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Death of A Salesman: An Analysis of High and Low Language Varieties Found in Arthur Miller'S Drama
Death of A Salesman: An Analysis of High and Low Language Varieties Found in Arthur Miller'S Drama
A THESIS
BY
HOTDEN
110721004
DEPARTEMENT OF ENGLISH
MEDAN 2013
BY
HOTDEN
SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR
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Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from
Department of English
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN 2013
of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.
Head, Secretary,
………………………. ……………………….
………………………. ……………………..
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SIGNED : ……………..
DATE : ……………..
NAME : HOTDEN
DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH
SIGNED : ……………..
DATE : ……………..
First and foremost, I give all honors and praise to my savior Jesus Christ who
makes me strange, healthy and optimist in my life and He is there for me in finishing
this thesis. You are my great Lord and I want to praise you all my life.
There have been so many incredible people who have helped me to write this
thesis as it now appears. They whom the writer should thank are:
1. Dr.H. Syahron Lubis, MA., as the Dean of the faculty of culture studies,
Harianja. They have taken care for me from child until now. They are the parent
who ever I have. They help me to give me fund, power and prayer, without them I
am not like now. I dedicate this thesis to them. I am sure they must be proud of
me. I thank also to my awesome brother and sister Bang Hotman Simanjuntak
(Brother) who always support me to think positive and helps me in my tuition for
happiness and also help me to complete this thesis for administration cost,
Dakkana P. Simanjuntak (Little Brodher) who always says good news from my
home town and as person who takes care our mother there. I love you so much.
5. My friends, who help me to share about problems solution, work together and
have friends who always give me smile, sharing the daily activity and
motivation. They are Johenro P.T Silalahi, Meity Siagian, Evy Haloho,
good person. They are also many of brothers and sister who cannot be
Finally I would like to thank to every people who have helped me in my studies in
faculty of culture studies. My God bless you and keep you forever and ever.
The writer
Skripsi ini yang berjudul “An Analysis of High and Low language varieties found in
a Drama Death of a salesman by Arthur Miller” adalah suatu kajian tentang analisis
penggunaan variasi bahasa tinggi dan rendah yang ditinjau dari sudut pandang
sosiolinguistik. Objek dari penelitian ini adalah sebuah karya sastra berupa drama
yang berjudul Death of a salesman oleh Arthur Miller. Cerita dari drama tersebut
adalah tentang kehidupan satu keluarga yang berada pada posisi status sosial yang
rendah tetapi Willy sebagai kepala rumah tangga berusaha untuk mengangkat status
sosial mereka supaya menjadi lebih tinggi, dengan cara menggunakan variasi bahasa
tinggi yang sering digunakan orang-orang yang berstatus sosial tinggi atau orang
kaya, berpendidikan, negarawan dll. Penulis mencoba menganalisis penggunaan
variasi bahasa tersebut yang digunakan para tokoh khususnya bahasa tinggi dan
bahasa rendah. Analisis ini memakai teori sosiolinguistik yang melihat masyarakat
berdasarkan bahasa yang mereka gunakan. Sementara metode yang digunakan adalah
penelitian pustaka yaitu mengumpulkan berbagai teori yang dapat mendukung data-
data analisis. Pembaca akan mengerti perbedaan antara bahasa tinggi dan rendah
beserta cara penggunaannya berdasarkan situasi, latar belakang penutur dan status
sosial. Dalam drama tersebut ditemukan bahwa setiap tokoh menggunakan variasi
bahasa. Penggunaan variasi bahasa tinggi misalnya yang digunakan untuk
mengutarakan maksud didasarkan keinginan menjaga eksistensi diri, supaya terlihat
lebih berwibawa, dan supaya orang lebih yakin dengan perkataanya. Sementara,
penggunaan bahasa rendah lebih kepada untuk percakapan sehari-hari, untuk
pergaulan sebaya, dan sebagai ekspresi kebebasan. Semoga skrpsi ini dapat
bermanfaat bagi pembaca.
b. Language Varieties…………………………………………….. 12
c. Dialect ………………………………………………………… 13
d. Regional Dialect………………………………………………. 14
5.1 Conclusions……………………………………………………. 45
5.2 Suggestions………………………………………………......... 46
INTRODUCTION
to the others in social activities. In other words, People who want to express their
idea and feeling use language. Without language human being will be difficult to
communicate in social life. Bolinger (1975:14) states that Languages are alike
because people are alike in their capacities for communicating in a uniquely human
in the community are various and they are different to each other. It is impossible in
society if people are homogenous in all of aspects and also with language, it must be
different to each other, therefore there is a term language varieties found in a society.
According to Chaer (1994 :61) that the language varieties are happened because not
only the speakers are various but also because social interactive activities are various.
usually called dialect, language variety which is caused by a gender is called women
and men’s language varieties, and language variety which is caused by a situation for
using high and low language varieties called a diglossia. The term a diglossia is used
into an upper and a lower variety. (Jendra, 2010: 49). It means the term
means the application of high and low language variety in the society.
In this thesis, the writer would like to describe about a high and a low
language variety used in the literary work. The study abouta high and a low language
varietyis related to the society that has different status, situation and background of
use high and low language varieties because when they speak among to the
that, the background of speakers also are different each speakers, for example upper
class status and lower class status. The language that they use are.As Wardhaugh
(2010: 85) states that a diglossic situation exists in a society when it has two distinct
codes which show clear functional separation; that is, one code is employed in one
Social status can also determineof the using of language variety because
people who have upper class status are identical with rich, educated, and prestigious,
so to show their existent they must use language with high variety. But, it is different
with people who have lower class status are identical with freedom, no matter
situation and come from common people. They prefer use low language variety
varieties. The relation of people with high and low language variety should be known
languages, which are used in the society. People who want to use the H language
should know the function of the language. The H language usually is used in formal
example, the H varieties may be used in giving lesson at university, giving aspiration
in formal meeting and so on. Most of language which is used in formal situation
There are so many problems if the high language variety is not appropriate
for the situation, for example, the phenomenon can be found in communicating
between educated man with uneducated man in discussing about the national politics.
The educated man certainly uses a high language but uneducated man certainly uses
are isolated because they are not able to communicate with others who are from
upper class in social status. The consequences are not understood, the instruction is
not achieved, and the result is disorganized. If people who are from different
understood.
upper class. They use the high language variety because it is ahabitual for them.
situation. There are stratification found in society because the using of the high and
It is not much different with highlanguage; people who want to use the L
(low) class language should also know the function of that language. The L language
is used in informal situation. Low class language is used by people in low prestige
The low language varietyis usually used by people who are positioned in low
class such as servant. They do not care the self respect because they are not in a
formal situation. People who positioned in low class are also various such as
uneducated man. Is it true that people who are born in poor family will incline in
especially about high and low language variety. It is a big mistake if in a society
people use high and low class language faulty, it means using language varietyin
should be able to look at the condition, situation and context in a social life to use the
high and low language so that the communicating can be involved besides to express
The writer analyzes the language varieties especially in high and low
language. The writer finds so many cases in society are happened one of them is
Misunderstanding can make trouble in society therefore through this thesis I would
like to analyze the effect of the fault and the cause of the misunderstanding.
It is difficult to prove the high and low language varieties without a object of
that, the writer chooses a reflection of human being in a literary work. It is not
by human being. This reflection gives a reality of life as what has been happened to
man; whether, it is sad or happy problem of life. This writing is truly a part of man’s
life or the summary of man’s life. Taylor (1981: 1) says that, “Literature, like other
experience. In literary work, we can find human being use a language as media to
effect to show problems, as happened in the drama Death of a sales man; high and
low language variety can affect other character, either good effect or bad effect.
The literary work that has been an object of myanalysis is a drama entitled
reality. The language of characters are also variation each others, either in home or in
out of home. Language variety that applied by character is also various but focused
foundthatusing the high and low language varieties. Therefore the writerchoosesthe
dramaas the object ofstudy. The writer decides that the title of this Thesis is AN
thing to know what the problem of language variety in this drama. In this following,
the writer formulates the problems of the study to analyze the object in literary work:
When the problem is found and analyzed. Therefore I would like to analyze
base on the problem, so the objective can be resulted. The objectives of the study are:
1. To find out the high and low language varieties in the Drama Death of a
Salesman.
I will be difficult to analyze all of aspects in the drama without limit it.
Because of that, I should limit the analysis on the language variety especially about
high and low language varieties which are found in the drama Death of a Salesman
by Arthur Miller.
about high and low language variety in a literary work in addition to add
understanding about high and low language variety in a literary work besides
thesis.
2.1 Sociolinguistics
support the idea of the analysis. Those references deal with Sociolinguistics, about
language variety, and other reference, which related to language variety (high and
language and society with the goal being a better understanding of the structure of
discover time and time again that there is considerable internal variation and that
speakers make constant use of many different possibilities offered to them. No one
speaks the same way all the time and people constantly exploit the nuances of the
directly examine the people and the language as the objects. Sociolinguisticsis
aninterdisciplinarysciencebetweensociologyandlinguistics,
(1996: 21) calls ‘linguistic items,’ such entities as sounds, words, grammatical
structured and how people manage to live together. To do so, they use such concepts
‘ politeness,’ etc. (Wardaugh, 2010:9). It means that language and society cannot be
There are also found the similarity in studying between Sociolinguistics and
concerned with investigating the relationship between language and society with the
goal being a better understanding of the structure of language and of how languages
to discover how social structure can be better understood through the study of
language, e.g., how certain linguistic features serve characterize particular social
There are several possible relationships between language and society. One is
that social structure may either influence or determine linguistic structure and/or
behavior. The Certain evidence may be adduced to support this view: the age
grading phenomenon whereby younger children speak differently than older children
and, in turn, the children speak differentlythan the mature adult; the studies which
show that the varieties of language that speakers use reflect such matters as their
which show that particular ways of speaking, choices of words, and even rules for
relationships between language and society, it will be quite obvious from doing so
attempt to find correlations between social structure and linguistic structure, and to
simple mixing of linguistics and sociology which take concepts and findings from
the two disciplines and attempts to relate them in simple way. It certainly must go
beyond Horvath’s view (1998, p. 448) that sociolinguists should just pick and choose
sociology and find “social networks” or “the linguistic market place” and we find
[these concepts] terribly useful in understanding the patterns that emerge from our
data. However, we are not engaged in the sociolinguists’ struggles over the
importance of social networks vis-a vis other ways of dealing with the structure of
society and may remain blissfully unaware of whether or not these models have
standard linguistics and standard sociology is not likely to suffice in that in adding a
between language and society must be discovered, and these must be related with in
theories that throw light on how linguistic and social structures interact (Hymes,
1974:76)
Using the alternative term given above, Coulmas (1997:2) says that ‘micro-
sociolinguistics investigates how social structure influences the way people talk and
how language varieties and pattern of use correlate with social attributes as class,
sex, and age. Macro-sociolinguistics, on the other hand, studies what societies do
with their languages, that is, attitudes and attachments that account for the functional
These following theories are thought of Jendra (2010: 28) about language
investigations are based on the view that language is varied. Several points of view
have been taken to analyze and to classify the language varieties. For example, they
may be classified according to the users of the language. In line with this the
varieties can be further divided into two types, namely the individual and the societal
according to several points of view, including for example the region where the
language is used and the period when it is used. In relation to the using, language
varieties are classified according to several different points of view including the
way it is used, the formality, the stratification, and the various professional fields to
which the lexicon of the language in normally associated. According to the way it is
used, language is divided into the spoken and written variety. According to formality,
there are formal and informal language varieties. Regarding the social stratification
of the society where the language is spoken, language can be divided into high,
middle, and lower variety. According to the genders, language is distinguished into
man and women language variety. In reference with the ethnics who use a language,
there are various ethnic varieties of language. In accordance with the fields with
which the lexicon of the language is normally associated, there can be as many
and the last, there is also what can term as the secret language variety.
2.3 Dialect
Dialectology, obviously, is the study of dialect and dialects. But what exactly
rustic form of language, generally associated with the peasantry the working class, or
other groups lacking in prestige. DIALECT is also a term which is often applied to
forms of language, particularly those spoken in more isolated parts of the world,
which have no written form. And dialects are also often regarded as some kind of
(often erroneous) deviation from a norm –as the aberrations of a correct or a standard
some of these names may appear to be strange to those who take a scientific interest
in languages, but we should remember that human naming practices often have a
large ‘unscientific’ component to them. Names are not only ascribed by region,
which is what we might expect, but sometimes also by caste, religion, village, and so
on. Moreover, they can change from census to census as the political and social
language and what is a dialect of language? What criteria can you possibly use to
language? What are the essential differences between a language and a dialect?
term. Ordinary people use these terms quite freely in speech; for them a dialect is
deciding whether one term should be used rather than the others in certain situation.
Haugen says that dialect is used both for local varieties of English, e.g.,
Yorkshire dialect, and for various type of informal, lower class, or rural speech. ‘In
general usage therefore it remains quite undefined whether such dialects are part of
the “language” or not. In fact, the dialect is often thought of as standing outside the
language.
We can observe too that questions such as ‘which language do you speak?’ or
The various relationships among language and dialect discussed above can be
used to show how the concepts of ‘power’ and ‘solidarity’ help us to understand
entities: one has more of something that is important, e.g. status, money, influence,
etc., than the other or others. A language has more power than any of its dialect. It is
of the easiest ways of observing variety in language. As you travel throughout a wide
geographical area in which a language is spoken, and particularly if that language has
There are some further interesting differences in the use of the terms dialect
and patois (Pety, 1980, pp. 24-5). Patois is usually used to describe only rural forms
of speech; we may talk about an urban dialect, but to talk about an urban patois
seems strange. Patois also seems to refer only to the speech of the lower strata in
society; again, we may talk about a middle-class dialect but not, apparently, about a
than a patoisseem unobjectionable, the same things cannot be said for regionalpatois
issue becomes one of deciding how many varieties and how to classify each
varieties. Dialect geography is the term used to describe attempts made to map the
and to show their distributions, dialect geographers try to find answer to questions
such as the following. Is this an r-pronouncing area of English, as in words like car
and cart, or is it not? What past tense form of drink do speakers prefer? What names
do people give to particular objects in the environment, e.g., elevator or lift, petrol or
gas, carousel or roundabout? Sometime maps are drawn to show actual boundaries
Dialect refers to grammar and vocabulary (or lexis). For example, according
to which region of the UK you come from, you might use the word bairn as opposed
to child; according to which country you come from, you might use the word diaper
come from, you might use a form like I might could do it as opposed to I might be
able to do it.
As prestigious dialect they are social rather than regional; that is they are
preferred by particular (usually higher) social groups, and in particular (usually more
formal) social situation. Standard English is often equated with ‘correct English’ and
in Britain is also known by terms which reflect its status, such as ‘Queen’s English’
or ‘BBC English.’
and vicars, are usually considered to occupy comparatively high position on the
social scale and are not expected to use such as stigmatized forms. The extract above
demonstrates how it is assumed that such people will (should) automatically speak
the prestige variety, the variety which society associate with education and high
social standing.
about social position and class division is that we, the readers, are expected to share a
varieties are ‘high’ and which are ‘low’. Lawrence is distinguishing between
unmarked and marked varieties (varieties which are consider to be the norm and
system the adopts: slaip for sleep, coom for come, goo for go, and so on.
The same pattern of variation can be seen in lexical items. WC, lavatory, and
toilet are all acceptable in Standard English, and all refer to the same thing. But bog,
lav, privy, dunny and John are all non-standard words for the same object, and are
not only features of lower social varieties, but also can be categories in terms of
regional usage.
business meetings, college lectures, academic seminars, etc. We use the language
when we are meeting with officers, writing condolence letters, and speaking to the
people that we are supposed to respect socially, may be all things considered as the
following.
In English the difference between the formal and informal variety can be
seen in the use of forms and vocabulary. The uses of complete forms such as I am, he
is, we are, they will, you have, you cannot, can be more formal than use of
contractions such as I’m, he’s, we’re, they’ll, you’ve, and you can’t. Uses of whom,
who, and which, as relative pronouns in complex sentence structures as well as use of
whom as the question word are all also regarded as examples of using formal English
variety. Uses of some words such as speech apologize, depart, acceptable, telephone,
have been often felt to be of formal variety too. Greetings such as good morning,
good evening, and the expression ‘thank you’ that are supposed to be used in certain
variation or use both but weshould be able to see situations,whenweuse the language.
colloquial style. Causal or colloquial English words are more common in the spoken
than in the written English variety. We use informal words when talking with family,
relatives, neighbors, and friends in meal time, break session at school, at works, or
among colleagues. Greeting in English such as hi, hello, how are you going? What’s
going on? What’s up? Thanks, bye, are the examples of this variety.
way of people to socialize. In this section, the writer would like to describe the
and Low varieties. High and Low language varieties exist in a society because it
There are several possible relationships between language and society. One of
them is the social structure; it may either influence or determine the linguistic
structure and/or behavior.” (Wardhaugh 2010: 10). People who are in high position
incline using the upper class language because it is used in most of their activities. It
is also happened for people who are in low position in society that using lower class
language.
comes from formal education, and formal situation, most of people who are upper
class are able to experience it. It is different with low variety which is applied by
people who are lower class. Because, the low variety come from public and not must
High and low language varieties are sociolinguistics study which has relation
with society. People who want to talk with other people must look at the situation
when they are talking. The situation of people who use high and low variety said
formally stratified (or perceived to be so) into an upper and lower variety” (Jendra,
2010: 49).
There are two situations in diglosia, the first is formal situation,it usually
happened in University, Church, Office and so on. The second is informal situation it
In diglossia situations people use the language for social function. It means to
whom the language are used. People should be able to match the language with the
A key defining characteristic of diglossia is that the two varieties are kept quite
apart in their functions. One is used in one set of circumstance and the other in an
sermons and formal lectures, especially in a parliament or legislative body, for giving
political speeches, for broadcasting the news on radio and television, and for writing
poetry, fine literature, and editorials in newspapers. In contrast, the L varieties may
(Wardhaugh,2010: 85-86).
The H variety is the prestigious, powerful variety; the L variety lacks prestige
and power, in fact, there may be so little prestige attached to the L variety that people
may even deny that they know it although they may be observed to use it far more
frequently than H variety. Associated with this prestige valuation for the H variety,
there is likely to be a strong feeling that the prestige is deserved because the H
Logic is the study of the methods and principles used to distinguish good
better, but it also will not do. Reasoning is a special kind of thinking in which
problems are solved, in which inference takes place, that is, in which conclusions are
with which the logic deals. The logician’s methods and techniques have been
developed primarily for the purpose of making this distinction clear. All reasoning
(regardless of its subject matter) is of interest to the logician –but this special concern
varietythat had to dowith social class. This book helps me to find theories of
Another important different between the H and L varieties is that all children
learn it at all; the H variety is also likely to be learned in some kinds of formal
extent, the H variety is ‘taught,’ whereas the L variety is ‘learned.’ Teaching requires
accepted view about the nature of what is being taught and how it is most effectively
to be taught.
some ways. That process usually involves the development of such thing as
grammars, spelling books, and dictionaries and possibly a literature. The standard
variety is also often regarded as the natural, proper, and fitting language of those who
Standard English is that variety of English which is usually used in print, and
used in news broadcasts and other similar situations. The difference between
differences between formal and colloquial language, or with concepts such as ‘bad
language.’ Standard English has colloquial as well as formal variants, and standard
English speakers swear as much as others. Trudgill (in Wardaugh, 2010; 33)
When we talk about being ‘higher’ or ‘lower’ on the social scale, or about
‘higher’ and ‘lower’ social classes, we are making the assumption that society can be
hierarchical layers so that one layer is above or higher up than another one. People
on each layer have similarities with each other and are considered equals, but they
are different from, and not equal to, the people on the other layer. In the case of
social class, we commonly talk of ‘upper’ , ‘middle’ and ‘lower’ or ‘working’ class
Abdul Chaer (2010) writes in his book entitled Sociolinguistics about High and
Low language varieties, Chaer reviews Fergusson’s article about high and low
varieties
From the reviewing, so diglossia can be concluded become nine topics such as
lowdialect(abbreviateddialect of LorLvariety).
informalandrelaxedsituation.
Prestige. In the society of diglosis the speaker always thinks that H variety is
more prestigious, more superior, more prominent, and a logic language. Whereas, the
L variety is considered inferior, instead deny it. To know H variety the applicant
needs effort such as formal education so that it becomes more prestigious than L
variety, butnot fluently in usingthat variety. Indeed, they don’t know or never noticed
language variety. Conflict and difference between H variety and L variety in society
of diglosis always occurs because the development in mixed form which has
Lexicon. Most of H variety and L variety are same. But, there is no finding that H
variety has pairs in L variety or otherwise, there is no L variety which has a pair in H
found. These differences can be close and can be far. According to Ferguson the
system while the L is variation. The T variety is closer with general form.
In completing this thesis, the writer applies some theories, opinion, which
relevant to analyze the main data from literary work entitled Death of a salesman. It
is needed a method to complete this thesis, as Bungin (2005: 40-41) said that there
are three kinds of research based on the location of the research library, laboratory,
and field research. In doing this thesis, the writer uses the library research. Library
and various articles which have relevance with the problems in this research.
Theories must be supporting the main data to be analyzed so that the analysis
becomes valid.
The main data of this thesis is taken from the Drama entitled Death of a
salesman,in quotations form. There are so many data but to limit the data, the writer
selects the equations which are most accurate to be analyzed. In other words, the data
In collecting the data, the writer applies the documentation method. This
method is applied because the source of the data in this research is written source.
This method is a kind of technique of collecting the data through written document,
especially books like Drama or Play, which are related to research problem. As
collecting the data by categorizing and classifying the written document that has
relation with the problem discussed, whether from document or books, newspaper,
magazine, etc. The writer uses writing source data obtained from a drama Death of a
salesman by Arthur Miller. To support this analysis, relevant theories from written
The writer uses descriptive analysis. The method of data analysis applied to
describe the high and low language variety in a drama Death of a salesman. I find
out sample of high and low language variety firstly. After finding, I describe the data,
language variety which is used by characters. Actually, the author of this drama is
Arthur miller who is the originator of language variety maker in the drama. He is an
American playwright who writes many literary the best literary works. Therefore, in
this chapter the writer would like to find out the language variety which is used in the
drama and describe the language variety which is associated with society.
The writer would like to divide the language variety found into two kinds, the
first is High variety and the second is Low variety. Actually, so many kinds of
language variety found in this drama but to limit the research only two kinds of
this chapter the writer would like to elaborate the high language variety found in the
Drama Death of a salesman. In the Drama consist of high language variety, but not
all of high language varieties described, just sample of more important and become
representation.
characters but the characters who more nominate are Willy Loman and his wife,
Linda. Willy is educated man, reflected when he is talking and his idea through his
prestigious. Willy always speaks to his son and his wife using high variety, and
prestigious. He knows how to use the high variety because he is an educated man,
There are reflected that Willy is in good position of an area, New England. As we
know that in society, influential people will be respected, it means status of the man
should be higher class. But, in the drama Willy is a lower class in economy. To show
existent of life, Willy uses high variety that is impressive language. The word Vital is
a good diction to tell about important thing. It is familiar to educated people because
the word comes from formal education. Furthermore, the meaning of Willy’s
language is logic. The vital man should be needed; if people don’t need vital man
The Willy’s statement consists of deep meaning, just special man can say like
that. Therefore, Linda as Willy’s wife contradicts the Willy’s statement. It is too hard
to prove the reality of the statement. Linda knows that it is impossible because Willy
is a Salesman, not personage one who can effect to public. The language only can be
In the context of life actualization, high variety also can be required so that it
is apparently serious. The high variety usually is used for the serious things so that
become more prestigious. Willy wants to actualize his though using high language
Linda is a kind wife for Willy because she always receives high variety but
not exactly on object. It should be done to respect the right of other people. Besides
kind, Linda is educated woman, proved by her respond, statement and use high
variety. Linda. Well, dear, life is a casting off. It’s always that way (p.5).
Linda talks about the meaning of life. Only educated man can talk the
prestigious and logic. To say something whichis related to life she uses the complete
sentence. The word of ‘life’ is a wide meaning, need much time to discuss and
explore the definition and also the word of ‘casting,’ because it is like philosophy
study. People talk to other and indicated philosophy meaning is prestigious and
should be respected.
Linda continuous the statement it’s always that way. It’s a powerful statement
to convince the other people. The statement has powerful because consists of serious
sentence of in the greatest country in the world a young man with such as personal
attractiveness get lost something. The category of high variety from that statement is
about using the language; Willy uses word ‘attractiveness’ to prove that his idea is
always right. The meaning of that word is deep, only people who are upper class
always say it. Will takes position like upper class to prove his existent.
people around of him because not appropriate with situations. The function of high
variety usually related with formal situation but Willy uses the high variety in family
When Willy speaks to Linda, the situation is informal and the high variety
used meaning to agitate people, usually used by public figure such as government.
For example, the word of “the greatest country” means the power of country and
In the United Stated of America ever exist term American Dream, which
means good appearance as important thing to show the successful. More good
appearance means more successful. In this context, the drama tells about American
dream concept and Willy believes that concept, but Willy’ appearance is contradict
with his condition and his language. The high variety should be said by higher class
prestigious, more superior, more prominent and the logic language. Beside good
successful man therefore he use the high variety. It is certainly that people would
look down for Willy if he uses the Low language variety. There is no interesting
Oxford dictionary tells that a rude or offensive word or phrase that some people use
when they are very angry. It means the word can accepted than other word such as
more low variety. If we compare the word with low variety should be rude word and
Actually, Willy can say more lack prestigious language because the situation
is informal and he talks with his sons. But Willy uses more beautiful language to
express his angry, to prove that he is educated man. Good expression makes other
people impressive even though it is an anger expression. It has always been done by
with words oh, Jesus, I’m going to sleep! The statement is not relevant with context.
As we know the words for God should be worship but Biff want to abuse the purpose
so it sounds like annoying. Usually, Biff use low language variety to express his
regret but in this context he want to try make his father get angry to and Willy is
success to annoy it with good word. It is different with Willy. Biff is error to look
formal language. Who speaks to whom is a case how important the high variety.
other words there are found the word of applying, which always used for educated
man or academic and scientific language. Actually, this conversation between Willy
and his son Biff is a serious situation proved by word serious. The high language
society believed that high variety consist of complex sentence with subordination
construction.
statement of Howard is complex. There are found subordination and main sentence
which is connected one to the other. Besides that, the term of business and salesman
generally. Willy knows about the word so that it is fair if he states that language.
There are many of the word equivalents to express “representatives” or pair of word
which is more commonly used in a society. But, it will not be serious or not be
prestigious to agitate the other. Linda as Willy’s wife appreciate him even though the
expectation, Willy also involves the name of God, as theory states that one of formal
situations is when stand at synagogue such as church, mosque, and so on. It means,
when we are involved in utterance for God, should be using high language variety.
The words like “God almighty” is a high variety which only utterance for God.
Talk about situation, cannot be separated with formal situation. We have been
talking about formal situation concern for God above, so this following talk about
and more explanatory and the sentence is serious because related with business or job
in the office.
command of leader to the employee. I bought it for dictation, but you can do
anything with it. The sentence consists of meaning that the power belongs only to
Howard.
should be seriously for the employee as well as with prestigious of the language.
Even though, Willy is a salesman but Howard takes care for him, including talk to
employee. It determines who speak to whom, if the language is good means other
The style of Howard is like equal with Willy in conversation, therefore Willy
thinking because it is not common sentence. There are found sentence I’m definitely
sentence, Because lots of time I’m on the road. This sentence is clearer than previous
but also need critical for clarify the meaning. The common meaning is Willy spends
all of his time on the road, in other word he lives on the road. It is impossible
man as well as Howard so the language that used always in high language variety.
The purpose of Willy to say that is to express his idea about his time mostly dedicate
for company because of that he want to tell that he is eligible to receive the reward.
work such as poetry, novel and so on. In this Drama also found some sample of
for people who hear that. As Willy’s words above is like non literal meaning to
describe purpose. The literal meaning of the door of your life actually hard to know
because the meaning of life is wide so it should be having non literal meaning to
represent all of aspect of life. It is too hard and difficult to appear all aspect of life
life is hard but there are source of happiness. The meaning of the statement is
different with the certain meaning. As we know that Diamond is taken from jungle
Ben is a man and Willy is a man, should be serious conversation talked. Most
of people know that Diamond is taken from jungle including children know about
that. Ben is mot child any more. He wants to tell something with unusual language,
with beautiful language so that more high prestigious conversation. “The jungle”
means a place of creature included human being, “dark” means uncertainty, “full of
diamond” means full of hope, happiness and wealthy. The real meaning is the world
The words is grammatically, support one to the other. The word of jungle is
related with dark, but not all of jungle full of diamond, and Diamond should be found
in jungle, so every word support each other. The beautiful is in Diamond because it
category high variety. Mostly, logic statements are found in the drama but to limit
the analysis, the writer would like to analyze part of them. As following quotation
much salary. Logically, the word of ‘no’ means negative statement, ‘only’ means no
others of are there, and followed by ‘needs a little salary’ means importing thing to
no one lose their existent (salary or important thing). The statement is logic so
In previous described about high language variety, and this following analysis
would like to describe about Low language variety found in the Drama Death of a
salesman.
The writer takes sample as representation of low variety. There are two
characters, Biff and Happy, the son of Willy. They are characters who are always use
again?’ it means that the statement of Biff is Low variety because ungrammatically.
Biff uses the low variety because in informal situation with his brother, no
prosecute must talk in high variety. Moreover, the ungrammatical language is fine to
style that always talk in nonstandard English language. The word hangin’ should be
like we are hanging. Black people of American always speak different necessarily
especially for them whom are marginalized, because it is a form of resistant for white
people. Black people are a low prestigious race in America, so they are different with
white people who are higher prestigious race. All people are equal for the right,
should be no discrimination. One way of Black people prove it through the language.
They modify the Standard language of English become low variety like sentence
pronunciation, it is incorrect.
The incorrect form above is actually low variety, but according to situation in
society who always uses it as daily conversation become more interesting thing to
use. In this drama is found many of incorrect pronunciation used, and not a trouble
for usage. But the other people who hear it may know the incorrect pronunciation, in
which is nonstandard English. It is classified in low variety and used for informal
situation. Slang is the use of informal words and expressions that are not considered
standard in the speaker's language or dialect but are considered acceptable in certain
The statement of Biff above use slang language gonna, in real form is going
to. The standard form becomes different. It means that the language is classified in
low variety. And also with statement what the hell is the matter with him? That
language is not logic and not prestigious because hell is abstract and refers to the
meaning of hell in religions, the place believed to be the home of devil and where
who are educated should not speak like that. So many words can be applied beside
Arthur Miller makes the drama and use the low variety to show for reader
that the culture of a society using empty meaning as expression of angry. It is exist in
society as reflection of lower class. People who are lower class careless for formal
situation because it cannot be change their life. Therefore, people who are lower
class tend to use words that have empty meaning. It is different with they are higher
other people. Like above didn’t remember who I was or anything. I felt like such an
idiot, hap. The sentence is not clearly what topic it is. In other hand, for using word
The expression of Biff is disappointed because his desire is not realized. For
express his disappointed he uses the low variety to show how bad is it that makes
him disappointing. Idiot means a very stupid person or a person with a very low
intelligence that cannot think or behave normally. A very stupid person does
everything without ting the risk even though it is danger. But if it is synchronized to
daily conversation because the words are not impressiveness for listener. I even
believed myself that I’d been a salesman for him. The topic is about privation of
person. The privation is not talked in formal situation for business and so on. It is
talked with friend, family, husband, and wife. Language used for them certainly in
Besides that, there is illogical language because the purpose is not clear. Such
as, We’ve been talking in a dream for fifteen years. I was a shipping clerk. Talking in
dream is about empty words, because how people can talk in unreal situation like in
The following languages are also categorized in low variety because using the
profanity. In low variety it is a low prestigious which is used by people in lower class
statutes such vagrant. They are freedom to say everything without think deeply. For
example the language, that was an awful dumb what’d you do that for?
Arthur Miller uses the language to describe that Happy has a freedom to talk.
People can talk freely but depend on the situation, because it is informal situation so
Damn means a swear word that people use to show that they are annoyed,
disappointed, etc. it is informal word. The characteristics of low language variety are
contrasted with high variety. The vain word is also form of low variety such as
Damn. The word is not beautiful, because most of people will be disgusted to hear it.
The word should not be told to human being. If it is told to people more over in
formal situation,
Crazy means not sensible; stupid. The word is not beautiful to other people in
who has good intelligent mind but we say crazy. It will be trouble, not appropriate
for formal situation. The risk is people will be angry; the speaker will be object of
something, and spontaneous. The word is expression and no literal meaning because
5.1 Conclusions
The previous chapter discusses about language variety especially about high
and low language variety, and then it can be concluded into some important points.
The drama Death of a Salesman which is as object of analysis consists of high and
The dominant characters that use high variety as the educated people are
Willy Loman and Linda. They are not absolute to use high variety even though they
are educated man because the situation is also determined to use language variety.
The high variety is various in the drama so that the need to sort out for
effectiveness. For example of high variety found in the drama charactering such as
In the drama some high language variety are found. It can be said as high
variety because the characteristics of the language variety are appropriate with the
theory of high variety. The applying of the high variety is dominated to show the
existent of life. Based on the setting and the status of characters are far to category
them into the upper class. But, depend on the existent of life high variety is away to
In addition, the conversation among the characters are various, sometime the
use high variety and sometime the use low variety, they are depended on the
situation. When the characters use high variety because of the existent, and use low
found in the Drama. The characteristics of low variety are contrast with high variety
such as low prestigious, low powerful, not standard, unbeautiful and illogical.
The samples of low variety are ‘gonna,’ ‘goin,’ ‘crazy,’ ‘damn’, and so on
(see in chapter IV). The samples are low variety because a contrast with the high
variety. The characters uses the low variety because speak with friend in formal
informal situation.
The maker of language variety in the drama is Arthur Miller, but written in a
drama which is not different mostly in society life. Therefore the language is
variation. Actually, the applicators of high variety in the drama are various too. But,
it is dominated by Willy and Linda. Therefore, they are representation to show high
5.2 Suggestions
After analyzing the drama Death of a salesman, the high and low language
variety are found. It is a drama that is made by a playwright. The drama is written
based on the reflection from a social life. This thesis will be perfect if it is not only
analyzed from literary works but it should from field research. Every time the social
life may be changed, and also the language. In the real social life people, social
status, culture and ideology are dynamic. It will be more relevant to nowadays era;
needed in this thesis. From physiologycal approach can be known why the characters
The drama consists of language varieties, not only high and low variety. It
will be perfect if all of language varieties which are found in the drama are also
analyzed.
Thomas, Lindan and Wareing, Shan. 1999. Language, Society and Power. London:
Routledge.
The story of Death of a Salesman is told partly through the mind and memory
of Willy Loman, the protagonist. The times of the play's action fluctuate between
1942 and 1928, making a simple narration of plot impossible and probably not very
meaningful, thus a summary of the action, not necessarily in the order of the play, is
Willy Loman has been a traveling salesman for thirty-four years, and he likes
town, pick up a phone, and place many orders without ever leaving his hotel room.
When Dave died, people from all over the country came to his funeral.
But, as the play opens, Willy has just come back home after having left for
New England that morning. He tells his wife, Linda, that he just can't seem to keep
his mind on driving anymore. He asks about his son, Biff, who has just come home
for a visit after being away for a long time. Willy thinks about Biff when Biff was a
senior in high school some fourteen years ago. Biff was playing in a great football
game, and people were coming from all over the country to offer him scholarships.
But then something happened to Biff. He never fulfilled the potential Willy felt he
had. Later, Willy reveals through his disjointed memories that Biff had caught him
with another woman in his motel room in Boston. After this episode, Biff seemed to
hold a grudge against his father and could never again bring himself to trust him.
returns home. He and his brother, Happy, decide to ask Bill Oliver, whom Biff used
to work for, for a loan of $10,000 to begin a business of their own. The boys tell
Willy about their plans, and Willy thinks that together the two could absolutely
conquer the world. He goes on to explain that the important thing in life is to be well-
liked.
The next day, Willy is to meet the boys for dinner in a restaurant. He is so
pleased to have his boys with him that he decides to ask his boss for an office job in
New York City, to get him off the road. But his boss tells him there is no room, and
then fires him instead. Thus, suddenly, Willy's day has reversed, and he has to go to
an old friend, Charley, to borrow enough money to pay his insurance premium. We
then find out that Willy has been borrowing fifty dollars a week from Charley for
quite some time, and then pretending that this amount is his salary.
Trying to explain that he has been living an illusion, Biff meets Happy in the
restaurant early, and claims he wants to make everyone (especially Willy) understand
Biff is not the man Willy thinks he is. But when Willy arrives, he tells the boys that
he has been fired and he refuses to listen to Biff's story. Willy simply pretends that
Biff has another appointment the following day. Willy gets furious and is about to
make a scene. Suddenly, when Willy goes to the bathroom, Biff, out of frustration,
leaves the restaurant. Happy, who has picked up two girls, follows him and leaves
Willy alone.
Later that night, Biff comes home and finds Willy out in the backyard,
apparently losing his wits planting seeds and talking to his brother, Ben, who has
with each other and never see one another again. He tries once again to explain that
he is no leader of men and that he is a common person. But Willy refuses to believe
him and tells Biff once again how great he could be. He then resolves on suicide,
which he has hinted at before, because with $20,000 in insurance benefits, Biff could
be such a magnificent person. Thus, Willy commits suicide. But he dies a forgotten
which all American writing plays itself out," Arthur Miller has said. "Whoever is
writing in the United States is using the American Dream as an ironical pole of his
story. People elsewhere tend to accept, to a far greater degree anyway, that the
conditions of life are hostile to man's pretensions." In Miller's more than thirty plays,
which have won him a Pulitzer Prize and multiple Tony Awards, he puts in question
"death and betrayal and injustice and how we are to account for this little life of
ours."
For nearly six decades, Miller has been creating characters that wrestle with
power conflicts, personal and social responsibility, the repercussions of past actions,
and the twin poles of guilt and hope. In his writing and in his role in public life,
Miller articulates his profound political and moral convictions. He once said he
thought theater could "change the world." The Crucible, which premiered in 1953, is
manner with the House Un-American Activities Committee. In a note to the play,
Miller writes, "A political policy is equated with moral right, and opposition to it
with diabolical malevolence." Dealing as it did with highly charged current events,
the play received unfavorable reviews and Miller was cold-shouldered by many
become Miller's most celebrated and most produced play, which he directed at the
particularly Sophocles. "I think the tragic feeling is evoked in us when we are in the
presence of a character who is ready to lay down his life, if need be, to secure one
thing-his sense of personal dignity," Miller writes. "From Orestes to Hamlet, Medea
to Macbeth, the underlying struggle is that of the individual attempting to gain his
'rightful' position in his society." Miller considers the common man "as apt a subject
for tragedy in its highest sense as kings were." Death of a Salesman, which opened in
1949, tells the story of Willy Loman, an aging salesman who makes his way "on a
smile and a shoeshine." Miller lifts Willy's illusions and failures, his anguish and his
family relationships, to the scale of a tragic hero. The fear of being displaced or
having our image of what and who we are destroyed is best known to the common
man, Miller believes. "It is time that we, who are without kings, took up this bright
thread of our history and followed it to the only place it can possibly lead in our
Arthur Asher Miller, the son of a women's clothing company owner, was
born in 1915 in New York City. His father lost his business in the Depression and the
family was forced to move to a smaller home in Brooklyn. After graduating from
high school, Miller worked jobs ranging from radio singer to truck driver to clerk in
University of Michigan, joining the Federal Theater Project in New York City after
he received his degree. His first Broadway play, The Man Who Had All the Luck,
opened in 1944 and his next play, All My Sons, received the Drama Critics' Circle
Award. His 1949 Death of a Salesman won the Pulitzer Prize. In 1956 and 1957,
Miller was subpoenaed by the House Un-American Activities Committee and was
Communist sympathies. The following year, the United States Court of Appeals
overturned the conviction. In 1959 the National Institute of Arts and Letters awarded
him the Gold Medal for Drama. Miller has been married three times: to Mary Grace
Slattery in 1940, Marilyn Monroe in 1956, and photographer Inge Morath in 1962,
with whom he lives in Connecticut. He and Inge have a daughter, Rebecca. Among
his works are A View from the Bridge, The Misfits, After the Fall, Incident at Vichy,
The Price, The American Clock, Broken Glass, Mr. Peters' Connections, and
Timebends, his autobiography. Miller's writing has earned him a lifetime of honors,
including the Pulitzer Prize, seven Tony Awards, two Drama Critics Circle Awards,
an Obie, an Olivier, the John F. Kennedy Lifetime Achievement Award, and the
Dorothy and Lillian Gish prize. He holds honorary doctorate degrees from Oxford
Throughout his life and work, Miller has remained socially engaged and has
written with conscience, clarity, and compassion. As Chris Keller says to his mother
in All My Sons, "Once and for all you must know that there's a universe of people
outside, and you're responsible to it." Miller's work is infused with his sense of
his audience," he writes. "He is one of the audience who happens to know how to
speak."