BOTANY IPE VSAQ’S

Chapter 1: ENZYMES

Q1. How are prosthetic groups different from cofactors?

A- PROSTHETIC GROUPS: It is non-proteinaceous organic
cofactor and is tightly bound to the proteinaceous
apoenzyme.
Eg : Haem group of peroxidases and catalase.
COFACTOR: It is a non-protein part of holoenzyme. It
could be a metal ion co-factor or an organic compound
(co-enzyme/prosthetic group).
Eg : Zn, NAD, Haem group.

Q2. What is meant by ‘feed-back inhibition?

A- The end product of a chain of enzyme catalyzed
reactions inhibits the enzyme of the first reaction as part
of homeostatic control of metabolism.
Eg: Glucose and ATP
Q3. Why are ‘oxido-reductases', so named?
A- Enzymes which catalase oxidation and reduction b/n
two substrates S and S’
S reduced + S’ oxidized ---------> S oxidized + S’ reduced

Q4. Distinguish b/n apoenzyme and cofactor.

A- APOENZYME – The major part of a holoenzyme which
is chemically proteinaceous is called apoenzyme.
COFACTOR - Non-protein part of a holoenzyme is
cofactor. Which could be a metal ion or organic
compound and make the enzyme catalytically active.

Q5. What are competitive enzyme inhibitors? Mention

one example.
A - I) The inhibitor closely resembles the substrate in its
molecular structure and inhibits the activity of the
enzyme is known as ‘competitive inhibitor’.
II) This inhibitor competes with the substrate for the
substrate – binding site of the enzyme. Consequently,
the substrate cannot bind and as a result, the enzyme
action declines.
E.g: Inhibition of succinic dehydrogenase by malonate
which closely resembles the substrate succinate in
structure.

Q6. What are non-competitive enzyme inhibitors?

Mention one example.
A – Non-competitive inhibitors have no structural
similarity with the substrate and forms an enzyme
inhibitor complex at a point other than its active site, so
that the globular structure of the enzyme is changed.
Eg: Metal ions like of copper, mercury, silver, etc.

Q7. What do the four digits of an enzyme code indicate?

A – Eg:2.7.1.2 - Glucose 6-phosphotranferase
1st digit – indicates ‘class’
2nd digit – indicates ‘sub-class’
3rd digit – indicates ‘sub-sub class’
4th digit – indicates ‘serial number of the enzyme in sub-
sub class’.
Q8. Who proposed ‘Lock and Key hypothesis’ ‘nd induced
fit hypothesis?
A – 1) Lock and Key hypothesis proposed by ‘Emil Fisher’
2) ‘Induced-fit’-hypothesis proposed by Daniel E.
Koshland.

Chapter 2: PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Q1. What is the disease that formed the basis for the
identification of gibberellins in pants? Name the
causative fungus of the disease.
A – I) The “BAKANE” (foolish seeding) disease of rice
seedling formed the basis for the identification of
gibberellins in plants.
II)The Bakane disease is caused by a fungal pathogen
Gibberella fujikuroi.

Q2. What is apical dominance? Name the growth

hormone that causes it?
A - I) The growing apical bud inhibits the growth of lateral
or axillary buds. This phenomenon is called apical
dominance.
II) Auxins cause apical dominance.

Q3. What is meant by bolting? Which hormone causes

bolting?
A – I) The internodal elongation just prior to flowering is
called bolting. Ex: Beet, Cabbage.
II) Gibberellins are responsible for bolting.

Q4. Define respiratory climactic. Name the PGR

associated with it.
A – I) Rise in the fruit of respiration during ripening of
fruits is called respiratory climatic.
II) Ethylene enhances the respiration rate during the
ripening of fruits.

Q5. What is ethephon? Write its role in agriculture

practices.
A – I) Ethylene is a gaseous hormone and hence there is a
practical difficult in use of ethylene in the agricultural
fields. The most widely used compound as ethylene is
ethephon. 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid Ethephon
releases ethylene slowly.
II) Ethephon hastens fruit ripening in tomatoes and
apples and accelerates abscission in flowers and fruits. It
promotes female flowers in cucumbers, thereby
increasing the yield.

Q6. Which of the PGRs is called stress hormone and why?

A – I) Abscisic acid (ABA) is called stress hormone.
II) ABA acts as a general plant growth inhibitor and an
inhibitor of plant metabolism. ABA stimulates the closure
of stomata in the epidermis and increases the tolerance
to plants for various kinds of stresses. Therefore, it is also
called as stress hormone.

Chapter 3: PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND

VARIATION
Q1. What is the cross between the F1 progeny and the
homozygous recessive parent is called? How is it useful?
A – I) The cross between F1 progeny and the recessive
parent is called test cross and it is a type of back cross.
II) The test cross is useful to know the genotype of
progeny whether it is homozygous (or) heterozygous.

Q2. Do you think Mendel’s law of inheritance would have

been different if the characters that he chooses were
located on the same chromosome?
A – I) yes
II) If the alleles of characters chosen by Mendel were
present on the same chromosome, he must have faced
the problem of linkage and could have not porposed the
law of independent assortment.

Q3. Who proposed the chromosomal theory of

inheritance?
A - I) Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri.
 II) Sutton provided the physical basis for Mendelian
principles by correlating chromosome segregation with
gene segregation during meiosis.

Q4. Define true breeding and mention its significance?

A – I) The production of homozygous progeny from
homozygous parents through self-pollination is called
true breeding.
II) The progeny of true breeding have the desirable
characters in homozygous condition which remain stable
in future generations unless they are crossed with other
plants.

Q5. Explain the terms phenotype and genotype.

A - I) Phenotype: The external descriptive character of an
organism is collectively called phenotype.
II) Genotype: The genetical characters of an organism
whose alleles are represented with alphabet letters is
called genotype.

Q6. What are point mutations? Give an example.

A – I) The mutations that occur due to change in a single
base pair of DNA are called point mutations.
II) Sickle cell anemia (due to single base substitution at
the sixth codon of the beta globin gene from GAG and
GUG i.e..., change of glutamine to valine).

Q7. A person has to perform crosses for the purpose of

studying inheritance of a few traits/characters. What
should be the criteria for selecting the organism?
A – I) The organisms must have the well-defined
genetically controlled desirable characters.
II) The desirable characters must be in homo-zygous
codn.

Q8. In order to obtain the F1 gen, Mendel pollinated

pure breeding dwarf plant. But, to get F2 gen he simply
self-pollinated the tall F1 plants. Why?
A- I) Mendel made a cross between two true breeding
plants only to ascertain the inheritance of characters in
F1 gen.
 II) Mendel self-pollinated the F1 plants to study the
pattern of inheritance of inheritance of parental
characters in F2 gen plants.

Q9. How are alleles of a particular gene differ from each

other? Explain its significance.
A – I) Heterozygous alleles of a gene differ from each
other as to one is dominant and another one is recessive.
II) As the dominant allele is unmodified, it can always
express its trait while the recessive allele is modified, and
it expresses its trait in homozygous condn only.

Q10. Monohybrid cross 3:1

Q11.Genetic nature of wrinkles phenotype of pea seeds?
Chapter 4: MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE

Q1.
Chapter 5: PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES
Chapter 6: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Q1.
Chapter 7: MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE