1.

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

The law of conservationof energy is a law of science that states that energy
cannot be created or destroyed, but only transferred from one object to another
The law is defined as stating that the amount of energy remains constantin an
isolated system. This also states that energy cannot be created or even
destroyed but it can transfer into different location or change its form.

2. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

The First Law of Thermodynamics.is a balance of the various forms of energyin
the specified thermodynamic system or control volume. The first law of
thermodynamics is the restatementof the Conservation of Energy principle
meaning that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but can be
transferred into various forms. The energy balance is maintained withinthe
system. The system is a region in space (control volume) through which the fluid
passes. A system can either be isolated, closed or open. The balance is
expressed as: all energies enteringinto a system are equal to all energies
leaving the system plus the change of energies within the system.

Where:
Q = the heat transferred to the system during the process
W = word done by the system during the process
E = an extensive propertyof the system

In the absence of any work interactionbetween a system and its surroundings,

the amount of net heat transfer is equal to the change in the energy of a system.

when
For an adiabaticprocesses, the amount of work done is equal
to the change in
energy of the system.

The propertyE representsall other

kinetic energy (KE) and •internalenergy energy such as potentialenergy (PE)'
included in the total energy E. The U. Any other form of energy is also
first law thermodynamics take the form

Q-W =
+U2—U1
Where:
m = mass flow rate
= gravitational constant (9.81 m/s2)
elevation
velocity

The energy equation for steady flow, which occur most of the control volume
problems in thermodynamics,

Neglectingkinetic and potential energy changes, the energy equation is

Ifthefirst law is applied to an isolated system where Q = W = 0, then the first

lawbecomesthe conservation of energy.

Example 5.1
circulation. Assuming a
A 10-hpfan is used in a large room to providefor air 2 hours operation.
well-insulatedroom, find the internal energy increase after

Solution:

andAPE = AKE -O
Thefirst law becomes —W = Al-J.

Thework input is
sec/h) L= -5.371 X 107 J
W = (-1b
Theinternalenergy increase is

5.371 x 5.371 x 107J (ans)

3. APPLICATION OF THE FIRST LAW TO NONFLOw OR
CLOSED SYSTEM
A. CONSTANT VOLUMEPROCESS
In a constant volume process or isovolumic process (isochoric process),the
working substance is containedin a rigid vessel, hence no work is done on orby
the system (W = 0). It will be assumed that constant volume implies zero work.
Any heat that flows into the system appears as increased in internalenergyof
the system. Applying the first law of thermodynamics to the process,

where:
U = internal energy
specific heat at constant volume
m = mass of the working substance

Example 5.2
Find the work necessary to compress air in an insulated cylinder from a volume
35
of 8 ft3 to a volume of 2 ft3. The initial temperature and pressure are 600F and
psia, respectively.

Solution:

The first law becomes:

-W - mcv(T2
-TO

= 1.4547 lbm

The final temperature .T2is:

1.4—1
8.0
= (520) = 905,370R
2

W= |.4547 Btu/lbm-0R) (905.37 - 520) OR

- 95.87 Btu (ans)
 B. CONSTANT PRESSURE PROCESS
In a constant pressure
process or isobaric
containedin a cylinder with a process the working substance is
moveagainst an external movable piston. In this process the boundary must
resistance as heat
supplied. Applying the first law of

Work done, W = pdv = p(V2—VI)

U&PY2 UISPVI

where:
h specific enthalpy
enthalpy
Cp = specific heat at constant pressure
m = mass of the working substance

Example 5.3

A Piston-cylinderarrangement contains 0.05 m of air at 700C and 450 kPa. Heat

is addedin the amount of 70 kJ and work is done by a paddle wheel until the
temperaturereaches 6000C. If the pressure is held constant, find the amount of
Paddle-wheelwork must be added to the air.

Solution:

The first law becomes:

= m(h2- hl) = mcp (T2- TI)

Q-W paddle

= 0.2285 kg
RT- 287 273+70

paddle
= Q - mCp(T2- TI)
= 70- - 70) -- -51.1 kJ (ans)
C. CONSTANT TEMPERATURE PROCESS (PV = Constant)
In a constant temperatureprocess or isothermalprocess heat must be added or
removed from the working substance continuously in order to keep the
process,
temperature the same. Applying the first law of thermodynamics to the

Where: Tl = T2

Workdone,

where: PV =

oge 2 In—

or

Example 5.4
Five pounds of air is compressed from 10 psia to 180 P$ia while maintainingthe
temperature constant at 120 OF. Calculate the heat transfer needed to
accomplish this process.

Solution:

The first law

ft-lbf 1 Btu 10
= mRTln— = (5 lbm) 53.3 (5800R) In——
Ibnt—0R 778 ft-lbf 180
Q = -574.24 Btu (ans)
 D. REVERSIBLE ADIABATIC PROCESS (PV = constant)
In an adiabatic process no heat is
transferredto or
process. An example of processes in which there isfrom the fluid during the
no heat transfer is the
compressionor expansion of air in a cylinder. Applying the first law to this
process,

Where: 112—ul = cv(T2 - TI)

Where: =
k-l

Where: pv = RT

Example 5.5

Air having an initial pressure of 6516 kPa and volume of 0.113 cubic meter is
compressedadiabatically to a volume of 0.057 cubic meter. What is the work
done by the system if the final pressure is 17,237 kPa?

Solution:
p1 s 6516 kPa
= 17,237 kPa
For adiabatic compression process:

W = 615 kJ (ans)
E. POLYTROPIC PROCESS
The heat is calculated as:

-
cv(Tl
Where:

(Tv-T2)-

Q = R(Tl-T2

or

The work is calculated as:

Ifn=l,
summary of Processes:

Process Index n Heat Added Word done ,v,T relations

Constant cp(T2- TI) p(V2 —VI)
Pressure

Constant 00
cv(T2- Tl) 0
Volume

Constant PIVI = P2V2

Temperature PIVIIn—

k
PIVI k = P2V2
Reversible -P2V2
Adiabatic

PIVI n. = P2V20
n—l
Polytropic -P2V2
I—n

Example 5.6

Nitrogenat 1200C and 700 kPa expands in such a way that it can be
approximatedby a polytropicprocess with n = 1.2. Find the work and the heat
transferif the final pressure is 110 kPa.

Solution:

The final temperature is:

(1.2-1)/1.2
110
T2=Tl = (393) 288.7 K
700
The specific volumes are

RTI 3
= 0.1667 m /kg
700
RT2 _ 3
V2 = 0.7794 m /kg
110

The work will be:

w = Pdv= PIVI v¯ndv

1 0.2-O. 166T
0.7794—
- 0.2 02)
154.86 kJ/kg (ans)
Applying thé first law:

q —w = Au = Cv(.T2—T 1)
=
q - 154.86 - 393)
-q = 77.15 kJ/kg (ans)