by Hans Schattle

Governments and Citizens in a Globally Interconnected World of States

INTRODUCTION
- TINOS - STATES AS TARGETS: THE RISE OF
THE RISE OF INTERNATIONAL
LAW AND UNIVERSAL TRANSNATIONAL ACTIVISM
PRINCIPLE - TUBILLAS -
- ROQUE & VILLANDA -

THE STATE IN A WORLD OF

ECONOMIC
INTERDEPENDENCE
- TENERIFE - COMMUNICATION
ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL NETWORKS, NEW MEDIA,
INTEGRATION: THE CASE AND THE STATE
OF THE EUROPEAN UNION - VALERA -
- RAVALO -
Introduction: Let’s Define!

Globally
Tinos
 Introduction: Let’s Define!

Interconnected
 Introduction: Let’s Define!

Globally Interconnected
 NATION vs. STATE
NATION
Viewed as a socially constructed
political communities that hold
together citizens across many
kinds of cross- cutting identities,
ethnicity, language, religion, and
so forth.
STATE
As defined by Max Weber, A
compulsory political organization
with continuous operations will be
called a “state”.
I
N As globalization became one of the
T most intensely debated concepts in
R the final years of the twentieth
O century, some analysts speculated
D the state was being displaced as the
U primary vehicle through which
C political communities would
T organize themselves in the century
I to come.
O
N
 Today’s era of globalization is
United indeed an era of states.
Nations

The UN had 51 founding member before World War

II in 1945; by the end of 2012 , 193 state members
has emerged as a result of decolonization around
1950s and 1960s.
 Conclusion

 Globalization at least in the short run, has not displaced

the state.
 States now hold themselves accountable to a host of
international norms and standards.
 Globalization has partially reconfigured and continues to
reshape the roles and function of states-and how and why
this matters for citizens.
 5 Major
Economic Interdependence Topics That
Illustrates
Ongoing
Economic and Political Integration
Changes in
International Law and the Role of
States and the
Universal Norms
Relationships
Transnational Advocacy Programs between
States and
New Communication Platforms Citizens.
The State in a World of
Economic Interdependence

Tenerife
The State in a World of Economic Interdependence: Let’s Define!

Interdependence
The State in a World of Economic Interdependence: Let’s Define!

Economic
Interdependence
 Globalization is commonly equated with
the rising momentum of global free-market
The State in a capitalism in the final decades of the
World of twentieth century, the accompanying rise in
Economic Inter- transnational enterprises, and the resulting
dependence disparities between easy flows of money
and commodities across international
borders and the legal barriers and logistical
hurdles that keep most workers tied to
their home communities.
 Washington Consensus

a set of economic policy recommendations for

developing countries, and Latin America in particular,
that became popular during the 1980s. The term
Washington Consensus usually refers to the level of
agreement between the International Monetary
Fund (IMF), World Bank, and U.S. Department of the
Treasury on those policy recommendations. All
shared the view, typically labelled neoliberal, that the
operation of the free market and the reduction of
state involvement were crucial to development in the
global South.
The State in a World of Economic Interdependence
based from:

Thomas Friedman Rafael Barajas Durán

Jeffry Frieden
Clyde Prestowitz
“Golden Straitjacket” by Thomas Friedman
 This herd has grown exponentially thanks
to the democratizations of finance,  Thomas Friedman refers to
technology and information—so much so
the Washington Consensus
that today it is beginning to replace
governments as the primary source of prescription as the ‘Golden
capital for both companies and countries to Straitjacket’. He argues that
grow. Indeed, as countries increasingly ‘As your country puts on the
have to run balanced budgets to fit into the Golden Straitjacket, two
Golden straitjacket, their economies
become even more dependent on the
things tend to happen: your
Electronic herd for growth capital. So to economy grows and your
thrive in today’s globalization system a politics shrinks.’
country not only has to put on the Golden
straitjacket, it has to join this Electronic
Herd (Friedman, 2000: 107)
 “Global Capitalism” by Jeffry Frieden
 Under import substitution, Mexico had failed
to create a viable car industry, but now it  To orient their production to
took by storm the global market for auto
parts. Farmers in Argentina and New hundreds of millions of
Zealand made fortunes selling winter fruits prosperous consumers and
and vegetables to Northern Hemisphere attract the capital of the
consumers, an opportunity possible only with
world’s wealthiest banks,
a global market for raspberries. Companies
in Thailand and Turkey, previously corporations, and investors’ in
constrained by the difficulty of borrowing at hope of raising the living
home, now had access to cheap and standards of their citizens.
plentiful foreign finance. These countries and
their citizens took advantage of global
markets to specialize and speed their growth
(Frieden, 2006: 415-16)
“How to Succeed at Globalization” by Rafael Barajas Durán
 Neoliberal theory is a product packaged for
export to underdeveloped nations. Rich  Competing narratives take
countries like the U.S., Germany, France, or
Holland don’t practice it to the same degree issue with claims that
at home because their citizens would be up globalization brings mainly
in arms at the consequences. Yet neoliberal opportunity to states and
gurus insist that if poor countries follow their
citizens, instead arguing that
advice about free and open markets, they’ll
soon be members of the first world club. All the main impact is exploitation.
the talk, however, is just a cover. The real
program is to make sure the rich countries
maintain control of the third world’s wealth
and raw materials and have access to their
(cheap) labor. (Barajas Durán, 2004: 85-6)
 “Facing the Truth about Trade” by Clyde Prestowitz

Like the Japanese, they have rejected American ideas and advice about
specializing only in what they do best and trading for the rest. Rather, they
have concentrated on developing world class capabilities where before
they had none. They did this by protecting and subsidizing in various ways
new, infant industries like steel, consumer electronics, and
semiconductors… The most successful Korean companies are either those
like steel maker POSCO that was founded with government investment or
those like Samsung that are giant family dominated conglomerates with
extensive special relationships with the government and monopoly or
quasi-monopoly positions in many interlocking industries and
technologies. (Prestowitz, 2012)
“Facing the Truth about Trade” by Clyde Prestowitz

 The truth is that free trade is impossible in a wide variety of

industries characterized by capital and technology intensity,
economies of scale, cross border investment, high costs of entry
and exit, sensitivity to exchange rate fluctuations, and close
connection to national security objectives and/or to national
pride. It is impossible under these conditions because they violate
all the key assumptions of neo-classical free trade doctrine. We
really need to stop peddling free trade fiction and start facing the
truth about globalization.
  Working class citizens in countries losing around
to global market pressures must either find their
ways into the remaining industries in their
The State in a hometowns, move (if they can) to places with
World of more opportunities, or become part of the
Economic Inter- growing segment of dislocated
“underemployed” workers.
dependence  While critics point to the disposability of labor as
an inherent flaw of economic globalization,
others see no problem and believe that the costs
imposed on dislocated workers in declining
regions within the more affluent states are more
than offset, in total, by rising living standards in
the ‘emerging market’ zones.
  Rock-bottom wages, terrible working
conditions, and negligible environmental
The State in a standards that attract multinational
World of corporations to set up factories (typically
through subcontractors) in many
Economic Inter-
‘developing’ countries only get noticed
dependence elsewhere when startling incidents occurs.
 Fires in Bangladesh in 2012 followed by a
building collapsed.
 1100 workers died at factories making
clothing for retailers ranging from
Benetton to Wal-Mart in April 2013.
 The power to ‘determine economic, social
The State in a and environmental objectives for national
World of development and the capacity to ensure
Economic Inter- that transnational corporations meet these
dependence priorities’ and to set the stage for “new
forms of participatory democracy whereby
citizens become effectively involved in
international policymaking on trade,
investment and finance’ (Clarke , quoted in
Cavanagh and Mander, 2004: 82)
The State in a  The standards that good states upholds
to protect their citizens are likely to
World of
remain elusive more widely in the global
Economic Inter- economy for some time to come.
dependence  In this sense, the Bangladesh fires and
building collapse unfortunately remind
us how little has really changed since
these issues first catapulted to the public
spotlight nearly 20 years earlier.
Economic and Political Integration: The Case
of the European Union

Ravalo
Economic and Political Integration: The Case of the European Union

 The rising economic interdependence of different states have

formed partnership with neighboring countries/states which
promotes trade and economic cooperation. Europe excels in
the integration of markets and known as political elites after
World War II followed by the launch of European Coal and
Steel Community.
European Coal and Steel Community

 Established in 1951
 It brought up 6 countries together (Belgium, Germany, France,
Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands).
 To organize the free movement of coal and steel and to free
up access to sources of production.
 First international organization to be based on the principles
of supranationalism.
 It is now called the European Union which is known today.
European Union

 Has 27 member states (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia

etc.)
 Has a single currency (Euro) and monetary system
 A supranational European Parliament with growing legislative
powers alongside the Council of Ministers.
E U EU has expanded into foreign and
U N wesecurity policies and instituted with the
1992 signing of Maastricht Treaty which
R I
states that a common citizen or member of
O O the union has the right to live, work, vote,
P N and even run for office in parliamentary
E elections outside one’s native member
A state.
N
 It reduces or eliminates
trade barriers.

It aims to reduce the costs for

consumers and producers and
ECONOMIC
also to increase trades
INTEGRATION
between the countries.
 European Union
 The first decades in the 21st Century
EU can be observed that its long-term
prospects were unclear and uncertain
especially when public debt crisis
occurred which gained different
conflicting opinions across the
Eurozone (European Union) and
became hesitant particularly the
wealthier member of the state (sila ang
magpapautang kaya sila ang lugi) like
Germany.
 In the summer of 2012, the
budget of the Eurozone countries
will be subject to approval and
with the supervision of the
European Commission and
established rules to limit the
budget deficits (when spending
exceeds income) (A deficit must
be paid. If it isn't, then it creates
debt) and public debt (how much
a country owes to lenders outside
of itself) are compulsory.
 Europe has seen a drastic rise in
continental with two key
institution: The European Court
of Justice (ECJ) and the
European Court of Human
Rights (ECHR).
POLITICAL
INTEGRATION
The European Court of
Justice (ECJ)
 The supreme court of the EU in matter of
EU law.
 Role: ensuring EU law is interpreted and
applied the same in every EU country;
ensuring countries and EU institutions
abide by EU law.
 It has functioned since 1952 as the top
dispute resolution body for the EU and its
predecessors.
 It mandates the member states are
obligated to follow the EU law.
 The decisions from ECJ has forced the
members to adapt to the laws to fit the
supranational norms.
European Court of Human
Rights (ECHR)
 It is a human rights judicial body.
 Began to operate in 1959.
 Delivered more than 10,000 judgments
regarding alleged violations.
 Concern in civil and political rights.
 ECHR is part of Council of Europe.
 ECHR cases against member state and states
can also file a case against each other.
 The court has important decisions in areas
that are mostly getting violated by the
members such as freedom of expression and
speech, freedom of religion, protection from
discrimination, and the right to a fair trial.
 EU considers the opinions of leading scholars which makes the states
strengthens because of it, it empowers the members to project into their
E
interest and let them to be engage in democratic debates over how to U U
position themselves in the EU.
R N
O I
P O
EU shows an excellent demonstration of how local and international E N
collaboration has been creating new rules and obligations for the states.
Also, it lessens the borders and restrictions of other states to the members, A
it can improve international securities and adds employment opportunities.
N
The Rise of International Law and
Universal Principles

Roque & Villanda

 The Rise of International Law and Universal Principles

 The failure of the League of Nations

 The end of the Second World War in
1945 led to a significant turn away from
the model of state sovereignty dating
back to the Peace of Westphalia in
1648 that championed absolute state
autonomy and foreclosed humanitarian
intervention.
before the war only strengthened the
collective will among world leaders
to start another international
organization that would facilitate
global dialogue and promote human
rights and fundamental freedoms.
Leaders of the Allies began framing
themselves collectively as the
'United Nations' while fighting the
war, and the San Francisco
conference in the summer and
autumn of 1945 set up the
organization that continues to this
day.
 The Rise of International Law and Universal Principles

 But, the system (UN) has huge  This is especially apparent within the
limitations: the United Nations (UN) has Security Council and its outdated
never transcended the states system composition that awards veto power
and instead operates mainly as a forum to each five countries that won the
of states to air their differences and try Second World War, as well as the
to resolve them; General Assembly's relative lack of
power and state-based configuration.
 The UN had also been hobbled over the
years by key state actors themselves, first
with cold war stalement between US and
Soviet Union that made it difficult for the
Security Council to reach collective decisions,
and more recently by the US-led invasion of
Iraq in 2003 without the sanction of Security
Council.
 Concerns about the limitations of the UN
have been offset first by the formation of
ad hoc tribunals that eventually convincted
The Rise of numerous individuals from Rwanda and the
International Law and former Yugoslavia of war crimes, and more
Universal Principles significantly by permanent establishment in
2002 of the International Criminal Court
(ICC), with its role in prosecuting individuals
accused of genocide and other crimes again
humanity.
The Security Council itself found consensus to follow the doctrine of
'Responsibility to Protect' (R2P) when it authorized in early 2011 a ' no fly zone',
an arms embargo, and ultimately the use of force in Libya's civil war as part of a
controversial strategy to protect civilians from impending government attaks and
also, by extension, give a revolutionary forces a better chance at dislodging the
regime of Moammar Gaddafi.
The Rise of
International Law and
Universal Principles

The 'North Atlantic Treaty Organization' (NATO) with Britain, France, and
United States taking the lead, intervened in Libya- and so far, states have
applied R2P selectively.
 The Rise of International Law and Universal Principles

 R2P - Responsibility to Protect *signals

 Timeline 2011 Libya Civil Wa
on part of states to be in between
(Moanmmar Gaddafi) 2013,
countries with the affairs of regimes
August 1400 civilians 2014
that can't protect their on people.
Bashar Hafez al-Assad (Syria)
*statist *started in Libya's Civil War

 NATO (National Altantic Treaty

Organization) with Britain, France and
United States
The Rise of International Law and Universal Principles

 U.S. President Barack Obama

threaten Syrian government (promised
to worked out Probition of Chemical
Weapons and the United Nations
Security Council) MICHAEL DOYLE
*international relation theorist *R2P
either abandons populations or
imposes unrealtistic expectations of
inform human rights.
The Rise of International Law and Universal Principles

 Vertical Linkages - international institutions Horizontal

Linkages - national bureaucracies Finance minister -
Economic Stability Regulators - funds traced to
suspected criminal gangs or terrorists organization
Bankruptcy Judges -tricky cases Transgovernmental
Networks - national government try to smooth out
productive and efficient working relationship among
themselves. Problems Anne Marie Slaughter
*Internation Law Scholar *believes that TN inproves
the competence and regulatory effectiveness of
government andgreater harmony with international
norms and treaties.
The Rise of International Law and Universal Principles

 Daniel Archibugi "Only by creating a global

commonwealth of citezens who will express
themselves in the world politics can some changes be
achieved. Empowering the citezen of the world means
to build up, at the goobal level, those checks and
balances that have nurtured the evolution of
democracy." TN networks among states bare mixed
results for citizens. 2013 - massive global surveillance
operation engineered by US NSA Edward Snowden
*former employee of NSA *asylum in Russia *sought
to prosecute hi for releasing the information to
journalists. *biometric authentication (passport and
visas
States as Targets:
The Rise of Transnational Activism

Tubillas
States as Targets: The Rise of Transnational Activism
Let’s Define!

TRANSNATIONAL
States as Targets: The Rise of Transnational Activism
Let’s Define!

ACTIVISM
States as Targets: The Rise of Transnational Activism
Let’s Define!

TRANSNATIONALISM
States as Targets: The Rise of Transnational Activism
Let’s Define!

TRANSNATIONAL
ACTIVISM
States as Targets: The Rise of Transnational Activism
States as Targets: The Rise of Transnational Activism

“Activists Beyond  Campaigns against

Borders”
- Margaret Keck and
Kathryn Sikkink
slavery, foot-binding
practices in China and
women’s voting
rights.
States as Targets: The Rise of Transnational Activism
States as Targets: The Rise of Transnational Activism

“Boomerang Domestic Civil Society Organizations

pattern of
Compatible Advocacy Groups Overseas
influence”
- Kathryn Sikkink (1998)
can pressure the national governments
in questions
 Sustained Global Citizens Campaign

Global Citizens
 Aware of and understands the wider world and their place.
States as Targets: The
Rise of Transnational  Active role in the community.
Activism
 They work with others to make our planet equal.

 Encouraging young people to develop, knowledge, skills,

and values they need to engage with the world.
States as Targets: The Rise of Transnational Activism
 States as Targets:
Cyber activism The Rise of
Build network partners
Transnational
Activism
Global Age
Communication Networks, New Media
and the State

Valera
 DIGITAL
 Bring to the possibilities for new kinds of
MEDIA
communities coalesce via networks and
create new arenas for political interaction.
 NETWORK
 An optimism that citizens and civil society
SOCIETY
organization can increasingly use networks
to gain power.
 PRAGMATIC
TRANSFORMATION
 Adapting to fit in among other
socially decisive global networks in
arena such as finance, education,
science, technology, art, culture,
sports.
 NEW MEDIA
 It is only the power of global civil
society acting on the public mind
via the media and communication
networks.
 COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY
 A new intellectual fault line, though,
has been emerging at the nexus of
political communication and
interpersonal relations giving the
upper hand to citizens or state.
THE NET DELUTION :THE
DARK SIDE OF INTERNET
FREEDOM, EVGENY
MOROZOV

“BOOK OF CASTELLS”
 SOFTWARE
PROGRAMS
 To filter internet content and denial
of service.
 INTERNET
COMMUNICATION

 Empowered the secret police.

 Resources in communication.
 SOCIAL MEDIA
AGE

 Ex. -Facebook, Twitter, Instagram,

Viber, Messenger.
 PUBLIC DIPLOMACY
Literally and maintain
facebook groups, twitter feeds, and
Communication
Networks, New Media dual blog posting written in both the
and the State language of the country they
represent and the language of the
country where they are serving.
TELEVISION NETWORK
 Dramatic rise instate -funded, diversifying the landscape of global
electronic newsgathering.

 Broadcasting videos filmed by protesters with their mobile phones and

forwarded via email to their studios.
The Rise of
International Law and
Universal Principles
GLOBAL MEDIA

 Sharing information to the readers by global citizens and for global

citizens like Wikipedia.
 by Hans Schattle

RAVALO * ROQUE * TENERIFE * TINOS * TUBILLAS * VALERA * VILLANDA