhl;lj;jpy;
kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jtu;fs;.

Mq;fpy nkhop kw;Wk; Nkw;fj;jpa fUj;Jfs; rKjhaj;jpy; rpy rhjfkhd gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp
tsu;r;rp
jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. uh[uhk; uhk; Nkhfd; uha;> <\;tu; re;jpu
tpj;ahrhfu;> Rthkp jahde;j; ru];tjp> ru; iraj; mfkJ fhd; kw;Wk;
];thkp tpNtfhde;ju; Nghd;w etPd mwpQu;fs;> jhuhsthjk; kw;Wk;
[dehafk; gw;wpa Nkw;fj;jpa rpe;jidfis <u;j;jNjhL> fhyj;ijr; Fwpg;Gfs;
Nru;e;j rpy kdpjhgpkhd r%f kw;Wk; rka eilKiwfis rPu;jpUj;jg;
gad;gLj;jpdu;. r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu rkj;Jtk; murpay; fl;rpfs;>
tpthjq;fs; kw;Wk; nghJ Nkil kw;Wk; gj;jpupiffspy; tpthjq;fs;
%yk; Nt&d;wpaJ.
1828 y; tq;fhsj;jpy; gpuk;k rkh[k; cUthtjw;F toptFj;j
uh[h uhk; Nkhfd; uha; Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpahy; njhlq;fpa
rPu;jpUj;j kdg;ghd;ik fpl;lj;jl;l ,e;jpah KOtjpYk; gutpaJ.
gpuk;k rkh[k; jtpu> kfhuh\;buj;jpy; guk`k;] kz;lgKk;>
gpuhu;j;jid rkh[Kk;> gQ;rhg; kw;Wk; tl ,e;jpahtpy; Mupa rkh[k;
Mfpait `pe;Jf;fspilNaahd rpy Kf;fpa ,af;fq;fs; MFk;.
cj;jug;gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s fahRj; rgh> gQ;rhg;gpy; cs;s rupd; rgh
Nghd;w rpy tl;lhu kw;Wk; rhjp ,af;fq;fs; ,Ue;jd. kfhuh\;buhtpd;
rj;a Nrhjid rkh[; kw;Wk; Nfushtpy; ];uP ehuhaz ju;k gupghyd
rig MfpNahUld; gpd;jq;fpa rhjpfs; kWrPuikg;G Ntiyfis
Muk;gpj;jd. m`kjpa kw;Wk; mypfhu; ,af;fq;fs;> rpq; rgh kw;Wk;
NuZkha; k];jPard rig Mfpait KiwNa K];yPk;fs;> rPf;fpau;fs;
kw;Wk; ghu;rp MfpNahupd; rPu;jpUj;j Mw;wiy gpujpgypj;jd.
,e;j ,af;fq;fSf;fhd kj rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; gpujhd fhuzpahf
,Ue;j NghjpDk;> mtu;fspy; ahUk; jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;jjhf ,y;iy.
kdpjNeaj;jpdhy; ,J cw;rhfkhf Cf;fkspj;jJ> kw;wtw;Wf;fhd
kw;Wk; ,ul;rpg;gpd; fUj;J rPu;jpUj;jthjpfspd; epfo;r;rp epuypy; xU
gFjpahf ,y;iy. mjw;F gjpyhf mtu;fspd; cyf tho;tpy; ftdk;
nrYj;jpaJ. mf;\a; Fkhu; jj; kw;Wk; <\;tu;r;re;jpu tpj;ahrhfu;
MfpNahu; ,aw;iff;F khwhd Nfs;tpfSf;F ve;j tpthjj;jpYk;
fye;J nfhs;s kWj;Jtpl;ldu;. flTspd; ,Ug;igg; gw;wp Nfl;lNghJ
tpj;ahrhfu;> G+kpapNyNa nra;a Ntz;ba msTf;F flTisg; gw;wp
Nahrpf;f Neuk; ,y;iy vd;W nrhd;dhu;. gq;fpk; re;jpu rhl;lu;[p kw;Wk;
tpNtfhde;ju; kjj;jpd; kjr;rhu;gw;w gad;ghl;il typAWj;jpdhu;fs;.
2. kWkyu;r;rpahsu;fspd; vOr;rp
kWkyu;r;rp vd;gJ xU egu; kj kWkyu;r;rpia Cf;Ftpg;gNjh
my;yJ elj;JtNjh MFk;. NtW thu;j;ijfspy; $Wtjhdhy;>
kWkyu;r;rpf;F Ke;ija goq;Fbfs;> Kiwfs;> Kjypatw;iw
GJg;gpg;gtu;fs;. fhydpj;Jt epu;thfj;jpd;NghJ ,e;jpah
fhydpj;Jt fyhr;rhuk; kw;Wk; rpj;jhe;jj;ij CLUtr; nra;Ak;
rthiy vjpu;nfhz;lJ. vdNt> gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by;
cUthf;fg;gl;l ghuk;gupa epWtdq;fis GJg;gpg;gjw;fhd xU
Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. fhydpj;Jt Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhd
Muk;gg; Nghuhl;lk; fyhr;rhuj;jpd; muq;fpy; ,Ue;jJ. rKjhaj;jpd;

gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp fyhr;rhu mk;rj;jpy; CLUty;fs; jPtpukhf czu;e;jd. Mifahy;>
tsu;r;rp
goq;Fbg; gz;ghl;il ghJfhj;jy; fhydpj;Jt ntw;wpfSld;
fpl;lj;jl;l xNu rkaj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Nahridf;F
MjuT nfhLj;jtu;fs; kWkyu;r;rpf;fhf mwpag;gl;ldu;.
Fwpg;Gfs; ,e;j rpe;jidahdJ KOikahd fyhr;rhu ,Ug;G> tho;fi ; f
top kw;Wk; nkhop> kjk;> fiy kw;Wk; jj;Jtk; Nghd;w midj;J
nray;KiwfisAk; eilKiwg;gLj;jpaJ. ,e;j rpe;jidia
Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jpa ,uz;L gpujhd mk;rq;fs; xU khw;W fyhr;rhu-
fUj;jpay; Kiwia cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; ghuk;gupa epWtdq;fspd;
kPSUthf;fk;. ,e;jpahtpd; fiy> ,yf;fpak;> ,e;jpa ghuk;gupa Mil>
czT> kjk; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa kUj;Jtj;jpd; Gj;Japu;gG ; Mfpatw;wpd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij typAWj;jp rpy khw;Wf; fUj;Jfs;> tl;lhu nkhopfspd;>
xU khw;W fy;tp Kiwia cUthf;Fjy;> ,e;jpa fiy kw;Wk; ,yf;fpak;
Mfpait kPzL ; k; Gjpjhf cUthf;FtNj kWkyu;rr ; pahFk;.
3. fhydpj;Jt fhyj;jpy; Njrpathjpfs;

Njrpak; vd;gJ xU jdp egu; my;yJ xU Njrj;Jld; ,izf;fg;
gl;l xU jdpkdpjid cs;slf;fpa xU ek;gpf;if> Nfhl;ghL my;yJ
murpay; fUj;jpay; MFk;. ,J Njrpa milahsj;ij cs;slf;fpaJ.
xU Njrpathjp> jdJ ehl;bw;fhf murpay; RahjPdj;ij ngw
Kay;fpwhu;.
1900 thf;fpy;> ,e;jpah midj;J ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;ghf
cUthdJ. murhq;f Nritapy; mtw;wpd; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; NghJkhdjy;y
vd czu;e;j K];ypk;fis ,J <u;f;fj; jtwptpl;lJ. ru; iraj;
m`;kj; fhd; K];yPk; kWkyu;r;rpf;fhd xU ,af;fj;ij Muk;gpj;jhu;.
1875 Mk; Mz;by; mypfhu; vd;w ,lj;jpy; Kfyhad; Mq;fpNyh-
Xupaz;ly; fy;Y}up epWtg;gl;lJ (1920 Mk; Mz;by; mypfhu; K];yPk;
gy;fiyf;fofk; vd;W kWngauplg;gl;lJ)> etPd Nkw;fj;jpa mwpNthL
,];yhk; ,zf;fj;jd;ikia typAWj;Jtjd; %yk; nry;tk; gilj;j
khztu;fSf;F fy;tp fw;gpg;gNj Nehf;fkhFk;.
fhq;fpu]; cWg;gpdu;fspilNa Njrpathj czu;Tfs;> ,e;jpa
epu;thfj;jpy; xU nrhy;iyg; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf> murpd;
cilikfspy; ,e;j ,af;fk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ngw toptFj;jJ.
fhq;fpu];fhuu;fSk; jq;fis tpRthrpfs; vd;W fUjpf; nfhz;lhu;fs;.
Mdhy; gpupl;b\; Nguurpd; rhu;gpy; jq;fs; nrhe;j ehl;il MSfpd;w
gzpapy; jPtpukhf ,Ue;jdu;. ,e;j Nghf;if> jhjhgha; nesNuh[p
jdpg;gzpahf;Fk; tifapy;>gpupl;b\; kf;fs; kd;wj;jpy; ele;j Nju;jypy;
Nghl;bapl;L ntw;wpfukhf mjd; Kjy; ,e;jpa cWg;gpduhdhu;.
Rauh[;aj;ij ehl;bd; jiytpjp vd;W mutizj;Jf; nfhz;l
Kjy; ,e;jpa Njrpathjp ghy fq;fhju jpyfu; Mthu;. ,e;jpahtpd;
fyhr;rhuk;> tuyhW kw;Wk; tpOkpaq;fis Gwf;fzpj;J> ,opTgLj;jpa
mg;Nghija gpupl;b\; fy;tp Kiwia jpyfu; Mokhf vjpu;j;jhu;.
jkJ ehl;L tptfhuq;fspy; rhjhuz ,e;jpau;fSf;F ve;j FuYk;>

ghj;jpuNkh ,y;yhjjw;fhf Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhfg; Nghupl;lhu;. ,e;jf; gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp
tsu;r;rp
fhuzq;fshy;> mtu; Rauh[;aj;ij ,aw;if kw;Wk; xNu jPu;thf
fUjpdhu;. mtuJ gpugykhd thf;fpak; ];tuh[; vdJ gpwg;Gupik. mJ
,e;jpau;fSf;F cj;Ntfk; jUfpwJ.
Fwpg;Gfs;
4. gbj;j eLj;ju tu;f;fj;jpd; Njhw;wk;
gbj;j eLj;ju tu;f;fk; ,e;jpahit xU etPd kw;Wk; [dehaf
ehlhf fw;gid nra;J ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Mjhukhf ,Ue;J
tUfpwJ. vdNt mit etPd ,e;jpahtpy; tuyhw;W kw;Wk; r%ftpay;
tifiar; Nru;e;j xU gFjpahfNt ,Ue;J tUfpd;wd. ,e;jpaj;
Jizf; fz;lj;jpy; gpupb\ ;fhuu;fspd; fhydpa Ml;rpapd; gpe;ija
Mz;Lfspy; ,J epfo;e;jJ. ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; Kbtpw;Fg;
gpwF ,e;jpa Njrpathj ,af;fKk; ,e;j ,af;fj;jpd; eLj;ju tu;f;fj;
jiyikAk; Gjpjhf RahjPdkhd ehl;bw;F mbj;js tpOkpaq;fis
toq;Ftjpy; cjtpaJ.
fhydpahjpf;fj;jpd; ,izg;Gk;> [dehaf muRk;> Kjyhspj;Jtg;
nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpAk; ,e;jpahtpy; fy;tp gapd;w eLj;ju tu;f;fj;jpd;
tpijfis tsu;g;gjpy; cjtpaJ. eLj;ju tu;f;f tsu;r;rpapd; Kjy;
epfo;thdJ fhydpj;Jt fhyj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ. ,J ,e;jpahtpd;
gpupl;b\; FbNaw;w Ml;rpapypUe;J te;jJ. gpupl;b\; Ml;rp> etPdj;
njhopy; nghUshjhuk;> kjr;rhu;gw;w fy;tp kw;Wk; gy epu;thf
khw;wq;fis GFj;JtJ Nghd;w Vuhskhd khWjy;fisf; ,uz;L
E}w;whz;Lfshf nfhz;Lte;jJ. ehl;bd; gy;NtW gFjpfspYk;> Fwpg;ghf
fy;fj;jh> nrd;id kw;Wk; gk;gha; Nghd;w FbNaw;w efuq;fspYk;
gs;spfs;> fy;Y}upfs; njhlq;fg;gl;ld.
fle;j Mz;Lfspy; ,e;jpahtpy; xU Gjpa tu;f;fk; cUthdJ.
gpupl;b\; murhq;fj;jpd; epu;thfj; Jiwapy; gzpahw;wpatu;fs;>
,tu;fisj; jtpu kUj;Jtu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs;> tof;fwpQu;fs;>
gj;jpupifahsu;fs; Nghd;w gpw epGzu;fSk; ,Ue;jhu;fs;. ,e;j
njhopyhsu;fs; tof;fkhf rYif ngw;w Nky; [hjp gpd;dzp kw;Wk;
epjp tYthd FLk;gq;fspy; ,Ue;J te;jtu;fs;. Mdhy; rk;ghjpf;Fk;
xU nghUs; ,y;yhky; gzf;fhuu;fshf ,y;iy. ,J ngupa guk;giu
epyg;gpuGf;fs; my;yJ RNjrpa gpuGj;Jt FLk;gj;jpd; thupRfs;
Nghd;Nwhiu rKjhaj;jpd; nry;te;j mLf;FfspypUe;J xJf;fp
itf;Fk; fhuzpfspy; xd;whFk;. mNj Nghy> ,J ,e;jpa Vio vspa
kf;fspd; kpfg; ngUk;ghd;ikahdtu;fsplk; mtw;iw Rkj;jpaJ.
jhuhsthjk; kw;Wk; [dehafk; gw;wpa rpe;jidfs;>
,e;jpahtpYk; ntspehLfspYk; etPdf; fy;tpapd; %yk; ,e;jf;
fUj;Jfis ngw;W te;j gbj;j eLj;ju tu;f;fj;jpd; kPJ ngUk;
jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. gpnuQ;Rg; Gul;rp> jhuhsthjk;> [dehafk;
Mfpa rpe;jidfis mjDld; nfhz;Lte;jJ. vdNt> Gul;rpf;Fg;
gpd; Nkw;fpy; mtu;fs; gpugykhdhu;. gbj;j eLj;ju tu;f;fj;jpdu;
jq;fsJ Fwpg;gpl;l r%fq;fspy; ~r%f rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fk;’ njhlq;fp>

gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp ,e;jpau;fis fhydpa Ml;rpapypUe;J tpLjiy ngw Nghuhl
tsu;r;rp
Ntz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;jpdu;. Mdhy; ,e;j eLj;ju tu;f;fj;jpdu;
‘etPdkhf’ ,Ue;j NghJk; $l> mtu;fs; jdpj;Jtkhd ,af;fq;fspy;
fye;J nfhz;L> kjq;fs; kw;Wk; r%fq;fs; ,ilNa vy;iyfis
Fwpg;Gfs; tYg;gLj;j cjtpdu;.
gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L kWkyu;r;rpapd; jd;ikfs; kw;Wk;

tiuaiwfs;
,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy;> rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fs; ,uz;L Kf;fpa
mwpthu;e;j nfhs;iffis nfhz;L> gFj;jwpTthjk; kw;Wk; kjrhu;e;j
ru;tkathjk; Mfpatw;why; ngUk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpd. gFj;jwpT
tha;e;j kjr;rhu;gw;w fz;Nzhl;lk;> ghuk;gupaj;JlDk;> tof;fj;JlDk;
,Ue;j FUl;Lj;jdkhd ek;gpf;iff;F gjpyhf ,Ue;jJ. ru;tkathjk;
vd;gJ Kw;wpYk; jj;Jtk; my;y. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd;
gpw;gFjpapy; kjr;rhu;e;j Nfhl;ghL Nt&d;wpajpy; ,Ue;J murpay;
kw;Wk; r%f fz;Nzhl;lj;ij mJ ghjpj;jJ. ,e;j ,af;fj;jpd;
Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; jhuhsthj fUj;Jf;fs;> Njrpa xw;Wik
kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wk; MfpadthFk;. ghuk;gupa fyhrhuj;jpy; gpd;jq;fpa
mbg;gilf;$WfisAk;> fhydpa fyhr;rhuk; kw;Wk; rpj;jhe;jj;jpy;
cs;s xLf;FKiwf; $WfisAk; mfw;Wtjd; %yk; ,it rhjpf;f
KbAk;. rhjpj;jd;ikiaAk;> cUt topghl;ilAk; iftpl;L> cs;Shu;
nkhopfSf;F Gj;Japu; mspg;gjpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
gz;ila fiy kw;Wk; kUj;Jtj;ij GJg;gpj;J ghuk;gupa ,e;jpa
mwpit kWfl;likg;gjd; %yk; cs;ehl;L fy;tp Kiwfis
kPl;nlLf;Fk; jpl;lKk; cs;slq;fp ,Ue;jJ. r%f-kj ,af;fq;fs;
tsu;e;J tUk; Njrpathj czu;tpd; ,d;wpaikahj gFjpahf ,Ue;jJ.
,e;j fl;lj;jpy; ,e;jpau;fis ,e;jpad; vd;W ngUiknfhs;s itf;f
Ntz;baJ mtrpak;. mjhtJ mtu;fspd; gz;ghL> ghuk;gupak; gw;wp
ngUkpjk; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
,e;j ,af;fk; me;j tifapy; ntw;wpaile;jJ. fhydpa
gz;ghl;L Nkyhjpf;f nray;Kiw mjd; jlq;fspy; epWj;jg;gl;lJ.
Muk;g rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fs;> r%f> kj mikg;gpy; Njitg;gLk;
khw;wq;fs; gw;wp Ngrg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhd fhuzj;ij fz;Lgpbg;gJ
fbdk; my;y. ed;F mwpag;gl;l r%f gof;ftof;fq;fSk; ,e;jpa
kuGfSk; kj jlq;fNshL neUq;fpa njhlu;G nfhz;lit MFk;.
,e;jpa rPu;jpUj;jthjpfs; rpe;jid kw;Wk; nray;ghLfspd; r%f kw;Wk;
kj JiwfSf;F ,ilapyhd neUf;fkhd njhlu;ig czu;e;jdu;.
,j;jifa Muk;gfhy r%fr; rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fs;> gpujhdkhf
tpsq;fpaJ.
xU Fwpg;gpl;l r%fj;jpd; my;yJ rhjpaj;jpd; epiyikfis
Nkk;gLj;JtJ ,y;iy. khwhf r%f eyid Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
gjpndl;lhk;> gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fs;
ngUk; Nghf;Ffisf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. uh[h uhk; Nkhfd; uha;> <\;tu; re;jpu

tpj;ahrhfu; Nghd;w rpy rPu;jpUj;jthjpfs; rKjhaj;Jf;Fs; ,Ue;J gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp
tsu;r;rp
rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; njhlq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ij nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
,e;j khw;wq;fs; rl;lkpaw;Wk; jiyaPl;lhy; Mjupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;W kw;wtu;fs; tpUk;gpdhu;fs;.
,jd; nghUs; mur MjuT rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fs; kl;LNk Fwpg;Gfs;
jpwk;gl;l KbAk; vd;gjhFk;. ,e;j fUj;Jf;F Nf`g; re;jpu nrd;>
vk;.[p uhd;Nl Nghd;w rPu;jpUj;jthjpfs; Mjutspj;jdu;. ,sk;
tq;fhs ,af;fk;> khw;wj;jpd; FwpaPLfspd; %yk; rPu;jpUj;jj;ij
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpaJ. rPu;jpUj;j nray;ghLfspy; mJ xU jPtpukhd
Nghf;if gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpaJ. rPu;jpUj;jj;jpw;fhd ,e;jpahtpd;
gz;ghl;L kuGfis mJ xUNghJk; ek;gpajpy;iy.
r%f rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; ikakhf ngz;fs;

Mq;fpNyau; fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpag; ngz;fspd; epiy mf;fhyj;jpd; r%f>
kj> nghUshjhu> murpay; fl;likg;gpy; Nt&d;wpAs;sJ. ,e;J kj
,yf;fpaq;fshd Guhzq;fs;> ];kpUjpfs;> ,uhkhazk; kw;Wk; kfhghujk;
$l ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd ghugl;rq;fis gug;Gtjpy; gy tpjq;fspy;
fhuzkhf ,Ue;jd. ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd r%f jPikfs; r%fj;jpy;
mjpfkhf ,Ue;jd. rhjp> Foe;ijj; jpUkzk;> gyjhu kzk;> ngz;
rpRf;nfhiy> fy;tp kw;Wk; gpw mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs; gwpNghFk;
nfhûkhd eilKiwfs;> tpjitia kWkzk; nra;Ak; cupik>
mNj Nghy; nrhj;Jf;fis thuprhf;Fk; cupik Nghd;w rpy nghJthd
jPikfs; kl;LNk fpl;lj;jl;l ,e;jpahtpd; xt;nthU gFjpapYk; ,Ue;jJ.
gpupl;b\; Ml;rp ,e;jpag; nghUshjhuj;ij ehrkhf;fp tpl;lJ
vd;gJ cz;ikjhd; vd;whYk;> gpupl;b\; mjpfhupfs; ,e;j ehl;bd;
juf;Fiwthd tho;f;if epiyikfspy; ngz;fis J}f;fp vwpAk;
Kaw;rpia Nkw;nfhz;ldu; vd;gJk; cz;ikahFk;. Mq;fpNyau;fs;
,e;jpahtpy; xU Kjyhspj;Jtg; nghUshjhuj;ijAk;> jdpegupd;
rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Rje;jpuf; Nfhl;ghLfisAk; mbg;gilahf nfhz;l
xU rl;l> murpay; Ml;rpia mwpKfg;gLj;jpdu;. ,jd; mbg;gilapy;
gpwg;G> ghypdk;> rhjp my;yJ r%fk; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapyhd
Vw;wj; jsu;r;rpfs; vJTk; ,y;iy. ,e;jpag; ngz;fisg; nghWj;jtiu
,J Nkw;fj;jpa fy;tp> Nkw;fj;jpa jhuhsthj rpe;jid> r%fr;
rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fk;> etPd epWtdq;fs;> etPd Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiw
kw;Wk; njhiyj; njhlu;G rhjdq;fs; Mfpait etPd topKiwahf
,Ue;jJ> mit xl;Lnkhj;jkhf mtu;fsJ tpLjiyapy; xU rhjfkhd
gq;if Mw;wpaJ.
Kf;fpakhf> ngz;fs; tpLjiy ,af;fj;jpw;fhd Kjy;
ghJfhg;Gthjpfs; my;y> Mz;fs;jhd; mt;thW cs;sdu;.
(Kw;Nghf;fhd Ml;fs;). ngz;fs; jq;fs; epiyg;ghl;ilg;
gw;wp epidj;Jf;nfhz;bUe;jNghJ> gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd;
Kw;gFjpapYk; ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapYk; jkJ nrhe;j
tpLjiyf;fhd ,af;fj;jpy; Eioe;jdu;. cz;ikapy;> gj;njhd;gjhk;

gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp E}w;whz;bYk; ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L fhyj;jpYk;> ngz;fs; tpLjiy
tsu;r;rp
vd;w gpur;rpidia r%f rPu;jpUj;jthjpfs; vLj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;fs;.
nfhûkhd rhjp tof;Ff;F vjpuhf xU ,af;fj;ij njhlq;fpajpy;
Kw;gl;l ,e;jpau;fspy; xUtuhf uh[h uhk; Nkhfd; uha; ,Ue;jhu;.
Fwpg;Gfs; mtuJ tplhKaw;rpahy;> Cjpak;> rjp vjpu;g;G jPu;khdk; 1829 ,y;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
,e;J rKjhaj;ijj; jho;j;jpa kw;nwhU r%fj; jPik Foe;ijj;
jpUkzk; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa ngz;fis gy E}w;whz;Lfshf nksdj;jpw;F
Mshf;fpaJ. ,uz;L Kf;fpa rPu;jpUj;jthjpfs;> <];tu; re;jpu
tpj;ahrhfu; kw;Wk; B.M. kyghup MfpNahu; xU ghu;]p fLikahd Muk;g
jpUkzj;ij vjpu;j;jdu;. tpj;ahrhfupd; ,e;j tplh Kaw;rpNa 1860
Mk; Mz;bd; rl;lj;ij epiwNtw;w toptFj;jJ. ,e;jr; rl;lj;jpd;gb>
jpUkzk; kw;Wk; jpUkzkhfhj ngz;fs; MfpNahupd; xg;Gjy; taJ
gj;J Mz;LfSf;F cau;j;jg;gl;lJ. B.M. kyghup jd; kPJ ,e;j
jPik gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;it jdJ ,e;jpa ghu;itahsupd; gj;jpupiff;F
vLj;Jr; nrd;whu;. ,e;J jpUkzj;jpd; mopit Foe;ijj; jpUkzk;
vt;thW topelj;jpr; nrd;wJ vd;Wk; mtu; NkYk; tpsf;fpdhu;. mtuJ
,iltplhj Kaw;rpfshy;> 1891 y; xg;Gjy; ngw;w taJ epiwNtwpaJ.
,e;j rl;lj;jpd;gb jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;Sk; taJ gj;J Kjy;
gd;dpuz;L Mz;Lfs; tiu cau;j;jg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
1929 Mk; Mz;by;> Foe;ij jpUkzk; jil rl;lk; (gpugykhf ru;jh
rl;lk; vd;W mwpag;gl;lJ) epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ> mjpy; ngz;fSf;fhd
jpUkz taJ gjpdhd;F taJ> Mz;fSf;F gjpndl;L taJ vd
MdJ. ,ay;ghfNt> ,e;j tsu;r;rpfshy; jq;fs; r%f epiyia
Nkk;gLj;JtJ ngz;fSf;F Gj;Jzu;r;rp mspf;f $bajhf ,Ue;jJ.
mjw;F xUtu; kl;Lk; Nghuhb tho;tpy; midj;ijAk; mila KbAk;
vd;gijAk; mtu;fSf;F mwpaitj;jhu;.
tpjitfs; xU gupjhgkhd tho;f;if tho;e;jdu;. tq;fhsj;jpy;
<];tu; re;jpu tpj;ahrhfu;> eu;kj;> ePjpgjp uhdNl> Nf. eluh[d; MfpNahu;
gk;ghapy; ,e;j tof;if gw;wp tYthf Ngrpdhu;fs;. mtu;fs; kPz;Lk;
jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;L kupahijf;Fupa tho;f;if tho Ntz;Lk; vd;W
typAWj;jpdu;.mtu;fsJ Kaw;rpfs; Xustpw;F nry;ytpy;iy> 1856
Mk; Mz;by; yhu;l; ly;n`srp tpjit kWkzj;ij epiwNtw;wpdhu;.
rh];jpuq;fSk;> gz;ila ,e;J ,yf;fpaKk; ,e;J tpjitfSf;F
vjpuhf ,g;NghJ kWkzk; nra;J nfhs;s Kbe;jJ. rKjhaj;ijj;
Njhy;tpAwr; nra;j kw;nwhU r%f Nehf;fk; Nfhtpy; tpgr;rhuk; (Njtjhrp)
MFk;. ,e;jpahtpd; gy;NtW gFjpfspy; mJ gpd;gw;wg;gl;lhYk;> ,e;j
r%fj; jPik Fwpg;ghf njd;dpe;jpahtpy; kpfTk; gutyhf ,Ue;jJ.
mq;F xU rpy tifahd cd;djq;fs; Nfhtpy;fSld; njhlu;G
nfhz;bUe;jd. Njtjhrp ,e;j ngz;fSf;F xU guk;giur; rhjp
MdJ> mtu;fs; rpWtajpy; ,sikf; fhyj;jpy; nja;tPf Nritapy;
<Lgl;lhu;fs;. mtu;fs; Nfhtpy;fspy; eldkhb ghbdhu;fs;> Mdhy;
,e;j Gdpj ,lq;fspy; tpgr;rhuk; nra;a epu;ge;jpf;fg;gl;ldu;. r%f
rPu;jpUj;jthjp Kj;Jyl;Rkp nul;b ,e;j mjpu;r;rpfukhd eilKiwf;F

vjpuhd xU ,af;fj;jpw;F Kd;Ndhbahf ,Ue;jhu;. 1925-y; murhq;fk; gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp
tsu;r;rp
rpWghd;ikapdupd; flj;jy; jilnra;ag;gl;l rl;lj;ij epiwNtw;wpaJ.
ngz;fSf;F vjpuhf ghjpf;fg;glf;$ba nfhLikfSf;F ve;j
KbTk; ,y;iy vd;gJ Nghy; Njhd;wpaJ. kw;nwhU gpur;rpid gyjhu
kzk; my;yJ ‘gy jpUkzq;fs’ MFk;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l r%fj;jpw;F Fwpg;Gfs;
kl;Lg;gl;l xU tplaky;y vd;gJ njspthFk;. mNefkhf vy;yh
rKjhaq;fspYk; mJ Eioe;J tpl;lJ kw;Wk; rpyNu mjpypUe;J
jg;gpf;f KbAk;. r%f Mu;tyu;fs; mij fLikahf vjpu;j;jdu; kw;Wk;
ngz;fs; ghJfhf;Fk; xU fLikahd rl;lk; Ntz;Lk;. mg;gbg;gl;l
rpy nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; Nfrg; re;jpu nrd;> ru; iraJ mfkJ fhd;
MfpNahu; Mtu;. 1872 y; G+u;tpf jpUkzr; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. mJ
gyjhu kzj;ij (kw;Wk; xU Mz; gy ngz;fSld; xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l
ghypay; rq;fk;) ,e;Jf;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ. mJ tpjit kWkzk;
vd;w fUj;Jf;F Vw;wk; nfhLj;J> mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l gs;sp my;yJ
kj ek;gpf;if ,y;yhjtu;fSf;F ,ilNa fyg;G jpUkzj;ij
mDkjpj;jJ.
fy;tpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk;> ntFnjhiyit milAk;
tpisTfisAk; Fiwj;J kjpg;gpl KbahJ. me;j Neuj;jpy; ,e;jpa
r%f rPuj ; pUj;jthjpfs; ,ij mq;ff P upj;J ngz;fSf;fhd fy;tp
cupikfis typAWj;jpdu;. fy;tp vd;gJ ngz;fis jd;dk;gpf;ifAlDk;>
mwpthw;wYk; Mf;Fk; vd;W mtu;fs; ek;gpdhu;fs;. gpuk;k rkh[;> Mu;ah
rkh[;> uhk fpU\;zh kp\d;> mypfhu; ,af;fk;> `hye;J (neju;yhe;J)>
mnkupf;fh> n[u;kdp kw;Wk; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; fpwp];jt k
p\pdupfs; Nghd;w rpy
r%f mikg;Gfshy; ,e;j ,af;fj;jpy; Kd;Ndhb Ntiy nra;ag;gl;lJ.
1849 k; Mz;L Nk khjj;jpy; ,\;thu; re;jpu tpj;ahrhfu; ngj;J}dpd;
cjtpAld; ‘,e;J ghyp tpj;ahyah’ vDk; gs;spf;$lk; ngz;fSf;F
Kjd;Kjyhf epWtg;gl;lJ. cau; [hjp FLk;gq;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd
ngz;fSf;F kl;LNk ,J nghUe;Jk; vd;whYk;> mJ ngz; fy;tpf;F
vjpuhd ghugl;rq;fis mfw;Wtjpy; ePzl ; J}uk; nrd;wJ. ngz;fs; fy;tp
fw;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kf;fs; mwpe;jij cWjp nra;tjpy; tpj;ahrhfu;
ntw;wp fz;lhu;. vdpDk; ngz;fSf;F fy;tp toq;Ftjpy; gy jilfs;
Vw;gl;ld. mtw;wpy; xd;W> ,e;jpa kf;fs;njhifia newpg;gLj;jf; $ba
Vo;ikapd; rhgk; MFk;. mijAk; kPwp> ngz;fspd; fy;tpapy; tsu;rr ; p
Vw;gl;lJ. rpy Gs;sp tptuq;fspy; ,Ue;J ,ij mwpayhk;: gs;spfspy;
fye;J nfhz;l khztpfspd; vz;zpf;if 1917 y; 1>230>000 ,Ue;J
1937 y; 2>890>000 vd;W cau;ej ; J. 1854 k; Mz;L Tl;’]; nl];ghl;r;
kw;Wk; 1882 Mk; Mz;bd; `z;lu; fkp\d; ngz;fspd; fy;tpia js;s
Kide;jhYk;> r%f rPuj ; pUj;jthjpfs; kw;Wk; fpwp];jt kp\dupfspd;
nray;jpwd; kpfr; rpwe;jJ vd;gij typAWj;j Ntz;Lk;. gs;spf;$lq;fs;
jpwe;J mij elj;Jtjpy; mtu;fs; ntw;wp ngw;wdu;.r%f rPuj ; pUj;jthjp
kw;Wk; fy;tpapayhsu; Nguhrpupau; fhu;Nt 1916 ,y; GNdapy; Kjy;
,e;jpa kfspu; gy;fiyf;fofk; njhlq;fpdhu; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
ngz;fs; ,jpy; gq;F nfhs;s Muk;gpj;j NghJ> Njrpa ,af;fk;
ngz;fSf;F r%f rPu;jpUj;j Kiwf;F khWgl;l ghijia mspj;jJ.

gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp fhe;jpa ,af;fkhdJ ngz;fs; gq;F ngw;w mikg;ghf ,Ue;jJ.
tsu;r;rp
Mapuf;fzf;fhdtu;fs; murpay; ntF[d ,af;fj;jpy; <Lgl;ldu;.
mtu;fs; kJghdf; filfis kwpay; nra;a jaq;ftpy;iy>
Mu;g;ghl;lq;fs;> ePjpkd;w rpiwfs;> kw;Wk; yj;jp Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fis
Fwpg;Gfs; $l vjpu;nfhz;ldu;. gpd;du;> 1937 y; cUthf;fg;gl;l fhq;fpu];
murhq;fq;fspd; nrayhsu;fs; kw;Wk; Jiz Ngr;rhsu;fs; vd;w
Kiwapy; gy ngz;fs; mikr;ru;fshfTk; gzpGupe;jdu;. ,e;jpa
ngz;fs; cs;Shu; thupaq;fs; kw;Wk; efuhl;rp cWg;gpdu;fshfTk;
Mdhu;fs;. ,e;jpahtpy; ngz;fs; xU ePz;l top te;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;. xU
Gjpa tpopg;Gzu;T Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. mtu;fs; cyfpy; jq;fs; ,lj;ij
fz;Lgpbf;fTk; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; nrhe;j tpjp jahu; nra;aTk;
,Ue;jdu;.

1. gz;ila ,e;jpahtpd; fy;tp Kiw vd;d?
2. Ke;jpa fhy ,e;jpahtpy; fy;tpapd; ,U gpujhd ghlrhiyfspd;
ngau; vd;d?
3. ,e;jpahtpy; xU ,e;jpaUf;F nrhe;jkhd Kjy; Mq;fpy mr;rfk;
ve;j Mz;L epWtg;gl;lJ?
4. 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpahtpy; khw;wk; Vw;gl;l fhyj;Jf;F
Kf;fpaf; fhuzq;fs; vit?
5. G+u;tPf jpUkz rl;lk; vg;gb ,Ue;jJ> vg;NghJ epiwNtwpaJ?

Mq;fpNyau;fs; $l;lhl;rp murhq;f tbtj;ij Nehf;fp efu;e;jjhy;>
murpayikg;G rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; kpfj; njspthff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
,ijj; njhlu;e;J> Gjpa Jiwfs; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;L> ,j;Jiw rPuhd
Kiwapy; elj;Jtjw;fhd eilKiwfis khw;wp mikf;f eltbf;if
nra;ag;gl;lJ. Muk;gj;jpy;> epu;thfk; ,uz;L gue;j gpupTfspd; fPo;
FOthf;fg;gl;lJ. nghJ epu;thfk;> ntspehl;L Nritfs; kw;Wk; epjp
Mfpa Jiwfspy; xd;W> tUtha; kw;Wk; ePjpj; Jiwfs; ,uz;lhk;
gpuptpd; fPo; FOthf;fg;gl;ld.
gpd;du;> 1843 Mk; Mz;by; epu;thfj;jpw;Fs;shd ehd;F Kf;fpa
Jiwfs;> ,uhZtk;> ntspehL> tPL kw;Wk; epjp Nghd;wit. rl;lkd;w
tptfhuq;fisAk; cs;Jiw ifahz;lJ. 1855 y;> uapy;Nt kw;Wk;
ehl;bd; ghrd Kiwia Nkk;gLj;Jtij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L> nghJg;
gzpfs; vd mwpag;gLk; jdpj; Jiw Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. fhyg;Nghf;fpy;
%d;W Kf;fpaj; Jiwfs; epWtg;gl;ld. 1869 y;> rl;lkpaw;Wk; Jiw>
cs;Jiwia ifafg;gLj;jpaJ. tptrhak;> tUtha; kw;Wk; tzpfk;
Mfpait ,uz;lhk; Jiwia cs;slf;fpaJ> ,J 1871 ,y;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. 1905 ,y;> %d;whtJ Jiwahf njhopy; Jiw
epWtg;gl;lJ. me;j Mz;L gpw;gFjpapy; uapy;Nt thupaKk; eilKiwf;F

te;jJ. ,uhZt Nritfs; Jiw gpd;du; ,uhZtj;Jiw kw;Wk; gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp
tsu;r;rp
,uhZt Nritj; Jiw vd ,U gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. muR
1911 y; xU fy;tpj; Jiwia epWtpaJ. gbg;gbahf Jiw uPjpapyhd
nghWg;Gk; tsu;ej
; J. Nguitapd; xt;nthU cWg;gpdUk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l
JiwAk;> fhfpjq;fspd; tifg;ghLfSk; mtru> tof;fkhd kw;Wk; Fwpg;Gfs;
Kf;fpakw;wJ vd mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mtru Mtzq;fs; kl;LNk
Neubahf jiyik MSeUf;F nrd;WtpLk;. ,e;j eltbf;iffis
ly;`T]p gpuG mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;. 1862 y; xU Nghu;l/; NghypNah Kiw
xU Fwpg;gpl;l mikg;NghL Nru;jJ
; Kd;nkhopag;gl;lJ. 1882 y; xU mLf;F
Nfhg;G mikg;G filg;gpbf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J mjpfhuG+u;t gfl;L Eywpit
Fiwf;Fk; nghUl;L yhu;l; fhu;rdhy; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. nrhy;td;ik
jdpg;gl;l jfty; njhlu;ig Cf;Ftpg;gjpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jJ.
murhq;fr; Nrit
1833 vd;w gl;la rl;lj;jpw;F Kd;G> ,e;jpa muR Copau;fspd;
Nju;T kw;Wk; epakdq;fs; fpof;fpe;jpaf; epWtdj;jpd; ,af;Feu;fshy;
elj;jg;gl;lJ. ,af;Feu;fs; Ntl;ghsu;fis jdpj;jdpahf epakpj;jdu;.
gy ,sk; Mq;fpNyau;fs; muR Nritia xU njhopy;Kiw tpUg;gkhf
Nju;e;njLj;J> epWtdj;jpw;F cz;ikahfTk; Neu;ikahfTk; gzpahw;w
cld;gbf;iff;Fs; Eioe;jdu;. ,j;jifa ,isQu;fs; ‘cld;gbf;if
nra;ag;gl;l Copau;fs;’ vd miof;fg;gl;ldu;. me;j cld;gbf;iff;Fs;
Eioahjtu;fs; tof;fkhd juk; tha;e;j Nritapd; xU gFjpahf
,y;iy. vdpDk;> gbg;gbahf ,UtUf;FkpilNa ,Ue;j NtWghLfs;
kq;fj; Jtq;fp tpl;ld. 1833 Mk; Mz;bd; rl;lk;> ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jpd;
xOq;FKiw fl;Lg;ghLfs; nghJ Copau;fs; kPJ epWtg;gl;lJ. gzp
Xa;T ngWk; taJ kw;Wk; epu;thfj;jpw;Fk;> ePjpj;Jiwf; fpisfSf;Fk;
,ilNa Nritfs; gpuptpid nra;tJ Nghd;w Kf;fpag; gpur;rpidfs;
,Ue;jd. murhq;f Nritiar; Rw;wpAs;s Kf;fpa gpur;rpidfs; gzp
Xa;T ngWk; taJ> epu;thf kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw gpupTfSf;fpilNa gzp
gpupT Mfpait MFk;. 1874 y; cr;r taJ tuk;G gj;njhd;gJ MfTk;>
,e;jpa Ntl;ghsu;fis ghjpf;Fk; fPo; gjpNdO MfTk; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
xU ,izahd gjtp cau;T> xU Copau; cld;gbf;if Nghd;w
VNjDnkhU Nju;e;njLf;Fk; Kiw ,Ue;jJ. gbg;gbahf> 1924 Mk;
Mz;L yP Miza mwpf;ifapy; gpujpgypj;j murhq;f Nritfs;
,e;jpa Nritf;fhd Nfhupf;ifia mjpfupj;jJ.
epjp epu;thfk;
vy;yd;gNuh gpuG jiyikapy; 1833 y; jpUj;jpa epjp Kiw
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. epjp nrayhsu; gjtpia cUthf;fpa mtu;>
midj;J epjp nray;ghLfisAk; kj;jpa murpd; guprPyidapy; nfhz;L
te;jhu;. vy;nyd;gNuh xU epjp cWg;gpdiu epakpf;f tpUk;gpdhu;. mtu;
fzf;Ffspd; jiyikf; fl;Lg;ghl;L Mizahsu; mYtyfj;ijAk;
cUthf;fpdhu;. 1860 y; xU tuT nryT jpl;lk; eilKiwf;F te;jJ.
1870 ,y;> khfhz eyid gpujhdkhf nfhz;l rpy Jiwfspy; cs;Shu;

gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp epjp Nkyhz;ikf;F khfhz muR nghWg;ghf gpuG nghWg;Ngw;wNghJ
tsu;r;rp
epjp cwTfs; gutyhf;fg;gl;ld. khfhz murhq;fq;fs; cs;Shu;
tupfis cau;j;Jtjd; %yk; $Ljy; tUthia cau;j;Jk; vd;W
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;l epiyapy;> Nguurpd; epjp khNah gpuG kPjhd ,e;j
Fwpg;Gfs; rkpf;iQahy; epk;kjp ngwgl;lJ.
fhty; epu;thfk;
Kd;djhf [hkpd;fshy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhj cj;jpNahfG+u;t rf;jpahdJ
ehl;bd; rl;lk; kw;Wk; xOq;if epu;tfpf;fpwJ. 1792 y; fhud;thyp];
gpuG mwpKfg;gLj;jpa lhNuhfh mikg;G> [kPd;jhup jdplu;i] khw;wPL
nra;jJ. fpuhk mstpy; fpuhk gl;Nly;fs;> tUtha; Ml;rpau;fs; kw;Wk;
fhty;Jiw Mfpa ,UtuplKk; ,g;gzpia nra;a xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ.
xU jd;dpiwT nfhz;l epGzu; fhty; gil rpe;J gFjpf;F te;jJ.
khtl;l ePjthDf;F fPo;g;gLj;jg;gl;l xU fz;fhzpg;ghsu;> fhty; Jiw
Mizaupd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; xt;nthU khtl;lj;jpYk; epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
1860-y; xU fhty; Mizf;FO murhy; epakpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd;
tpisthf muR Cu;f;fhty; gil vd;w xw;iw tif gilia epWt
rpghupR nra;jJ. khtl;l mstpy; khtl;lf; fz;fhzpg;ghsUf;F
cjtpahf ,Ue;j fhty; Jiwj; jiytu; jiyikapy; tprhuizf;
FO mikf;fg;gl;lJ. khtl;l ePjthd; Fw;wtpay; ePjp epu;thfj;jpy;
jdJ ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuj;ij jf;fitj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. jz;lidr;
rl;lk; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; rl;l tpjp MfpaitAk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
cs;Shu; epu;thfk;
cs;Shu; murhq;fq;fs; vg;NghJk; cjtpfukhf ,Uf;fpd;wd. ePjpj;Jiw
kw;Wk; Ml;rpg; gzpfs; ,uz;ilAk; elj;Jk; fpuhkj; jiyikAld;
cs;s fpuhkq;fspy;> ,e;jpahtpy; cs;Shu; murhq;fq;fSk; ,Ue;jd.
vdpDk;> Mq;fpNya murhq;fk; Kw;wpYk; GJikahd cs;Shuhl;rp
mikg;ig nfhz;Lte;jhu;fs;. 1870 y; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l khNah jPuk
; hdk;>
cs;Shupy; Kf;fpa Nritfis epu;tfpg;gijAk;> gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; Ra
murhq;fj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;j Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ijAk; typAWj;jpaJ.
gy khfhzq;fspy; efurig rl;lq;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;ld. 1687 y;> Kjd;
Kjyhf cs;shl;rp muR nrd;idapy; epWtg;gl;L nrd;id khefuhl;rp
vd;w ngaupy; miof;fg;gl;lJ. gbg;gbahf kw;w khfhz efuq;fSk;
mtw;wpYs;s efuhl;rpfis nfhz;bUe;jd. cs;Shu; murhq;fj;jpd;
tuyhw;wpy; Kf;fpa ,lkhff; fUjg;gl;l upg;gd; gpuGtpd; 1882 Mk;
Mz;bd; jPuk; hdk;> ,e;j eltbf;ifia Kd;itg;gJ Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;w
fz;Nzhl;lj;Jld; ,y;iy vd;W mwptpj;jhu;. ,J murpay; kw;Wk;
gpugykhd fy;tpapd; fUtpahf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;eJ ; s;sJ.
khd;Nl nrk;];Nghu;L rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;> 1919

,e;jpau;fs; Ra Ml;rp tbtj;Jld; ed;F gupr;rak; nra;J
nfhs;tjw;fhf> 1919 y; khd;Nl nrk;];Nghu;L rPu;jpUj;jq;fis
Mq;fpNyau;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;fs;. rPu;jpUj;jq;fSf;F khz;Nl>

,e;jpahtpd; khepy nrayhsu; Nrk;];Nghu;L gpuG kw;Wk; it];uha; gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp
tsu;r;rp
MfpNahupd; ngaUk; ,lg;gl;lJ. ,tu;fs; ,UtUk; fhe;jp> [pd;dh
Nghd;w ,e;jpa jiytu;fis> kl;Lg;gLj;jpa Ra murhq;fj;ij
mwpKfg;gLj;JtJ kw;Wk; K];yPk;fs;> rPf;fpau;fs; Nghd;w
rpWghd;ikapdupd; cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gJ Fwpj;J tpthjpf;Fk; Fwpg;Gfs;
tifapy; Ngrpdu;. ,e;j rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;> 1919 y; kj;jpa kw;Wk;
khfhz rigfSf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;l tpupthf;fg;gl;l thf;FupikiaAk;>
mjpfupj;j mjpfhuj;ijAk; Kiwahf eilKiwf;F nfhz;L te;jd.
vdpDk;> it];uha; ,g;NghJk; yz;lDf;F nghWg;ghsuhf ,Ue;jhu;.
,e;j rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; ,e;jpau;fisAk; jpUg;jpg;gLj;jtpy;iy. 1919 y;
nusyl; rl;lq;fs; NkYk; kWtypAWj;jg;gl;ld.
,e;jpa murpd; rl;lk; 1919 -,d; KfTiu

,e;jpa murpd; rl;lk; 1919 d; gpukhzkhdJ epu;thf rPu;jpUj;jq;fspy;
ngUk; gha;r;ryhf ,Ue;jJ. ,J ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mwptpf;fg;gl;l
nfhs;ifahFk;. ,J> ,e;jpa epu;thfj;jpd; xt;nthU fpisapYk;
,e;jpau;fspilNa mjpfupj;J tUk; $l;likg;G kw;Wk; Raepjpf;
fy;tp epWtdq;fspd; gbg;gbahd Nkk;ghl;Lf;F toptif nra;jJ>
Mq;fpNyau;fs; ,e;jpa Nguurpd; xUq;fpize;j gFjpahf ,Ue;jdu;.
Kd;fzpg;ig vjpu;nfhs;Sk; ,r;rl;lk; cs;Shuhl;rp murhq;fq;fs;
kPJ KOikahd fl;Lg;ghl;ilAk; khfhz rigfspy; mjpfgl;r
gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ijAk; toq;fpaJ. ,e;jpa muR Mq;fpNya
ehlhSkd;wj;jpw;F nghWg;ghf ,Ue;jJ vd;whYk;> ,e;jpa rl;lkpaw;Wk;
FO tpupTgLj;jg;gl;L mjpf ,e;jpag; gpujpepjpfis nfhz;bUe;jJ.
,e;jpa muR kPJ Mq;fpNya ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghL jsu;j;jg;gl;lJ.
khfhz muR kPjhd kj;jpa murpd; fl;Lg;ghL ngUksT Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa murpd; rl;lk; 1919 d; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;; (i) khepy
nrayhsupd; rig vl;L Kjy; gd;dpuz;L cWg;gpdu;fis nfhz;lJ>
mjpy; %d;W ,e;jpa cWg;gpdu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;; (ii) khepy nrayhsu;
mitapd; topfhl;Ljiy gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;; (iii) khepy nrayhsu;
khfhz rigapd; nray;ghLfspy; FWf;fpl mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy
(iv) MSeu;fs; epu;thf tptfhuq;fs; gw;wp fz;bg;ghd topKiwfis
toq;fpdu; (v) K];yPk;fs; jtpu> rPf;fpau;fs;> Mq;fpNyh-,e;jpau;fs;>
fpwp];jtu;fs; kw;Wk; INuhg;gpau;fs; cl;gl rpWghd;ikapdu; Nghd;w
jdp thf;fhsu;fSk; cupik mspj;jdu;.
kj;jpa muR
kj;jpa muR ,d;Dk; nghWg;Gzu;rr; pahfTk; kw;Wk; gpujpepjpjJ
; tkhf ,Ue;j
NghjpDk;> mJ xU ngupa mstpwF ; nghWg;igf; nfhz;bUf;ftpyi ; y>
jiyik MSeu; KO eput ; hfj;ijAk; KOikahd fl;Lg;ghl;by; nfhz;l
xU jd;dhl;rpahsuhf ,Ue;jhu;. ,q;fpyhe;J muR ,e;jpahit Ml;rp nra;jJ
Nghyj; Njhd;wpaJ. Mdhy; cz;ik eilKiwapy>; mtu; mjpfgl;r
mjpfhuq;fSld; KjyPL nra;ag;gl;l jiyik MSeuhf ,Ue;jhu;; eput ; hff;
MSeupd; KbTfis mtu; kPwyhk;. jiyik MSeu; ,e;j mjpfhuj;jpd;

gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp cz;ikahd mu;jj ; j;jpy; epiwNtw;Wk; mjpfhupahf ,Ue;jhu; kw;Wk;
tsu;r;rp
epiwNtw;Wk; MSeu;fs; mtUila Ntl;ghsu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. xl;Lnkhj;j
murpay; kw;Wk; ntspehl;Lj; Jiwfs; mtuJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; ,Ue;jd.
xt;nthU kNrhjhTf;Fk; mtuJ xg;Gjy; Njitg;gl;lJ. rl;lkd;wk; gue;j
Fwpg;Gfs; mbg;gilapyhdJ vd;whYk;> mjd; mjpfhuq;fs; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
epiwNtw;wg;gl;l xt;nthU kNrhjhTk; MSeupd; xg;GjYf;Fj; cl;gl;lJ.
K];ypkf ; Sf;fhd 1909 rl;lj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l tFg;Gthjf;
gpujpepjpjJ; tk;> rPff
; pau; Nghd;w gpw tFg;gpdUf;Fk;> ,e;jpau;fspilNa
gpuptpidthj Nghf;FfSf;F Cf;fk; mspjJ ; te;jJ.
khfhzq;fspy; ,ul;ilahl;rp Kiw

khd;Nl nrk;];Nghu;L rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; xU GJikahd mk;rk;> kj;jpa>
khfhz ($l;lhl;rp) kw;Wk; xJf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; khw;wg;gl;l ,lq;fSf;F
,ilNa khfhz kl;lj;jpy; cs;s gpupTfs; kw;Wk; cg gpupTfSf;fhd
xU tiuaiw MFk;. ,ul;il Ml;rp vd;gJ khfhzq;fspy; ,ul;il
murhq;fk; ,Ug;gij Fwpf;fpwJ. MSeu;fspd; nghWg;gpy; xJf;fg;gl;l
,lq;fs; MSeuhy; epakpf;fg;gl;ld. mtiu mikr;ru;fs; epakpj;jdu;.
xJf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fspy; Kf;fpa Jiwfs; ,Ue;jd. 1858 Kjy; 1919
tiu KO epu;thfj;jpYk; topKiw kw;Wk; nray; tzpf tpjpfspd;
%yk; MSeu; jpwk;gl mjpfhuq;fis gpuNahfpj;Jte;jhu;.
rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; ,Ug;Gepiyf; Fwpg;G

fhq;fpurpd; cUthf;fk;> rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJk; epu;thf
mikg;gpy; rpy Kd;Ndw;wq;fisf; fhl;baJ. ,ul;ilahl;rp Kiw
Njhy;tpaile;J> ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; (1920) Kjy; Nju;jy;fis
Gwf;fzpj;jJ. 1924 Nju;jypy; INC gq;F ngw;w NghjpYk;> mjd;
Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs; rPu;jpUj;jq;fis cilg;gjhf ,Ue;jJ. ,ul;il
Ml;rp> fl;likg;gpy; gytPdkhf ,Ue;jjhy; mjd; Njhy;tp jtpu;f;f
Kbahjjhf ,Ue;jJ. epu;thfk; Kiwahf nray;gLtjw;F mtrpakhd
eltbf;iffis mJ eilKiwf;F nfhz;L tutpy;iy. epjpj;
Jiwapd; kPjhd mjPj fl;Lg;ghL> epu;thfj;jpd; rPuhd nray;ghl;ilg;
ghjpj;jJ. ,jdhy; ,ul;il Ml;rp Kiw Njhy;tpaile;jJ. vdpDk;>
,e;j rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; epu;thfj;ij ftdpf;f xU tha;g;ig mspj;jd.
cs;Shuhl;rp kw;Wk; fy;tp r%f eyd;Gup njhlu;ghd rpy gpujhd
rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. mNefkhf
xt;nthU khfhzj;jpYk; thf;fspf;Fk; cupik ngz;fSf;F
tpupTgLj;jg;gl;lJ. rpy FiwghLfs; ,Ue;jNghjpYk; $l> jpUj;jq;fs;
nray;gLj;jg;gl;lNghJ> mJ NkYk; rPu;jpUj;jq;fSf;F top tFj;jJ.

6. cld;gbf;if nra;j Copau;fs; ahu;?
7. 1860 y; murhq;fj;jpdhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l nghyp]; Mizf;FOtpd;
flik vd;d?

14.4 cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpAk; gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp
tsu;r;rp
1. gz;ila ,e;jpahtpy;> fy;tp KiwahdJ tha;nkhop fw;gpj;jy;
kw;Wk; fw;wy; E}y;fspd; topfhl;bia cs;slf;fpaJ. Fwpg;Gfs;
2. fhydpj;Jtj;jpd; Kd; ,e;jpahtpy; ,uz;L Kf;fpa fy;tp
epWtdq;fs; cs;sd:
••Ntj tbtpyhd fy;tp
••kjuhrpy; fy;tp
3. Mq;fpNya gj;jpupiffspd; njhlf;fkhdJ 1844 Mk; Mz;lstpy;
,e;jpau;fSf;F nrhe;jkhdJ.
4. Kf;fpa fhuzq;fs;:
••Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fhuzkhf murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f
kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu Jiwfs; Nkw;fj;jpa cyfpd; fUj;Jf;fis
xU Cw;whff; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
••,e;jpa kw;Wk; INuhg;gpa mwpQu;fs; kw;Wk; mwpthu;e;jtu;fs;
Nkf;]; Ky;yu;> ru; tpy;ypak; N[hd;];> uh[h uhk;Nkhfd; uha;>
gfthd; yhy; ,e;jpuuh[p> R.G. gz;lhu;fu; kw;Wk; M.G. uhdNl
MfpNahu; ,e;jpahtpd; fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; Md;kPf tsu;r;rpapd;
rhj;jpaj;ij J}z;bdu;.
••mwpQu;fs; kw;Wk; vOj;jhsu;fs;> gq;fpk; re;jpuh> Nf`;t re;jpu
nrd; Nghd;wtu;fspd; rpwe;j etPd ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,e;jpahtpd;
ghuk;gupaj;ijAk; tuyhw;iwAk; rpwe;j gilg;ghw;wiyAk;>
czu;itAk; nfhz;l xU Njrkhf ghu;f;Fk; Gjpa top-
fis tFj;jJ. ,J ,e;jpahtpy; kdpj czu;it ngUk;
tpopg;Gzu;Tf;F ,l;Lr; nrd;wJ.
5. 1872 Mk; Mz;by; Njrpa jpUkz rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ> ,J
,e;Jf;fspilNa ghypay; td;Kiwia (kw;Wk; gy Mz;fSld;
xU ngz;zpd; ghypay; MSik) jilnra;jJ. mJ tpjit
kWkzk; vd;w fUj;Jf;F MjuT nfhLj;J> ve;j mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l
kjk; my;yJ kj ek;gpf;ifapy; ,Ue;jtu;fSf;F ,ilNaahd
fyg;G jpUkzj;ij mDkjpj;jJ.
6. gy ,sk; Mq;fpNyau;fs; muR Nritia xU njhopy;Kiw
tpUg;gkhf Nju;e;njLj;J> epWtdj;jpw;F cz;ikahfTk;
Neu;ikahfTk; gzpahw;w cld;gbf;iff;Fs; Eioe;jdu;.
,j;jifa ,isQu;fs; ‘cld;gbf;if nra;ag;gl;l Copau;fs;’
vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldu;.
7. 1860 y; xU fhty; Mizf;FO murhq;fj;jhy; epakpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,jd; gpd;du; xNu xUgbj;jhd muR Cu;f;fhty; gil epWt
rpghupR nra;jJ.

gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp
tsu;r;rp
14.5 RUf;fk;
••,e;jpahtpd; fy;tp> tq;fhsj;jpy; epWtdj;jpd; Ml;rp njhlq;fpa
fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj fpof;fpe;jpa epWtd mjpfhupfspilNa
Fwpg;Gfs; Mu;tj;jpd; Kf;fpa tp\akhf khwptpl;lJ.
••,e;jpa ehfupfj;jpy; <u;f;fg;gl;l gy fy;tpahsu;fshy;>
fPioAyf nkhopg;Gyik vspjhf;fg;gl;lJ. Mrpahtpd; mwpit
Nkk;gLj;Jjy; vd;gJ mwpQu;fisAk;> epWtdj;jpd; Nritiaj;
njhlu;e;J <u;j;jpUe;jJ.
••rk];fpUj kw;Wk; ghurPf nkhopfspy; Ntjq;fisg; gbg;gjd;
%yk; ,e;jpa fyhr;rhuj;ijg; gw;wp mwpAk; Kaw;rp kw;Wk; Ml;rp
nray;ghLfspy; me;j mwpitg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Kaw;rp
,Ue;jJ.
••rkag; gpur;rhufu;fs; Nkw;fj;jpa fy;tpia gutyhf;Fk; Ntiyia
nra;jhu;fs;. G+u;tPf nkhopfSk;> cs;ehl;L mwpTk; gpd;jq;fpait
vd;W fUjpdhu;fs;. Nkw;fj;jpa fy;tpKiw> Rarhu;G epiyf;F
toptFf;Fk; vd;W kp\pdupfs; ek;gpdu;.
••Mq;fpy nkhop kw;Wk; Nkw;fj;jpa ,yf;fpak; Mfpatw;wpw;F
Mjuthf mstplg;gl;l gpujhd fhuzp Gjpjhf vOe;j ,e;jpa
mwpT[Ptpfspd; Mjuit fz;Lgpbj;J epWtdj;jpd; fy;tpf;
nfhs;ifahf ,Ue;jJ. ,e;j mwpT[Ptpfs; Nkw;fj;jpa fy;tpapd;
tpisnghUshf ,Ue;jdu;> Mq;fpyf;fy;tp %yk; ,e;jpahtpd;
etPdkakhf;fy; nray;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;W ek;gpdu;.
••nghJ mwpTf; FOtpy;> ,e;jpahtpy; fy;tpf; nfhs;if
Fwpj;J thjhba ,uz;L vjpnujpu; FOf;fs; ,Ue;jd. H.T.
gpupd;nrg; jiyikapyhd Xupaz;ly; fpof;fj;jpa
,yf;fpaq;fSf;fhd Cf;fk; mspf;Fk; nfhs;ifia Mjupj;jhu;>
mNjrkak; Mq;fpythjpfs; Mq;fpyj;ij xU mwpT Clfkhf
Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Mjupj;jdu;.
••1835 Mk; Mz;L gpg;utup 2 Mk; Njjp> jhk]; ghgpq;ld;
nkf;fhNy jdJ Gfo;ngw;w ‘kpDl; Md; ,e;jpad; v[{Nfrd;’
ntspapl;lhu;. N[k;]; kpy;ypd; jiyikapy; ,Ue;j
gadnewpKiwf; Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;> epWtdj;jpd; nfhs;iffis
tbtikg;gjpy; fzprkhd gq;if Mw;wj; njhlq;fpapUe;j
Mq;fpythjpfspd; fz;Nzhl;lj;ijAk; nkf;fhNy Mjupj;jhu;.
••1835 ,y; jhk]; ghgpq;ld; nkf;fhNyapd ‘kpDl; Md;
,e;jpad; v[{Nfrd;’ vd;w E}ypy; gy gaDs;s fUj;Jf;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. me;j epfo;r;rp ,e;jpahtpy; fy;tpf;
nfhs;ifia mLj;j E}w;whz;Lf;Fs; ed;F jhf;fg; Nghtjhf
,Ue;jJ.
••gq;fpk; re;jpuh> Nfrt; re;jpu nrd;> kj;JRjd; jj; Nghd;w
mwpQu;fs; kw;Wk; vOj;jhsu;fsplkpUe;J tUk; rpwe;j etPd
,yf;fpak; ,e;jpahtpd; kuGtop kw;Wk; tuyhw;iw xU gilg;ghf

khw;wpaikf;f Gjpa topfSf;F toptFj;jJ. ,J ,e;jpahtpy; gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp
tsu;r;rp
kdpj czu;tpd; ngUk; tpopg;Gzu;Tf;F toptFj;jJ.
••,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy;> rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fs; ,uz;L Kf;fpa
mwpTrhu;e;j Nfhl;ghLfshy; ngUkstpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpd—
mit gFj;jwpTthjk; kw;Wk; kj nghJTilik thjk; MFk;. Fwpg;Gfs;
••Mq;fpNyau;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; xU Kjyhspj;Jtg;
nghUshjhuj;ijAk;> jdpegupd; rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Rje;jpuf;
Nfhl;ghLfisAk; mbg;gilahf nfhz;l xU rl;l>
murpay; Ml;rpia mwpKfg;gLj;jpdu;. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; gpwg;G>
ghypdk;> rhjp my;yJ r%fk; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapyhd
Vw;wj; jsu;r;rpTfs; vJTk; ,y;iy. ,e;jpag; ngz;fisg;
nghWj;jtiu ,J Nkw;fj;jpa fy;tp> Nkw;fj;jpa jhuhsthj
rpe;jid> r%fr; rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fk;> etPd epWtdq;fs;> etPd
Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiw kw;Wk; njhiyj; njhlu;G rhjdq;fs;
Mfpait etPd topKiwahf ,Ue;jJ> mit xl;Lnkhj;jkhf
mtu;fsJ tpLjiyapy; xU rhjfkhd gq;if Mw;wpaJ.
••,e;J rKjhaj;jhy; Vw;gl;l kw;nwhU r%f jPik> Foe;ijj;
jpUkzk; kw;Wk; ,e;jpag; ngz;fs; gy E}w;whz;Lfshf
nksdj;jpw;F Mshfpdu;. ,uz;L Kf;fpa rPu;jpUj;jthjpfs;>
<];tu; re;jpu tpj;ahrhfu; kw;Wk; B.M. kyghup MfpNahu; xU
ghu;]p fLikahd Muk;g jpUkzj;ij vjpu;j;jdu;. tpj;ahrhfupd;
,e;j tplh Kaw;rpNa 1860 Mk; Mz;bd; rl;lj;ij epiwNtw;w
toptFj;jJ.
••tpjitfs; xU gupjhgkhd tho;f;if tho;e;jdu;. tq;fhsj;jpy;
<];tu; re;jpu tpj;ahrhfu;> eu;kj;> ePjpgjp uhdNl> Nf. eluh[d;
MfpNahu; gk;ghapy; ,e;j tof;if gw;wp tYthf Ngrpdhu;fs;.
mtu;fs; kPz;Lk; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;L kupahijf;Fupa
tho;f;if tho Ntz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;jpdu;.
••fy;tpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk;> ntFnjhiyit milAk;
tpisTfisAk; Fiwj;J kjpg;gpl KbahJ. fhyj;jpd; ,e;jpar;
r%fr; rPu;jpUj;jthjpfs; ,ij mq;fPfupj;J ngz;fSf;fhd
fy;tp cupikfis typAWj;jpdu;. fy;tp vd;gJ ngz;fis
jd;dk;gpf;ifAlDk;> mwpthw;wYk; Mf;Fk; vd;W mtu;fs;
ek;gpdhu;fs;.
••19k; E}w;whz;by; ,e;jpahtpy; ,jopaypd; tsu;r;rp gy r%f
elg;gpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jJ. etPd Mq;fpyf; fy;tpKiw
NkiyehLfspy; ,Ue;J Gjpa rpe;jidfis nfhz;L te;jJ.
,J rKjhaj;jpy; gbj;j eLj;ju tu;f;fq;fspd; xU Gjpa gpuptpd;
Njhw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ> gj;jpupiffs; ,e;j gbj;j gpupTfspd;
gpujpepjpahf tsu;e;jJ.
••Mq;fpNyau;fs; $l;lhl;rp murhq;f tbtj;ij Nehf;fp efu;e;jjhy;>
murpayikg;G rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; kpfj; njspthff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
,ijj; njhlu;e;J> Gjpa Jiwfs; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;L> ,j;Jiw

gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp rPuhd Kiwapy; elj;Jtjw;fhd eilKiwfis khw;wp mikf;f
tsu;r;rp
eltbf;if nra;ag;gl;lJ. Muk;gj;jpy;> epu;thfk; ,uz;L gue;j
gpupTfspd; fPo; njhFf;fg;gl;lJ.
••1833 vd;w gl;lak; rl;lj;jpw;F Kd;G> ,e;jpa muR Copau;fspd;
Fwpg;Gfs; Nju;T kw;Wk; epakdq;fs; fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpd; ,af;Feu;fs;
ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy; elj;jg;gl;ld. ,af;Feu;fs; Ntl;ghsu;fis
jdpj;jdpahf epakpj;jdu;. gy ,sk; Mq;fpNyau;fs; Fbikg;
gzpfis xU njhopy;newp tpUg;gkhf Nju;T nra;J>
epWtdj;jpw;F cz;ikAlDk; Neu;ikahfTk;
gzpahw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;w xU cld;gbf;iff;Fs; Eioe;jhu;fs;.
,j;jifa ,isQu;fs; ‘cld;gbf;if nra;j Copau;fs;’ vd
miof;fg;gl;ldu;.
••Kjy; cyfg;Nghupd; NghJ (1914–1918) gpupl;B\hu; kw;Wk;
mtu;fspd; $l;lhspfSld; mr;R rf;jpfSf;F vjpuhf ,e;jpau;fs;
xj;Jioj;jdu; kw;Wk; gy ,e;jpau;fs; jq;fs; capu;fis
,oe;jdu;. mjw;Fg; gjpyhf> NghUf;Fg; gpd;du; ,e;jpahtpw;F
MSikj; juj;ij toq;Ftjw;fhd Nfhupf;ifia Mq;fpNyau;fs;
Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W mtu;fs; ek;gpdu;.
••Kjy; cyfg; Nghu; Kbtile;j gpd;du;> ];tuh[; kw;Wk;
murpayikg;Gf;fhd Nfhupf;iff;F tpilaspf;Fk; tifapy;
gpupl;b\; 1919 ,d; khd;lhf;-Nrk;];Nghu;l; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; vdTk;
miof;fg;gLk; ,e;jpahtpd; 1919 murpd; rl;lk;> kw;nwhU
rPu;jpUj;jq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. Nghupy; gpupl;lDld; Nru;e;J
rz;ilapl;Lf; nfhz;l gpwF> ,e;jpau;fSila ,yl;rpaq;fis
epiwNtw;Wtjpy; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; kpfr; rpwpajhf ,Ue;jd. Ra
Ml;rp> my;yJ ];tuhi[ tpl Fiwthdtw;iwj; jPu;g;gjw;F
mtu;fs; jahuhf ,y;iy.

••Mq;fpytathf;fk;: Njhw;wj;jpy; Mq;fpyk; Mf Ntz;Lk; vd;W
nghUs;.
••khdpaq;fs;-cjtp: xU epWtdj;jpw;F my;yJ xU egUf;F
epjpiaf; nfhLg;gJ vd;gJ xU jpl;lk; my;yJ
nray;Kiwjpw;f;F cjtp nra;Ak; nghUl;L Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
••vthQ;ryprk;: ,J 18Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; xU
rPu;jpUj;j fpwp];Jt ,af;fkhFk;. Mu;njhNlhf;]; jpUr;rgj;Jf;F
Kuzhf mike;j ,e;j ,af;fk;> epWtg;gl;l jpUr;rigapd;
kuGfis tpl> jdpg;gl;l mDgtq;fs;> ew;nra;jp gw;wpa
jdpg;gl;l thrpg;G Mfpatw;iw typAWj;jpaJ.
••gandwpKiw: mit gaDs;sitahfNth my;yJ ngUk;ghd;ik
eyDf;fhfNth ,Ue;jhy;> ,J rupahd nray; vd;W nfhs;if
cs;sJ.

14.7 jw;Nrhjid kw;Wk; gapw;rp tpdhf;fs; gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp
tsu;r;rp
FW tpil tpdhf;fs;
1. etPd fy;tp ,e;jpar; r%fj;jpd; kPJ vj;jifa jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpaJ? Fwpg;Gfs;
2. ve;j Mz;by; ahu; gpuhk;k rkhi[j; Jtq;fpdhu;?
3.
fhydpj;Jt fhyj;jpd;NghJ ,e;jpahtpy; gj;jpupiffspd;
tsu;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fis kPz;Lk; typAWj;Jq;fs;.
4. ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; r%fj;jpd; kPJ
gj;jpupiffs; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fk; gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G tiuf.
5. gpupl;b\; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;Shu; murpd; tsu;r;rp gw;wp rpW Fwpg;G
tiuf.
neL tpil tpdhf;fs;

1. fhydpj;Jt mikg;gpy; fpof;fpe;jpa epWtdj;jpd; epiyg;ghl;il
cs;ehl;by; mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ vg;gb?
2.
Mq;fpythjpfs; kw;Wk; xd;bathjpfSf;fpilNa ele;j
fUj;JNtWghL gw;wpa tpthjj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fis
ntspf;nfhzu;f.
3. gpuk;k rkh[k; vd;gjd; gq;fpid tpsf;Ff.
4. ,e;jpaf; rKjhaj;jpd; kPJ fhydpj;Jtf; fy;tpf; nfhs;iffspd;
jhf;fj;ij tpthjpf;fTk;.
5. vthQ;ryprk; kw;Wk; gandwpKiw gw;wp tpthjpAq;fs;.
14.8 NkYk; gbf;f

bu];l;.
Gj;jfq;fs;.

UG - B.A. - History (Tamil) - 108 23 - History - History of India (From 1707 To 1947 AD) - CRC Tamil Edn

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அழகப்பா பல்ைகலக்கழகம்

ேதசியத் தர நிர்ணயக் ��வ�ன் �ன்றாம் �ற்�த் தர மதிப்ப�ட்�ல் A+(CGPA: 3.64) த�தி�ம்

காைரக்�� – 630 003

BA-History_History of India (from 1707 to 1947 AD).indd 1 4/30/2019 1:28:27 PM

Vikas® is the registered trademark of Vikas® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

BA-History_History of India (from 1707 to 1947 AD).indd 2 4/30/2019 1:28:27 PM

gFjp – II: 1757 Kjy; 1857 tiu ,e;jpa jiyik jsgjpfs;

gFjp – III: ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; Kjw; epiy 1885–1919 kw;Wk;

BA-History_History of India (from 1707 to 1947 AD).indd 3 4/30/2019 1:28:28 PM

gFjp – V: gpupl;b\; Ml;rpapd; fPo; r%f kw;Wk; epUthfr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;

BA-History_History of India (from 1707 to 1947 AD).indd 4 4/30/2019 1:28:28 PM

gFjp – I: gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fs; kw;Wk; INuhg;gpau;fspd; tUif

myF 2 INuhg;gpaupd; tUif 39–61

myF 3 ,e;jpahtpy; INuhg;gpa mjpfhuq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd Nghl;b 62–82

BA-History_History of India (from 1707 to 1947 AD).indd 5 4/30/2019 1:28:28 PM

gFjp – II: 1757 Kjy; 1857 tiu ,e;jpa jiyik MSeu;fs;

myF 5 gpupl;b\; jiyik MSeu;fs; – II 104–120

myF 6 1857-d; fpsu;r;rp kw;Wk; ,e;jpa Njrpajpd; Njhw;wk; 121–140

BA-History_History of India (from 1707 to 1947 AD).indd 6 4/30/2019 1:28:28 PM

myF 8 tq;fhsg; gpuptpid kw;Wk; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; 160–181

myF 9 Rje;jpu Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jdp egu;fs; 182–195

gFjp – IV: ,e;jpa Njrpathj ,af;fj;jpd; ,uz;lhtJ epiy (1919–1947)

BA-History_History of India (from 1707 to 1947 AD).indd 7 4/30/2019 1:28:28 PM

myF 11 rl;l xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; 206–215

myF 12 gpuptpid kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk; 216–240

gFjp – V: Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo; r%f kw;Wk; epUthfr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;

myF 14 Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp Nkk;ghL 271–307

BA-History_History of India (from 1707 to 1947 AD).indd 8 4/30/2019 1:28:28 PM

BA-History_History of India (from 1707 to 1947 AD).indd 9 4/30/2019 1:28:28 PM

BA-History_History of India (from 1707 to 1947 AD).indd 10 4/30/2019 1:28:28 PM

myF 1 gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fSk; Fwpg;Gfs;

BA-History_History of India (from 1707 to 1947 AD).indd 1 4/30/2019 1:28:28 PM

1.2 gpw;fhy Kfyhau;fs;

BA-History_History of India (from 1707 to 1947 AD).indd 2 4/30/2019 1:28:28 PM

BA-History_History of India (from 1707 to 1947 AD).indd 3 4/30/2019 1:28:28 PM

BA-History_History of India (from 1707 to 1947 AD).indd 4 4/30/2019 1:28:28 PM

BA-History_History of India (from 1707 to 1947 AD).indd 5 4/30/2019 1:28:28 PM

BA-History_History of India (from 1707 to 1947 AD).indd 6 4/30/2019 1:28:28 PM

BA-History_History of India (from 1707 to 1947 AD).indd 7 4/30/2019 1:28:28 PM

BA-History_History of India (from 1707 to 1947 AD).indd 8 4/30/2019 1:28:28 PM

BA-History_History of India (from 1707 to 1947 AD).indd 9 4/30/2019 1:28:28 PM

BA-History_History of India (from 1707 to 1947 AD).indd 10 4/30/2019 1:28:29 PM

glk; 1.1 kfhuh[h uQ;rpj; rpq;fpd; uh[;[pak;

BA-History_History of India (from 1707 to 1947 AD).indd 11 4/30/2019 1:28:29 PM

,uz;lhk; Mq;fpNyh-rPf;fpau; Nghu; (1848–1849)

%d;whtJ Mq;fpNyh-rPf;fpau; Nghu; (1849)

BA-History_History of India (from 1707 to 1947 AD).indd 12 4/30/2019 1:28:29 PM

cq;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpj;jwpf

1.3 kuhj;jpa mjpfhu vOr;rp

ghyh[p tp];tehj; (1713–1720)

BA-History_History of India (from 1707 to 1947 AD).indd 13 4/30/2019 1:28:29 PM

gh[p uht; I (1720–1740)

BA-History_History of India (from 1707 to 1947 AD).indd 14 4/30/2019 1:28:29 PM

ghyh[p gh[puht; (1740–1761)

BA-History_History of India (from 1707 to 1947 AD).indd 15 4/30/2019 1:28:29 PM

BA-History_History of India (from 1707 to 1947 AD).indd 16 4/30/2019 1:28:29 PM

tl ,e;jpah: ght; ,d; gilnaLg;G (1760)

BA-History_History of India (from 1707 to 1947 AD).indd 17 4/30/2019 1:28:29 PM

1.4 kuhj;jpa $l;likg;G

BA-History_History of India (from 1707 to 1947 AD).indd 18 4/30/2019 1:28:29 PM

1. Kjyhk; Mq;fpNyh-kuhl;bag; Nghu; (1775–1782)

BA-History_History of India (from 1707 to 1947 AD).indd 19 4/30/2019 1:28:29 PM

BA-History_History of India (from 1707 to 1947 AD).indd 20 4/30/2019 1:28:29 PM

myF 2 INuhg;gpaupd; tUif 39–61

myF 3 ,e;jpahtpy; INuhg;gpa mjpfhuq;fSf;F ,ilNaahd Nghl;b 62–82

myF 5 gpupl;b\; jiyik MSeu;fs; – II 104–120

myF 6 1857-d; fpsu;r;rp kw;Wk; ,e;jpa Njrpajpd; Njhw;wk; 121–140

myF 8 tq;fhsg; gpuptpid kw;Wk; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; 160–181

myF 9 Rje;jpu Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jdp egu;fs; 182–195

myF 11 rl;l xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; 206–215

myF 12 gpuptpid kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk; 216–240

myF 14 Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapd; fPo; fy;tp Nkk;ghL 271–307

38 Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;

48 Rafw;gpj;jy; nghUs;