Jet & Rocket Propulsion / AERO - 5 Jet & Rocket Propulsion / AERO - 5

Turbojet as open system

Thermodynamics review
(open system)

• Energy equation
• Perfect gas
• Stagnation conditions
• Efficiencies
• Nozzle
Nozzle

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Compression process : COMPRESSOR
1st thermodynamic law with entropy (s) :
Qc : External heat exchange

1
Compression
Inlet ( 1 ) Exit ( 2 ) T .ds  dh  v.dp  dh  dp
V1 Compressor V2 r
process :
Inlet: Exit:

• Pressure P1 • Pressure P2
Rotation
• Temperature T1 • Temperature T2
Variation of entropy : T .ds  Qtot  Qc  Q f
• Density r1 Wu : Work on the shasft • Density r2
• Enthalpy h2
• Enthalpy h1 Qc : heat exchanged with the external system
Qf : heat due to friction (lost energy)
1 2
Wu  Qc  h2  h1  
2

V2  V12  By combining these equations , we obtain :

Energy equation : h2  h1 : variation of enthalpy 2 1

Compression process :
Wu   v.dp   ( V 2 ) Q f
1 2
1
V22  V12  : variation of kinetic energy
3
Fluid net energy variation

2
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Expansion process: TURBINE
1st thermodynamic law with entropy (s) :
Qc : External heat exchange

1
Expansion
Inlet ( 1 ) Exit ( 2 ) T .ds  dh  v.dp  dh  dp
V1 Turbine V2 r
process :
Inlet: Exit:

• Pressure P1 • Pressure P2
Rotation
• Temperature T1 • Temperature T2
Variation of entropy : T .ds  Qtot  Qc  Q f
• Density r1 Wu : Work on the shasft • Density r2
• Enthalpy h2
• Enthalpy h1 Qc : heat exchanged with the external system
Qf : heat due to friction (lost energy)
1
Wu  Qc  h1  h2   V12  V22
2
  By combining these equations , we obtain :

Energy equation : h1  h2 : variation of enthalpy 1 1

Expansion process :
Wu   v.dp   ( V 2 ) Q f
2 2
1
V12  V22  : variation of kinetic
5
energy
Fluid net energy variation

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Nozzle / Diffuser: no work and no heat exchange Chamber of combustion:


0 0 1
2
  1
2
1
W u  Qc  h1  h2   V12  V22  h1  V12  h2  V22
2
h1  h2 : variation of enthalpy
 in   out

1 2
V  V22  : variation of kinetic energy Q Fuel  Qm1 . h  V  
1 2
Qm 2 . h  1 V 2 
2 1    2  2
 1  2
Nozzle : V2  V1  V2  2.h1  h2  Fuel power mass flow rate@1 mass flow rate@2

Diffuser : V1  V2  V1  2.h2  h1 
with : V 2  0 and z  0  Q Fuel  Qm1 .h1  Qm 2 .h2

Q Fuel  Qmf . QFuel and Qm 2  Qm1  Qmf  Qm1 (sin ce : Qmf  Qm1 )
 
fuel mass Fuel heat
flow rate value (J/kg)
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Equations for perfect gas p.v  r.T
 State equation ( p in Pascal, v in m3/kg, r in J/kg.K, T in K): 1
p.  r .T
r gas constant ( 287 J/Kg.K for air ). r
R (universal gas constant)
r M (gas molar mass)
(R = 8.3143 KJ/Kg.Kmol.K)

Perfect gas g p
 Equation for insentropic process : p.v  cst ou  cst
rg
g 1 1
T P  g r  P g
 2   2  , 2   2 
T1  P1  r1  P1 
g : ratio of specific heat (Cp/Cv ), (g =1.4 for air )
• Enthalpy : dh = Cp.dT, .r r
• Internal energy : du = Cv.dT
Cp  et C v 
 1  1
• Relationship between Cp et Cv : Cp - Cv = r .

Jet & Rocket Propulsion / AERO - 5 Jet & Rocket Propulsion / AERO - 5

Properties for common gases

Molar mass r Cp Cv
Gaz g = Cp / Cv
Kg / Kmol J / kg.K KJ / Kg.K KJ / Kg.K
H2 2,016 4124 14,200 10,08 1,410
N2 28,016 296 ,8 1,039 0,743 1,399 Total or stagnation
O2 32,000 259,8 0,915 0,655 1,397
CO 28,010 296,8 1,040 0,743 1,399 condictions
CO2 44,010 188,9 0,815 0,626 1,302
H2O 18,016 461,5 1,852 1,390 1,331
CH4 16,040 518,3 2,166 1,647 1,315
NH3 17,030 488,2 2,055 1,567 1,312
Dry air 28,960 287,1 1,004 0,717 1,401

Remark : Specific heat Cp and Cv vary with the temperature, empirical

relation or gas properties tables can be used.
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Pitot Tube Total or stagnation conditions
Static Isentropic process Stagnation
parameters parameters Fixed body

1 2
Total enthalpy definition h0 : h0  h  V
2

Definition of total pressure P0 :

2 1
Wu   v.dp   ( V 2 )  Q f total 1
1 2  v.dp  V 2
Fluid net energy variation static 2
Wu = 0 ( no shaft) and Qf = 0 (isentropic)

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h P0

h-s diagram : h0 Total state Pst

2
½V
Static state
h
S
Efficiencies
T0 g 1 2 V
 1 M where : M  (Mach number)
T 2 g .r.T

 
In case of perfect gas: p 0  T0   1    1 2   1
    1  M 
p T   2 

1 1 1
 0  p 0    T0   1    1 2   1
       1  M 
  p  T  2 
15
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Isentropic efficiency (static to static) Isentropic efficiency (total to total)
COMPRESSION PROCESS p02
Adiabatic case : Qc =0 Enthalpy : h 02
p2 h02
p1 h02s 02s p2
h2 2 COMPRESSION PROCESS
1
2
V22
Real compression: p01

h2s 2s
p1
Wu  h2  h1 h2
h2s 2s 2
Real h01 01
Isentropic compression: compression 1
V12
2
Isentropic h1
h1 compression
1
Wuis  h2 s  h1 1

Entropy : s

Isentropic efficiency with total h02 s  h01 T02 s  T01

Isentropic efficiency with h2 s  h1 T2 s  T1  0cis   (for perfect gas)
isc   (for perfect gas) parameters : h02  h01 T02  T01
static parameters: h2  h1 T2  T1

Jet & Rocket Propulsion / AERO - 5 Jet & Rocket Propulsion / AERO - 5
Isentropic efficiency (static to static) Isentropic efficiency (total to total)
p01
EXPANSION PROCESS h01 01
Adiabatic case : Qc =0 Enthalpy : h p1
p2 p1 EXPANSIONP PROCESS
h1 1 1
2
V12
p02
Real expansion:

p2
Wu  h1  h2 h2
h1
h02
1 02
2
h02s 1
V22
2
Isentropic expansion: h2s 02s
Real h2
2s expansion
h2s 2s 2
Wuis  h1  h2 s
Isentropic
expansion
Entropy : s

Isentropic efficiency with total h01  h02 T T

Isentropic efficiency with h1  h2 T T  0Tis   01 02 (for perfect gas)
isT   1 2 (for perfect gas) parameters : h01  h02 s T01  T02 s
static parameters: h1  h2 s T1  T2 s
 Jet & Rocket Propulsion / AERO - 5
Polytropic efficiency (small stage efficiency)
COMPRESSION PROCESS
h h0
p+dp
Jet & Rocket Propulsion / AERO - 5
Polytropic efficiency (small stage efficiency)
EXPANSION PROCESS
h h0
P0+dp0 p p0

p-dp p0-dp0
p p0
h+dh h0+dh0
h h0
h+dhs h0+dh0s
h-dh h0-dh0
h-dhs h0-dh0s
h h0

s s0 s s0

dhs vdp dh0 s v0 dp0 dh dh dh0 dh0

cp  T p 
0

0
 cp     Tp   
dh dh dh0 dh 0 dhs vdp dh0 s v0 dp0
Polytropic efficiency (static to static) Polytropic efficiency (total to total) Polytropic efficiency (static to static) Polytropic efficiency (total to total)

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Nozzle : duct of variable cross section
Convergent nozzle

Nozzle

Convergent-Divergent nozzle

Throat (minimum section)

 Jet & Rocket Propulsion / AERO - 5 Jet & Rocket Propulsion / AERO - 5
Convergent Nozzle (Turbojet) Convergent-Divergent Nozzle (Rocket)

Ve : 2 to 3 km/s

Variable area nozzle

Convergent-Divergent Nozzle
Rocket motor

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Variation of V with S Variation of P with S
1-D compressible flow in a nozzle
(Adiabatic and reversible flow) dp dr 1 dV 1 dV 1
• S: cross-section a2     2 VdV   M 2 dp  VdV  0   dp
dr r a V r V rV 2
• P: pressure
dS dV dS dp
• V: velocity S x We obtain : 2
 M 1  S

r .V 2
1 M 2 
• r : density
S V
• a : sound velocity 1-Subsonic flow 3-Sonic flow
2-Supersonic flow
r .V .S  cste
Gas state equation : M 1 M 1  M  1  V  M 
Mass conservation : dr dV dS 1 / dS  0  
  0 dV  0 dV  0  M  1  V  M 
r V S p 1 / dS  0   1 / dS  0  
p.v   r.T  dp  0  dp  0 dS=0
1 dp dV r
V 0 dV  0 dV  0 dS>0 dS<0
Momentum conservation: r dx dx 2 / dS  0   2 / dS  0  
Sound velocity :  dp  0  dp  0 M  1 : impossible
(Euler equations)
1 1 2
 r .dp  2 V  cst  M  1  V  M 
2 dp  2 / dS  0  
a     g .r .T  M  1  V  M 
1  dr  s dS=0
h0  h  V 2  cste
Energy conservation : 2 dS<0 dS>0
(abiabatic case) dh  VdV  0 M  1 : possible
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Nozzle characteristics Flow rate variation with pressure ratio
Velocity variation : Flow rate variation : Qm = 0 for : p/p1 = 0 or p/p1 = 1
 T Qm  r .S .V
V 2  2C p T1  T   2C pT1 1   Condition for maximum flow rate :
 T1  2 g 1 g
 
 g 1
  g 1
 1
 g 1
 d  p    p    0   p 
g g p *  2  g 1
g .r   p     
  2 g  p v 1   p  
g g 
1  p g g  g      
2
V 2 T 1   Qm  S .   2  p v 1   p    p p 
d    1   1  
p   p1  Critical p1  g  1  p* T*
g  1 1   p1   g  1 1 1   p1   v1  p1  g  1 1 1   p1   For air : g  1,4   0,528 et  0,833
       p1  p1 T1
2 g 1
g 1
p* T*
 g 1
   T *  p*  g
2 For gas of combustion : g  1,333   0,540 et  0,857
g  g g 1  p g  pg Critical temperature :    p1 T1
V 2  p1v1 1   p   Qm  S . 2    p1v1 1    
2 
g  1 v1  p1   p1  
T1  p1  g 1
g 1  p1  
    Critical speed (at the throat) : V *  a *  g .r.T * p1
2 g 1 V1
 
g  p1   p  g  pg
Qm
Qm  S . 2        T1
g  1  v1   p1   p1   r1
 
Density variation: S1
2 g 1
  Throat ( M=1 )
T1 g 1  p  g  p  g

g Qm  S. 2     2 g 1
p .v g  p1 .v1 p1 g  1 r  p1   p1 


 2 p1

g  2  g 1  2  g 1 

Qmmax  S th . .     
1 v1 g  1  g  1   g  1  
p1  
1 1  p g V1
d ' où :  r    T1
v v1  p1  r1
p / p1
S1

0 (p* / p1) 1

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Case of Convergent Nozzle Case of C-D Nozzle
pexit pexit
Inlet pressure Back pressure Inlet pressure Back pressure
Throat
p1 p2
p1 p2

Subsonic (M<1) p2
p1 p2 = p 1 p2
Subsonic (M<1)
p1
p* < p2 < p1 p2 = pa
p2 = pb

pexit = p2
pexit = p2 p2 = pc
p*
p* p2 = p*
pexit
p2 < p* p2 = pd
M=1 Sonic (M=1) Supersonic (M>1)
p* Shock (inside) pexit ≠ p2
pexit = p* pd < p2 < pb : Nozzle overexpanded
Shock (outside) p2 = pd : Nozzle at design conditions Shock (outside)
p2
p2 < pd : Nozzle underexpanded
p*