Class 11 Thermal Expansion PDF

Prakash Khatri
Radiant Secondary School

Mahendranagar,Kanchanpur
Heat and temperature + Thermal

Expansion (Class XI)
E-mail:
prakashkhatri315@gmail.com
Prakash Khatri,Radiant S. School
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Heat and Thermodynamics (3 hours)
• Molecular concept of thermal energy

• Heat and temperature
• Cause and direction of heat flow
• Meaning of thermal equilibrium
• Zeroth law of thermodynamics
• Thermal equilibrium as the working
principle of mercury thermometer
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Heat is the form of energy which
produces the sensation of hotness or
coldness to our skin.
The energy transferred from one body to

another body due to temperature difference
between them is called heat.

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Internal Energy
Molecular kinetic energy is due to
random motion of molecules.
Molecular potential energy is due to
force between molecules.
Internal energy is the sum of molecular
K.E. and molecular P.E.
I.E.=K.E.+P.E.
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Direction of heat transfer
For two bodies in thermal contact , heat
flows from higher temperature body to lower
temperature body but not from a body with
more energy to body with less energy.
Heat energy is measured by Calorimeter.
Unit : Joule, Calorie

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*The degree of hotness or coldness of a
body is called temperature.
*It is an effect of heat energy.
*It is measured by thermometer.
*S.I.unit=Kelvin
Thermal equilibrium
Two bodies are in thermal equilibrium if
they are at same temperature.
There is no transfer of heat between
two bodies in thermal equilibrium.
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Thermal equilibrium as the working principle of mercury thermometer
• The principle of thermal equilibrium is applied in the

measurement of temperature.
• To measure our body temperature using a mercury
thermometer, the liquid mercury in thermometer bulb
receives heat from the body. The heat gained by the
mercury causes it to expand and hence its level rises in
capillary tube. The new level of mercury in capillary tube
shows the temperature of mercury itself. Actually the
thermometer shows the temperature of mercury . However
it is equal to the temperature of our body because of the
thermal equilibrium of our body and the mercury in the
bulb of thermometer.
• Thus the thermal equilibrium gives the concept of
measurement of temperature. Mahendranagar
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Zeroth law of thermodynamics
• Statement: If two bodies are in thermal
equilibrium with third body , then they must be in
thermal equilibrium with each other.
• Suppose two bodies A and C are separated by
insulating wall but each are in thermal contact to B
.After sometimes body A will be in thermal
equilibrium with body B and body C with body B.

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Contd.
• If insulating all between A and C is
replaced by a conducting wall, there is no
further change in temperature of them.
This indicates that A and C are in thermal
equilibrium.
• Let TA,TB and TC be the temperatures of
bodies A,B and C respectively.
• Then, TA=TB ,TC=TB Then TA=TC
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Thermometry
• The science of temperature and its
measurement is called thermometry.
• An instrument used to measure temperature
is called a thermometer.
• Lower fixed point: The temperature at which
ice melts under standard atmospheric
pressure.
• Upper fixed point : The temperature at which
water boils under standard atmospheric
pressure. Mahendranagar
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Relation between different temperature
scales
• (X-x lower)/(x upper –x lower)
• eg: for celcius scale,X=C,
• x lower=0,
• X upper=100
• (C-0)/100
The interval between two fixed points is divided into
100 equal parts and each part represent 1C.

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Types of thermometer
• A) Liquid Thermometer: The thermometer
that uses liquid as working substance is
called liquid thermometer . These
thermometer are based on the principle of
change in volume of liquid with the change
in temperature.
• eg:mercury thermometer, alcohol
thermometer
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B)Gas Thermometer
• The thermometer that uses gas as working
substance is called gas thermometer . These
thermometer are based on the principle of
change in volume or pressure of gas with the
change in temperature.
• These thermometers are very sensitive as
expansion of gas is large.
• eg: using He- gas -270 C can be measured and
using nitrogen gas 1600C can be measured.
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C)Resistance thermometer
• These are based on the principle of change in

resistance with change in temperature.
• The resistance thermometers are designed to
measure temperatures between -250C
and700C .
• Platinum is used in platinum resistance
thermometer.

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D)Thermoelectric thermometer
• These are based on the principle of
thrmoelectric effect(thermoelectricity).
• The themo emf is produced in a
thermocouple when two junctions are at
different temperatures.
• It can measure a temperature range of -
270C to 2300C.
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E)Radiation Thermometer
• These are based on quantity of heat

radiations emitted by a body.
• These are also called pyranometers.
• High temperature above 1100C can be
measured by this type of thermometer.

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F) Vapour pressure thermometer
• These are based on the principle of
change of vapour pressure with change
in temperature.
• These are used to measure the low
temperature.
• eg:Hellium vapour pressure
thermometer
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Mercury Thermometer
It consists of a glass rod with a fine capillary
connected to the glass bulb. Mercury is
sealed inside the glass tube. The upper and
lower fixed points are fixed near to the two
ends of the thermometer.
When temperature is increased ,the mercury
expands in the capillary tube.

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Advantages
It’s boiling point 357C and freezing point is
-39C.Therefore it can be used over a wide
range of temperature.
It has low specific heat capacity. i.e.it is

highly sensitive to temperature variation.
It does not wet the wall of capillary tube
and hence expansion is easier.
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Contd.
It is shiny and temperature can be
read easily.
Its expansion is nearly uniform

with the change in temperature.
Disadvantages:
It cannot measure the temperature

below -39 C and
Prakash Khatri,Radiant
Mahendranagar
S. Schoolabove 357C.
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Alcohol Thermometer
• Alcohol has boiling • Non uniform expansion.
point of 78C and • Colorless and bad
freezing point -117C.So conductor of heat.
it is suitable for • Lesser specific gravity
measuring low than mercury.
temperature in very
cold places. • Sticks to the walls of
glass.
• Very small expansivity .
• Cannot measure
• More sensitive than temperature more than
mercury thermometer. 78C.
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Why water can not be used as
thermometric substance?
B)measures C)Wets wall D)High

A) irregular E)Low
low range of of capillary thermal
expansion conductivity
temperature tube. capacity

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Absolute Zero Temperature
• The relation between K and C is: K=C+273
• If, C=-273C then K=0,is the absolute zero
temperature.
• This temperature is the lowest possible
temperature than can exist in the universe.
• As T decreases, Kinetic energy also
decreases.
• At 0 K ,the K.E. of molecules becomes zero
and molecular motion stops.
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Contd.
• The lowest temperature at which a gas is
supposed to have zero pressure and zero
volume is called absolute zero.
• If straight line of P-T curve is extra plotted
,it meets an T-axis at -273.15C .Thus gas
exerts no pressure at -273.15C.
• Below this temperature , pressure P will be
negative which is meaningless.
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Thermal Expansion
• The increase in size of a body on heating is called
thermal expansion.
• Cause of thermal expansion : Material is composed
of molecules spaced from each other by small
distance. When a substance is heated, its atom and
molecules vibrate with greater kinetic energy and
the molecules vibrate more rapidly. Thus
separation between molecules increases . This
results the increase in size of material.
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Positive thermal expansion: Increase in size on heating
Negative thermal expansion: Decrease in size on cooling
• In a solid, the molecules are arranged regularly in three

dimensional space held by strong forces. Therefore, the
expansion in solids due to heating is small.
• In liquids, the molecules are free than the molecules in
solids. Hence, the expansion of liquids is more than the
expansion of solids.
• In gases, the molecules are almost completely free.
Therefore, the gases expand much more than the solids
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and the liquids on heating. Mahendranagar
Some Practical Applications Of Solid Expansion
• In summer, due to high temperature, the railway tracks

which are made up of iron get expanded. If no gaps are
left between two sections of the track then the railway
line may bend and cause derailment of the trains. To
avoid this, the railway tracks are provided with gaps to
prevent from accidents.
• In winter, the telephone and electric wires get contracted.
If the wires between two poles are kept straight (i.e. taut)
then the poles may bend due to contraction of wires in
winter or the wires may be broken. To provide enough
length for contraction in winter, the telephone and electric
wires are always kept sagging between two poles.
• .
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contd
• The cemented floor expands in summer and
contracts in winter. If the cemented floor is a
single piece, it may be broken due to
expansion and contraction. To avoid such
breaking, the cemented floor is laid in pieces
by using glass strips in between them.

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Contd.
• When hot water is suddenly poured into the glass
tumbler, the inner surface of the tumbler gets
expanded. Since the glass is not a good conductor
of heat therefore the heat is not conducted quickly
to the outer surface. Therefore the glass tumbler
breaks down.
• In tropic regions, rocks expand during the day and
contract during night. This continuous expansion
and contraction process over long time results in
breaking of rocks and forms sandy deserts.

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Contd
• The metal tire of wooden wheel of a cart

is made smaller than the size of the
wheel. The tire is heated so that it
expands. It is slipped over the wheel
whenever it is hot. On cooling down, it
contracts and has a firm grip with the
wheel.
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Types of thermal expansion
• When a body is heated, it expands in all

dimensions i.e. along its length, breadth and
thickness. Thus, thermal expansion of solids is of
three types
• Linear expansion
• Superficial expansion
• Cubical expansion

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Linear Expansion
The increase in length of solid on heating is called linear expansion.
Consider a solid rod of length l1 initially at a temperature of θ₁0C.
When the metal rod is heated up to the temperature of θ 2 0 C then
the rod expands and its new length becomes l2. It has been
experimentally observed that the change in length Δl = (l2 – l1 ) is
Directly proportional to the original length
i.e. Δl α l1 ………………………………… (1)
Directly proportional to the change in temperature
Δl α (θ2 - θ1)…………………………….(2)
Combining equations (1) and (2)
Δl α l1 (θ2 - θ1 )
Δl = α l1(θ2 - θ1Prakash
)………………………………
Khatri,Radiant S. School
(3)
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Contd.
The proportionality constant α is called coefficient of linear
expansion or linear expansivity of the material. Its value depends
upon the nature of material and its temperature.
From eqn. (3)
α = Δl / [l1(θ2 - θ1)] ………................. (4)
For l1 = 1m and (θ2 - θ1) = 10C (or 1K)

α = Δl
Thus coefficient of linear expansion of the material of a rod is
defined as the change in length per unit original length per unit
change in temperature.
The S. I. unit of α is oC-1 or K-1.
Again from eqn. (3), we get
l2 – l1 = α l1 (θ2 - θ1)
l2 = l1 + α l1 (θ2 - θ1)
l2 = l1 [1 + α (θ2 - θ1Prakash
)] …………………
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(5) 51
Contd
If ᶿ2=ᶿ,
ᶿ1=0
l2=lᶿ
l1=l0
l2 = l1 [1 + α (θ2 - θ1)]
then lᶿ = l0 [1+αᶿ]

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Does linear expansivity depends on
original length?
No , the linear expansivity of material does not
depend on original length since it is defined as the
change in length per unit original length per unit
change in temperature. Since linear expansivity is
given by the relation,
α = Δl / [l1(θ2 - θ1)] and change in length per unit
original length is always found to be constant for a
unit rise in temperature, it does not depend on the
original length. Actually it depends on the nature of
the material.
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If there is small hole on the metal disc and disc is
heated ,what happens to the size of the hole after
heating?
• When a metal disc with a hole at its centre is
heated ,the size of the hole also increases. As
we know as temperature increases , the
intermolecular distance between molecules
lying in the perimeter of holes also increases
which increases the size of the hole.

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The increase in area of solid on heating is
called superficial expansion.
Consider a solid sheet of area A1 initially at a temperature of θ₁0C.
When the metal sheet is heated up to the temperature of θ 2 0 C
then the sheet expands and its new area becomes A2. It has been
experimentally observed that the change in area ΔA = (A2 – A1) is
Directly proportional to the original area
ΔA α A1 ………………………………. (1)
ΔA α (θ2 - θ1) ……………………………….. (2)
ΔA α A1 (θ2 - θ1)
ΔA= β A1(θ2 - θ1) (3)
The proportionality constant β is called coefficient of superficial
expansion or superficial expansivity of the material. Its value
depends upon the nature of material and its temperature.
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From equation (3), β= ΔA/[A1 (θ2 - θ1) ]………(4)
For A1 = 1m2 and (θ2 - θ1) = 10C (or 1K)
β= ΔA
Thus coefficient of superficial expansion of the material
of a sheet is defined as the change in area per unit
original area per unit change in temperature.
The S. I. unit of β is oC-1 or K-1.
A2 – A1 = β A1 (θ2 - θ1)
A2 = A1 + β A1 (θ2 - θ1)
A2 = A1 [1 + β (θ2 - θ1)] …………………….. (5)

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Superficial expansivity does not depend on the
original area.
If ᶿ2=ᶿ,
ᶿ1=0
A2=Aᶿ A1= A0
then Aᶿ = A0 [1+ β ᶿ]

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The increase in volume of solid on heating is called
cubical expansion.
Consider a solid cube of volume V1 initially at a temperature of
θ₁0C. When the metal cube is heated up to the temperature
of θ2 0 C then the cube expands and its new volume
becomes V2. It has been experimentally observed that the
change in volume ΔV = (V2–V1 ) is
Directly proportional to the original volume
ΔV α V1 …………………………. (1)
ΔV α (θ2 - θ1) ………………………… (2)
ΔV α V1 (θ2 - θ1)
ΔV= γ V1 (θ2 - θ1) (3)
The proportionality constant γ is called coefficient of cubical
expansion or cubical expansivity of the material. Its value
depends upon the nature of material and its temperature.
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From equation (3), γ= ΔV/ [V1 (θ2 - θ1) ]……….(4)
For V1 = 1m3 and (θ2 - θ1) = 10C (or 1K)
γ= ΔV
Thus coefficient of cubical expansion of the material of a
cube is defined as the change in volume per unit
original volume per unit change in temperature.
The S. I. unit of γ is oC-1 or K-1.
V2 – V1 = γ V1 (θ2 - θ1)
V2 = V1 + γ V1 (θ2 - θ1)
V2 = V1 [1 + γ (θ2 - θ1)] …………………….(5)

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The cubical expansivity does not depend on
original volume.
If ᶿ2=ᶿ,
ᶿ1=0
V2=Vᶿ V1= V0
then Vᶿ = V0 [1+ γ ᶿ]

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RELATION BETWEEN LINEAR EXPANSIVITY AND
SUPERFICIAL EXPANSIVITY:
Let α and β be the linear and superficial expansivities of square solid sheet
respectively.
Let the square sheet of side length l1 initially at a temperature of θ1. When this
sheet is heated up to the temperature of θ2 .Then its new length becomes l2 and
area becomes A2. Then
A1 = l12
and A2 = l22
l2 = l1 [1 + α (θ2 – θ1)] ……………………………….. (1)
and
A2 = A1 [1+ β (θ2– θ1)] ……………………………(2)
Also
A2 = l22 = {l1 [1+ α (θ2– θ1)] }2
= l12 {1 + 2α (θ2– θ1) + α2 (θ2– θ1)2}
= A1 {1 + 2α (θ2– θ1) + α2 (θPrakash )2} ………………………
2– θ1Khatri,Radiant S. School (3)
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Contd.
Since the value of α is very small therefore the term containing α2 can
be neglected.(for steel 12*10-6=α, α2 = 144*10-12)
A2 = A1 {1 + 2α (θ2– θ1)} (4)
From equations (2) and (4), we get
A1 [1+ β (θ2– θ1)] = A1 [1 + 2α (θ2– θ1)]
Or, 1+ β (θ2– θ1) = [1 + 2α (θ2– θ1)]
Or, β (θ2– θ1) = 2α (θ2– θ1)
Therefore β = 2α (5)
Thus the superficial expansivity (β) is double the linear expansivity (α).

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RELATION BETWEEN LINEAR EXPANSIVITY AND
CUBICAL EXPANSIVITY:
Consider a metal cube of Volume V1 initially at a temperature of θ1.
When this metal cube is heated up to the temperature of θ 2 then its
new volume becomes V2.
If l1 is the initial length and l2 is the final length and α and γ are the
linear and cubical expansivities of the material of cube then
l2 = l1 [1 + α (θ2 – θ1)] ………..................................(1)
V2 = V1 [1 + γ (θ2 – θ1)] ………………………………………. (2)
Also
V1 = l13
and V2 = l23
= {l1 [1 + α (θ2 – θ1)]} 3
= l13 [1 + 3α (θ2 – θ1) + 3α2 (θ2 – θ1)2 + α3 (θ2 – θ1)3]
3α2Mahendranagar
= V1 [1 + 3α (θ2 – θ1) +Prakash (θ2 – θ1)2 + α3 (θ2 – θ1)3]……………….66(3)
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Contd.
Since α is very small, α2 and α3 are very-very small
therefore the terms containing α2 and α3 can be
neglected. Then eqn.(3) becomes
V2 = V1 [1 + 3α (θ2 – θ1)]………………..(4)
From equations (2) and (4), we get
Or, V1 [1 + γ (θ2 – θ1)] = V1 [1 + 3 α (θ2 – θ1)]
Or, [1 + γ (θ2 – θ1)] = [1 + 3 α (θ2 – θ1)]
Therefore
γ = 3 α ………………………. (5)
• Thus the cubical expansivity ( γ) is three times the
linear expansivity(α).
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Relation Between α, β and γ
We have
β = 2α
α= β/2……………………..(1)
And
γ = 3α
α= γ /3…………………………….(2)
α = β/2 = γ/3……………………………(3)
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Determination of Coefficient of linear
expansion of a solid by Pullinger ’s
Apparatus
The linear expansivity of a material can be determined
by the Pullinger’s apparatus. It consists of a hollow
cylinder where the experimental rod is placed inside the
cylinder. There are three opening in the cylinder. The
upper and lower opening are used for steam inlet and
steam outlet. The middle opening is used for placing
thermometer which measures the temperature of rod.
The spherometer is placed in a free end of the
instrument which measure the increase in length of the
rod. An electric circuit is connected with the instrument
to find whether spherometer touches
Prakash Khatri,Radiant
Mahendranagar
S. School the rod or not. 70
Working
• The experimental rod is taken and let its length be l1.
• The rod is placed inside the cylinder and the initial
temperature of the rod is taken (say)θ1.
• The spherometer is rotated downward when it just touches
the rod. Initial reading on spherometer is taken and
spherometer is rotated upward to give a small space for
expansion of the rod.
• The steam is passed into the cylinder as steam is passed
the reading in thermometer rise. When the thermometer
shows constant reading 8-10 the final temperature of the
rod is taken (say)θ2.
• The spherometer is rotated downward when it touches the
rod and the final reading of spherometer is taken.
• let initial spherometerPrakash
reading
Khatri,Radiantis R1 and final reading is71R2.
S. School
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Calculations
Initial length of rod=l1 , Initial temperature =ᶿ1
Initial spherometer reading =R1
Final temperature= ᶿ2
Final reading of spherometer=R2
Increase in length= (R2 - R1 )
Rise in temperature= (ᶿ2 - ᶿ1 )
Linearexpansivity=increase in length
/[originallength×riseintemperature]
α=(R2−R1)/ [ (θ2−θ1)l1 ]
• By finding values of RPrakash
1, R2Khatri,Radiant
,θ2,θ1S. School
,l1 linear expansivity is
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determined. Mahendranagar
Force setup due to thermal Expansion
or Contraction
• Suppose a metal rod of length l1 is fixed between
two rigid supports S1 and S2 . Let θ1 be the initial
temperature of rod and let it be allowed to expand
to θ2 . Due to increase in temperature of rod,it
tries to expand but will not able to expand due to
rigid supports.As a result of which ,it would
compress the rod .
• Tensile stress=F/A
• Longitudinal Strain= Δl/l
• Young modulus=Tensile stress/Longitudinal strain
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The increase in length due to heating,
Δl α l1 (θ2 - θ1 )
Δl = α l1(θ2 - θ1)………………(1)
where, α is linear expansivity.
Thermal stress=F/A……………………(2), A=cross sectional area
Compression strain= Δl/ l1 ......................(3)
Now, Young’s modulus of elasticity,
Y=F/A* l1 /Δl
F=(YA Δl )/ l1
=[YA α l1(θ2 - θ1) ]/ l1
F = YA α (θ2 - θ1 )……………………………..(4)

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2
Time Error in Pendulum clock

• The time period of pendulum clock is , T=2
where, l is the effective length of oscillation.
But the length of pendulum expands in summer and
contracts in winter. In summer ,the time period
increases and clock runs slower . The clock loses in
time.
Similarly in winter time period decreases and clock runs
faster . The clock gains time.
To overcome this difficulty , an alloy invar (iron +nickel) is
used to make pendulum clock since it has extremely
small expansion.

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Differential Expansion
When two solid rods of different materials of

equal length are heated to same
temperature then the expansion in them is
not equal. This is due to different linear
expansivity of different materials. This
unequal expansion of materials is known as
differential expansion.
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Contd.
Let l1 and l1' be the original lengths of two rods
whose coefficients of linear expansion are α and α'
respectively at temperature θ1.Let l2 and l2' be the
final lengths of respective rods when heated to
temperature θ2.
Then difference in length of rods at θ1 is,
d1 = l1' – l1 ……………………(1)
and difference in length of rods at θ2 is,
d2 = l2' – l2 …………………….(2)
Where, l2 = l1 [1+ α (θ2 – θ1)]
l2' = l1' [1+ α' (θ2 – θ1)]
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80
Contd.
d2 = l1' [1+ α' (θ2 – θ1)]- l1 [1+ α (θ2 – θ1)]
= l1' + l1' α' (θ2 – θ1 )- l1 - l1 α (θ2 – θ1)
= (l1' - l1 )) +(α' l1' - α l1) (θ2 – θ1 )
d2 = d1 +(α' l1' - α l1) (θ2 – θ1 )
d2 - d1 = (α' l1' - α l1) (θ2 – θ1 )…………………..(4)
Here (d2 - d1 ) is called differential expansion.
For no differential expansion, d2 - d1 =0
or, (α' l1' - α l1) (θ2 – θ1) = 0
or, α' l1' - α l1 = 0
or, α' l1' = α l1
Therefore α' /α = l1/l1'
This is possible when the ratio of original length of a
metal rod to another rod is equal to the ratio of
reciprocal of linear expansivity of these metals.
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Bimetallic Thermostat
Due to difference in the coefficients of linear expansion of
two metals, The bimetallic strip bends in the form of a
downward curve and the circuit is broken. The metallic
strip is in contact with a screw ‘S‘. When it becomes hot,
bends downward and contact at ‘P‘ is broken. Thus, the
current stops flowing through the heating coil. When the
temperature falls, the strip contracts and the contact at ‘P‘
is restored.
Bimetallic thermostats are widely used in numerous
appliances such as refrigerator, air conditioner, Iron, ice
plants etc.
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Effect of temperature on density of
substances (solids and liquids)
The density of material remains constant
temperature. When the temperature is increased ,
volume increases and hence density changes.
Let m and V1 be the mass and volume of substance

at temperature θ1. Then density of substance at
this temperature is,
Ꝭ1 =m/ V1 …………………..(1)

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Suppose the substance is heated to the temperature
θ2 at which its volume is V2.
The density of substance at this temperature is,

Ꝭ2 =m/ V2 …………………..(2)
But volume at temperature θ2 is ,
V2 = V1 [1 + γ (θ2 – θ1)] …………………(3)
Using (3) in (2), Ꝭ2 =m/ V1 [1 + γ (θ2 – θ1)]
Ꝭ2 = Ꝭ1 / [1 + γ (θ2 – θ1)] ……………….(4)
Thus density decreases with the rise in temperature
except for anomalous expansion.
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Expansion of liquid
• When heat is supplied to liquid contained in
a vessel ,the vessel receives heat before
liquid. The expansion of vessel takes place
before the expansion of liquid.
• Liquid does not have fixed shape but posses
fixed volume. So, cubical expansion only
takes place. The liquid cannot be heated
independently , so the expansion of vessel
must be considered.
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Determination of coefficent of real
expansivity of liquid by Dulong
and Petit’s method

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Anomalous Expansion of water
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Significance of anomalous expansion
of water
• Water has maximum density at 4 C and
gradually decrease up to 0 C . The various
layers of water are formed from bottom to
top of lake at various temperatures. The
upper layer is at 0 C and bottom layer is 4 C.
The water freezes from the top of layer , ice is
formed at top which acts as heat shield
because ice is poor conductor of heat. Hence,
aquatic plants and animals can serve even in
very cold places.
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A brass rod of length 0.40 m and steel rod of length 0.60 m, both are
initially at 00C and then heated to 750C. If the increase in lengths is the
same for both the rods, calculate the linear expansivity of brass. The
linear expansivity of steel is 12 X 10-6 0C-1.
Given
Length of brass rod at 00C (lb)1 = 0.40 m
Length of steel rod at 00C (ls)1 = 0.60 m
Initial temperature (θ1) = 00C
Final temperature (θ2) = 750C
Linear expansivity of steel (αs) = 12*10-6 0C-1
Linear expansivity of brass (αb) = ?
Since the increase in length is same for all temperature it is written as
0r, αb / αs = (ls)1 / (lb)1
Or, αb = [(ls)1 / (lb)1 ]αs
= (0.60/0.40)12*10-6
= 18 * 10-6 0C-1 Prakash Khatri,Radiant S. School
Mahendranagar
101
The difference between the length of two rods made of steel and brass at 00C is 20
cm. When they are heated, it is found that their difference in length is same at all
temperatures. Find their lengths at 00C. [α for steel = 1.2*10-5K-1 and α for brass = 2.0
*10-5K-1].
(ls)1– (lb)1 = 20cm,
(ls)1 = (lb)1 + 20
α s = 1.2 *10-5 K-1 ,α b = 2.0 * 10-5 K-1
Since the difference in length is same at all temperatures.
Therefore (lb)1 / (ls)1 = αs/αb
(lb)1 /((lb)1 + 20) = 1.2*10-5/2.0*10-5
or, 2 (lb)1 = 1.2[(lb)1 + 20]
or, 2 (lb)1 - 1.2 (lb)1 = 1.2*20
or, 0.8 (lb)1 = 24
(lb)1 = 30 cm and
(ls)1 = 30 + 20
= 50 cm Prakash Khatri,Radiant S. School
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An aluminium cylinder 10 cm long with a cross sectional area 20 cm 2 is to be used as
a space between two steel walls. At 17.20C, it just slips between the walls. When it
warms to 22.30C,calculate the stress in the cylinder and the total force it exerts on
each wall, assuming that the walls are perfectly rigid and a constant distance
apart.(For aluminium, Y = 7.0 X 1010 Pa and α = 2.4X 10-5 K-1)
Original length of the cylinder (l) = 10cm = 0.1m

Cross sectional area (A) = 20 cm2 = 20*10-4 m2
Initial temperature (θ1) = 17.20C
Final temperature (θ2) = 22.30C
Stress = ?
Force on each wall = ?
Young’s modulus (Y) = 7 * 1010
Stress (F/A) = Y α (θ2 – θ1)= 7 * 1010 *2.4 X 10 -5 (22.3 – 17.2)= 8.6 * 106 Pa
Now the total force on each wall = stress* Area

= 8.6 * 106 Pa *20*10-4m2
= 1.7*104 N
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A steel wire 4 m long and 2 mm in diameter is fixed to two rigid
supports. Calculate the increase in tension when the
temperature falls to 100C.
[α for steel = 1.2*10-5K-1 and Y for steel=2*1011 Nm-2]
Solution:-
l=4m
d= 2 mm = 2*10-3 m
A = d2/4 =
θ2 - θ1 = 100C
α = 1.2*10-5K-1
Y = 2*1011 Nm-2
Increase in tension (T = F) = Y A α (θ2 – θ1)
= 2*1011 * * 1.2*10-5*10 N
= 75.4 N

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A steel rod of original length 55 cm at temperature 20 0Cis heated to
800C. Calculate the total length at temperature 800C. Also find the
change in length of the rod. (Coefficient of linear expansion of steel =
12*10-6 0C-1)
We have given that
Initial length (l1) = 55 cm
Initial temperature (θ1) = 200C
Final temperature (θ2) = 800C
Coefficient of linear expansion of steel (α) = 12*10-6 oC-1
Total length at 800C (l2) = l1 [1 + α (θ2 – θ1)]

= 55[1 + 12*10-6(80 – 20)]
= 55.04 cm
The change in length of the rod = l2 – l1
= 55.04 – 55
= 0.04 cm

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A glass flask whose volume is exactly 1000 c.c. at 0 C is filled with full
of mercury at this temperature. When flask and mercury are heated to
100 C , how much of mercury overflow. If the cubical expansivity of
mercury is 1.82 x 10-4° C-1 linear expansivity of glass is 1.0*10-5/C.
Volume of flask at 0 ° C=volume of mercury at 0° C = 1000c.c.
(Vg)1 = (Vm)1 =1000 c.c.
Initial temperature (θ 1)=0° C
Final temperature (θ2)=100° C
Coefficient of expansion of glass αg =1.0*10-5/C
Coefficient of cubical expansion of mercury γm =1.8 x 10-5° C-1
Volume of mercury at 100° C , (Vm)2 = (Vm)1 ( 1+ γm Δθ)
= 1000 ( 1 +1.82 *10-4 *100) = ……………..c.c.
Volume of glass vessel at 100° C = (Vg)2 = (Vg)1 ( 1+ γg Δθ)
=1000 ( 1+ 3αg *100) = 1000 ( 1+ 3* 1.0*10-5 *100) =………… c.c.
Volume of mercury overflows = (Vm)2 - (Vg)2
= 1000 (1 + 1.8 *10-5 *100)- 1000 ( 1+ 3* 1.0*10-5 *100)
=15.2 c.c. Prakash Khatri,Radiant S. School
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Calculate the density of silver at 100 C if its density at 0 C is
10310 Kgm-3 and Coefficient of linear expansion (αag )=
0.000019 /C
Density at 0° C (ρ1 )= 10310 Kgm-3
Coefficient of linear expansion (αag)= 0.000019 \C
Density at 100° C(ρ2)= ?
We have
ρ2=ρ1/(1+γΔθ)
=103101/(1+3*0.000019∗100)
=10251.57 kgm-3.
So, The density of silver at 100oC is 10251.57kgm-3.
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The brass pendulum clock gives
correct time at 25 C .How many time
it lose or gain in one day when it’s
temperature falls to 0 C. Given linear
expansivity of brass 0.000019.

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The length of an iron rod is measured by a brass scale . When both of
them are at 10C ,the measured length is 50cm.What is the length of
rod at 40C when measure by brass scale at 40C?(α for brass=0.000024
and for iron 0.000016)
• For iron, (li)1 =50cm,

θ1 =10c, θ2 =40C
(li)2 = (li)1 [1+ αi (θ2 – θ1)]=50.024cm
Length of iron rod at 40C=50.024 cm
For brass scale, (lb)1 =1cm,
(lb)2 = (lb)1 [1+ αb(θ2 – θ1)]=1.00072cm
Now,
length of the rod as measured by brass scale at
40c=50.024/1.00072=49.988cm
Mahendranagar
113
Using the following data , determine the temperature at which wood
will just sink in benzene. Given: density of benzene at 0C
=910kg/m*3,density of wood at 0C= 880kg/m*3,cubicalexpansivity of
benzene=0.0012/k and cubical expansivity of wood=0.00015/k
Let at θ2 C ,wood will just sink in benzene. θ1 =0C
For benzene, density of benzene at 0C,(Ꝭ1 )b =910 kg/m*3,
Density of benzene at θ2 , (Ꝭ2 )b = (Ꝭ1 )b / [1 + γb (θ2 – θ1)]
=910/[1+0.0012*θ2 ]…………(1)
For wood,
Density of wood at 0C, (Ꝭ1 )w =880 kg/m*3
Density of wood at θ2 , (Ꝭ2 )w = (Ꝭ1 )w/ [1 + γw (θ2 – θ1)]
=880/[1+0.00015*θ2 ]……….(2)
Wood will just sink in benzene when, (Ꝭ2 )b = (Ꝭ2 )w
Or, 910/[1+0.0012*θ2 ]= 880/[1+0.00015*θ2 ]
On solving, θ2 =21.7C
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The marking of an aluminium ruler and brass ruler are perfectly aligned at 0C.How
far apart will the 20 cm marks be on the two rulers at 100C,if the precise aligment of
the left hand ends of the ruler are maintained? linear expansivity for aluminium and
brass are 0.000024/k and 0.000020/k respectively.
For aluminium rod,

length at 0C, (la)1 =20cm
For brass rod,
length at 0C, (lb)1 =20 cm
αa = 0.000024/k, αb = 0.000020/k
θ2 =100 C,θ1 =0C
For aluminium,
length at 100C, (la)2 = (la)1 ( 1+αa Δθ) =20.48 cm
For brass ,
length at 100 C, ( lb)2 = (lb)1 ( 1+αb Δθ) =20.04 cm
Separation of marks on two rods,= (la)2 -(lb)2 =…...cm
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Water pipes burst in winter, why?
• In winter, when water trapped a in pipe cools

further from 4oC – 0oC, it freezes. The water on
cooling from 40C –0oC expands considerably due
to anomalous expansion of water. But the size of
the pipes contract due the fall in temperature.
The expansion in volume of water in the ice
gives outward pressure in the pipe due to which
the pipe bursts.

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Two bodies made of same material have the same external
dimensions and appearance, but one is solid and the other is
hollow. When their temperature is increased, is the overall
expansion same or different?
• Two bodies made of same material have the same

external dimensions and appearance, but one is
solid and the other is hollow. When their
temperature is increased, is the overall expansion
same because expansion does not depends upon
the mass it depends upon the volume and
material.
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During winter, water pipe burst. Why? Would the mercury
thermometer break if the temperature went below the
freezing temperature of mercury? Why or why not?
• In winter, when water trapped in a pipe cools further

from 4oC – 0oC, it freezes. The water on cooling from
40C – 0oC expands considerably due to anomalous
expansion of water. But the size of the pipes contract
due the fall in temperature. The expansion in volume
of water in the ice gives outward pressure in the pipe
due to which the pipe bursts. The mercury
thermometer does not break if the temperature went
below the freezing temperature of mercury because
volume of mercury decreases on cooling.
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Thank You

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Prakash Khatri

Radiant Secondary School

Heat and temperature + Thermal

• Molecular concept of thermal energy

The energy transferred from one body to

Prakash Khatri,Radiant S. School

Prakash Khatri,Radiant S. School

• The principle of thermal equilibrium is applied in the

Prakash Khatri,Radiant S. School

Prakash Khatri,Radiant S. School

• These are based on the principle of change in

Prakash Khatri,Radiant S. School

• These are based on quantity of heat

Prakash Khatri,Radiant S. School

Prakash Khatri,Radiant S. School

It has low specific heat capacity. i.e.it is

Its expansion is nearly uniform

It cannot measure the temperature

B)measures C)Wets wall D)High

Prakash Khatri,Radiant S. School

• In a solid, the molecules are arranged regularly in three

• In summer, due to high temperature, the railway tracks

Prakash Khatri,Radiant S. School

Prakash Khatri,Radiant S. School

• The metal tire of wooden wheel of a cart

• When a body is heated, it expands in all

Prakash Khatri,Radiant S. School

For l1 = 1m and (θ2 - θ1) = 10C (or 1K)

Prakash Khatri,Radiant S. School

Prakash Khatri,Radiant S. School

Prakash Khatri,Radiant S. School

Prakash Khatri,Radiant S. School

Prakash Khatri,Radiant S. School

Prakash Khatri,Radiant S. School

Prakash Khatri,Radiant S. School

Prakash Khatri,Radiant S. School

Time Error in Pendulum clock

Prakash Khatri,Radiant S. School

When two solid rods of different materials of

Let m and V1 be the mass and volume of substance

Prakash Khatri,Radiant S. School

The density of substance at this temperature is,

Prakash Khatri,Radiant S. School

Original length of the cylinder (l) = 10cm = 0.1m

Now the total force on each wall = stress* Area

Prakash Khatri,Radiant S. School

Total length at 800C (l2) = l1 [1 + α (θ2 – θ1)]

Prakash Khatri,Radiant S. School

Prakash Khatri,Radiant S. School

• For iron, (li)1 =50cm,

For aluminium rod,

• In winter, when water trapped a in pipe cools

Prakash Khatri,Radiant S. School

• Two bodies made of same material have the same

• In winter, when water trapped in a pipe cools further

Prakash Khatri,Radiant S. School

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