MUTYA,

Ros
ema
rieKa
teN. Ph
il
ip
pin
eLi
ter
atu
re

B
SAB
EIV-
B. C18-
10248

Wh
ata
ret
he12B
ook
sth
ati
nfl
uen
cet
hewor
ld?E
nume
rat
ean
dte
llh
ow.

1.TheBib
leortheSac
redWr i
ti
ng.
Thissac
redte
xtbroug
htChr
ist
ian
itytot
hewor
lda
ndhascon
tin
uedto
se
rveasas o
u r
ceo fi
nspi
rat
ionformi
ll
i
onso fpeo
ple
.Itist
hemo sttr
ans
lat
eda
ndthemos
tfrequ
ent
ly
pu
rch
a s
edbookinth
ewo r
ld.

2.Oh
eQur'
an.
Th esac
redt
exto
fIsl
am,th
eQu
r'a
nisbel
i
evedtobet
helas
twordofGo
dt ol
dtoMuhamma
d
th
rou
ght
heangelGa
bri
elov
eraper
iodo
f23year
s.Th
isboo
kisth
ecorn
erst
oneoft
heIsl
amicr
eli
gi
on.

3.Th eIl
ia
da ndTheOd y
sseybyHo mer
.Th e
setwoa nci
entGr
eekepicpoe
msa renotonlythep r
eemine
nt
wo r
ksinancien
tGreekli
tera
tur
e, bu
ttheyareal
soincr
edib
lyi
nfl
uent
ialt
extsforal
lfo
r mso fart
,tho
ught,
andmu si
cinWe ste
rncivi
li
zat
ion.TheIl
iaddet
ail
saf e
wwe eksdur
ingth
ee ndoftheTr oj
anWa randthe
Odysseydescr
ibesOdyss
eus'te
n-yearj
ourne
yh omefromtheTroj
anWa r
.Th e
setwowo r
ksa r
eimporta
nt
forthei
rdeta
ilofGree
kh i
sto
ryan dl
ege
nd,thecompo
sit
ionofst
ory,a
ndthedevel
opmentofthemes.

4.Th
eMahab
hara
taisanimp
ortants
our
ceo
fin
for
mati
onont
hedev
e l
opme
ntofHi
ndu
ismbe
tween400bce
an
d200c eandi
sregar
dedbyHindu
sasbo
thatex
tabou
tdh
arma(Hi
ndumor
alla
w)andahis
tor
y(i
ti
has
a,
l
it
era
ll
y“t
hat
'swhatha
ppened
”).

5.TheCanter
buryTale
sb yGeoff
reyChauce
r.Wri
tteninthe14thc e
ntur
y,thi
scoll
ect
ionofta
lesbrou
ght
toli
fechar
acte
rsandstori
esthatre
ma i
npopul
artoday
.TheCa nt
erbur
yTa l
esals
op r
ovide
sag l
i
mp sei
nto
thecus
tomsa n
dp r
acti
ceswit
hinthesoci
etyattheti
meo fit
swr i
tin
g.Thisworkisoneofthemostread
book
sa ndoneo fthemoststudi
edina l
ltheworld
.Ma n
ys chol
arssugg
estthatChauc
er'smagnu
mo pus
cont
ri
bute
dg r
eatl
ytothepopu
lari
zat
ionoftheEng
li
shvernacu
lari
nlit
erat
ure.

6.Un
cleTom'sCabi
nb yHarri
ettBeec
herSt
owe .Wri
tt
enbyamiddl
eag
ed,wh
itewo
ma nin1851,Un
cle
Tom'
sCabi
nh asbee
nc red
ite
dfo rch
angi
ngthevie
wso fsl
ave
ryi
nthenor
tha
ndcont
inue
stoserv
easa
re
min
derofth
ee f
fect
so fsl
aver
ya n
do t
heri
nhumaneac
ts.

7.Cons
ide
redoneofthemosti
mp o
rtan
tpiecesofworl
dlit
era
ture
,th
eDivi
neCome dyi
sanepi
cpoe
mt hat
de
tai
l
saj our
neythrou
ghthereal
mso fth
ea fter
li
feand,al
le
gori
cal
ly
,thesoul
'sdisc
ove
ryofGod.Lon
g
co
nsi
der
edtob eth
eg re
ate
stpi
eceo fI
tal
ianlit
era
tur
e,theDiv
ineComed
ya l
sop r
ovid
esuswit
hac l
oser
vi
ewofmedi
evalChr
ist
iant
heol
ogyandphi
l
os o
p h
y.

8.ElCidCompea
doristhepre
do mi
nantli
ter
arymiles
toneo fOldSpani
sh.I
twaswrit
teno ratleas
twri
tte
n
down, be
caus
eitwa spr
obabl
ya tf
irstanoralpoemi ntheearlythi
rt
eent
hcent
ury,acentu
ryo rtwoa
fter
th
eF renc
hChansondeRola
nd.Itsho
wsaf ormo fRomancethathasalre
adydi
ver
gedsig
nif
icant
lyfromL
ati
n
buthasnotye
ttakenonsomeo fth
ec ha
ract
eris
ticsofModernSp a
nish

9.Th
eSo
ngo
fRo
lan
dgi
vesu
sGo
odv
s.E
vil
,pu
rea
nds
imp
le,St
arWa
rss
tyl
e.Th
eho
rro
rofwa
risn
ot
i
ntensi
fi
edbyambiguou
smo raljus
tif
ica
tio
ns,asinHomer'
sIl
iad
,nora r
eh e
roesdeter
redbycompass
ionfor
th
ee nemy,
asintheMa hab
harata.Warisgreat
,evengla
morous
.Thec osti
shea v
y,butonl
yforthehero
es.
Vil
la
insdeser
ven e
ith
ercompa ssi
onn orgr
ief
.TheF r
anksre
presentpur
eGo o
d ;th
eya r
emo v
edbyt h
ewi l
l
ofGod.TheSa r
acensareevil,andond yi
ngtheirsoul
saredrag
ge ddowntoh el
lbyd ev
il
s.Ju
stlikethe
Crus
ades,
thewarinTh eSongo fRol
andisseenasah ol
ymis
sion.

10.Th
eBookoftheDea
d.Pe
rhap
sthemo s
twe l
l-
kno
wnTib
etantex
t,t
hisboo
kwa swri
tt
enbyaTi
bet
an
monka
ndd
iscu
sse
swh a
thapp
ensdur
ingd
eath,
theti
mebe
tweende
athandre
bir
th,
andre
bir
th.

11.TheAnal
ects(
bookofthedays
)isac ol
le
cti
onofsa
ying
sandid
easat
tri
bute
dtoCon
fuci
us,aChi
nese
phi
l
osophe
r.Thete
xthasbeenrea
da n
ds t
udi
edinCh
inafort
hel
ast2,
000yearsandh
ashadamonument
al
i
mpactonChi
nesecul
tur
e,v
alue
s,art
,andthou
ght
.

12.Ara
bia
nNi g
htstra
nsl
atedbyAndr
ewL ang.Thi
sE ng
li
shlangua
gev e
rsi
onofOneTh ou
s a
ndandOne
Ni
ghtsr
etel
lsth
ea n
cie
ntsto
rie
sthatha
ven o
wb ecomepopul
ari
zedaro
undthewo
rld
,in
clu
dingthep
li
ghto
f
Sch
eher
azade,
theadve
ntu
resofAl
addi
n,an
dthev o
yagesofSi
nbad.

Wh
ata
ret
hee
xamp
lesofe
pich
erei
nth
ePh
il
ip
pin
es

A.
MgaTr
ibos
aBu
lub
und
uki
nngL
uso
n

Na
li
mba
g:

 Al
i
guy
on(
3ep
iso
dyo
)

 B
uga
n(2e
pis
ody
o)

 B
ann
a(4b
ers
iyo
n)

Di
-
pa-
nal
i
li
mba
g(Ti
nal
ana/n
ais
ali
nna
;ok
asa
luk
uya
ngt
ina
tal
a/i
si
nas
ali
n)
:

 Al
i
m

 Na
ban
ggi
t:

 Ka
bun
iya
n

 Re
hiy
ongI
lok
o

 Na
li
mba
g:

 Ha
ndi
ong
B
.Ka
bis
aya
an

Na
li
mba
g:

 L
aba
w-Do
ngg
on

Di
-
pa-
nal
i
li
mba
g:

 Hu
mad
apn
en

Na
ban
ggi
t:

 Hi
ni
ray
a

C.
Pal
awa
n

Na
li
mba
g:

 Ku
dama
n

Di
-
pa-
nal
i
li
mba
g:

 Ma
mimi
mbi
n

Na
sas
ate
yp:

 Aj
ak

 Tj
aw

 I
lu
-i
lu

 L
imb
uha
nan

 Du
rusMa
ta

 L
imb
agu
san

 L
ant
ang
an

Na
ban
ggi
t:

 Ka
bat
ang
an

 Ka
kul
asj
an

 Ta
watB
ina
lab
ag

 Sa
gab
an
 Pu
lj
ag

 B
ang
bag
ang

 Ul
uatDa
num

 Ka
pan
gda
nan

 Ka
swa
kan

 Ka
tig
aln
asa
n

 Ma
ngi
ngi
ran
g

 Da
tuqa
tPa
lawa
n

 Da
jan
an

 Su
mar
ina
w

 Sa
ladTa
lun

 Gu
ngg
ura
ng

 Ka
ramp
ing

 Ku
rib
ara
san

 Ka
kur
isma
n

 Ma
daj
a

 Ka
wla
man

 Ka
mal
asg
aja
n

 Ta
gun
ana
n

 Ka
lan
gDa
num

 Ta
gba
jug

 Si
Uga
ng-
Uga
ng

 L
uma
gpa
s

 Ma
ndj
ana
n

 Pa
msa
gan
 Sa
nda
kan

 Pa
gib
uta
natI
la
nan

 Ka
bag
ti
kan

 Ka
bat
ika
n

 Si
Nar
a

 Ka
nju
gan

 Ka
mama
nan

 Ka
wdj
ung
an

 Ka
sil
ara
n

 Ka
pal
apa
gan

 L
ima
gpa
s

 An
gga
rin
g

 Si
bl
awa
n

 Ta
watDa
jag

 Su
mar
ina
w

 B
uki
dBu
lan
aw

 Ka
kur
tan
gan

 Ma
nun
ubu
k

 Amp
uqa
tBj
ak

 L
uma
laj
ag

 Si
Tuma
mpa
g

 Ka
sib
uru
k

 B
unb
utu
wan

 Ka
pas
ung
ana
n
D.
Hil
agaa
tTi
mogMi
nda
nao

Na
li
mba
g:

 Ag
yu(
3ep
iso
dyo
)

 Tu
waa
ng/Tu
lal
ang(
3ep
iso
dyo
)

 L
umu
gan
od

 Ga
mbo
ng

Di
-
pa-
nal
i
li
mba
g:

 Ag
yu(
4ep
iso
dyo
)

 Tu
waa
ng

 B
anl
ak(
2ep
iso
dyo
)

 L
ena(
3ep
iso
dyo
)

 Ma
tab
agk
a(3e
pis
ody
o)

 Ta
gya
kuwa(
2ep
iso
dyo
)

 Ya
mbu
nga
n

 Ne
bey
ew

 I
mpa
himb
ang

 Ul
od

Na
sas
ate
yp:

 Ag
yu(
8ep
iso
dyo
)

 Tu
waa
ng(
50e
pis
ody
o)

 Ma
ngg
ob(
5ep
iso
dyo
)

 Ya
mbu
nga
n(2e
pis
ody
o)

 Ta
bag
ka

 Ku
mul
ate
y

 I
mpa
himb
ang
 B
ete
’ey/B
ala
’ay

 Ul
od

 Sa
mbi
l
a

Na
ban
ggi
t:

 B
ayb
aya
n

 I
nda
ya

 Ta
d-e
m

 Gi
tna
ngMi
nda
nao

Na
li
mba
g:

 Ma
ran
aoB
ant
uga
n

Di
-
pa-
nal
i
li
mba
g:

 Ma
gin
dan
aoB
ant
uga
n

 Ka
nlu
ran
gMi
nda
nao

Na
li
mba
g:

 Sa
kan
dal

 Ta
ake

 Sa
nda
yo

Di
-
pa-
nal
i
li
mba
g:

 Gi
ngg
uma
n

 Ma
ngg
ub

 Ga
mba
tut
u