Jet & Rocket Propulsion / AERO - 5 Jet & Rocket Propulsion / AERO - 5

Aircraft forces

Lift
THRUST
&
PERFORMANCES

Thrust is a mechanical

Weight
force generated by the
engines to move the
aircraft through the air

Jet & Rocket Propulsion / AERO - 5 Jet & Rocket Propulsion / AERO - 5
Thrust equation Case of one stream engine : Turbojet
 
Momentum equation: 
n
M   Vdv : momentum
CV 
n
ds
Momentum variation:
    CS
D

Dt CV
Vdv  t  Vdv   V V .n ds
CV CS
  V


D
  
Dt 
Vdv  t  Vdv  V dQm CV
CV CV CS

dQm   V .n ds 
Newton’ law:
 D      Streamlines

 F  Dt CV Vdv  t CV Vdv  CS V V .n ds  

 F : sum of all forces acting on the CV (Boby force and contact force)
 Jet & Rocket Propulsion / AERO - 5 Jet & Rocket Propulsion / AERO - 5
Control volume (CV)   

Momentum variation in case of Steady flow :
 F  CS V V .n ds 
Structural F : reaction force 
support
Va Momentum variation in x-direction:
 Fx   Vx V .n ds
CS
 
   
Ve 
 CS Vx (V .n)ds  
Sin
Vx (V .n )ds   Vx (V .n )ds   Vx (V .n )ds
   
Slat Sex

a
QmF
Va Qm 
inlet lateral exit
Pe 2
Sin Vx (V .n)ds   aVa (Va S )   aVa S

Pa l

Se Slat Vx (V .n)ds  aVa (Vn Sl )  QmVa


Si  Vx (V .n)ds  eVe (Ve Se )  aVa Va (S  Se )  eVe Se  aVa (S  Se )
2 2
Sex
Va
y Thrust

producer
 Vx (V .n )ds   aVa2 S  Q l 2 2
 mVa   eVe S e   aVa ( S  S e )
CS 

 


inlet lateral exit
x Ql
m
Control S
volume

Jet & Rocket Propulsion / AERO - 5 Jet & Rocket Propulsion / AERO - 5

Mass continuity balance:
  
CS
 V .n ds  0 We obtain for the momentum variation in x-direction:

    
  Vx (V .n )ds    aVa2 S  Q
F l 2 2
mVa   eVe S e   aVa ( S  S e )
 (V .n )ds    (V .n )ds    (V .n )ds    (V .n )ds  Q
 CS
 
Sin
  
Slat
  
Sex 
 Fuel
m
 CS 

  


inlet lateral exit inlet lateral exit

Sin  (V .n )ds   aVa S
 l
By substituting the term of lateral mass flow rate in this equation:
Slat  (V .n )ds  a (Vn Sl )  Qm 

  (V .n )ds  e (Ve Se )  a Va ( S  Se )  eVe Se  aVa (S  Se )
Sex

 CS
Vx (V .n )ds   aVa2 S  aVa ( Se  Si ) Va  eVe2 Se  aVa2 ( S  Se )



Qml
l F
We have also :
  aVa S   eVe S e   aVa ( S  Se )  Q  Q  0 We obtain for the Momentum variation in x-direction:
m m
Qma  QmF  Qme
 Qml  QmF   aVa S e   eVe S e  With :
with : Qme   eVe S e Vx (V .n )ds  eVe2 Se   aVa2 Si
We obtain :
a
CS QmF
Qml  QmF   aVa S e   eVe S e  QmF   aVa S e  Qme and Qm   aVa Si e
Q V Q V a f  : the fuel - air ratio
m e m a Qma
Qml   aVa S e  (Qme  QmF )   aVa S e  Qma  Qma (1  f )Ve  Va 
l
Q   aVa ( S e  S i )
m
 Jet & Rocket Propulsion / AERO - 5 Jet & Rocket Propulsion / AERO - 5

Thrust equation in x-direction: Case of two streams engine : Turbofan


 Fx  CS  
Vx V .n ds
F   F 
pressure x body x   Qm (1  f )Ve  Va 
F a

Thrust
0
Pressure forces in x-direction:

F 
pressure x  Pa S  Pa ( S  S e )  Pe S e
 ( Pa  Pe ) S e
S
Pa Pe
Se

F  Qma (1  f )Ve  Va   ( Pe  Pa ) Se  Qma Ve  Va   ( Pe  Pa ) S e


Thrust

Jet & Rocket Propulsion / AERO - 5 Jet & Rocket Propulsion / AERO - 5
Control volume (CV)  Thrust from cold stream :
F : reaction force
F
C
a
 QmC  
VeC  Va  ( PeC  Pa ) S eC
Structural
support
Va S eC Thrust of cold stream
a
QmC Cold stream PeC VeC Thrust from hot stream :

F
VeH F
H
a
 QmH  
(1  f )VeH  Va  ( PeH  Pa ) S eH f 
QmF
a
a Q Thrust of hot stream QmH
Va QmH m
PeH
Total thrust :

Pa Hot stream F FC  FH
S eH  
Thrust of cold stream Thrust of hot stream
Si
PeC VeC
a
 QmC
 
 
 a
VeC  Va  ( PeC  Pa ) S eC  QmH
 

(1  f )VeH  Va  ( PeH  Pa ) S eH


y Thrust of cold stream Thrust of hot stream
S eC
Va a
Flow rate of cold stream QmC
Bypass ratio:   a
x Qml S Flow rate of hot stream QmH
 Jet & Rocket Propulsion / AERO - 5 Jet & Rocket Propulsion / AERO - 5
Assumptions : Performances
• f << 1 : negligible fuel-air ratio
Thermal efficiency:
• Adapted nozzle : Pexit = Patm
• single stream
th  

Propellant kinetic energy Qma (1  f ) 12 Ve2  12 Va2 
Thrust : F V Energy consumption QmF .QR
F  Qma (1  f )Ve  Va   QmaVe 1  VVae     1 a
Fst Ve where : QR the heat of reaction (kJ/Kg)
a
For : Va  0 (Static); F  Fst  Q V m e Fst  QmaVe : Takeoff Thrust
 
Qma 12 Ve2  12 Va2  1 Ve2 

 1  ( VVae ) 2 
Thrust power : PF  F .Va  Qma (1  f )Ve  Va Va  QmaVe2 1  VVae   Va
Ve
 th 
QmF .QR
  2
 f .QR 

PF th  V2 
PFmax for VVae  12  PFmax  14 QmaVe2  4( VVae ) 1  VVae   th st
 
 1  ( Ve ) ; where :  th st   21 e 
Va 2

PFmax  f .QR 
Thrust power F .Va Overall efficiency:
Propulsive efficiency: p  
Propellant kinetic energy Qma (1  f ) 12 Ve2  12 Va2   o 
Thrust power

Thrust power
.
Kinetic energy
  p . th
Va max Energy consumption Kinetic energy Energy consumption
(Ve  Va )Va 2 VVae for Ve
 1   p  1 ( p & F  0)
p   
1 2 1
2 Ve  2 Va
2
1  VVae for Va
Ve
 12   p  2
3
( PFmax )

Jet & Rocket Propulsion / AERO - 5 Jet & Rocket Propulsion / AERO - 5
Assumptions : Performances Propulsive efficiency:
Thrust power Q a (1   )(Ve  Va )Va
• f << 1 : negligible fuel-air ratio
p   mH
• Adapted nozzle : Pexit = Patm for both streams
• double stream
Propellant kinetic energy QmH
a 2
(1   ) 12 V e  12 Va2  
Thrust : Va
a
 a

F  QmH (1  f )VeH  Va  QmC VeC  Va
    
  p 
(Ve  Va )Va

2 Ve
 for VVa  1   p  1 (  pmax & F  0)
e
2 Va
Thrust of hot stream Thrust of cold stream 1
V  V 1 2 1
a
F  Q (1  f )VeH  Q V  (Q a a
Q a
V F V
2 e 2 a Ve
for VVa  12   p  2
3 ( PFmax )

mH
 mC eC mH mC ) a
  1 a Thermal efficiency:
e

Fst Ve
 Q a (1  f )  Q a V
 mH mC  e
th  
a
Propellant kinetic energy QmH (1   ) 12 V e  12 Va2  2

Ve : averaged exhaust velocity Energy consumption QmF .QR
a

F  QmH a
(1  f )  QmC a
Ve  QmH a
 QmC  a
Va  QmH (1   )Ve 1  VVa    e
where : QR the heat of reaction (kJ/Kg)
a
For : Va  0 (Static); F  Fst  QmH (1   )Ve
 th 
QmHa
2


 2
(1   ) 12 V e  12 Va2  1 (1   )V e 

1  ( VVa ) 2 
th

 1  ( VVa ) 2  
a
PF  F .Va  QmH (1   )V 1  VVae
2
  Va
F
Qm .QR 

2
f .Q R


e  th st
e
2
1 1   V e
Thrust power : e
Ve
where : th st  2
Overall efficiency: f .QR
PF
V a
PFmax for V ae  12  PFmax  14 QmH (1   )V e
2

PFmax
V V
 4( V ae ) 1  V ae   o 
Thrust power

Thrust power
.
Kinetic energy
  p . th
Energy consumption Kinetic energy Energy consumption
 Jet & Rocket Propulsion / AERO - 5 Jet & Rocket Propulsion / AERO - 5
 Va : single stream Aircraft range
   VV e
Distance that an aircraft can travel with a given mass of fuel
 Ve : double streams
a

Assumptions :
F • flight of constant speed
 1  • thrust (F) and drag (D) are equal
Fst • lift (L) and weight (m.g) are equal

PF We can write:
 D  m.g m : instantaneous mass
F  D  L  
 4 1   L L g : acceleration due to gravity
PFmax  
 D
2 Thrust power :
p  Overall efficiency:
1  m.g.Va Thrust power F .Va
PF  F .Va  o  
L Energy consumption QmF .QR
th  
th st

 1  2   D
m.g .Va
We obtain: QmF 
L
 o   p .th  oQR  
 D

Jet & Rocket Propulsion / AERO - 5 Jet & Rocket Propulsion / AERO - 5
TSFC vs Mach
Since the fuel is part of total aircraft mass, we can write :

dm dm
QmF   or : QmF  Va , s : distance along the flight path
dt ds
Substituting in the above equations, we obtain :

dm m.g  L  1  dm 
 (1) or : ds  oQR    (2)
ds L D g  m 
 o QR  
D
Supposing constant denominator in (1) ,and by integrating (2) we obtain for the range Ds:

L1 m
s  oQR   Ln( i ); where : mi and m f : initial and final mass
D g mf

From the definition of the overall efficiency we can express the range as (BREGUET Eq.):

 L V  F  m L V 1  m
s    a  F  Ln( i )    a   Ln( i ) TSFC  s 
D g  Qm  mf  D  g  TSFC  mf [1 (lbm/h)/lbf) = 28.325 (mg/s)/N]
 Jet & Rocket Propulsion / AERO - 5 Jet & Rocket Propulsion / AERO - 5
Aviation fuels
Application :

Given that a commercial airliner has a range of 9650 km using 200 tonnes of JP4 fuel,
estimate the range of the aircraft burning either gaseous or liquid hydrogen and
1. The same mass of hydrogen as JP4
2. the same volume of hydrogen as JP4

The dry mass of the aircraft is 800 tonnes. The fuel properties are as follows:

Fuel Density kg/m3 Heating value kJ/kg

JP4 800 45 000

H2 (gas) 0.0824 120 900

H2 (liquid) 70.8 120 900

85%C+15%H(l)